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孟菲斯 (埃及) - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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</div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>归属</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-归属-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关归属子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-归属-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-地点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>地点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>人口</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-传奇的历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传奇的历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>传奇的历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传奇的历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古王国时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古王国时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>古王国时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古王国时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中王国时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中王国时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>中王国时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中王国时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新王国时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新王国时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>新王国时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新王国时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古埃及后期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古埃及后期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>古埃及后期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古埃及后期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-托勒密时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#托勒密时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>托勒密时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-托勒密时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衰落及遗弃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰落及遗弃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>衰落及遗弃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衰落及遗弃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遗迹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遗迹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>遗迹</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-遗迹-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关遗迹子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-遗迹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大卜塔神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大卜塔神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>大卜塔神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大卜塔神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哈索尔神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哈索尔神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>哈索尔神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哈索尔神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他的神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他的神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>其他的神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他的神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-塞克迈特神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塞克迈特神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>塞克迈特神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-塞克迈特神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿比斯神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿比斯神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>阿比斯神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿比斯神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿蒙神神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿蒙神神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>阿蒙神神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿蒙神神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿頓神庙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿頓神庙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.4</span> <span>阿頓神庙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿頓神庙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉美西斯二世雕像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉美西斯二世雕像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>拉美西斯二世雕像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉美西斯二世雕像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-萨卡拉及其墓地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#萨卡拉及其墓地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>萨卡拉及其墓地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-萨卡拉及其墓地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-皇室宫殿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#皇室宫殿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>皇室宫殿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-皇室宫殿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他的建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他的建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>其他的建筑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他的建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代的记载" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代的记载"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>古代的记载</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代的记载-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早期的探索" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期的探索"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>早期的探索</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期的探索-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>19世纪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>20世纪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-孟菲斯的图片" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#孟菲斯的图片"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>孟菲斯的图片</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-孟菲斯的图片-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>脚注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">孟菲斯 (埃及)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。79种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Egipte)" title="Memphis (Egipte) – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Memphis (Egipte)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 奥博洛语" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奥博洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81" title="منف – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ممفيس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ممفيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Misir)" title="Memfis (Misir) – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Memfis (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мемфіс (Егіпет) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мемфіс (Егіпет)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мемфис – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мемфис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8,_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0" title="মেমফিস, মিশর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেমফিস, মিশর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(arkiyolohiyang_dapit)" title="Memphis (arkiyolohiyang dapit) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Memphis (arkiyolohiyang dapit)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennofer" title="Mennofer – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mennofer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%94%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%8C" title="Мємфь – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мємфь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Yr_Aifft)" title="Memphis (Yr Aifft) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Memphis (Yr Aifft)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Egypten)" title="Memphis (Egypten) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Memphis (Egypten)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(%C3%84gypten)" title="Memphis (Ägypten) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Memphis (Ägypten)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%82_(%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Μέμφις (Αίγυπτος) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέμφις (Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Memphis, Egypt" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfiso_(Egiptio)" title="Memfiso (Egiptio) – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Memfiso (Egiptio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81" title="منف – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(%C3%89gypte)" title="Memphis (Égypte) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Memphis (Égypte)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meimf%C3%ADs_(An_%C3%89igipt)" title="Meimfís (An Éigipt) – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meimfís (An Éigipt)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Memphis, Egypt" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="ממפיס (מצרים) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממפיס (מצרים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="मेम्फ़ीस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेम्फ़ीस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphisz" title="Memphisz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Memphisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Մեմփիս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեմփիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Mesir)" title="Memfis (Mesir) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memfis (Mesir)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Egyptalandi)" title="Memfis (Egyptalandi) – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Memfis (Egyptalandi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfi_(Egitto)" title="Menfi (Egitto) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menfi (Egitto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88)" title="メンフィス (エジプト) – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンフィス (エジプト)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Mesir" title="Memphis, Mesir – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Memphis, Mesir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94)" title="მემფისი (ეგვიპტე) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემფისი (ეგვიპტე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೆಂಫಿಸ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಂಫಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8)" title="멤피스 (이집트) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멤피스 (이집트)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAmfis" title="Mêmfis – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mêmfis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis" title="Memphis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memphis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfisa_(%C4%92%C4%A3ipte)" title="Memfisa (Ēģipte) – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Memfisa (Ēģipte)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfisy" title="Memfisy – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Memfisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мемфис (Египет) – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мемфис (Египет)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4)" title="मेम्फिस (इजिप्त) – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेम्फिस (इजिप्त)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Mesir" title="Memphis, Mesir – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Memphis, Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Egypte)" title="Memphis (Egypte) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Memphis (Egypte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Egypt)" title="Memfis (Egypt) – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Memfis (Egypt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menfis" title="Menfis – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Menfis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਨਫ਼ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨਫ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAnfis" title="Mênfis – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mênfis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egipt" title="Memphis, Egipt – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memphis, Egipt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мемфис (Египет) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мемфис (Египет)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egyp" title="Memphis, Egyp – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Memphis, Egyp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Egipat)" title="Memfis (Egipat) – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Memfis (Egipat)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Memphis, Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennofer" title="Mennofer – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mennofer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis,_Egipt" title="Memfis, Egipt – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Memfis, Egipt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Мемфис (Египат) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мемфис (Египат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Misri" title="Memphis, Misri – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Memphis, Misri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81,_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெம்பிசு, எகிப்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C)" title="เมมฟิส (ประเทศอียิปต์) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมมฟิส (ประเทศอียิปต์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Ehipto" title="Memphis, Ehipto – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Memphis, Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis" title="Memfis – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Memfis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D9%85%D9%81%D9%89%D8%B3" title="مېمفىس – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېمفىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мемфіс (Єгипет) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мемфіс (Єгипет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="ممفس، مصر – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ممفس، مصر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memfis_(Misr)" title="Memfis (Misr) – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Memfis (Misr)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_(Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp)" title="Memphis (Ai Cập) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Memphis (Ai Cập)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Ehipto" title="Memphis, Ehipto – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Memphis, Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%EF%BC%89" title="孟菲斯(埃及) – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟菲斯(埃及)" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E9%9D%9E%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="孟非斯 (埃及) – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟非斯 (埃及)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Gibhithe" title="Memphis, Gibhithe – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Memphis, Gibhithe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5715#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center">孟菲斯</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span lang="cop"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">منف</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯語">阿拉伯語</a>)</span></li><li><span lang="cop" title="科普特語文本">ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科普特語">科普特語</a>)</span></li></ul></div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">mn nfr</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt-Hieroglyphs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Egypt-Hieroglyphs.jpg/260px-Egypt-Hieroglyphs.