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id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Persian_and_Islamic_worlds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Persian_and_Islamic_worlds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 In the Persian and Islamic worlds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Persian_and_Islamic_worlds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Enlightenment_thought_(c._1600s–1800)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Enlightenment_thought_(c._1600s–1800)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 In Enlightenment thought (c. 1600s–1800) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Enlightenment_thought_(c._1600s–1800)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_(1789-1800)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_(1789-1800)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 French Revolution (1789-1800) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_(1789-1800)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_socialism_(1800-1830s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_socialism_(1800-1830s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early modern socialism (1800-1830s) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_socialism_(1800-1830s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early modern socialism (1800-1830s) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_socialism_(1800-1830s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henri_de_Saint-Simon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henri_de_Saint-Simon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Henri de Saint-Simon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henri_de_Saint-Simon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Fourier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Fourier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Charles Fourier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Fourier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Owen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Owen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Robert Owen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Owen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_modern_socialism_(1830s–1850s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_modern_socialism_(1830s–1850s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Development of modern socialism (1830s–1850s) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_modern_socialism_(1830s–1850s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development of modern socialism (1830s–1850s) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_modern_socialism_(1830s–1850s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikhail_Bakunin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikhail_Bakunin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mikhail Bakunin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikhail_Bakunin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Herzen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Herzen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Alexander Herzen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Herzen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology_(c._19th_century–20th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_terminology_(c._19th_century–20th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Etymology and terminology (c. 19th century–20th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology_(c._19th_century–20th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxism_and_the_socialist_movement_(1850s–1910s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxism_and_the_socialist_movement_(1850s–1910s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Marxism and the socialist movement (1850s–1910s) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marxism_and_the_socialist_movement_(1850s–1910s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marxism and the socialist movement (1850s–1910s) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marxism_and_the_socialist_movement_(1850s–1910s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 First International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_Commune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_Commune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Paris Commune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Commune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Second International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democracy_and_split_with_the_communists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democracy_and_split_with_the_communists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Social democracy and split with the communists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_democracy_and_split_with_the_communists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_era_(1917–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_era_(1917–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Inter-war era (1917–1939) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inter-war_era_(1917–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inter-war era (1917–1939) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_era_(1917–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_socialism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_socialism_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Revolutionary socialism and the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_socialism_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WWII_and_the_Post-war_and_Cold_War_era_(1945–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WWII_and_the_Post-war_and_Cold_War_era_(1945–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 WWII and the Post-war and Cold War era (1945–1989) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-WWII_and_the_Post-war_and_Cold_War_era_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle WWII and the Post-war and Cold War era (1945–1989) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-WWII_and_the_Post-war_and_Cold_War_era_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_socialist_government_in_a_North_American_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_socialist_government_in_a_North_American_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 First socialist government in a North American country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_socialist_government_in_a_North_American_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democracy_in_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democracy_in_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Social democracy in government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_democracy_in_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_discontent_and_radicalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_discontent_and_radicalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mass discontent and radicalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_discontent_and_radicalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century_(1980s–2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century_(1980s–2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Late 20th century and early 21st century (1980s–2000s) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century_(1980s–2000s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Late 20th century and early 21st century (1980s–2000s) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century_(1980s–2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_years_for_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_for_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Final years for the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_for_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism_in_China_since_the_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_in_China_since_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Socialism in China since the Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_in_China_since_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_socialism_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_socialism_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 21st-century socialism in Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_socialism_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century_(2000s–2010s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century_(2000s–2010s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Early 21st century (2000s–2010s) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_21st_century_(2000s–2010s)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early 21st century (2000s–2010s) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century_(2000s–2010s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_a_New_Left_in_the_developed_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_a_New_Left_in_the_developed_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Emergence of a New Left in the developed world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_a_New_Left_in_the_developed_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Latin America and the Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of socialism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الاشتراكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الاشتراكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সমাজতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজতন্ত্রের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="사회주의의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_sosialisme" title="Sejarah sosialisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah sosialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria 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style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The history of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, along with the changes that brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> was written by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in 1847-48 just before the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> swept Europe, expressing what they termed <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>. In the last third of the 19th century parties dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a> arose in Europe, drawing mainly from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> was the first elected socialist party when it formed government in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a> for a week in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In the first half of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a> around the world, came to represent <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet model of economic development</a> and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centrally planned economies</a> directed by a state that owns all the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy. The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, saw socialism introduced. China experienced land redistribution and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>, followed by the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> said that "socialism is what the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government does" whereas <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> argued socialism requires that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction", with an economic plan and workers' democracy.