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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84" title="انفصال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انفصال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesi%C3%B3n" title="Secesión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secesión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesessiya" title="Sesessiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sesessiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сэцэсія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сэцэсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otcjepljenje" title="Otcjepljenje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otcjepljenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessi%C3%B3" title="Secessió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Secessió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secese_(mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Secese (mezinárodní právo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Secese (mezinárodní právo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymwahaniad" title="Ymwahaniad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymwahaniad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezession" title="Sezession – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sezession" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsessioon" title="Setsessioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Setsessioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Απόσχιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόσχιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession" title="Secession – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Secession" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesi%C3%B3n" title="Secesión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secesión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesio_(politiko)" title="Secesio (politiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Secesio (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تجزیه‌طلبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجزیه‌طلبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cession" title="Sécession – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sécession" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofskieding_(polityk)" title="Ofskieding (polityk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ofskieding (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesi%C3%B3n_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Secesión (política) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Secesión (política)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD" title="분리독립 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분리독립" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սեցեսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեցեսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="अपगमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपगमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odcjepljenje" title="Odcjepljenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odcjepljenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemisahan_diri" title="Pemisahan diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemisahan diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сецессия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сецессия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეცესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეცესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сецессия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сецессия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koupefache" title="Koupefache – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koupefache" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessio" title="Secessio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secessio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atdal%C4%AB%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Atdalīšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atdalīšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession" title="Secession – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Secession" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეცესია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სეცესია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessie_(politiek)" title="Secessie (politiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secessie (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E9%80%80" title="脱退 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脱退" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8srivelse" title="Løsrivelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løsrivelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਵਖਰੇਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਖਰੇਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesja_(politologia)" title="Secesja (politologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Secesja (politologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secess%C3%A3o" title="Secessão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secessão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сецессия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сецессия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secesija_(politika)" title="Secesija (politika) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Secesija (politika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сецесија (право) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сецесија (право)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_(politik)" title="Secession (politik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Secession (politik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сецесія (право) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сецесія (право)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ly_khai" title="Ly khai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ly khai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="国家分裂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国家分裂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q687031#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging_and_moving_pages" title="Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages">merged</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_secession" title="Unilateral secession">Unilateral secession</a></i>. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Secession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:Secession (not yet started)">Discuss</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Secession</b> (<a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>) usually means when part of one <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declares its independence</a> and breaks away or leaves that country to start a new country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of countries may include <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/article" class="extiw" title="wikt:article">articles</a> that either <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legally</a> <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/forbid" class="extiw" title="wikt:forbid">forbid</a> or allow secession of part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most national constitutions, which have articles about secession, forbid it, but a few constitutions, such as the constitutions of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> allow the secession of their <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent examples include the secession of the 11 <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern states</a>, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and led to the failed <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), which succeeded against <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Peaceful examples include the secession of the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals such <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> or more <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> powers from the national <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of giving more devolved powers to prevent their secession include <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secession&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3">1.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPavkovicRadan2007" class="citation book cs1">Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2007). <i>Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754671633" title="Special:BookSources/9780754671633"><bdi>9780754671633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+New+States%3A+Theory+and+Practice+of+Secession&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754671633&rft.aulast=Pavkovic&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft.au=Radan%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASecession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen Buchanan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/secession/">"Secession"</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/35px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/53px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/70px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_stubs" title="Category:Politics stubs">politics</a> can be made longer. 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