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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smad_signaling_pathway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Smad signaling pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smad_signaling_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Map_kinase_(MAPK)_signaling_pathways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map_kinase_(MAPK)_signaling_pathways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Map kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map_kinase_(MAPK)_signaling_pathways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone morphogenetic protein 4</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human protein and coding gene</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">BMP4</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_BMP4_PDB_1reu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Protein_BMP4_PDB_1reu.png/250px-Protein_BMP4_PDB_1reu.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Protein_BMP4_PDB_1reu.png/500px-Protein_BMP4_PDB_1reu.png 1.5x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1071">BMP4</a></span>, BMP2B, BMP2B1, MCOPS6, OFC11, ZYME, bone morphogenetic protein 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/112262">112262</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:88180">88180</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=7247">7247</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=BMP4">BMP4</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000125378">BMP4 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 14 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 14 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 14 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 14 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 14 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/330px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/500px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg/960px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_14.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 104.39649437891px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for BMP4"><img alt="Genomic location for BMP4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 110.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for BMP4"><img alt="Genomic location for BMP4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">14 C1|14 23.95 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">46,620,977 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">46,628,126 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px">n/a</ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021835">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">meninges</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">semicircular canal</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">genital tubercle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">surface ectoderm</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">abdominal wall</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">posterior semicircular canal</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">migratory enteric neural crest cell</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">amnion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">calvaria</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">external carotid artery</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_BMP4_211518_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/652/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008201">heparin binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005125">cytokine activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0039706">co-receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005160">transforming growth factor beta receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008083">growth factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070700">BMP receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042056">chemoattractant activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005788">endoplasmic reticulum lumen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048704">embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033085">negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007281">germ cell development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001501">skeletal system development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2001012">mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003279">cardiac septum development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001657">ureteric bud development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934">positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003014">renal system process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045603">positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033088">negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060449">bud elongation involved in lung branching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035990">tendon cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048646">anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072192">ureter epithelial cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045786">negative regulation of cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003337">mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060438">trachea development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009791">post-embryonic development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030224">monocyte differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072101">specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by BMP signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002043">blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061151">BMP signaling pathway involved in renal system segmentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060363">cranial suture morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001823">mesonephros development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042475">odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021978">telencephalon regionalization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032331">negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001568">blood vessel development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045839">negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001525">angiogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060512">prostate gland morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070374">positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048745">smooth muscle tissue development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003130">BMP signaling pathway involved in heart induction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050680">negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009888">tissue development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072205">metanephric collecting duct development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060113">inner ear receptor cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007500">mesodermal cell fate determination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001656">metanephros development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003323">type B pancreatic cell development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060393">regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008285">negative regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043401">steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060592">mammary gland formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032967">positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072001">renal system development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045662">negative regulation of myoblast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045165">cell fate commitment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007182">common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072015">glomerular visceral epithelial cell development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060395">SMAD protein signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001503">ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001822">kidney development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030324">lung development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072193">ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042733">embryonic digit morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060684">epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070244">negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072161">mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060548">negative regulation of cell death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042487">regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061149">BMP signaling pathway involved in ureter morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072138">mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051145">smooth muscle cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002320">lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060429">epithelium development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045893">positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035993">deltoid tuberosity development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060686">negative regulation of prostatic bud formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007507">heart development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021537">telencephalon development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001658">branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090184">positive regulation of kidney development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051216">cartilage development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030326">embryonic limb morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043407">negative regulation of MAP kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061036">positive regulation of cartilage development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060235">lens induction in camera-type eye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045666">positive regulation of neuron differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060442">branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042306">regulation of protein import into nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045597">positive regulation of cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030218">erythrocyte differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007224">smoothened signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043010">camera-type eye development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003139">secondary heart field specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042326">negative regulation of phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051150">regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010453">regulation of cell fate commitment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060687">regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030154">cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061047">positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002062">chondrocyte differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061035">regulation of cartilage development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001759">organ induction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050679">positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060502">epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000137">negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043066">negative regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045778">positive regulation of ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001958">endochondral ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048660">regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060688">regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030509">BMP signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030225">macrophage differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000007">negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048706">embryonic skeletal system development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072198">mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001649">osteoblast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002244">hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030513">positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010468">regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048701">embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021904">dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048286">lung alveolus development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032092">positive regulation of protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009948">anterior/posterior axis specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045892">negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045606">positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048754">branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060440">trachea formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010159">specification of animal organ position</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072125">negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048661">positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048392">intermediate mesodermal cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061155">pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021983">pituitary gland development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010942">positive regulation of cell death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060425">lung morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001938">positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060503">bud dilation involved in lung branching</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055020">positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045843">negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030335">positive regulation of cell migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072097">negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by BMP signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071893">BMP signaling pathway involved in nephric duct formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010862">positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072200">negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001707">mesoderm formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071363">cellular response to growth factor stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072104">glomerular capillary formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060433">bronchus development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010595">positive regulation of endothelial cell migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007275">multicellular organism development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000005">negative regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001843">neural tube closure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001944">vasculature development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048598">embryonic morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034504">protein localization to nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043065">positive regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060272">embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045595">regulation of cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090191">negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048333">mesodermal cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048663">neuron fate commitment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030900">forebrain development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060197">cloacal septation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060348">bone development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048593">camera-type eye morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060391">positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090194">negative regulation of glomerulus development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035116">embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050918">positive chemotaxis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003151">outflow tract morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042476">odontogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000122">negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003198">epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1905072">cardiac jelly development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071773">cellular response to BMP stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045669">positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060441">epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055007">cardiac muscle cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003277">apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003150">muscular septum morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045944">positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030501">positive regulation of bone mineralization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003215">cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003148">outflow tract septum morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003149">membranous septum morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003180">aortic valve morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003184">pulmonary