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Egypt-Hieroglyphs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">孟菲斯的遗迹</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">城市</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">位置</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E7%9C%81" title="吉薩省">吉萨</a><a class="mw-selflink selflink">米特拉希纳</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">坐标</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&amp;pagename=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;params=29_50_41_N_31_15_3_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">29°50′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°15′3″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">29.84472°N 31.25083°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">29.84472; 31.25083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">时期</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="早王朝時期 (埃及)">早王朝时期</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">建成时间</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">公元前31世纪之前</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">建造者</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">未知,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%8B%89-%E8%8D%B7%E5%B0%94" title="艾拉-荷尔">艾拉-荷尔</a>统治时期就已存在<sup id="cite_ref-talle_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">废弃時間</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">公元7世纪</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><div class="skin-invert" style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;color: #000;"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">联合国教科文组织世界遗产</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">官方名称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">孟菲斯及其<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E7%BE%A4" title="吉薩金字塔群">坟场</a>—从<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%96%A9%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94%E7%BE%A4" title="吉薩金字塔群">吉萨</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B5%AB%E8%88%92%E7%88%BE" title="代赫舒爾">代赫舒尔</a>的金字塔场地群</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">類型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="文化遗产">文化</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">標準</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">i, iii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><abbr title="指被确定为该等级保护地的时间。">评定时间</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1979 (第3届<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="世界遺產委員會">会议</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">參考編碼</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86">86</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66786032">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="孟菲斯在Egypt的位置"><img alt="孟菲斯在Egypt的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme mw-no-invert" style="top:20.882%;left:53.823%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="孟菲斯"><img alt="孟菲斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:5px"><div>孟菲斯</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">孟菲斯的位置</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>孟菲斯</b>(阿拉伯语:<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ممفس</span>&#8206;;<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="埃及阿拉伯語">埃及阿拉伯語</a>:<span lang="arz">ممفيس</span>&#8206;;<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>:<span lang="el">Μέμφις</span>)曾是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="諾姆─阿納赫奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aneb-Hetch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%BE%E5%A7%86%E2%94%80%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%8D%E8%B5%AB%E5%A5%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="諾姆─阿納赫奇(页面不存在)">諾姆─阿納赫奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneb-Hetch" class="extiw" title="en:Aneb-Hetch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aneb-Hetch</span></a></span>)</span></span>的都城,也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="下埃及">下埃及</a>的第一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86" title="诺姆">诺姆</a>。它的遗迹在拉希納村附近,位于开罗南方20公里处。 </p><p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%B6%85%E6%89%98" title="曼涅托">曼涅托</a>的叙述,这座城市是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%80%81" title="法老">法老</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="美尼斯">美尼斯</a>于公元前3100年左右建立的。它是埃及古王国的首都,并直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="地中海地區歷史">古地中海时期</a>都是一座重要的城市。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>它在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="尼罗河三角洲">尼罗河三角洲</a>的河口占据了一个重要的战略位置,并是一系列重要活动的故乡。城市里有许多的工坊,工厂,以及仓库,人们在此将商品和食物运往整个王国。在巅峰时期,孟菲斯是商业,贸易和宗教中心。 </p><p>一般认为孟非斯的保护神是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E5%A1%94" title="卜塔">卜塔</a>,他同时也是工匠们的保护神。他的神庙Hut-ka-Ptah(意为“卜塔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82%E8%A7%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古埃及人的灵魂观(页面不存在)">灵魂</a>的所在”)是城市中最为杰出的建筑物之一。曼涅托将这座神庙的名称翻译成希腊文<span lang="el">Aί γυ πτoς</span>(<span lang="la">Ai-gy-ptos</span>),这个词被认为是现代埃及在英文中的名字(<span lang="en">Egypt</span>)的词源。 </p><p>孟菲斯的历史和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="古埃及历史">古埃及历史</a>息息相关。它最终的衰落被认为是后来建造的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亚历山大港">亚历山大港</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="经济">经济</a>上超过它的重要性的结果。而它在宗教上的重要性也在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%95%E4%BB%A4" title="薩洛尼卡敕令">薩洛尼卡敕令</a>》发布之后,人们逐渐抛弃<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="埃及神话">古代宗教</a>而逐渐消散。 </p><p>现在这座古代都城的遗址能让人们一窥它曾经的荣耀。自1979年以来,它就和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="孟菲斯及其墓地金字塔">吉萨的金字塔</a>一同被认定为世界遗产。目前它作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="生态博物馆">生态博物馆</a>開放給人们参观。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="命名"><span id=".E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D"></span>命名</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:命名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid red;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid red; background:plum; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>“白城”<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>寫法:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O36.png?78b99" height="19" title="O36" alt="O36" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T3.png?1f391" height="19" title="T3" alt="T3" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R12.png?03a57" height="11" title="R12" alt="R12" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N24.png?9137a" height="6" title="N24" alt="N24" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid indianred;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid indianred; background:sandybrown; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>“永恒之地”<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>寫法:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R11.png?a426b" height="37" title="R11 [Dd]" alt="Dd" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1 [st]" alt="st" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1 [st]" alt="st" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1 [st]" alt="st" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid black;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid black; background:gold; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>“两土地的生命”<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>寫法:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S34.png?d177d" height="38" title="S34 [anx]" alt="anx" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="18" title="Aa1 [x]" alt="x" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16 [tA]" alt="tA" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16 [tA]" alt="tA" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N23.png?fd3ef" height="11" title="N23" alt="N23" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N23.png?fd3ef" height="11" title="N23" alt="N23" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid peru;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid peru; background:navajowhite; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>“永恒而美丽的”<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>寫法:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table>孟菲斯 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:5px; border:2px solid crimson;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom:2px solid crimson; background:palegoldenrod; padding:5px; text-align:center;"><b>“卜塔灵魂所在”<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>寫法:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O6.png?36172" height="38" title="O6 [Hwt]" alt="Hwt" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1 [pr]" alt="pr" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A40.png?3f15b" height="36" title="A40" alt="A40" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>孟菲斯在几乎长达4千年的历史中有过许多不同的名字。《希伯來語經卷》中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%BC%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="挪弗(页面不存在)">挪弗</a>一般是指孟斐斯。孟斐斯是古埃及的一座重要城邑。它在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="埃及语">古埃及</a>的名称是Inbu-Hedj(意为“白城”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 由于它的大小,有时候人们也以其他的名字来称呼它。而这些名字通常来源于附近其他在某个时期重要的建筑或地区名。例如,根据一段第一中间期的记载,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>它被称呼为Djed-Sut(永恒的地方)而这是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8F%90%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="特提金字塔">特提金字塔</a>的名称。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在某个时期,这座城市也被称为Ankh-Tawy(意为“两片土地上的生命”(Life of the Two Lands))<sup id="cite_ref-Najovits171_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Najovits171-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这个名称显示了它位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="上埃及">上埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="下埃及">下埃及</a>之间重要的战略地位。它能追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中王国时期">中王国时期</a>并经常出现于古埃及的记载中。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>有一些学者们主张这个名字指的是城市的西部,位于卜塔神庙和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="萨卡拉">萨卡拉</a>墓地之间的有着一棵神树的地区。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新王国">新王国</a>开始的时候(公元前1550年),孟菲斯被称为Men-nefer(意为“不朽和美丽的”),在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="科普特语">科普特语</a>中写作Menfe。现在英文中的Memphis来自于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊文">希腊文</a>对于Menfe的翻译,而这个名字最初被用来称呼位于城市西边<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩皮一世金字塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mortuary complex of Pepi I"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佩皮一世金字塔(页面不存在)">佩皮一世金字塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_complex_of_Pepi_I" class="extiw" title="en:Mortuary complex of Pepi I"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mortuary complex of Pepi I</span></a></span>)</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-hieropepi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hieropepi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Fnt 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>埃及历史学家曼涅托将这座城市称为Hut-kaPtah(意为“卜塔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82%E8%A7%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古埃及人的灵魂观(页面不存在)">灵魂</a>的所在”),他将这个名字在希腊文中写作Aί γυ πτoς(Ai-gy-ptos)。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>中则写成AEGYPTVS,最终变成了现代英文中的Egypt。对<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人">科普特人</a>的称呼(Copt)也被认为是来自于这个词。 </p><p>在圣经中,门菲斯被称为Moph或Noph。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="归属"><span id=".E5.BD.92.E5.B1.9E"></span>归属</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:归属"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地点"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.82.B9"></span>地点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:地点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>孟菲斯位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a>南部20公里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河">尼罗河</a>西岸。位于开罗南方的一些现代城市和小镇例如拉希納村,代赫舒尔,阿布希尔,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Abu Gorab" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abu Gorab"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Gorab&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Gorab(页面不存在)">Abu Gorab</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Gorab" class="extiw" title="en:Abu Gorab"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abu Gorab</span></a></span>)</span></span>,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Zawyet el&#39;Aryan" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zawyet el&#39;Aryan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zawyet_el%27Aryan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zawyet el&#39;Aryan(页面不存在)">Zawyet el'Aryan</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawyet_el%27Aryan" class="extiw" title="en:Zawyet el&#39;Aryan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zawyet el'Aryan</span></a></span>)</span></span>都在孟菲斯的范围内(<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82757201"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&amp;pagename=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;params=29_50_58.8_N_31_15_15.4_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">29°50′58.8″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°15′15.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">29.849667°N 31.254278°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">29.849667; 31.254278</span></span></span></a></span></span>)。同时,这座城市也是上埃及和下埃及的分界点(上埃及的第22个诺姆,下埃及的第一个诺姆)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人口"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3"></span>人口</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:人口"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>目前没有人居住在孟菲斯的遗址处。距离孟菲斯最近的定居点是拉希納村。而因来源不同,估计出的孟菲斯的历史人口也有很大的不一致。根据T. Chandler的估计,孟菲斯曾经有3万人居住,并且在它建立直到公元前2250年左右和公元前1557到1400年之间是世界上最大的城市。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>K.A.Bard对于人口的估计比T. Chandler要保守,她认为这座城市在古王国时期有大约6000人居住。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg/125px-Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="620" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg/188px-Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg/250px-Egyptian_-_Nefertem_-_Walters_541972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>这是一个描绘神<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93" title="奈夫頓">奈夫顿</a>的仪式性的物品,她主要于孟菲斯得到祭祀。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>华特斯艺术博物馆。</figcaption></figure> <p>孟菲斯在古王国时期连续做了8个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="古埃及王朝列表">王朝</a>的都城,并于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="埃及第六王朝">第六王朝</a>时期作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9C%E5%A1%94" title="卜塔">卜塔</a>(创造与艺术之神)崇拜的中心而达到了顶峰。