CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913420762ab64a11',cH: 'ErEc_c7APpU6qaCeX2luYn8L47njohOc7TM5kwaaBbQ-1739778000-1.2.1.1-j9zjZwjq46DxojnIszOzlM45Q2ZFOuKpP779rI35hk3NUsNOCgBKDblmEZfNQC.Z',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=learning%20attitude&__cf_chl_tk=n4LG6JNFdQ4aspCnGCPDvqWG4xZt_CJk1GFyUEYVq7w-1739778000-1.0.1.1-hhpSvt1TsK99sMYJLB1yJCd5prM2rsUZdYMonQmN4AA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778000',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=learning%20attitude&__cf_chl_f_tk=n4LG6JNFdQ4aspCnGCPDvqWG4xZt_CJk1GFyUEYVq7w-1739778000-1.0.1.1-hhpSvt1TsK99sMYJLB1yJCd5prM2rsUZdYMonQmN4AA",md: "xGLPhW7zKVsxp0fim3F5jsauSNzVQ2h_ZqnJtOxQFSM-1739778000-1.2.1.1-fC_J2VLJzFoGub0eNtfwiSZOxmHpoauqHQYfKp.NlhHOKq5xuX1i3Qcz9c0xntSFVCZO0RDXiWXcRKwNiwLPH2k.fDdWuHisaxJTK6oBHNikTOnjWDDN0YV13olYnniteDxIlhuxT8YfB2p27gWvH9J6MpZXvXGUpsTMdc5.oA7xD5B4jh3u_fe.QGOtZrI_nc4uIwTjx0WmmaPeNVIuzAiMV3t8jS71W4i8hwLUtytHisC5DJXLEcckCy0rCuTDQlAssDTs8NtI3Ql5mb7EuorZ2OKhhS677zHu6xE6k1Ys283zVu3X_Fk.e7vHfdYP9jLqfcr2GE_fHZudUO8aei3h84q0Yxka6QJvma1D8VurhHLldKjR6yJwtHEKq6M8SAPbTMX4hj_VF3BxPHRPAi_rnqe1zzME7Olyk0LMlwV.PbvmiMomH4tFKaW0_WlSWUwTKt1VmVQAdjhQLcj8PoYWCYiDkbpvQ13ErBmGkuaJMFBVEyVQf8G6fwT4YvkT70EFqgVJmiEXXnidR9WB2c1R_2W6uedNRL9l.2o4V_fZG1JHfPI5DKCdLyato1LY4xQxHYsbFtXEYFUwEGNRIqF3WMHRo6eToGsFwaguVtuAU2taDWzpP5eU1LRZDQjFz7vcnL83QFiWMw.FtyjmpoHumU9xqsUQQWxKusoHWzWhbEYAUTqyTn1j168Vd16vn5Vnn3QhY6qqIpAGLhNcQkBOl0LTn9aDFpz0JKrJx7sQgrS4EO8qDYjma_T4JWBlnj5toM4Fgt9xJf4D.XDMYx3GiNvLWV6D9Y8mrZuS7twOWLKKo1I7QNi_PBU32A4Arlswvx83e0_J_o3KqrH0qv_pN1mo5RXexB1VfrM6INyODn49Gy7vsrUcHH4XQEbI025i.vDV.1PlBAH4tCfGWf4Y_ypwU70LEFhi1EF8Vh3TO0wF56KjyVtJZ7cor4JD6ERxGq8ltufGkH3w_tGZrGbfhoaNDT8RbkyOWgKLAIlUFIEK.Thyc5mj5bJQLWmQH.dIdSutW4sLvsCveGy996WpdbJN8_re4hvMSe6VZBaE.4A2ow3OWY694ZA2Ujsg7q7kgR7RdcHbUVwoTLczNKkeVIOlWHIi_QJbOTVib8.g8SXuGNd6Hg1VcNq9nurWBLV5PRk.YqFUDBkuaWKMlpPkTwftg2kUkWRWhhA.AtZvhaYAahQs2gwNZuFj2B1G1NHabMNtRFHkCWjSsuZbluC_SFHVSNToI9pR45LI8DiA7gG331UcK9VPHjua_nhAGppEwRQTTw7_UrDIflKyefnfCkn5Ct8izqdpkwWnAlogOgQrX3rstrOL_xBLSs.YDdHLMQ9wBfFxdG8jtxF8rhJAJzwpFq1FDJtlxqGboBCVXYS0_JF.yW4Psjsc8XSh.BG76U9D6WFNYS1yaC_R6MOCv61I.mx277EzXK2B7t6c1H56JObamSMYAUbXlrrafJgSuHTo2ZTLIky_0LBmfHKtRfdaVuQ8VNjhqsK5Rz9MNZrbQ3UaSFWI7jIpFvbR2ONsZs28jJQIUfGSxRPh_Wabp.KkOjRD_HcVfFWdi7EmmhecYH5h9HUG5UQtsfurvIdCNzLJMvs.GbZIeByqA9hrHFWkfGu2dyjPsOcppJdYr8rCavnUf7qjfTixy8swL4ES0ODHWQrNH7OaNcvR3q3MK_qm1fOzRSUEkUOv_eH7kxyL.TBQvhjH_y88WNLS8l5VwaX688V1INmpq6Pqf5XUQ2ItRo9LtBxO4oGsORgtoGhUaZLaxX7KJLq8PFAmOZNgCnkQfY3N1pKiMZZHRWon_OIMimwrLEcYDT8.PnqawBgWwq7550n2MvXypat1qUFoMWm9dhP6YeNl5hvUES_CIxQ7DFvP4rg45h1h04TjJ_WKWWRApGzsnrlubPT0EqxainYkmxFjSfZ0hxR3mo4tiM54lbHyZbIkp6zYdjE",mdrd: "IydWMlBRQYYvoZwIpQbhKso5w_1cfuDEfSYpnmw8aBI-1739778000-1.2.1.1-_e3LNzvcI4sLe5cE8bRn7jYkmoig6OJtfQFPWKlOifoDTtBageGraeZtvbL73zi7aejfQqzOiK_FkfJdQnMKlLT5ZIrpcPh6Dgjg4NCs45aq3YWzK8sWrr4L7ltDl3iy_f3On6iHoxpN2GvWVhY6N6zI5G0CbVO.GpAspipOzPYDggWuu8jYBeHtnhbr4IM4tRPs.Tv0jSmvrJg239O7q5y1TC29gOc9SMLRJiZ9WFHgut4afxPoxCQ1Rj0fCJZ2TZmgUhnU7uXaPf26LnQg7cuA6sIJ1ftx9iE18RY9RXi2j3CP47X4fZTDHj67MfL0Xa3GMFZcgdvvoiJDFmSV.urMk29VYVRT0r7QkCKYdLU3vSzoGyVjuhS6Fi0rxYBRsiAQ1LebZ_FT4suiNeCnyYN.zv2IchYg9kf58pv3T4UVrKplfX3wdOQDfjay9gBrP8RHi2t4gdWriR3iNXbZ3jFGuJbcjo9nrlt16ICfucXpAAYLkm621_7RT_HYSLwycGUnNz7fmGTPZ87BUZu8eh3OsOsYJKHUTMcSkBMugrQmUisk9psPRVV2XGJJc_29Bv8Ol_7iibRokdhEv7eSEsRJcR0jICEOiD_KdPKQjymONh1hXLW5PaSBh5arkYWwu1CctiqliEUB.YVLrTxJdutbOdbH08UWmU2cHtA2qVVvQKJcKCyvHZhYeQcfMKBZUhKvFoy_BG6vOIFSTtNB8yUteQdfFLZwR00FMsJKGzE_wQMpoDdBT_WjWRc4MNa7CKnVidqFAMtOt0qqqpcPE0KtVPy2TEPqw3P7zjrUgzDgNfYr_RkaXJOsB_34TmSgvP_ylZBhHo4qN06LhKMDZ5aCOv62NmY9Dm4qYm9EUke5BqVPgEjzBZyhGFmEb_7XeidcFz9k2eC45QljtmsyOw.1DnG_tzIeYZmB8S1EsjjE3AjourIlGimm6JEGTkvCDk5kk0cvkzg4sfLTSVlR97yDaXoz05N1ItUSZQF9KdSjtW1eYYC_XjGpdGjGgMvUkAcC.54snRHwwQGV.nGc_wtZ34si4dg3beis6gmJA9qdcVX4SUQA2qtvNFia7bNdsWp10DTJYQQacJmMn3w1_zocVpge6EbPo9rWND_io3EeTHSd7gfol0EKxQT1tC475VgbPi5KWqi7iWgFV9qnSDKd9d8c2888FKRn.HMCIZsGvi76qeWLhhx9mq4CzSB8ojDK5wO41kOoKsZOc5CMRCh7GZnqrLOljMoIKwfq76ePFi4rwTLgSsd_w5kA67Owlhx.EzAAzerPQHr66v8jbWmETLu0ysb2yesjvep_cxgbyBPlZQiGg5pTf0nZX8WQWXMMn9Gh9d.BDJTWs9VRbe9JgTCcQsB3HMy6vqT1BtKWml4mmokDXVmqodpT6yPXp8leJwLtGPvzvXFcfwJ5x5gjJ5z6dHJSkglTPoeGEL5BHaRLxnbgCQmWMBFdNBNZqYuQ2j6q18eyQIR0q1IV2dqMWroveUQIEfkaDkk1GqAYMZhnkWAJV8d.sv4fX4U2cXzMr_a2avLNKDDNuCuhZGGSVG4H6ABbAO_n.Uy3R52eHlAdrJJRYjAL1u6RSxJ0FqmpOlAd4UyJ5tKkRWVzuHhdSJH2FE4dcQ_1KEDxGjAoA4.1fwDTpEWHGQVADgsdZm0.4KbUbotIYzCjM5C6Sb7bfAlhqvBVYO3VBE7WrtHa8.27DbEn.IzI_yT2a7xXkqa7qARo2p_HJb9BzAXnioTIAvHWkc1KCJZQXPl0LUfdZeKVPYOMxo3y5gjKeahPzRvvkVtG6aCUKiekYj8QSG5XmbxwiBDE1b_ZRr3qW7UdMZqhw47ywFXoaxjF3enrb9bbTKvvfXgLO95l6AtW40oQbmmTiW1nJg7xRS_oTDyc4UzhL3d91NSyCT6rqvJFL_Hj4xhk7Pq8btGO0NwO4YU.Io0qk.MwfhKTdIg65.DBg11DX1lsNfcW8EpYNKwA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913420762ab64a11';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=learning%20attitude&__cf_chl_rt_tk=n4LG6JNFdQ4aspCnGCPDvqWG4xZt_CJk1GFyUEYVq7w-1739778000-1.0.1.1-hhpSvt1TsK99sMYJLB1yJCd5prM2rsUZdYMonQmN4AA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>