valve morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003197">endocardial cushion development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007492">endoderm development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060976">coronary vasculature development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061312">BMP signaling pathway involved in heart development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061626">pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901964">positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2001237">negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902893">regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903800">positive regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043687">post-translational protein modification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628">positive regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010718">positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1905312">positive regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010629">negative regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902894">negative regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042981">regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043408">regulation of MAPK cascade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048468">cell development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0040007">growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=652&rn=1">652</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=12159&rn=1">12159</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000125378;db=core">ENSG00000125378</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000021835;db=core">ENSMUSG00000021835</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12644">P12644</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21275">P21275</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001202">NM_001202</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_130850">NM_130850</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_130851">NM_130851</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_007554">NM_007554</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001316360">NM_001316360</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001193">NP_001193</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_570911">NP_570911</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334841">NP_001334841</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334842">NP_001334842</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334843">NP_001334843</a><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334844">NP_001334844</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334845">NP_001334845</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001334846">NP_001334846</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_570912">NP_570912</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001303289">NP_001303289</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_031580">NP_031580</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr14:46620977-46628126">Chr 14: 46.62 – 46.63 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14903397" class="extiw" title="d:Q14903397">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14903398" class="extiw" title="d:Q14903398">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bone morphogenetic protein 4</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that in humans is encoded by <i>BMP4</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7558046_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7558046-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7579580_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7579580-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23. </p><p>BMP4 is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">bone morphogenetic protein</a> family which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor-beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor-beta">transforming growth factor-beta</a> superfamily. The <a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">superfamily</a> includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. BMP4 is highly conserved evolutionarily. BMP4 is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11677055_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11677055-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_extract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone extract (page does not exist)">bone extract</a> to induce <a href="/wiki/Endochondral" class="mw-redirect" title="Endochondral">endochondral</a> osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BMP4 is a <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGF-β</a> superfamily of proteins. It, like other <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic proteins">bone morphogenetic proteins</a>, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb development and fracture repair. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans. It has been shown to be involved in muscle development, bone <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralization (biology)">mineralization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ureteric_bud" title="Ureteric bud">ureteric bud</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 stimulates differentiation of overlying ectodermal tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bone morphogenetic proteins are known to stimulate bone formation in adult animals. This is thought that inducing <a href="/wiki/Osteoblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblastic">osteoblastic</a> commitment and differentiation of stem cells such as <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell" title="Mesenchymal stem cell">mesenchymal stem cells</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>BMPs are known to play a large role in embryonic development. In the embryo BMP4 helps establish dorsal-ventral axis formation in <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a></i> frog through inducing ventral mesoderm. In mice targeted inactivation of BMP4 disrupts <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> from forming.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well establishes dorsal-ventral patterning of the developing neural tube with the help of <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">BMP7</a>, and inducing dorsal characters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>BMP4 also limits the extent to which neural differentiation in <i>Xenopus</i> embryos occurs by inducing epidermis formation rather than neural tissue. They can aid in inducing the lateral characteristics in somites. Somites are required for the development of cartilage, bone, dermis on the dorsal side of the body, thoracic muscles and muscles within limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP4 helps in the patterning of the developing head though inducing apoptosis of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a> cells; this is done in the hindbrain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In adult, BMP4 is important for the neurogenesis (i.e., the generation of new neurons) that occurs throughout life in two neurogenic niches of the brain, the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subventricular_zone" title="Subventricular zone">subventricular zone</a> (SVZ) adjacent to lateral ventricles. In these niches new neurons are continuously generated from stem cells. In fact it has been shown that in the dentate gyrus BMP4 maintains neural stem cells in quiescence, thus preventing the depletion of the pool of stem cells.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Subventricular_zone" title="Subventricular zone">SVZ</a>, BMP-mediated signaling via Smad4 is required to initiate neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells and suppress the alternative fate of oligodendrogliogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it has been shown that in the SVZ BMP4 has a prodifferentiative effect, since it rescues a defect of terminal differentiation in SVZ neurospheres where the gene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tis21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tis21 (page does not exist)">Tis21</a>/<a href="/wiki/BTG2" class="mw-redirect" title="BTG2">BTG2</a> - required for terminal differentiation - has been deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24744701_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24744701-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tis21 is a positive regulator of BMP4 expression in the SVZ.