保卫卜塔神庙的雪花石制<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="斯芬克斯">斯芬克斯</a>仍讲述着这座城市曾经的力量和荣耀。由神卜塔,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E9%82%81%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="塞克邁特">塞克迈特</a>和他们的儿子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93" title="奈夫頓">奈夫頓</a>组成的孟菲斯<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E7%A5%9E%E7%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="三位神灵">三位神灵</a>构成了这座城市崇拜的中心。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十八王朝">第十八王朝</a>和新王国开始之后,孟菲斯随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="底比斯 (埃及)">底比斯</a>的崛起经历了一小段衰落时期。但在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亚历山大港">亚历山大港</a>建城之前于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯阿契美尼德帝国">波斯人</a>的手中得到了复兴。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="埃及 (羅馬行省)">古罗马时期</a>亚历山大港是最重要的城市,而孟菲斯在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="福斯塔特">福斯塔特</a>于公元641年建城之前一直是埃及第二重要的城市。但在后来它却遭到了抛弃,并成了附近居民点的采石处。在12世纪之前,它仍是一处雄伟的遗迹,但随着时间的推移逐渐变成了一处仅比低矮的遗迹和分散的石块要好的遗存。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg/200px-Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg/300px-Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg/400px-Ramesses-Ptah-Sekhmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>卜塔和賽克邁特站在拉美西斯二世的两边。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传奇的历史"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E5.A5.87.E7.9A.84.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>传奇的历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:传奇的历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>曼涅托记载的传说中提到第一位统一<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="上下埃及">上下埃及</a>的法老<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="美尼斯">美尼斯</a>在用堤坝将河分隔开来,之后于河岸上建立了他的都城。希腊历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a>也提到了一个类似的故事。他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯帝国">波斯帝国</a>时期访问了这座城市,并发现这个国家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="宗主权">统治者</a>非常注意对堤坝的维护以保证城市不受每年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3%E6%B3%9B%E6%BF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="尼羅河泛濫">河水泛滥</a>的影响。<sup id="cite_ref-herod99_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>希羅多德认为这座城市于在他造访之前2500多年之前于公元前3100年左右建城。<sup id="cite_ref-herod99_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herod99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>有一种理论认为美尼斯是一位传说中的法老,就像罗马帝国的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%85%95%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%8E%E9%9B%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF" title="罗慕路斯与雷穆斯">罗慕路斯</a>一样。还有一些人认为上下埃及是因为共同的需求而联合在一起的,并发展出了共同的文化和贸易伙伴,而且上下埃及联合之后的第一个都城毫无疑问是孟菲斯。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>古埃及学家还在<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%BE%E9%82%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="那爾邁石板">那尔迈石板</a>上发现了美尼斯和征服下埃及尼罗河三角洲并称呼自己为法老的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%88" title="那尔迈">那尔迈</a>。这个石板能追溯到公元前31世纪,因此印证了由美尼斯将上下埃及联合起来的传说。2012年,一段描述前王朝时期法老<a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a>参观孟菲斯的碑文在西奈被发现了,<sup id="cite_ref-talle_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>由于Iry-Hor比那尔迈还要早两代,这证明那尔迈并不是城市的建立者。<sup id="cite_ref-talle_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talle-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古王国时期"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>古王国时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:古王国时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这座城市在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古王国时期">古王国时期</a>留下来的信息很少。它是自<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="埃及第一王朝">第一王朝</a>时开始统治孟菲斯地区的法老们的都城。据曼涅托所述,在美尼斯统治的早期,王权的中心位于南方的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="提尼斯">提尼斯</a>。 </p><p>曼涅托还记载道,古代的资料表明“白城”(the white walls)是由美尼斯所建。在一些记载中它被称为“白色的堡垒”(Fortress of the White Wall),有可能是法老为了更好的控制这两个以对方为对手的王国而将权利的中心转移来的。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第三王朝">第三王朝</a>时期位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="薩卡拉">薩卡拉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="左塞爾金字塔">左赛尔</a>建筑群变成了皇室仪葬室,有着所有和皇室有关的东西:神庙,圣地,纪念地,行宫和营房。 </p><p>孟菲斯的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黄金时期(页面不存在)">黄金时期</a>始于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第四王朝">第四王朝</a>这一时期,孟菲斯仍作为戴有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%99%BD%E5%8F%8C%E5%86%A0" title="红白双冠">双冠</a>的法老们的住所以及将两个王国联合起来的神圣象征。卜塔神庙中会进行加冕仪式和大赦等纪念日的庆祝活动,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8A%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="赛德节(页面不存在)">赛德节</a>的庆祝仪式。关于这些仪式最早的迹象发现于左赛尔(Djoser)室中。 </p><p>同时开始了神职人员在卜塔神庙中进行祭祀的传统。皇室和贵族高官们的葬礼仪式所需献出的食物和其他物品显示了这座神庙的重要性。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这座神庙也于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="孟卡拉">孟卡拉</a>统治早期被记载在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E8%8E%AB%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" title="巴勒莫石碑">巴勒莫石碑</a>的年鉴上,从记载中我们得知孟菲斯的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9C%E5%A1%94%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卜塔神庙的祭司(页面不存在)">高阶祭司</a>们成对进行祭祀工作,而这种情况至少持续到了特提的统治时期。 </p><p>这段时期孟菲斯的建筑形式和在吉萨的很像。最近的考古活动在第四王朝的王室墓地发现那段时期王国的重心放在皇室墓地的建造上。而这一见解的有力证据来自于城市的名称,它和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第六王朝">第六王朝</a>时期修建的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩皮一世金字塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mortuary complex of Pepi I"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="佩皮一世金字塔(页面不存在)">佩皮一世金字塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_complex_of_Pepi_I" class="extiw" title="en:Mortuary complex of Pepi I"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mortuary complex of Pepi I</span></a></span>)</span></span>一样。接着,孟菲斯变成了一个艺术和建筑学实践场所,充满了对前任法老们的纪念性建筑。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG/200px-GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG/300px-GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG/400px-GD-EG-Memphis009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>以拉美西斯二世的名义修复的中王国时期雕塑。</figcaption></figure> <p>所有墓地都被由工匠居住的帐篷所包围,而他们的唯一工作就是建造皇室坟墓。神庙们由神圣<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%86%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="坦密诺斯(页面不存在)">坦密诺斯</a>(Temenos)相连,道路和运河则联系着不同的港口,这一景象向四面八方蔓延了好几公里。孟菲斯变成了真正意义上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%B6" title="大都市帶">大都市带</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>城市的边界不断地向外扩张,而中心地带仍位于卜塔神庙建筑群附近。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中王国时期"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>中王国时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:中王国时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中王国">中王国</a>前期,埃及的都城和政治中心移去了位于南方的底比斯,这导致孟菲斯经历了一段时期的低潮。于卜塔神庙西边手工匠区和墓地的发掘表明,虽然孟菲斯已不是政治中心,但它仍是埃及在商贸和艺术上最重要的城市。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>同时发现的遗迹也展现了这段时期孟菲斯的建造重心。一个有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%B6%85%E5%A7%86%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙涅姆赫特一世">阿蒙涅姆赫特一世</a>名字的巨大花岗岩祭台上记载了一位法老为真实之主(master of Truth)卜塔建造了一座神殿。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另外一些发现的带有法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%B6%85%E5%A7%86%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙涅姆赫特二世">阿蒙涅姆赫特二世</a>名字的石块则在拉美西斯二世修筑巨大的外墙之前被用作支撑巨大石块的地基。据一块记载这段时期皇室活动的石板上的记述,法老们还进行了以采矿为目的的远征,国境外有因远征而建立的营地,雕像和纪念物则被竖立起来以祭祀神圣的神灵。在卜塔神庙的废墟中发现了一块印有名字的石头,上面记载了将建造建筑物的承诺作为对孟菲斯神灵的礼物。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而且,在这里发现的很多经过新王朝时期修复的雕塑能追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十二王朝">第十二王朝</a>时期,例如在神庙废墟当中发现的曾以拉美西斯二世的名义修复的两座巨大石像。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>根据希罗多德<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="西西里的狄奧多羅斯">狄奧多羅斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>的记载,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%B6%85%E5%A7%86%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙涅姆赫特三世">阿蒙涅姆赫特三世</a>建造了卜塔神庙的北门。和这位法老有关的遗迹是在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Flinders_Petrie" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flinders_Petrie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flinders_Petrie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Flinders Petrie(页面不存在)">Flinders_Petrie</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" class="extiw" title="en:Flinders Petrie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flinders_Petrie</span></a></span>)</span></span>所进行的发掘中被发现以及得到确认的。另外一个值得注意的地方是卜塔神庙高阶祭司的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B7%B4" title="馬斯塔巴">马斯塔巴</a>在这段时期建造在萨卡拉皇室金字塔的附近,这表现了孟菲斯的皇室和祭司有着密切的联系。而这一倾向在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第十三王朝(页面不存在)">第十三王朝</a>得到了延续,有一些法老葬于萨卡拉,这证实了孟菲斯在王国内仍保持非常重要的地位。 </p><p>在喜克索斯人变得强大并入侵埃及的时期(公元前1650年),孟菲斯遭受到了围攻。在陷落之后,喜克索斯人的国王拆卸,抢劫或损毁了许多孟菲斯的雕像和纪念碑,并于后来将劫掠来得物品运往他们位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿瓦里斯">阿瓦里斯</a>的新首都。<sup id="cite_ref-hyksos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyksos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Fnt 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>皇室宣传的证据后来被人们发现,并认为是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第十七期王朝(页面不存在)">第十七期王朝</a>的底比斯法老们所为,他们于半个世纪之后重新夺回了王国。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新王国时期"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>新王国时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:新王国时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十八王朝">第十八王朝</a>随着底比斯人战胜入侵者而展开了。尽管<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E9%9C%8D%E7%89%B9%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙霍特普二世">阿蒙霍特普二世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="图特摩斯四世">图特摩斯四世</a>的统治时期都将一部分皇室的重心放在孟菲斯,但是主要的权力仍在南方。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>随着他们统治所带来的和平时期,孟菲斯因它的地理位置而再一次迎来了繁荣。加强的于其他国家的贸易网络让Peru-nefer港变成了通往王国和其他地方(例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%8B%9C%E5%8B%92" title="朱拜勒">朱拜勒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特">黎凡特</a>)的窗口。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="新王國時期">新王国时期</a>,孟菲斯还变成了皇室公主和贵族男孩门的教育中心。在孟菲斯出生并长大的阿蒙霍特普二世在他的父亲统治时期成了setem—下埃及的高阶祭司。在图特摩斯四世还是孟菲斯的年轻王子的时候,他感受并记录了一个著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E5%A4%A2%E7%A2%91" title="記夢碑">梦</a>。在对遗址进行发掘的时候,它在卜塔神庙的东边发现了一些有着图特摩斯四世名字的石块和破损的柱廊。这些遗存来自于一个皇室建筑,很有可能是一个正式的宫殿。 </p><p>在遗址处找到的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿斯塔尔塔">阿斯塔尔塔</a>神庙(希罗多德曾错误地认为这是为希腊女神<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E7%8B%84%E5%BF%92" title="阿佛洛狄忒">阿佛洛狄忒</a>而造的)也能追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十八王朝">第十八王朝</a>时期,准确的来说是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E9%9C%8D%E7%89%B9%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙霍特普三世">阿蒙霍特普三世</a>的统治时期(公元前1388/86年至1351/1349年)。这位法老在孟菲斯最重要的杰作是一座被称为“Nebmaatra和卜塔联合在一起”(Nebmaatra united with Ptah)的神庙。这座神庙在他统治的时期被多次提到,例如在描述孟菲斯高阶管理员(High Steward of Memphins)<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E4%BC%8A" title="于伊">于伊</a>(Huy)事迹的记载中。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这座神庙的具体地址至今仍没被发现,但是来自神庙的石英岩石块后来被拉美西斯二世(公元前1279至1213年)用来修筑一间小型的卜塔神庙。而这让一些古埃及学家认为这座神庙建于阿蒙霍特普三世所建造的神庙之上。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>根据在孟菲斯发现的铭文记载,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%A1%BF" title="阿肯那顿">阿肯那顿</a>(公元前1353/51年至公元前1336/34年,又称阿蒙霍特普四世)在城中建立了一座<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A0%93" title="阿頓">阿頓</a>神庙。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>其中一位掌管祭祀的祭祀的墓室被发现于萨卡拉。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的继承者<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>(公元前1332至1323年)在统治的第二年的晚些时候将宫廷从<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%9B%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿玛那">阿玛那</a>迁至孟菲斯。在经历过被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF" title="異端">異端</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%89%98%E6%81%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%87%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="对太阳神阿托恩的崇拜">对太阳神阿托恩的崇拜</a>之后,图坦卡蒙在孟菲斯对神庙进行了修复并恢复了一些以往的传统。 </p><p>在他统治时期重要政府官员如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%A6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="哈伦海布">哈伦海布</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%9B%85_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%BA)" title="玛雅 (埃及人)">玛雅</a>的墓地位于萨卡拉,而哈伦海布后来因成为法老(公元前1319至公元前1292年)而被葬于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="国王谷">国王谷</a>。在图坦卡蒙和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9-%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特努特-阿伊">阿伊</a>的统治时期,他是图坦卡蒙军队的指挥官,而玛雅则在图坦卡蒙,阿伊和哈伦海布的统治时期是国库的监督官。阿伊在图坦卡蒙的统治时期是首席部长,并在他之后成为了法老(公元前1323年至1319年)。为了巩固他的权力,他取了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%A1%BF" title="阿肯那顿">阿肯那顿</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%9C%E8%8A%99%E8%92%82%E8%92%82" title="娜芙蒂蒂">娜芙蒂蒂</a>的六个女儿中的第三位,图坦卡蒙的遗孀Ankhesenamun,但他的命运现已不得而知。哈伦海布则在他迎娶娜芙蒂蒂的姊妹Mutnodjemet时做了同样的事。 </p><p>由于离新任首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E7%88%BE%E2%80%94%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="培爾—拉美西斯">培爾—拉美西斯</a>非常接近,孟菲斯在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="拉美西斯二世">拉美西斯二世</a>的统治时期得到了新的政治上的重要性。这位法老用巨大象征着荣耀的符号来装饰孟菲斯的纪念性建筑。他的继承者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%A1%94" title="麦伦普塔">麦伦普塔</a>(公元前1213年至1203年)建造了一座宫殿和卜塔神庙东南方的墙壁。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十九王朝">第十九王朝</a>早期,孟菲斯因王室的注意而得到了一些特权,而这个时期也留下了最为明显的遗迹。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg/150px-Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg/225px-Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg/300px-Grand_pretre_Ptah_Sheshonq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9C%E5%A1%94%E9%AB%98%E9%98%B6%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卜塔高阶祭司(页面不存在)">卜塔高阶祭司</a>Shoshenq的浮雕。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC21%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第21王朝(页面不存在)">第21</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC22%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第22王朝(页面不存在)">22王朝</a>时期,拉美西斯启动了一系列宗教建筑物的修建工程。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="第三中間期">第三中间期</a>,埃及的地缘政治产生了很大的变动,但孟菲斯并没有因此衰落。这个时期的法老们在建造位于孟菲斯东北方的新首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="塔尼斯">塔尼斯</a>时重现了孟菲斯的宗教狂热。在遗址处发现的殘骸证明那里也有一座卜塔神庙。据记载,法老<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Siamun" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siamun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siamun&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Siamun(页面不存在)">Siamun</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamun" class="extiw" title="en:Siamun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siamun</span></a></span>)</span></span>在卜塔神庙的南方建造了一座献给<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99" title="阿蒙">阿蒙</a>神的神庙,神庙的遗迹于20世纪早期被<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="弗林德斯·皮特里">弗林德斯·皮特里</a>所发现。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>据描述建立22王朝的法老<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E9%A1%BA%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="舍顺克一世">舍顺克一世</a>建筑上的成就的碑文所述,他建造了卜塔神庙的前庭和高塔,他将之称为“受阿蒙神眷顾,舍顺克万世不朽的城堡”(Castle of Millions of Years of Sheshonk, Beloved of Amun)。围绕着这个纪念性建筑群的祭祀死者的区域在建成之后还被使用了很长一段时间,这让一些学者们认为这片地区包括了法老们的皇家墓室。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>舍顺克一世还新建造了一座<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF" title="阿匹斯">阿匹斯</a>神庙,这座神庙被用于举行葬礼仪式,在仪式中,人们会献祭一头牛并将其制成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊">木乃伊</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在城镇广场的西边,人们发现了一个属于孟菲斯高阶祭司的墓地,墓地的时间能追溯到第22王朝。