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24744701_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24744701-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 is important for <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> metabolism. The BMP4 signaling has been found in formation of early mesoderm and germ cells. Limb bud regulation and development of the lungs, liver, teeth and facial mesenchyme cells are other important functions attributed to BMP4 signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12801979_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12801979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digit formation is influenced by BMP4, along with other BMP signals. The interdigital mesenchyme exhibits BMP4, which prevents apoptosis of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11470817_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11470817-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tooth formation relies on BMP4 expression, which induces Msx 1 and 2. These transcription factors turn the forming tooth to become and incisor. </p><p>BMP4 also plays important roles in adipose tissue: it is essential for <a href="/wiki/White_adipose_tissue" title="White adipose tissue">white</a> <a href="/wiki/Adipogenesis" title="Adipogenesis">adipogenesis</a>, and promotes <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocyte</a> differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it is also important for <a href="/wiki/Brown_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown fat">brown fat</a>, where it induces <a href="/wiki/UCP1" class="mw-redirect" title="UCP1">UCP1</a>, related to non-shivering <a href="/wiki/Thermogenesis" title="Thermogenesis">thermogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 secretion helps cause differentiation of the ureteric bud into the ureter.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12631064_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12631064-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 antagonizes organizer tissue and is expressed in early development in ectoderm and mesoderm tissue. Upon gastrulation, the transcription of BMP4 is limited to the ventrolateral marginal zone due to inhibition from the dorsalizing side of the developing embryo. BMP4 aids in ventralizing mesoderm, which guides the dorsal-ventral axis formation. In <i><a href="/wiki/Xenopus" title="Xenopus">Xenopus</a></i> BMP4 has been found to aid in formation of blood and blood islands.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7554498_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7554498-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4, initially expressed in the epidermis, is found in the roof plate during formation of the neural tube. A gradient of BMP signaling is found in opposition to a <a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">Sonic hedgehog</a>, Shh, gradient. This expression of BMP4 patterns the dorsal neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9811576_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9811576-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Basic_fibroblast_growth_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic fibroblast growth factor">FGF2</a>, promote differentiation of stem cells to mesodermal lineages. After differentiation, BMP4 and FGF2 treated cells generally produces higher amounts of <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chondrocyte" title="Chondrocyte">chondrogenic</a> differentiation than untreated stem cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23206696_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23206696-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in conjunction with FGF2 it can produce progenitor thyroid cells from pluripotent stem cells in mice and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-CSC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 has been shown to induce the expression of the Msx gene family, which is believed to be part of cartilage formation from <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somitic</a> mesoderm.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8817454_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8817454-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4, a <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signaling" title="Paracrine signaling">paracrine growth factor</a>, has been found in rat <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>. BMP4, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a>, regulate early <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">ovarian follicle</a> development and primordial-to-primary follicle transition. In addition, inhibition of BMP4 with antibodies has been shown to decrease overall ovary size. These results indicate that BMP4 may aid in survival and prevention of apoptosis in <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12801979_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12801979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In birds, BMP4 has been shown to influence the beak size of <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a>. Low amounts of BMP4 are correlated with low beak depths and widths. Conversely, high BMP4 expression makes high beak depths and widths. The genetic regulation of BMP4 provides the foundation for natural selection in bird beaks.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15353802_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15353802-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_structure">Protein structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protein structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yielding an active <a href="/wiki/Carboxy-terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxy-terminal">carboxy-terminal</a> peptide of 116 residues, human bmp4 is initially synthesized as a forty percent residue preproprotein which is cleaved post translationally. BMP4 has seven residues which are conserved and glycosylated.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7763240_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7763240-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monomers are held with disulphide bridges and 3 pairs of cysteine amino acids. This conformation is called a "cystine knot". BMP4 can form homodimers or heterodimers with similar BMPS. One example of this is BMP7. This ability to form homodimers or heterodimers gives the ability to have greater <a href="/wiki/Osteopromotive" title="Osteopromotive">osteoinductive</a> activity than just bmp4 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10559902_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10559902-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much is known yet about how BMPS interact with the extracellular matrix. As well little is known about the pathways which then degrade BMP4. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif/220px-BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif/330px-BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif/440px-BMP4_Signal_Transduction_Pathways.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>BMP4 signal transduction pathway. The Smad and the MAPK signal transduction pathways are used by BMP4 in order to alter transcription of its target genes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibition">Inhibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inhibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibition of the BMP4 signal (by <a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">chordin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">noggin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">follistatin</a>) causes the ectoderm to differentiate into the <a href="/wiki/Neural_plate" title="Neural plate">neural plate</a>. If these cells also receive signals from <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">FGF</a>, they will differentiate into the spinal cord; in the absence of FGF the cells become brain tissue. </p><p>While overexpression of BMP4 expression can lead to ventralization, inhibition with a dominant negative may result in complete dorsalization of the embryo or the formation of two axises.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9651472_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9651472-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important to note that mice in which BMP4 was completely inactivated usually died during <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a>. It is thought that inactivation of human BMP4 would likely have the same effect. However, mutations which don't entirely inactivate BMP4 in humans can also have subtle effects phenotypically, and have been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Tooth_agenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth agenesis">tooth agenesis</a> as well as osteoporosis.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isoforms">Isoforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isoforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_mechanisms">Molecular mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Molecular mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BMP4, as a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family binds to 2 different types of serine-threonine kinase receptors known as BMPR1 and BMPR2.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyazono_2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyazono_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signal transduction via these receptors occurs via Smad and map <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinase</a> pathways to effect <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of its target genes. In order for signal transduction to occur, both receptors must be functional. BMP is able to bind to BMPR2 without BMPR1 however, the affinity significantly increases in the presence of both receptors. BMPR1 is transphosphorylated via BMPR2 which induces downstream signalling within the cell, affecting transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyazono_2010_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyazono_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smad_signaling_pathway">Smad signaling pathway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smad signaling pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TGF-β family receptors most commonly use the <a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">Smad</a> signaling pathway to tranduce signals.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyazono_2010_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyazono_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type 2 receptors are responsible for activating type 1 <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> where their function involves the phosphorylation of R-Smads (Smad-1, Smad-5, Smad-8). Upon phosphorylation, formation of an <a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> complex in conjunction with common-partner Smad (co-Smad) occurs where it migrates to the nucleus. This signaling <a href="/wiki/Signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling pathway">pathway</a> is regulated by the small molecule inhibitor known as dorsomorphin which prevents the downstream effects of R-smads.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyazono_2010_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyazono_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_kinase_(MAPK)_signaling_pathways"><span id="Map_kinase_.28MAPK.29_signaling_pathways"></span>Map kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Map kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">Mitogen</a> activated protein kinases (MAPK) undergo phosphorylation via a signaling cascade where MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates MAPKK and MAPKK phosphorylates and activates <a href="/wiki/MAPK" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPK">MAPK</a> which then induces an intracellular response.<sup id="cite_ref-Cell_2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cell_2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activation of MAPKKK is through the interaction of mainly GTPases or another group of protein kinases. TGF-β receptors induce the MAPK signaling pathways of ERK, JNK and p38.<sup id="cite_ref-Cell_2012_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cell_2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP4 is also known to activate the ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways whilst have been found to act independently of Smad signaling pathways, are mostly active in conjunction with Smad.<sup id="cite_ref-Derynck_2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derynck_2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activation of the ERK and JNK pathways acts to phosphorylate Smad and therefore regulate its activation. In addition to this, MAPK pathways may be able to directly affect Smad-interacting transcription factors via a JNK or p38 substrate that induces convergence of the two signaling pathways. This convergence is noted to consist mainly of cooperative behavior however, there is evidence to suggest that they may at times counteract each other. Furthermore, the balance that exists between the direct activation of these signaling pathways has a significant effect on TGF-β induced cellular responses.<sup id="cite_ref-Derynck_2003_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derynck_2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/220px--Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="217" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="488" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="520" data-height="512" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="146" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="244" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="366" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv/Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="366" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increase in expression of BMP4 has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder <a href="/wiki/Fibrodysplasia_Ossificans_Progressiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva">Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15466378_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15466378-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is strong evidence from sequencing studies of candidate genes involved in clefting that mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene may be associated in the pathogenesis of <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip and palate">cleft lip and palate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21331089_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21331089-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye_development">Eye development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eye development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyes are essential for organisms, especially <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> vertebrates, to observe prey and obstacles; this is critical for their survival. The formation of the eyes starts as optic vesicles and lens derived from the <a href="/wiki/Neuroectoderm" title="Neuroectoderm">neuroectoderm</a>. Bone morphogenic proteins are known to stimulate eye lens formation. During early development of eyes, the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_vesicle" title="Optic vesicle">optic vesicle</a> is essential in Mice and BMP4 expressed strongly in the optic vesicle and weakly in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a> and surface ectoderm. This concentration gradient of BMP4 in optic vesicle is critical for lens induction. Researcher, Dr. Furuta and Dr. Hogan found out that if they did a laser mutation on mice embryos and causing a BMP4 <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> null <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, this embryo will not develop the lens. They also did an in situ <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_hybridisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acid hybridisation">hybridization</a> of the BMP4 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> showing green color and <a href="/wiki/Sox2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sox2">Sox2</a> gene in red which they thought it was involved in the lens formation as well. After they did these two in situ hybridizations in the mice embryos, they found that both green and red colors are found in the optic <a href="/wiki/Optic_vesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic vesicles">vesicle</a> of the mice embryos. This indicated that BMP4 and <a href="/wiki/Sox2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sox2">Sox2</a> are expressed in the right place at the right time of the optic vesicle and prove that they have some essential functions for the lens induction. Furthermore, they did a follow-up experiment that by injecting BMP4 into the BMP4 <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> mutant embryos rescued the lens formation (12). This indicated that BMP4 is definitely required for lens formation. However, researchers also found that some of the mutated mice cannot be rescued. They later found that those mutants lacked of <a href="/wiki/Msh_homeobox_2" title="Msh homeobox 2">Msx 2</a> which is activated by BMP4. The mechanism they predicted was that BMP4 will active Msx 2 in the optic vesicle and concentration combination of BMP4 and Msx2 together active Sox2 and the Sox2 is essential for lens differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9851982_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9851982-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injection of Noggin into lens fiber cells in mice significantly reduces the BMP4 proteins in the cells. This indicates that Noggin is sufficient to inhibit the production of BMP4. Moreover, another <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_protein" title="Inhibitor protein">inhibitor protein</a>, Alk6 was found that blocked the BMP4 from activating the Msx2 which stopped lens differentiation .