墓地中有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥索尔孔二世" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Osorkon_II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%94%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奥索尔孔二世(页面不存在)">奥索尔孔二世</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osorkon_II" class="extiw" title="en:Osorkon II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Osorkon_II</span></a></span>)</span></span>的儿子,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Shoshenq" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shoshenq_D"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoshenq&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoshenq(页面不存在)">Shoshenq</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshenq_D" class="extiw" title="en:Shoshenq D"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shoshenq_D</span></a></span>)</span></span>王子所建造的一座献给卜塔的小礼拜堂。而Shoshenq的墓地被Pierre Montet发现于萨卡拉。这座小礼拜堂现位于开罗的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="开罗国家博物馆">开罗国家博物馆</a>花园中,它位于同样是运自孟菲斯的拉美西斯二世的三位巨像之后。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古埃及后期"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.9F.83.E5.8F.8A.E5.90.8E.E6.9C.9F"></span>古埃及后期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:古埃及后期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在第三中间期和古埃及后期,孟菲斯位于埃及本土王国和外来入侵者(例如库施人,亚述人和波斯人)的交替统治之下。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%96%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="库施">库施</a>帝国的国王<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6" title="皮耶">皮耶</a>在入侵成功后建立了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第二十五王朝">第二十五王朝</a>,王朝的统治中心位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%95%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="纳帕塔">纳帕塔</a>。位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E5%B1%B1" title="博爾戈爾山">博爾戈爾山</a>的阿蒙神神庙中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6" title="皮耶">胜利石碑</a>记载了皮耶对埃及的征服。在夺取了孟菲斯之后,他修复了在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="埃及第二十四王朝">利比亚人统治时期</a>被疏于维护的神庙和宗教建筑。他的继任者在卜塔神庙的西南方建造了一些小型礼拜堂。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="新亚述帝国">新亚述帝国</a>强大的威胁下,孟菲斯成了一系列混乱的中心。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1" title="塔哈尔卡">塔哈尔卡</a>的统治时期,孟菲斯成了抵抗前锋的基地。当库施王向南逃往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="努比亚">努比亚</a>之时它被攻破了。亚述王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E4%B8%9C" title="阿萨尔哈东">阿萨尔哈东</a>在一些埃及王子的协助下于公元前671年夺取了孟菲斯。他的军队洗劫了城市,并屠杀了当地居民,还将他们的头堆砌成一个个头堆。阿萨尔哈东带着他的战利品回到了他的首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a>并树立了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="胜利石碑(页面不存在)">胜利石碑</a>,碑刻的上显示塔哈尔卡的儿子们被用链条束缚在一起。当国王离刚一离开,埃及人马上掀起了反抗亚述人统治的活动。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg/280px-Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg/420px-Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg/560px-Palais_Apries_Memphis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>阿普里伊宫殿的残骸,孟菲斯。</figcaption></figure> <p>在亚述帝国,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%94" title="亚述巴尼拔">亚述巴尼拔</a>继续了他的父亲对埃及的侵略,在一次公元前664年的侵略中,孟菲斯再一次遭到了洗劫,法老<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%B2%83%E5%A1%94%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="坦沃塔玛尼">坦沃塔玛尼</a>在追逐下逃往努比亚,亚述帝国占領埃及全境,而这表示着库施人对埃及统治的结束。之后,埃及重归<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第二十六王朝">埃及人的统治之下</a>。亚述帝国在50年后被<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="新巴比伦帝国">新巴比伦帝国</a>征服,出于对巴比伦入侵的担心,法老们重建了城市并加强了它的防御工事,而这体现在在法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="阿普里伊">阿普里伊</a>所修建的宫殿中。 </p><p>公元前539年新巴比伦帝国被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯阿契美尼德王朝</a>征服,在波斯统治中,城市的建筑得到了保留和修复,而孟菲斯也成了征服埃及的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF)" title="總督 (古波斯)">总督</a>的行政中心。一个波斯得防卫部队驻扎在城市中,可能位于城市的北墙,阿普里伊的豪华宫殿附近。弗林德斯·皮特里所进行的发掘显示那个区域还有一个军械库。在一个半世纪中,孟菲斯都是埃及总督的治所,并正式成了阿契美尼德人所建立的广大帝国的商业中心。 </p><p>由当时在位的法老在萨卡拉的塞拉比尤姆神庙中树立的石碑是了解这段时期孟菲斯的关键。在古埃及后期,埋葬神牛的地下墓穴越建越大,这是整个国家宗教本质(hypostasis)发展的表现,特别是在孟菲斯和它附近的墓地。希罗多德认为征服者并不尊重埃及神圣的传统,而这些发现以及一座<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="冈比西斯二世">冈比西斯二世</a>所建的宗教性建筑反驳了这种说法。 </p><p>埃及的民族主义者逐渐觉醒,但时间略为短暂。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿米尔塔尼乌斯">阿米尔塔尼乌斯</a>在公元前404年结束了波斯人对埃及的统治。但他在公元前399年10月在孟菲斯被<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%90%E5%88%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="尼斐利提斯一世">尼斐利提斯一世</a>所击败并被杀。尼斐利提斯一世随后建立了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第二十九王朝">第二十九王朝</a>。对阿米尔塔尼乌斯的处决被记录在一个阿拉米语的纸莎草文件中(Papyrus Brooklyn 13)。尼斐利提斯一世将首度迁往尼罗河三角洲东边的<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="门德斯">门德斯</a>,孟菲斯失去了它作为政治中心的地位。但它仍保持了宗教,商业和战略中心的地位,并成了用于抵挡波斯人重夺埃及的基地。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E5%86%85%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="内克塔内布一世">内克塔内布一世</a>在全国开始了一系列对于神庙的修复工作。他于孟菲斯的卜塔神庙新建了新的庙墙,建筑群内部的神庙和礼拜堂也得到了修缮。<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E5%86%85%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="内克塔内布二世">内克塔内布二世</a>除了继续这些工程之外还新建了大型的圣殿,并用高塔,雕塑和两旁饰有狮身人面像的道路来装饰它们,这其中值得注意的是位于萨卡拉墓地的圣殿。这位法老除了防止波斯人对埃及的入侵,还在公元前343年对波斯进行了一次大型进攻,但却在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕路修斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pelusium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E8%B7%AF%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="帕路修斯(页面不存在)">帕路修斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelusium" class="extiw" title="en:Pelusium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pelusium</span></a></span>)</span></span>被打败。之后,内克塔内布二世向南逃回了孟菲斯,并在那遭到了波斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E8%96%9B%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿尔塔薛西斯三世">阿尔塔薛西斯三世</a>的围攻。最终,法老逃往上埃及,并从那里逃到了努比亚。 </p><p>据一个发现于萨卡拉,并能追溯到法老<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Khababash" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khabash"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khababash&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khababash(页面不存在)">Khababash</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabash" class="extiw" title="en:Khabash"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khabash</span></a></span>)</span></span>(公元前338至335年)统治的第二年的神牛石棺上的记载,他给孟菲斯带来了短暂的解放。但最终<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世">大流士三世</a>的军队重新夺取了对城市的控制权。 </p><p>在古埃及后期,孟菲斯数次遭受外族的入侵,并在之后得到了解放。城市还遭到了数次围剿,而随之而来的都是埃及历史上最血腥残暴的战斗。除了在同盟希腊的帮助下取得霸权的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德王朝</a>之外,埃及从未落入入侵者之手,但孟菲斯也从此失去了国都的地位。公元前332年,希腊人来到了埃及并从波斯人手上夺得了埃及的控制权。从此,埃及在1952年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="埃及七月革命">埃及七月革命</a>之前再没有受到埃及人的统治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="托勒密时期"><span id=".E6.89.98.E5.8B.92.E5.AF.86.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>托勒密时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:托勒密时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_(1898-1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/180px-Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/270px-Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/360px-Alexander_visits_the_Apis_bull_at_the_temple_in_Memphis_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>亚历山大大帝在孟菲斯的阿比斯神庙中,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="André Castaigne" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="André Castaigne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="André Castaigne(页面不存在)">André Castaigne</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne" class="extiw" title="en:André Castaigne"><span lang="en" dir="auto">André Castaigne</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1898至1899年)。</figcaption></figure> <p>公元前332年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a>在卜塔神庙加冕为王,在他死后,埃及迎来了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密王国">托勒密时期</a>。在这段时期之内,孟菲斯仍然保持了在埃及的重要地位,特别是在宗教方面。在亚历山大大帝于公元前323年在巴比伦逝世之后,<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="托勒密一世">托勒密一世</a>强忍着悲痛将亚历山大大帝的遗体运到孟菲斯。并宣称亚历山大大帝表达了希望被葬在埃及的愿望,他接着将亚历山大大帝的遗体运往卜塔神庙的中心区域,在那里,卜塔神庙的祭司们对亚历山大大帝的遗体进行了防腐处理。按传统,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="马其顿王国">马其顿王国</a>的国王有安葬先任君主的权利。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="托勒密二世">托勒密二世</a>后来将亚历山大大帝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA" title="石棺">石棺</a>运往了位于亚历山大港的皇家陵墓,但那座陵墓的位置现在已不得而知。据<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="埃里亚努斯">埃里亚努斯</a>的记载,预言家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Aristander" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aristander"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristander&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristander(页面不存在)">Aristander</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristander" class="extiw" title="en:Aristander"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aristander</span></a></span>)</span></span>曾对亚历山大大帝的安息之地预言到“会感到高兴,并永不被征服”(would be happy and unvanquishable forever)。 </p><p>亚历山大大帝死后,埃及开始了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密王国">托勒密王国</a>时期,在这一时期,孟菲斯开始逐渐衰败了下去。托勒密一世第一次将对<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF" title="塞拉比斯">塞拉比斯</a>的崇拜引入埃及,并在萨卡拉地区开始了对他的祭祀活动。从这段时期开始,人们在萨卡拉的塞拉比尤姆神庙大兴土木,建造了诗人房间(Chamber of Poets),通往神庙的大道,以及一些其他的希腊化建筑。这座神庙的名声甚至传到了埃及以外的地方,但后来被由<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="托勒密三世">托勒密三世</a>建造的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚力山大港塞拉比尤姆神庙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Serapeum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%9B%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%A4%E5%A7%86%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亚力山大港塞拉比尤姆神庙(页面不存在)">亚力山大港塞拉比尤姆神庙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum" class="extiw" title="en:Serapeum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Serapeum</span></a></span>)</span></span>所超过。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="托勒密四世">托勒密四世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96" title="托勒密五世">托勒密五世</a>于公元前216和196年分别颁布了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孟菲斯法令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ptolemaic Decrees"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="孟菲斯法令(页面不存在)">孟菲斯法令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Decrees" class="extiw" title="en:Ptolemaic Decrees"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ptolemaic Decrees</span></a></span>)</span></span>。王国主要神职人员代表在卜塔神庙高阶祭司以及法老的面前于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教会议">宗教会议</a>制定了王国未来的宗教条例,税费额度,新的基金以及给法老的贡物。这些法令被用三种语言(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E9%AB%94" title="世俗體">世俗体</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊文</a>)记录在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="石碑">石碑</a>上。最著名的一块就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="罗塞塔石碑">罗塞塔石碑</a>,人们利用它于19世纪破译了古埃及文字。 </p><p>发现的属于这个时期的其他石碑以及墓葬促进了人们对这个时期由孟菲斯高阶祭司门组成的卜塔高阶祭司王朝的宗谱的了解。他们与位于亚历山大港的皇室有着非常紧密的血统关系,高阶祭司们和托勒密王朝的公主们会进行联姻,以加强两个家族之间的联系。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衰落及遗弃"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E8.90.BD.E5.8F.8A.E9.81.97.E5.BC.83"></span>衰落及遗弃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:衰落及遗弃"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="埃及 (羅馬行省)">罗马人</a>到来之后,孟菲斯和底比斯一样将它们的地位永远的让给了面朝罗马帝国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" title="亚历山大港">亚历山大港</a>。对最适合埃及新任统治者的意识的二合一神灵-塞拉比斯神崇拜的增加,以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="基督教历史">基督教</a>在埃及的生根及发展,意味着孟菲斯古代崇拜的末路。 </p><p>这座城市在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及主教教区(页面不存在)">拜占庭时期</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人">科普特</a>时期之间逐渐消失,并成了附近定居点的采石场。这些定居点包括了一座<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>在7世纪<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯林征服埃及">占领埃及</a>之后新建的都城。在孟菲斯以北修建的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="福斯塔特">福斯塔特</a>和之后修建的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a>都使用了从孟菲斯神庙和墓地拆卸下来的石料。在公元13世纪,阿拉伯编年者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Abd-ul-Latif" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd-ul-Latif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd-ul-Latif(页面不存在)">Abd-ul-Latif</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="extiw" title="en:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)</span></a></span>)</span></span>参观了孟菲斯遗址,并对其描述道: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">Enormous as are the extent and antiquity of this city, in spite of the frequent change of governments whose yoke it has borne, and the great pains more than one nation has been at to destroy it, to sweep its last trace from the face of the earth, to carry away the stones and materials of which it was constructed, to mutilate the statues which adorned it; in spite, finally, of all that more than four thousand years have done in addition to man, these ruins still offer to the eye of the beholder a mass of marvels which bewilder the senses and which the most skillful pens must fail to describe. The more deeply we contemplate this city the more our admiration rises, and every fresh glance at the ruins is a fresh source of delight ... The ruins of Memphis hold a half-day's journey in every direction.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>译文:这座城市非常古老而且占地巨大,尽管它经历过王朝更迭,并受到过不止一次的摧毁,将其从地面上抹去,将建造它的石头运走,将装饰它的雕像摧毁;尽管,除了人们之外,四千年的时光也将其损毁,这些废墟带给人们的仍是一场华丽的视觉盛宴,让人们不知所措,这世界上最精巧的笔尖也不足以描述它的伟大。随着人们注视着这座城市,它在人们心中的地位也越发高大,对这片废墟的每一窥都是欢乐的源泉……孟菲斯遗址的各个方向都要花半天时间成参观。</li></ul> <p>尽管我们现在看到的孟菲斯遗址和那位阿拉伯历史学家所见过的相比不值一提,但是他的记载启发了一些考古学家。19世纪对于孟菲斯遗址的第一次发掘和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="弗林德斯·皮特里">弗林德斯·皮特里</a>在此所进行的一系列发掘现已能够让人们一窥孟菲斯往日的荣耀。孟菲斯及其墓地,包括石制坟墓,马斯塔巴,神庙和金字塔,都于1979年被列入<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国教科文组织">联合国教科文组织</a>的世界遗产名单内。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遗迹"><span id=".E9.81.97.E8.BF.B9"></span>遗迹</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:遗迹"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在新王国时期,特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十九王朝">第十九王朝</a>法老们统治的时期,孟菲斯的权利和面积都急剧扩张,并在政治上和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="古埃及建筑">建筑上</a>能与底比斯一较高下。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8F%90%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="塞提一世">塞提一世</a>献给卜塔神的一座小礼拜堂中发现了这次对孟菲斯发展的证据。经过一个多世纪对孟菲斯的发掘,考古学家们已经能够逐渐确定这座古城的布局安排。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大卜塔神庙"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E5.8D.9C.E5.A1.94.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>大卜塔神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:大卜塔神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg/300px-Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg/450px-Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg/600px-Memphis-temple-Ptah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4862" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>艺术家笔下的孟菲斯大卜塔神庙西面前庭。</figcaption></figure> <p>献给卜塔的豪特-卡-卜塔(Hout-ka-Ptah)<sup id="cite_ref-hierogtop_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierogtop-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Fnt 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>是古孟菲斯城中最大也是最重要的神庙。它是城中最为突出的建筑物,在城市中心的区域占了很大一块面积。