<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12117821_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12117821-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are still a lot of unknown about the mechanism of inhibition on BMP4 and downstream regulation of Sox2. In the future, researchers are aiming to find out a more complete pathway of whole eye development and hoping one day, they can find a way to cure some genetic caused eye diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_loss">Hair loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hair loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hair loss or known as <a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">alopecia</a> is caused from the changing of <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a> morphology and hair follicle cycling in an abnormal fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11425637_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11425637-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cycles of hair follicles are that of growth, or <a href="/wiki/Anagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagen">anagen</a>, regression or <a href="/wiki/Catagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catagen">catagen</a>, and rest or <a href="/wiki/Telogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Telogen">telogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millar_2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millar_2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mammals reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal interactions control the development of hair. Genes such as BMP4 and <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a> are both active within the precursors of the hair shaft. Specifically BMP4 is found in the <a href="/wiki/Dermal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal papilla">dermal papilla</a>. BMP4 is part of the signaling network which controls the development of hair. It is needed for the induction of biochemical pathways and signaling for regulating the differentiation of the hair shaft in the anagen hair follicle. This is done through controlling the expression of the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription factors">transcription factors</a> which regulate hair differentiation. It is still unclear however where BMPs act within the genetic network. The signaling of bmp4 may potentially control expression of terminal differentiation molecules such as keratins. Other regulators have been shown to control hair follicle development as well. <a href="/wiki/HOXC13" title="HOXC13">HOXC13</a> and <a href="/wiki/FOXN1" title="FOXN1">FOXN1</a> are considered important regulators because loss-of-function experiments show impaired hair shaft differentiation that doesn't interfere in the hair follicle formation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11118201_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11118201-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When BMP4 is expressed ectopically, within transgenic mice the hair follicle <a href="/wiki/Outer_root_sheath" title="Outer root sheath">outer root sheath</a> (ORS) the proliferation of the cell matrix is inhibited. BMP4 also activates hair <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> gene expression noting that BMP4 is important in the differentiation of the hair shaft. <a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a>, a known inhibitor of BMP4, is found within the matrix cells of the hair bulb. Other important factors to consider in the development of hair is the expression of Shh (<a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">sonic hedgehog</a>), <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">BMP7</a>, BMP2, <a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">WNT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beta-catenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-catenin">β-catenin</a> as these are required in early stage <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huelsken_2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huelsken_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other genes which can inhibit or interact with BMP4 are noggin, <a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">follistatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">gremlin</a>, which is all expressed in the developing hair follicles.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7821227_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7821227-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mice in which noggin is lacking, there are fewer hair follicles than on a normal mouse and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">follicle</a> is inhibited. In chick embryos it is shown that ectopically expressed noggin produces enlarged follicles, and BMP4 signaling shows repressed placode fate in nearby cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10559902_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10559902-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noggin has also been shown during in vivo experiments to induce hair growth in post natal skin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11641247_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11641247-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMP4 is an important component of the biological pathways that involved regulating hair shaft differentiation within the anagen hair follicle. The strongest levels of expressed BMP4 are found within the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_(hair)" title="Medulla (hair)">medulla</a>, hair shaft cells, distal hair matrix, and potential precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>. The two main methods which BMP4 inhibit expression of hair is through restricting growth factor expression in the hair matrix and antagonism between growth and differentiation signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-Huelsken_2001_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huelsken_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathways that regulate hair follicle formation and hair growth are key in developing therapeutic methods for hair loss conditions. Such conditions include the development of new follicles, changing the shape of characteristics of existing follicles, and the altering of hair growth in existing hair follicles. Furthermore, BMP4 and the pathway through which it works may provide therapeutic targets for the prevention of hair loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Millar_2002_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millar_2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/x/R4Gq">BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=BMP4"><i>BMP4</i></a> human gene location in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=BMP4"><i>BMP4</i></a> human gene details in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PDB_Gallery" title="Template:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PDB_Gallery" title="Template talk:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDB_Gallery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PDB Gallery"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="PDB_gallery11" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">PDB gallery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker" style="line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1reu: Structure of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 mutant L51P"><img alt="1reu: Structure of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 mutant L51P" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg/250px-PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg/330px-PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg/500px-PDB_1reu_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1reu</b>: Structure of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 mutant L51P</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template talk:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ signaling pathway">TGFβ signaling pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">TGF beta superfamily of ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">ACVR</a> or <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor" title="TGF beta receptor">TGFBR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGF beta family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">TGF-β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">TGF-β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">TGF-β3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin and inhibin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">INHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">INHBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">INHBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">INHBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor">BMPR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">BMP3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 5">BMP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 6">BMP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8A">BMP8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8b">BMP8b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 10">BMP10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 15">BMP15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">Growth differentiation factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">GDF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">GDF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">GDF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">GDF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">GDF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">GDF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin/GDF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9" title="Growth differentiation factor-9">GDF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">GDF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">GDF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">GDF15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">Anti-müllerian hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta receptors">TGF beta receptors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">Activin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptors">BMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta_receptor_family" title="TGF-beta receptor family">family</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR1:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_1_receptors" title="Activin type 1 receptors">Activin type 1 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1B" title="ACVR1B">ACVR1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1C" title="ACVR1C">ACVR1C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVRL1" title="ACVRL1">ACVRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1">BMPR1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">BMPR1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">BMPR1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR2:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_2_receptors" title="Activin type 2 receptors">Activin type 2 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2B" title="ACVR2B">ACVR2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone_receptor" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2">BMPR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR3:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaglycan" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaglycan">betaglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Transducers</a>/<a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">SMAD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">SMAD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">SMAD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">SMAD9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">SMAD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">SMAD7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway#Ligand_agonists.2Fantagonists" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">Ligand inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_TGF-beta_binding_protein" title="Latent TGF-beta binding protein">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(A)-specific_ribonuclease" title="Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease">PARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">THBS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Coreceptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripto" title="Cripto">Cripto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_FYVE_domain-containing_protein_9" title="Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9">SARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template talk:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ receptor superfamily"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</abbr> receptor superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK1" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK1"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 1">ALK1</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor-like type 1">ACVRL1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetermin (page does not exist)">Cetermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ascrinvacumab" title="Ascrinvacumab">Ascrinvacumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalantercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalantercept">Dalantercept</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disitertide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disitertide (page does not exist)">Disitertide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK2" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK2"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 2">ALK2</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1A">ACVR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-1 (page does not exist)">DMH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK3" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK3"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 3">ALK3</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A">BMPR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK4" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK4"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 4">ALK4</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1B">ACVR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK5" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK5"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 5">ALK5</abbr> (<abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 1">TGFβR1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-4476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-4476 (page does not exist)">D-4476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-788388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-788388 (page does not exist)">GW-788388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2109761" title="LY-2109761">LY-2109761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galunisertib" title="Galunisertib">Galunisertib (LY-2157299)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-268712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-268712 (page does not exist)">R-268712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RepSox" title="RepSox">RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-525334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-525334 (page does not exist)">SB-525334</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-208 (page does not exist)">SD-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK6" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK6"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 6">ALK6</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B">BMPR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK7" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK7"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 7">ALK7</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1C">ACVR1C</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR2"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2">TGFβR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2"><abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2">BMPR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2A">ACVR2A</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin receptor type 2">ACVR2</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2B">ACVR2B</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Bone morphogenetic protein">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramatercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramatercept (page does not exist)">Ramatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/AMHR2" class="mw-redirect" title="AMHR2"><abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2">AMHR2</abbr> (<abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_III" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TGFβR3_(β-glycan)90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR3"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 3">TGFβR3</abbr> (β-glycan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ligands:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus (CER1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAN_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="DAN (protein)">DAN (PARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin (Drm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTBP1_(gene)" title="LTBP1 (gene)">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_interacting_factor" title="Transforming growth interacting factor">TGIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoregulin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoregulin 1 (page does not exist)">Tomoregulin 1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stamulumab" title="Stamulumab">Stamulumab</a> (against myostatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRC105" class="mw-redirect" title="TRC105">TRC105</a> (against endoglin)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Endoglin" title="Endoglin">Endoglin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&oldid=1239839558">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4&oldid=1239839558</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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