并在数个世纪以来的崇拜中不断得到扩张及丰富,这座神庙是古埃及最为重要的三个祭祀地点之一,另外两个是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="赫里奥波里斯">赫里奥波里斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87)" title="拉 (埃及神祇)">拉</a>神神庙和底比斯的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99" title="阿蒙">阿蒙神</a>神庙。 </p><p>对于这座神庙的大部分了解来自于希罗多德的记载,他于新王国时期很久之后的波斯人第一次入侵时期游览了这个地点。希罗多德认为在这座神庙是法老<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="美尼斯">美尼斯</a>所建立的,而且神庙的核心建筑只有祭祀和法老才能进入。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>但是他并没有对神庙的外观进行描述。上个世纪的考古发掘逐渐的清理出了神庙的遗址,发掘显示这是一座被巨大城墙包围起来的建筑群,在南面,西面和东面有着数个纪念碑似的门。 </p><p>神庙和它的建筑遗址现在作为一座生态博物馆成列于拉美西斯二世巨像不远处,而这座巨像原本位于神庙南方的中轴线处。在这里还有一座巨大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="斯芬克斯">斯芬克斯</a>雕像,它于19世纪被人发现并能追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第十八王朝">第十八王朝</a>,很有可能雕刻于法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E9%9C%8D%E7%89%B9%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙霍特普二世">阿蒙霍特普二世</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="图特摩斯四世">图特摩斯四世</a>的统治时期。它是目前还位于原址的这种石雕中保存的最好的例子。 </p><p>这座室外博物馆还有许多其他的石雕,巨像,斯芬克斯以及建筑部件。然而,大部分被发现在残骸都被卖与了世界上主要的博物馆。其中很多现在展示于开罗的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="开罗国家博物馆">开罗国家博物馆</a>。 </p><p>神庙具体的外观至今仍不清楚,而且只有通往神庙外围的主要通道被人们所知晓。最近的考古发掘发现了用来装饰大门或者高塔的巨像,而这些巨像能追溯到法老拉美西斯二世的统治时期。拉美西斯二世同时还在神庙中建造了至少三座神龛,在此,崇拜和他们所献与的神灵联系在一起。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E7.BE.8E.E8.A5.BF.E6.96.AF.E4.BA.8C.E4.B8.96.E5.BB.BA.E9.80.A0.E7.9A.84.E5.8D.9C.E5.A1.94.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这座小型神庙位于比它大的卜塔神庙的西南角,它被献给神化了的拉美西斯二世,以及另外三位神明:荷鲁斯,卜塔和阿蒙。它现在的全名是拉美西斯卜塔神庙,受阿蒙神的眷顾,神,赫里奥波里斯的统治者。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>它的遗迹被考古学家Ahmed Badawy发现,而Rudolf Anthes则于1955年对抑制进行了发掘。这次发掘行动揭示了一个有着高塔的宗教建筑,一个用于贡品仪式的庭院,一个有着圆柱的柱廊,尽头是一个圆柱大厅以及一个三重圣所,它们全部被密封在由泥砖建成的墙内。神庙表面最近能够追溯到新王国时期。 </p><p>神庙面朝东方一条由其他宗教建筑铺成的道路。在此进行的考古发掘显示城市的南方的确有许多的宗教建筑并且极度崇拜孟斐斯的主神,卜塔。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E7.BE.8E.E8.A5.BF.E6.96.AF.E4.BA.8C.E4.B8.96.E5.BB.BA.E9.80.A0.E7.9A.84.E5.8D.9C.E5.A1.94.E5.92.8C.E5.A1.9E.E5.85.8B.E8.BF.88.E7.89.B9.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:拉美西斯二世建造的卜塔和塞克迈特神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这座神庙位于城市的东面,在拉美西斯巨像附近。这座小型神庙能最速到第十九王朝,看上去是献给卜塔和他的神圣配偶賽克邁特以及神化了的拉美西斯二世。它的遗址并不像周围的建筑那样被保护的很好,而且它的石灰岩地基看上去像是在城市被抛弃之后被人挖了出来。 </p><p>两个面朝西方用来装饰神庙外墙的巨大石像能追溯到中王国时期。现在他们已被移往孟菲斯博物馆内部,上面的雕刻描绘了法老面朝行军的方向,带着象征上埃及的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="白冠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hedjet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E5%86%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="白冠(页面不存在)">白冠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedjet" class="extiw" title="en:Hedjet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hedjet</span></a></span>)</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙"><span id=".E9.BA.A6.E4.BC.A6.E6.99.AE.E5.A1.94.E5.BB.BA.E9.80.A0.E7.9A.84.E5.8D.9C.E5.A1.94.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在神庙建筑群的东南方,第十九王朝的法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%99%AE%E5%A1%94" title="麦伦普塔">麦伦普塔</a>为纪念城市的主神卜塔而建造了一座新神殿。弗林德斯·皮特里在20世纪早期发现了这座神庙,并辨认出了希罗多德曾引用过的对希腊神<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E9%80%8F%E6%96%AF" title="普罗透斯">普罗透斯</a>的描述。 </p><p>Clarence Stanley Fisher在第一次世界大战期间对这个遗址进行了发掘。发掘开始于神庙的前部,这个地方由一个大概15平方米的天井组成,南方有一扇刻有法老名字和卜塔称号的大门。目前,这座神庙只有这个部位得到了发掘,而位于北方的内庭建筑仍然还没有被探寻过。在发掘中,考古学家们发现了大型泥砖制建筑物的首个痕迹,很快这就被证实是建造在神庙旁边的仪式性宫殿。有一些石制神庙的关键建材被埃及政府捐赠给了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="宾夕法尼亚大学">宾夕法尼亚大学</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="宾夕法尼亚大学考古和人类学博物馆(页面不存在)">博物馆</a>,作为在金钱上支持发掘的报答,而剩下的则在开罗博物馆。 </p><p>这座神庙在新王国时期一直被人使用,但它后来逐渐遭到了抛弃并被平民挪作他用。渐渐地,这座神庙被城市活动所掩埋,对于神庙的地层学分析显示在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F" title="古埃及后期">古埃及后期</a>,神庙已经成了废墟,并很快埋没在新造的建筑物之下。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg/240px-Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg/360px-Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg/480px-Temple_d%27Hathor_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>孟菲斯哈索尔神庙遗址。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哈索尔神庙"><span id=".E5.93.88.E7.B4.A2.E5.B0.94.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>哈索尔神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:哈索尔神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abdullah al-Sayed Mahmud在20世纪70年代于卜塔神庙南庙墙处发现了这座能够追溯到拉美西斯二世统治时期的小神庙。<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>它被献给Sycamore女士,爱神<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94" title="哈索尔">哈索尔</a>。这座神庙在建筑上和其他的小型神庙-神殿很像,特别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="卡纳克神庙">卡纳克神庙</a>。从神庙的大小来看,这并不是一个哈索尔神的主要神殿,但这的确是在孟菲斯废墟中发现的唯一一个献给哈索尔神的建筑。 </p><p>一般认为这座神庙主要用于主要宗教节日的游行中。在城市里应该存在着另外一座献给哈索尔的重要神庙,而且它应该是全国最重要的哈索尔神庙之一,但至今人们仍未找到它的地点。一个类似卜塔神庙旁边所找到的洼地也许暗示着它的位置。据古代记载,考古学家们认为它可能存有围墙的遗址以及一个大型纪念碑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他的神庙"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.9A.84.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>其他的神庙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:其他的神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一座献给密特拉神的神庙在孟菲斯的北面被人们发现,这座神庙能够追溯到埃及的罗马时期。希罗多德曾描述过的阿施塔特神庙位于当他参观城市时,城市中预留给<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基">腓尼基人</a>的区域。据记载,女神<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E7%89%B9_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奈特 (埃及神祇)(页面不存在)">奈特</a>位于卜塔神庙北面,但是目前这座神庙和阿施塔特神庙都尚未被发现。 </p><p>一般认为孟菲斯还有许多献给卜塔以及其相伴的神灵的神庙。其中有一些已经得到了象形文字的证明,但目前还没有在城市的废墟中发现它们的遗迹。目前,人们在在孟菲斯附近的拉希纳村进行着调查和挖掘行动,以期能加深对这个古代宗教城市的理解。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="塞克迈特神庙"><span id=".E5.A1.9E.E5.85.8B.E8.BF.88.E7.89.B9.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>塞克迈特神庙</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:塞克迈特神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一座献给卜塔的妻子,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E9%82%81%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="塞克邁特">塞克迈特</a>的神庙现在还没有被人们找到,但是它的存在已经得到了古埃及记载的正式。考古学家们正在寻找他的遗址。 </p><p>它也许在卜塔神庙的区域里面,19世纪晚期的发掘中发现了一块代表“大门”(great door)的石块,上面印有这位女神的名字,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>另外一个发现是一个刻有拉美西斯二世名字的圆柱,上面还说明拉美西斯二世“受到塞克迈特的眷顾”(beloved of Sekhmet),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这两个发现在某种程度上印证了这个猜想。这座神庙还被记载于<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B8%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89" title="哈里斯大纸莎草">哈里斯大纸莎草</a>中,据其记载,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拉美西斯三世">拉美西斯三世</a>统治时期,卜塔和塞克迈特的儿子的雕像旁边有一座塞克迈特的雕像,它是受孟菲斯神灵之托建造的,并立于神庙的中心部位。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/200px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/300px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/400px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>神牛阿比斯的雕像,发现于萨卡拉的塞拉比尤姆神庙(Serapeum)。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阿比斯神庙"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E6.AF.94.E6.96.AF.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>阿比斯神庙</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:阿比斯神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>孟菲斯的阿比斯神庙是对神牛阿比斯的主祭地点,人们认为阿比斯是卜塔在人世间的代表。一些古典历史学家(例如:希罗多德,狄奥多罗斯,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特拉博">斯特拉博</a>)的著作中都提及了这座神庙,但是现在它的遗址还没有被找到。 </p><p>据希罗多德的记载,神庙的庭院被有着巨像的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%9F%B1%E5%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="列柱廊">列柱廊</a>环绕,而且神庙是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%90%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%8F%90%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="普萨美提克一世">普萨美提克一世</a>统治时期建造的。 </p><p>古希腊历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特拉博">斯特拉博</a>在罗马军队于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E8%88%88%E8%A7%92%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="亞克興角戰役">亞克興角</a>战胜<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="克娄巴特拉七世">克娄巴特拉七世</a>之后随军参观了这个地方。据他的记载,这座神庙位于卜塔神庙附近,且两个内庭,其中一个供奉的是神牛,而另外一个则是供奉他的母亲。在神庙里,阿比斯被用于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%AD" title="神諭">神谕</a>,而他的一举一动都被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E8%A8%80" title="预言">预言</a>。他的呼吸能够治愈疾病,而在他附近的人都能受到祝福而增加性能力。在神庙中还有一扇为他而开的窗户,在某些重要的节日,他的背上会被放上珠宝和鲜花,并被人引导着在街上游行。 </p><p>1941年,考古学家艾哈迈德·瓦埃勒(Ahmed Badawy)在孟菲斯发现了第一块描述阿比斯的孟菲斯遗迹。这个地方位于卜塔神庙之内,而且是专门为了对神牛进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="遺體保存技術">遗体保存</a>而建造的停尸间。在萨卡拉发现的一块<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="石碑">石碑</a>记载了<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E5%86%85%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="内克塔内布二世">内克塔内布二世</a>下令对这座建筑进行修复,而在内庭北部发现的建筑部件能够追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第三十王朝">第三十王朝</a>时期,这证明这座神庙的这个部分在那个时期得到了修复。这个停尸间很有可能是古代记载中出现的阿比斯神庙的一部分。这座神圣的遗址可能是神庙唯一留存下来的部分,而它的地点也与斯特拉博和狄奥多罗斯记载的相符,位于卜塔神庙附近。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg/200px-Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg/300px-Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg/400px-Siamun%E2%80%99s_royal_cartouche_on_a_lintel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>孟菲斯阿蒙神神庙过梁上的雕刻,显示Ankhefenmut跪于西阿蒙的皇家椭圆装饰前。</figcaption></figure> <p>阿比斯神的大部分雕像来自于位于萨卡拉北部的塞拉比尤姆神庙的墓室中。在那里发现的最古老的墓葬能够追溯到法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E9%9C%8D%E7%89%B9%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙霍特普三世">阿蒙霍特普三世</a>的统治时期。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阿蒙神神庙"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E8.92.99.E7.A5.9E.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>阿蒙神神庙</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:阿蒙神神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第二十一王朝">第二十一王朝</a>时期,法老<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西阿蒙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siamun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西阿蒙(页面不存在)">西阿蒙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamun" class="extiw" title="en:Siamun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siamun</span></a></span>)</span></span>在卜塔神庙的南方建造了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99" title="阿蒙">阿蒙</a>神神庙。这座神庙(或神庙群)很有可能献给由阿蒙,他的妻子<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E7%89%B9" title="姆特">姆特</a>和他们的孩子<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E6%96%AF" title="孔斯">孔斯</a>组成的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="底比斯三神" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theban Triad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E7%A5%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="底比斯三神(页面不存在)">底比斯三神</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_Triad" class="extiw" title="en:Theban Triad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theban Triad</span></a></span>)</span></span>。他是孟菲斯三神(卜塔,塞克迈特和廸姆)在上埃及的对应神。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阿頓神庙"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E9.A0.93.E7.A5.9E.E5.BA.99"></span>阿頓神庙</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:阿頓神庙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>发现于萨卡拉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="十八王朝">十八王朝</a>孟菲斯贵族墓中的象形文字证实了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A0%93" title="阿頓">阿頓</a>神庙的存在。文字中还提及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%99" title="图坦卡蒙">图坦卡蒙</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%A1%BF" title="阿肯那顿">阿肯那顿</a>的统治时期的职业是“孟菲斯阿顿神庙管理员”(steward of the temple of Aten in Memphis)。 </p><p>从对孟菲斯开始进行发掘的19世纪末期至20世纪早期,在城中不同地方发现的人工制品都显示有一座进行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日轮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sun (hieroglyph)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%BD%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日轮(页面不存在)">日轮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_(hieroglyph)" class="extiw" title="en:Sun (hieroglyph)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sun (hieroglyph)</span></a></span>)</span></span>崇拜的建筑。现在,这座建筑的具体位置已经无从知晓,有着<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿马纳">阿马纳</a>时期特点的遗址上发现的象形文字都提到了这座建筑的存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉美西斯二世雕像"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E7.BE.8E.E8.A5.BF.E6.96.AF.E4.BA.8C.E4.B8.96.E9.9B.95.E5.83.8F"></span>拉美西斯二世雕像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:拉美西斯二世雕像"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures,_Egypt._(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg/400px-Flickr_-_IDS.photos_-_Cairo_sculptures%2C_Egypt._%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> 生态博物馆中的拉美西斯二世巨像。</figcaption></figure> <p>人们在孟菲斯遗址处发现了一座法老<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="拉美西斯二世">拉美西斯二世</a>的雕像。 </p><p>现在,这座高达10米的雕像成列于孟菲斯博物馆中,它是由一座巨大的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="石灰石">石灰石</a>雕刻而成的。意大利考古学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔瓦尼·卡维利亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Giovanni Battista Caviglia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="乔瓦尼·卡维利亚(页面不存在)">乔瓦尼·卡维利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caviglia" class="extiw" title="en:Giovanni Battista Caviglia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Giovanni Battista Caviglia</span></a></span>)</span></span>于1820年在卜塔神庙南大门不远处发现了这座雕像。由于它的底座和腿部都已经损毁,现在以躺在地上的形式成列于博物馆中。雕像上原本的彩绘现在有一部分被保存了下来,但是雕像最值得注意的是在人体解剖学上对复杂的人体进行的完美而又细致的描绘。这座雕像显示拉美西斯二世带着象征上埃及的白冠。 </p><p>在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾特罗·罗塞里尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ippolito Rosellini"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A1%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾特罗·罗塞里尼(页面不存在)">艾特罗·罗塞里尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_Rosellini" class="extiw" title="en:Ippolito Rosellini"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ippolito Rosellini</span></a></span>)</span></span>的调解下,卡维利亚提出将这座雕像献给托斯卡纳大公,<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-disambig" title="利奥波德二世">利奥波德二世</a>。罗塞里尼曾计算过将这座雕像切成小块并运往意大利的费用,结果发现它高的惊人。自封为埃及和苏丹的<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="瓦利">瓦利</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%A4%AB" title="赫迪夫">赫迪夫</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F" title="穆罕默德·阿里帕夏">穆罕默德·阿里帕夏</a>曾提出将其赠送给大英博物馆,但馆方考虑到将巨像运往伦敦太过艰巨,便拒绝了这个提议。因此,这座巨像现在仍在它当年被发掘出来的地方,人们在它上面建了一座博物馆来保护它。 </p><p>这座雕像是曾经用来装饰卜塔神庙东门的一对巨像之一。另一座卡维利亚于1820年发现的巨像在1950年已被修复,其全高达11米。它一开始被放置于开罗的Bab Al-Hadid广场,后来,这座广场被重命名为拉美西斯广场(Ramses Square)。由于这个地点不适合该巨像,它于2006年被移至<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%90%A8" title="吉萨">吉萨</a>,而人们现在在那对其进行修复。当<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大埃及博物馆">大埃及博物馆</a>于2015年开幕之后,它将会被放到博物馆的入口处进行展览。开罗近郊的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="赫利奥波利斯">赫利奥波利斯</a>有一座该巨像的复制品。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="萨卡拉及其墓地"><span id=".E8.90.A8.E5.8D.A1.E6.8B.89.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E5.A2.93.E5.9C.B0"></span>萨卡拉及其墓地</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:萨卡拉及其墓地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="萨卡拉">萨卡拉</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg/200px-Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg/300px-Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg/400px-Pyramid_of_Djoser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>著名的阶梯状<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="左塞爾金字塔">左塞尔金字塔</a>,孟菲斯大墓地。</figcaption></figure> <p>由于孟菲斯曾被使用多年而且城中人口数量庞大,在孟菲斯旁边的峡谷中有着许多的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="墓地">墓地</a>,而其中最为著名的就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="萨卡拉">萨卡拉</a>。除此之外,在城内的神庙西部还建有一些墓地。而这些神圣的地方也不可避免的吸引着虔诚而忠信的信徒们,他们来此祭祀<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="欧西里斯">欧西里斯</a>或埋葬他人。 </p><p>一座被称为Ankh-tawy的小镇的一部分位于中王国时期的墓地中。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="第二十二王朝">第二十二王朝</a>的法老们扩大了卜塔神庙的西部,以此希望重现拉美西斯年代的荣耀。在这一部分中,人们发现了一个属于高阶祭司们得墓地。 </p><p>据记载,在这个地方还有一座献给女神<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E7%B5%B2%E7%89%B9" title="芭絲特">芭絲特</a>的小礼拜堂或祈祷室。这与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="布巴斯提斯">布巴斯提斯</a>建城之后王朝的法老们所遗留下来的纪念建筑相一致。在同一地点,还有一些新王国时期法老们修建的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祭庙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mortuary temple"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%AD%E5%BA%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="祭庙(页面不存在)">祭庙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_temple" class="extiw" title="en:Mortuary temple"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mortuary temple</span></a></span>)</span></span>,古埃及学家们认为这些祭庙与底比斯的祭庙有着相同的功能。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="皇室宫殿"><span id=".E7.9A.87.E5.AE.A4.E5.AE.AB.E6.AE.BF"></span>皇室宫殿</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:皇室宫殿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>孟菲斯在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="八个多王朝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Egyptian dynasties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%AA%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="八个多王朝(页面不存在)">八个多王朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_dynasties" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Egyptian dynasties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Egyptian dynasties</span></a></span>)</span></span>时期内都是国家的权力中心。根据曼涅托的记载,孟菲斯的第一个宫殿是由第一王朝的建立者,同时也是<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%88" title="那尔迈">那尔迈</a>的继任者<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE-%E9%98%BF%E5%93%88" title="荷爾-阿哈">荷尔-阿哈</a>建造的。他在孟菲斯建造了一座有着白墙的堡垒。古埃及的记载中也提到了一些由古王国法老们建造的宫殿,有一些则是在主要皇家金字塔塔下建造的。它们占地巨大,并有着园林和湖泊。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>除了下面讲到的宫殿,一些其他的来源还记载了一座在城中发现的由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="图特摩斯一世">图特摩斯一世</a>建造的宫殿,它直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="图特摩斯四世">图特摩斯四世</a>统治时期一直被人们使用。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis200402.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Memphis200402.JPG/190px-Memphis200402.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Memphis200402.JPG/285px-Memphis200402.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Memphis200402.JPG/380px-Memphis200402.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>阿普里伊宫殿遗址,俯瞰着孟菲斯。</figcaption></figure> <p>据麥倫普塔赫统治时期官方文件记载,他建造了一座有围墙包围的建筑群,里面包括了一个神庙和相邻的宫殿。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>而之后的法老<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="阿普里伊">阿普里伊</a>在一个小山丘上建造了一座宏伟的宫殿,在那能俯瞰整个城市。这座宫殿是古埃及后期神庙区域建造计划的一部分,计划中包括了一个皇室宫殿,一座城堡,一些兵营和兵工厂。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="弗林德斯·皮特里">弗林德斯·皮特里</a>对这片区域的发觉行动中发现了军事活动留下的痕迹。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他的建筑"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.9A.84.E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91"></span>其他的建筑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:其他的建筑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在位于城市中央的宫殿和神庙周围分布着城市的不同区域,在这些区域中有着工匠的工作坊,军械库和造船厂。除此之外还有一些居民区,其中有一些是主要由外国人居住的——一开始是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%A2%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="赫梯">赫梯人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基">腓尼基人</a>,后来是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a>,最后是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BA%BA" title="希臘人">希腊人</a>。这座城市位于交易通道的交汇处,吸引着地中海地区不同地方的各式商品。 </p><p>古代文献记载中提到了孟菲斯将常有城市整体的开发计划。除此之外,证据显示尼罗河在几个世纪中一直向东变迁,而这给了孟菲斯向东部新区域进行开发的场所。<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>城市的这个部分有着巨大的卜塔神庙东门。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.AE.B0.E8.BD.BD.E5.8F.8A.E5.AF.B9.E5.AD.9F.E8.8F.B2.E6.96.AF.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:历史记载及对孟菲斯的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古代时期,孟菲斯就是一座非常出名的城市,并在古埃及及以外的地方被频繁的提到。在不同地方发现的外交记录显示了这座城市与同时期地中海地区,近东和非洲各个帝国的交流。其中一个例子是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%88%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6" title="阿马尔奈文书">阿马尔奈文书</a>,里面记录了孟菲斯和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦">巴比伦</a>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黎巴嫩地区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ancient Lebanon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黎巴嫩地区(页面不存在)">黎巴嫩地区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="en:History of ancient Lebanon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ancient Lebanon</span></a></span>)</span></span>其他城邦君主间进行的贸易。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代的记载"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.B0.E8.BD.BD"></span>古代的记载</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:古代的记载"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在公元前第一个千年的后半期,孟菲斯越来越频繁的出现在古代历史学家的著作中,特别是随着埃及与希腊之间贸易的发展,这种情形变得越来越普遍。随着贸易商来埃及探险的旅行者们所留下的记载给现在人们重现这座古老的首都昔日荣耀提供了工具。其中,主要的古典作家们有: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>,希腊历史学家,他于公元前5世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿契美尼德王朝">阿契美尼德王朝</a>时期参观了这座城市,并留下了对城中建筑的描述。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="西西里的狄奧多羅斯">西西里的狄奧多羅斯</a>,希腊历史学家,他于公元前1世纪时参观了城市,并留下了城市在托勒密王朝时期的信息。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="斯特拉波">斯特拉波</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊化时期">希腊化时期</a>地理学家,在公元前1世纪晚期罗马占领埃及的时候参观了城市。<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>除此之外,这座城市航经常被拉丁或希腊的作家们所引用,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="苏埃托尼乌斯">苏埃托尼乌斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="阿米阿努斯·馬爾切利努斯">阿米阿努斯·馬爾切利努斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>对孟菲斯中的阿比斯崇拜进行细致的描写,但其他的作家很少像他们一样对城市整体或者城市中宗教进行具体描述。在接下来的基督教时期,这座城市突然遭到了遗弃,很少来源能够提供关于这座城市默契城中事物的记载。 </p><p>直到阿拉伯人入侵埃及的时候,关于孟菲斯的记载才重新出现,但那个时候孟菲斯已经是一片废墟了。这段时期,主要的作者们有: </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布德—厄尔-拉提夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%BE%B7%E2%80%94%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94-%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E5%A4%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布德—厄尔-拉提夫(页面不存在)">阿布德—厄尔-拉提夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="extiw" title="en:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)</span></a></span>)</span></span>,著名的巴格达地理学家,在他于13世纪去埃及旅行的时候对孟菲斯的遗迹进行了描述。</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="厄尔-马克里齐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Maqrizi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94-%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E9%BD%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="厄尔-马克里齐(页面不存在)">厄尔-马克里齐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Maqrizi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Maqrizi</span></a></span>)</span></span>,14世纪埃及历史学家,他曾参观过孟菲斯遗迹并进行了细致的描述。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期的探索"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E7.B4.A2"></span>早期的探索</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:早期的探索"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Memphis, Egypt in 1799." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg/220px-MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg/330px-MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg/440px-MemphisJamesRennell01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆士·伦内尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Rennell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆士·伦内尔(页面不存在)">詹姆士·伦内尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rennell" class="extiw" title="en:James Rennell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Rennell</span></a></span>)</span></span>于1799年绘制的孟菲斯和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a>地图,显示了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河">尼罗河</a>河道的变迁。</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Jean de Thévenot" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jean de Thévenot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Th%C3%A9venot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Thévenot(页面不存在)">Jean de Thévenot</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Th%C3%A9venot" class="extiw" title="en:Jean de Thévenot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jean de Thévenot</span></a></span>)</span></span>在他于1652年前往埃及的时候识别出了孟菲斯的位置,而这证实了古代阿拉伯作家们的记载。他对这个地区的描述非常简略,但这是对这个地方进行探索的第一步,并启发了后期考古学发展之后对这里的探索。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在孟菲斯所进行的第一次考古发掘发生在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑">拿破仑</a>于1798年进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A-%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="埃及-叙利亚战役">埃及-叙利亚战役</a>期间。对遗址处的研究确认了Thévenot当年的发现,而随军的科学家们对遗址进行了第一次研究。这第一次研究结果发表在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="对埃及的描述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Description de l&#39;Égypte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="对埃及的描述(页面不存在)">对埃及的描述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" class="extiw" title="en:Description de l&#39;Égypte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Description de l'Égypte</span></a></span>)</span></span>上,随同还有一张孟菲斯地区的地图,这是第一张精确描绘孟菲斯位置的地图。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Pascal_Sebah,_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg/200px-Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg/300px-Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg/400px-Jean_Pascal_Sebah%2C_Statue_de_Ramses_-_Memphis_-_18802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Hekekyan在孟菲斯发现的拉美西斯二世雕像。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19世纪"><span id="19.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>19世纪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:19世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期法国的探索行动为19世纪并一直持续至今的深入研究铺平了道路。这些研究由一些顶尖的探险者,古埃及学家以及主要考古研究所所组成。以下是一个不完整的名单: </p> <ul><li>卡维利亚(Caviglia)和斯洛恩(Sloane)于1820年对遗址进行了第一次发掘。他们发现了躺在地上的拉美西斯二世巨像,现在,巨像被成列于博物馆中。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%95%86%E5%8D%9A%E8%89%AF" title="让-弗朗索瓦·商博良">让-弗朗索瓦·商博良</a>在他于1828到1830在埃及旅行期间途径孟菲斯。他描述了卡利威亚和斯洛恩的大发现,在遗址进行了短暂的发掘并翻译了一些碑文残片上的文字。他曾承诺等有更多的时间和资源进行研究之后要回到孟菲斯,但他1832年的突然死亡让这一计划落了空。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%99%AE%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·理查德·莱普修斯">卡尔·理查德·莱普修斯</a>在普鲁士于1842年远征期间对遗迹进行了一次短暂的研究,并绘制了一幅地图,而这幅地图成了以后探索和发掘的基础。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="埃及英治时期">埃及英治时期</a>,考古学科技的发展以及对尼罗河泛滥平原的系统性耕作导致了一些意外的考古发现。很多遗迹都到了为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_(%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5)" title="埃及博物馆 (都灵)">都灵</a>的博物馆收集馆藏而在埃及旅行的收藏家手里。在一次耕作中,埃及的农民于1847年在拉希納村附近发现了罗马时期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="米特拉">米特拉</a>神庙遗址。 </p><p>之后任职于埃及政府的Joseph Hekekyan于1852至1854年对这个地方进行了地质调查,并在调查中意外地发现了一些遗址,例如Kom el-Khanzir(位于大卜塔神庙的东北方)。这些有着浮雕装饰的石头原本用在孟菲斯的阿顿神神庙上,现在几乎可以肯定这些石头被重新使用于其他建筑物的建造中。他还发现了由红色花岗岩制成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%B7%A8%E5%83%8F" title="拉美西斯二世巨像">拉美西斯二世巨像</a>。 </p><p>这些考古学上的大发现导致很多古埃及文物都被运离了埃及。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥古斯特·玛丽特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Auguste Mariette"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奥古斯特·玛丽特(页面不存在)">奥古斯特·玛丽特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Mariette" class="extiw" title="en:Auguste Mariette"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Auguste Mariette</span></a></span>)</span></span>于1850年参观了萨卡拉,他意识到埃及需要一个组织来管理这些考古发掘和保护行动,以保证古埃及珍宝的安全。他随后于1859年组织成立了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及文物最高理事会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supreme Council of Antiquities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及文物最高理事会(页面不存在)">埃及文物最高理事会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities" class="extiw" title="en:Supreme Council of Antiquities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supreme Council of Antiquities</span></a></span>)</span></span>(EAO),并组织了对孟菲斯的发掘,在发觉行动中第一次发现了大卜塔神庙存在的证据以及古王国时期的皇室雕像。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20世纪"><span id="20.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>20世纪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:20世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英国古埃及学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C" title="弗林德斯·皮特里">弗林德斯·皮特里</a>于1907年至1912年进行的挖掘清理出了目前看到的孟菲斯的大部分遗址。这些挖掘的重要发现包括了卜塔神庙的柱厅,拉美西斯二世的桥塔,雪花石制斯芬克斯巨像,阿普里伊宫殿的北墙。他同时还发现了法老西阿蒙(Siamun)建造的阿蒙神神庙以及麦伦普塔建造的卜塔神庙。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他的挖掘工作后来被<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>所打断,而继承其工作的其他考古学家们发现了这座古老都会的一些已被遗忘的建筑。 </p><p>以下是主要发现的时间线: </p> <ul><li>1914至1921年,宾夕法尼亚大学在麦伦普塔卜塔神庙进行的发掘发现了与其相连的宫殿。</li> <li>1942年,由古埃及学家Ahmed Badawy主持的发掘发现了拉美西斯建造的一座小卜塔神庙和22王朝的王子Shoshenq坟墓的小礼拜堂。<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950年,古埃及学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Labib Habachi" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Labib Habachi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labib_Habachi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Labib Habachi(页面不存在)">Labib Habachi</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labib_Habachi" class="extiw" title="en:Labib Habachi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Labib Habachi</span></a></span>)</span></span>代表埃及文物最高理事会(EAO)发现了塞提一世的礼拜堂。埃及政府决定将拉美西斯二世的红色花岗岩巨像移至开罗并放置于城市的中央火车站处。后来,放置雕像的广场被命名为拉美西斯广场。</li> <li>1954年,修路工人们在Kom el-Fakhri意外的发现了中王国时期的大墓地。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955至1957年,鲁道夫·安特斯代表宾夕法尼亚大学搜索并清理了拉美西斯二世建造的小型卜塔神庙和阿比斯的防腐间。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969年,人们在小哈索尔神庙意外地发现了一个礼拜堂。<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970至1984年,在Abdullah el-Sayed Mahmud,Huleil Ghali和Karim Abu Shanab的指挥下,EAO进行的发掘清理了小哈索尔神庙。</li> <li>1980年,进行了对阿比斯防腐间的发掘,位于埃及的美国研究中心对这次发掘进行了研究。<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982年,古埃及学家研究并记录了在拉美西斯建造的小卜塔神庙的发现。<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970和1984至1990年,伦敦进行了发掘。这次行动对拉美西斯二世的柱厅和桥塔进行了更加深入的挖掘。此次发掘发现了能够追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%92%99%E6%B6%85%E5%A7%86%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿蒙涅姆赫特二世">阿蒙涅姆赫特二世</a>统治时期的用花岗岩石块制年表。发掘了卜塔高阶祭司的墓地,并研究了对萨卡拉墓地所进行的探索。<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003年,EAO重启了对小哈索尔神庙的挖掘行动。</li> <li>2003至2004年,由俄罗斯和比利时人所组成的联合探险队对孟菲斯北墙进行了挖掘。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="孟菲斯的图片"><span id=".E5.AD.9F.E8.8F.B2.E6.96.AF.E7.9A.84.E5.9B.BE.E7.89.87"></span>孟菲斯的图片</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:孟菲斯的图片"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:脚注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hieropepi-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hieropepi_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="&lt;" alt="&lt;" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title="&gt;" alt="&gt;" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35" alt="F35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O24.png?982d7" height="38" title="O24" alt="O24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br />”Ppj-mn-nfr“ = Pepi-men-nefer,意为佩皮是完美的(Pepi is perfection)或者佩皮是美丽的(Pepi is beauty)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyksos-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyksos_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这些遗迹大多数后来都被拉美西斯二世修复了,以此装饰他那位于培爾—拉美西斯的新首都。但它们后来在第三中间期的时候又被移至塔尼斯,目前,在埃及各个古都的遗址都有发现它们的踪迹。(Most of these relics would be subsequently recovered by Rameses II in order to decorate his new capital at Pi-Rameses. They were later moved again during the Third Intermediate Period to Tanis, and many have been found scattered among the ruins of the country's various ancient capitals.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hierogtop-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hierogtop_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3" alt="Q3" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O6.png?36172" height="38" title="O6" alt="O6" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1" alt="O1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28" alt="D28" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><i>ḥw.t-k3-Ptḥ</i> = Hout-ka-Ptah(豪特-卡-卜塔)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-talle-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talle_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talle_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talle_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: <i>Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene</i>, in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381–395, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_">available online</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829104858/http://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_">存檔</a>,存档日期29 August 2017. <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误:带有name属性“talle”的<code>&lt;ref&gt;</code>标签用不同内容定义了多次</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bard, <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>, p. 694.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meskell, Lynn (2002). <i>Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt</i>. Princeton University Press, p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Ian (2003). <i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press, p.279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abebooks.com/Memphis-City-White-Walls-Dimick-Univ/1280894368/bd">M. T. Dimick</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140502184442/http://www.abebooks.com/Memphis-City-White-Walls-Dimick-Univ/1280894368/bd">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) retrieved 14:19GMT 1.10.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/submit/name/memphis"><i>Etymology website</i>-www.behindthename.com</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140502162446/http://www.behindthename.com/submit/name/memphis">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) retrieved 14:22GMT 1.10.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Geographic Society: Egypt's Nile Valley Supplement Map</i>, produced by the Cartographic Division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hieratic Papyrus 1116A</i>, of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg; cf Scharff, <i>Der historische Abschnitt der Lehre für König Merikarê</i>, p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montet, <i>Géographie de l'Égypte ancienne</i>,(Vol I), p. 28-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Najovits171-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Najovits171_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najovits, Simson R. <i>Egypt, trunk of the tree: a modern survey of an ancient land</i> (Vol. 1–2), Algora Publishing, p171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najovits, Simson R. <i>Egypt, trunk of the tree: a modern survey of an ancient land</i>(Vol. 1–2), Algora Publishing, p171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montet, <i>Géographie de l'Égypte ancienne</i>,(Vol I), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, Bridget (2001). <i>Decoding Egyptian Hieroglyphs: How to Read the Secret Language of the Pharaohs</i>. Chronicle Books , p.130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler, Tertius ( thertgreg1987). <i>Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1" title="历史上的城市规模">歷史上的城市規模</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bard, <i>Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt</i>, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215253/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/21678">Nefertem</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Walters_Art_Museum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Walters Art Museum(页面不存在)">The Walters Art Museum</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2014-05-06</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/21678">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF+%28%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%29&amp;rft.btitle=Nefertem&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F21678&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herod99-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herod99_19-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-herod99_19-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>(Vol II), § 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manley, Bill (1997). <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt</i>. Penguin Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted, <i>Ancient Records of Egypt</i>, p. 109-110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goyon, <i>Les ports des Pyramides et le Grand Canal de Memphis</i>, p. 137-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Hitta, <i>Excavations at Memphis of Kom el-Fakhri</i>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariette, <i>Monuments divers Collected in Egypt and in Nubia</i>, p. 9 and plate 34A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariette, <i>Monuments divers Collected in Egypt and in Nubia</i>, § Temple of Ptah, excavations 1871, 1872 and 1875, p. 7 and plate 27A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugsch, <i>Collection of Egyptian monuments</i>, Part I, p. 4 and Plate II. This statue is now on display at the Egyptian Museum in Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>(Vol II), § 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, <i>Bibliotheca historica</i>,(Vol I), Ch. 2, § 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabrol, <i>Amenhotep III le magnifique</i>, Part II, Ch. 1, p. 210-214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrie, <i>Memphis and Maydum III</i>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cabrol, <i>Amenhotep III le magnifique</i>, Part II, Ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariette, <i>Monuments divers collected in Egypt and in Nubia</i>, p. 7 &amp; 10, and plates 27(fig. E)&amp; 35(fig. E1, E2, E3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Löhr, <i>Aḫanjāti in Memphis</i>, p. 139-187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrie, <i>Memphis I</i>, Ch. VI, § 38, p. 12; plates 30 &amp; 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagrillo, <i>Mummy of Shoshenq I Re-discovered?</i>, p. 95-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrie, <i>Memphis I</i>, § 38, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maystre, <i>The High Priests of Ptah of Memphis</i>, Ch. XVI, § 166, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meeks, <i>Hommage à Serge Sauneron I</i>, p. 221-259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne &amp; Isambert, <i>Itinéraire descriptif, historique et archéologique de l'Orient</i>, p. 1009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero, <i>Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient</i>, Ch. I, § Origine des Égyptiens.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>(Vol II), § 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthes, <i>Mit Rahineh</i>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahmud, <i>A new temple for Hathor at Memphis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugsch, <i>Collection of Egyptian monuments</i>, p. 6 and plate IV, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugsch, <i>Collection of Egyptian monuments</i>, p. 8 and plate IV, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Breasted, <i>Ancient Records of Egypt</i>, § 320 p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grandet, <i>Le papyrus Harris I</i>, § 47,6 p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, <i>The temple of Apis in Memphis</i>, p. 145-147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lalouette, <i>Textes sacrés et textes profanes de l'Ancienne Égypte</i>(Vol II), p. 175-177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>(Vol II), § 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrie, <i>The Palace of Apries (Memphis II)</i>, § II, p. 5-7 &amp; plates III to IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffreys, D.G.; Smith, H.S (1988). <i>The eastward shift of the Nile's course through history at Memphis</i>, p. 58-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>(Vol II), paragraphs 99, 101, 108, 110, 112, 121, 136, 153 and 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, <i>Bibliotheca historica</i>(Vol I), Ch. I, paragraphs 12, 15 and 24; Ch. II, paragraphs 7, 8, 10, 20 and 32.f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i>Geographica</i>, Book XVII, chapters 31 and 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Twelve Caesars</i>, Part XI: Life of Titus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Roman History</i>, Book XXII, § XIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thévenot, <i>Relation d’un voyage fait au Levant</i>, Book II, Ch. IV, p. 403; and Ch. VI, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Champollion-Figeac, <i>l'Égypte Ancienne</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepsius, <i>Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien</i>, booklets of 14 February, 19 February, 19 March and 18 May 1843, p. 202-204; and plates 9 and 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariette, <i>Monuments divers collected in Egypt and in Nubia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrie, <i>Memphis I</i> and <i>Memphis II</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badawy, <i>Grab des Kronprinzen Scheschonk, Sohnes Osorkon's II, und Hohenpriesters von Memphis</i>, p. 153-177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El-Hitta, <i>Excavations at Memphis of Kom el-Fakhri</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthes, works from 1956, 1957 and 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, <i>The temple of Apis in Memphis</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Málek, <i>A Temple with a Noble Pylon</i>, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffreys, <i>The survey of Memphis</i>, 1985.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及博物館列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of museums in Egypt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及博物館列表(页面不存在)">埃及的博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:List of museums in Egypt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of museums in Egypt</span></a></span>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及國家軍事博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Egyptian National Military Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及國家軍事博物館(页面不存在)">埃及國家軍事博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Egyptian National Military Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Egyptian National Military Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿卜丁皇宮博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abdeen Palace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E4%B8%81%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿卜丁皇宮博物館(页面不存在)">阿卜丁皇宮博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeen_Palace" class="extiw" title="en:Abdeen Palace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abdeen Palace</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及農業博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Agricultural Museum, Egypt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及農業博物館(页面不存在)">埃及農業博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Museum,_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:Agricultural Museum, Egypt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Agricultural Museum, Egypt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾哈邁德·邵基博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ahmed Shawki Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E9%82%81%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%82%B5%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾哈邁德·邵基博物館(页面不存在)">艾哈邁德·邵基博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Shawki_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Ahmed Shawki Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ahmed Shawki Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山卓國家博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexandria National Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山卓國家博物館(页面不存在)">亞歷山卓國家博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_National_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Alexandria National Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexandria National Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山卓水族博物館(页面不存在)">亞歷山卓水族博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%8F%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="敏亞博物館(页面不存在)">敏亞博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%90%8A%E6%9B%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿萊曼戰爭博物館(页面不存在)">阿萊曼戰爭博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E8%A8%B1%E7%A9%86%E5%8D%97%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="艾許穆南露天博物館(页面不存在)">艾許穆南露天博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞斯文博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aswan Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞斯文博物館(页面不存在)">亞斯文博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Aswan Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aswan Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇海米之家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayt Al-Suhaymi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%B5%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇海米之家(页面不存在)">蘇海米之家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Al-Suhaymi" class="extiw" title="en:Bayt Al-Suhaymi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayt Al-Suhaymi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人民之家 (埃及)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beit El-Umma (House of the People)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="人民之家 (埃及)(页面不存在)">人民之家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_El-Umma_(House_of_the_People)" class="extiw" title="en:Beit El-Umma (House of the People)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beit El-Umma (House of the People)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝尼蘇韋夫博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beni Suef Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%9F%8B%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="貝尼蘇韋夫博物館(页面不存在)">貝尼蘇韋夫博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Beni Suef Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beni Suef Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃米爾貝什塔克宮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Beshtak Palace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%9D%E4%BB%80%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃米爾貝什塔克宮(页面不存在)">埃米爾貝什塔克宮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshtak_Palace" class="extiw" title="en:Beshtak Palace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Beshtak Palace</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%B0%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="開羅水族博物館(页面不存在)">開羅水族博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="開羅動物學博物館(页面不存在)">開羅動物學博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及運輸博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carriage Museum (Egypt)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及運輸博物館(页面不存在)">運輸博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_Museum_(Egypt)" class="extiw" title="en:Carriage Museum (Egypt)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carriage Museum (Egypt)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="開羅孩童博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Child Museum (Cairo)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%AD%A9%E7%AB%A5%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="開羅孩童博物館(页面不存在)">孩童博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Museum_(Cairo)" class="extiw" title="en:Child Museum (Cairo)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Child Museum (Cairo)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%93%A6%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山卓康斯坦丁諾斯·卡瓦菲斯博物館(页面不存在)">亞歷山卓康斯坦丁諾斯·卡瓦菲斯博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="科普特博物館">科普特博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹什韋博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Denshway Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E4%BB%80%E9%9F%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="丹什韋博物館(页面不存在)">丹什韋博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denshway_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Denshway Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Denshway Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及地質學博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Egyptian Geological Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及地質學博物館(页面不存在)">埃及地質學博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Geological_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Egyptian Geological Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Egyptian Geological Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賈邁·阿布杜拉·納瑟博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gamal Abdel Nasser Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E9%82%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E7%91%9F%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="賈邁·阿布杜拉·納瑟博物館(页面不存在)">賈邁·阿布杜拉·納瑟博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Gamal Abdel Nasser Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gamal Abdel Nasser Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蓋爾-安德森博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gayer-Anderson Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE-%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蓋爾-安德森博物館(页面不存在)">蓋爾-安德森博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayer-Anderson_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Gayer-Anderson Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gayer-Anderson Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葛濟拉現代藝術中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gezira Center for Modern Art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%9B%E6%BF%9F%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葛濟拉現代藝術中心(页面不存在)">葛濟拉現代藝術中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezira_Center_for_Modern_Art" class="extiw" title="en:Gezira Center for Modern Art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gezira Center for Modern Art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希拉-羅馬博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Graeco-Roman Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古希拉-羅馬博物館(页面不存在)">古希拉-羅馬博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Roman_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Graeco-Roman Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Graeco-Roman Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大埃及博物馆">大埃及博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="埃及文明國家博物館">埃及文明國家博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印何闐博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Imhotep Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E4%BD%95%E9%97%90%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印何闐博物館(页面不存在)">印何闐博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhotep_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Imhotep Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Imhotep Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯梅利亞博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ismaïlia Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯梅利亞博物館(页面不存在)">伊斯梅利亞博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%AFlia_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Ismaïlia Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ismaïlia Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡拉尼斯遺址博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Karanis Site Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉尼斯遺址博物館(页面不存在)">卡拉尼斯遺址博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanis_Site_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Karanis Site Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Karanis Site Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="卡纳克神庙">卡奈克神廟</a>露天博物館</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓜哈拉宮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kasr (Qasr) El-Gawhara (Jewel Palace)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%9C%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓜哈拉宮(页面不存在)">瓜哈拉宮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasr_(Qasr)_El-Gawhara_(Jewel_Palace)" class="extiw" title="en:Kasr (Qasr) El-Gawhara (Jewel Palace)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kasr (Qasr) El-Gawhara (Jewel Palace)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈里傑博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kharga Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%82%91%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里傑博物館(页面不存在)">哈里傑博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharga_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Kharga Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kharga Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="新亞歷山大圖書(页面不存在)">新亞歷山大圖書</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路克索博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luxor Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="路克索博物館(页面不存在)">路克索博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Luxor Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luxor Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬尼艾爾宮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manyal Palace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="馬尼艾爾宮(页面不存在)">馬尼艾爾宮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyal_Palace" class="extiw" title="en:Manyal Palace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manyal Palace</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋博物館(页面不存在)">海洋博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Marine Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邁萊維博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mallawi Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%81%E8%90%8A%E7%B6%AD%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="邁萊維博物館(页面不存在)">邁萊維博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallawi_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Mallawi Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mallawi Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#遗迹">孟菲斯露天博物館</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_(%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%AF)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事博物館 (賽德港)(页面不存在)">軍事博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆罕默德·馬哈茂德·哈里爾博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="穆罕默德·馬哈茂德·哈里爾博物館(页面不存在)">穆罕默德·馬哈茂德·哈里爾博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Mahmoud_Khalil_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆罕默德·納吉博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mohamed Nagy Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="穆罕默德·納吉博物館(页面不存在)">穆罕默德·納吉博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Nagy_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Mohamed Nagy Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mohamed Nagy Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫赫塔爾博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mukhtar Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E8%B5%AB%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="莫赫塔爾博物館(页面不存在)">莫赫塔爾博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Mukhtar Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mukhtar Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及木乃伊博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mummification Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及木乃伊博物館(页面不存在)">木乃伊博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Mummification Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mummification Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="埃及博物館">埃及博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及鐵路博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Museum of Egyptian Railways"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及鐵路博物館(页面不存在)">埃及鐵路博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Egyptian_Railways" class="extiw" title="en:Museum of Egyptian Railways"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Museum of Egyptian Railways</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="開羅伊斯蘭藝術博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="開羅伊斯蘭藝術博物館(页面不存在)">開羅伊斯蘭藝術博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" class="extiw" title="en:Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭陶瓷器博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Museum of Islamic Ceramics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭陶瓷器博物館(页面不存在)">伊斯蘭陶瓷器博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Ceramics" class="extiw" title="en:Museum of Islamic Ceramics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Museum of Islamic Ceramics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃及現代藝術博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Museum of Modern Art in Egypt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃及現代藝術博物館(页面不存在)">埃及現代藝術博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_in_Egypt" class="extiw" title="en:Museum of Modern Art in Egypt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Museum of Modern Art in Egypt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家博物館 (賽德港)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Museum (Port Said)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8_(%E8%B3%BD%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%AF)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國家博物館 (賽德港)(页面不存在)">國家博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_(Port_Said)" class="extiw" title="en:National Museum (Port Said)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Museum (Port Said)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="努比亞人博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nubian Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="努比亞人博物館(页面不存在)">努比亞人博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Nubian Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nubian Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山卓海洋學博物館(页面不存在)">亞歷山卓海洋學博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="烏姆·庫勒蘇姆博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Om Kalthoum Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%8F%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="烏姆·庫勒蘇姆博物館(页面不存在)">烏姆·庫勒蘇姆博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Kalthoum_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Om Kalthoum Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Om Kalthoum Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%80%81%E6%9D%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法老村(页面不存在)">法老村</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E9%91%BC%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="開鑼郵政博物館(页面不存在)">郵政博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="易卜拉欣王子宮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89%E6%AC%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="易卜拉欣王子宮(页面不存在)">易卜拉欣王子宮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Amr_Ibrahim_Palace" class="extiw" title="en:Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E7%91%AA%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法特瑪·扎赫拉公主宮殿博物館(页面不存在)">法特瑪·扎赫拉公主宮殿博物館</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡司爾·艾尼博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Qasr Al-Eini Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%B8%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡司爾·艾尼博物館(页面不存在)">卡司爾·艾尼博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasr_Al-Eini_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Qasr Al-Eini Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Qasr Al-Eini Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉美西斯·維薩·瓦瑟夫藝術中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ramses Wessa Wassef Art Center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%96%A9%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉美西斯·維薩·瓦瑟夫藝術中心(页面不存在)">拉美西斯·維薩·瓦瑟夫藝術中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_Wessa_Wassef_Art_Center" class="extiw" title="en:Ramses Wessa Wassef Art Center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ramses Wessa Wassef Art Center</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞當·海寧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adam Henein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%AF%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞當·海寧(页面不存在)">亞當·海寧博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Henein" class="extiw" title="en:Adam Henein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adam Henein</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黃家珠寶博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Royal Jewelry Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E5%AE%B6%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="黃家珠寶博物館(页面不存在)">黃家珠寶博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jewelry_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Royal Jewelry Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Royal Jewelry Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔哈·海珊博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taha Hussein Museum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%93%88%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塔哈·海珊博物館(页面不存在)">塔哈·海珊博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Taha Hussein Museum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taha Hussein Museum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" 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