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Some argued that capitalism had been abolished.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Socialist governments established the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with partial <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisations</a> and social welfare. By 1968, the prolonged <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalists">Anarcho-syndicalists</a> and some elements of the New Left and others favoured <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning">decentralised</a> <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">workers' councils</a>. In 1989, the Soviet Union saw the end of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, marked by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> across <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Socialists have adopted the causes of other social movements such as <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">feminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> At the turn of the 21st century, Latin America saw a <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a>, which championed <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>; it included a policy of nationalisation of major national assets, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a>, and a rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> paradigm. It was first led by Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_socialism">Origins of socialism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of socialism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_communism#Communism_in_antiquity" title="History of communism">History of communism § Communism in antiquity</a></div> Ideas and political traditions that are conceptually related to modern socialism have their origins in antiquity and the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-Smaldone2013-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> had a strong, unified, <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> state which, along with its <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple system</a> employed peasants in massive labor projects and owned key parts of the economy, such as the granaries which dispensed grain to the public in hard times.<a href="#cite_note-MooreLewis2009-7">[7]</a> This system of government is sometimes referred to as "theocratic socialism", though it is important to distinguish between this ideology and the Marxist theory of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Wallbank1992-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, while private property was an acknowledged part of society with the basic element of Greek economic and social life being the privately owned estate or <a href="/wiki/Oikos" title="Oikos">oikos</a>, it was still understood that the needs of the city or <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> always came before those of the individual property owner and his family.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson1992-9">[9]</a> Ancient Greeks were also encouraged by their custom of <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">koinonia</a> to voluntarily share their wealth and property with other citizens, forgive the debts of debtors, serve in roles as public servants without pay, and participate in other pro-social actions.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson1992-9">[9]</a> This idea of koinonia could express itself it different ways throughout Ancient Greece from the communal oligarchy of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2014-10">[10]</a> to Tarentum where the poor could access any property held in common.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson1992-9">[9]</a> Another Ancient Greek custom, the <a href="/wiki/Leitourgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitourgia">leitourgia</a> resulted in the richest members of the community directly financing the state. By the late fifth century BC, more radical concepts of communal ownership became expounded in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson199243-11">[11]</a> Possibly in reply to this, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> wrote his early 4th-century play, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiazusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiazusae">Ecclesiazusae</a>, which parodies communist, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gynocratic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gynocratic">gynocratic</a> concepts that were already familiar in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson199238-40-12">[12]</a> In the play, Athenian women are depicted as seizing control of the Athenian government and banning all private property. As the character <a href="/wiki/Praxagora" class="mw-redirect" title="Praxagora">Praxagora</a> puts it "I shall begin by making land, money, everything that is private property, common to all."<a href="#cite_note-Doyle1999-13">[13]</a> Plato later wrote his <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Republic">Republic</a> which argues for the common distribution of property between the upper elite in society who are, similar to Sparta, to live communally.<a href="#cite_note-Plato-14">[14]</a> The economy of the 3rd century BCE <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> of India, under the rulership of its first emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>, who was assisted by his economic and political advisor <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Kautilya</a>, has been described as," a socialized monarchy", "a sort of state socialism", and the world's first welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-Boesche2003-15">[15]</a> Under the Mauryan system there was no private ownership of land as all land was owned by the king to whom tribute was paid by the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>, or laboring class. In return the emperor supplied the laborers with agricultural products, animals, seeds, tools, public infrastructure, and stored food in reserve for times of crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Boesche2003-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Persian_and_Islamic_worlds">In the Persian and Islamic worlds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Persian and Islamic worlds">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a> (died c. 524 or 528 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), a priest and political reformer, preached and instituted a religiously based socialist or proto-socialist system in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> context of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> Persia.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī</a> (d. 652 CE), a <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companion</a> of Muhammad, is credited by some scholars, such as Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as originating a form of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> and urged the equitable <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a>. The first Muslim <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Caliph</a> Abu Bakr introduced a guaranteed minimum standard of income, granting each man, woman and child ten dirhams annually—this was later increased to twenty dirhams.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Enlightenment_thought_(c._1600s–1800)">In Enlightenment thought (c. 1600s–1800)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Enlightenment thought (c. 1600s–1800)">edit</a>]</div> The basis for modern socialism primarily originates with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the accompanying rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone20133-4-23">[23]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes">philosophes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> and other European intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> criticized the traditional purview, policies, and character of governments, believing that through reform changes could be made that benefited all of society rather than just a privileged elite. These Enlightenment thinkers usually tempered their aims in relation to government intervention, proposing that government ought to be limited in its control of individuals, a belief typically associated with the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economic system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone20133-4-23">[23]</a> Some thinkers believed differently such as the French writers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_de_Mably" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé de Mably">Abbé de Mably</a> who formulated schemes to solve the inequality in society through the redistribution of wealth and the abolition of private property.<a href="#cite_note-Pierson2016-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a> did not oppose the existence of private property, but did believe that the primary cause of suffering in society was the lower classes' lack of land and capital and therefore supported policies similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a> that could be used to protect the most vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone201316-17-25">[25]</a> In response to the inequalities in the industrializing economy of late 18th century Britain pamphleteers and agitators such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> began to advocate for social reform. As early as the 1770s Spence called for the common ownership of land, democratically run decentralized government, and welfare support especially for mothers and children.<a href="#cite_note-Butler2015-26">[26]</a> His views were detailed in his self-published pamphlets such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/property/property.htm">Property in Land Every One's Right</a> in 1775 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/england/britdem/people/spence/meridian/meridian.htm#cover">The Meridian Sun</a> in 1796. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> proposed a detailed plan to tax property owners to pay for the needs of the poor in his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice">Agrarian Justice</a> (1797).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone201314-28">[28]</a> Due to their dedication to social equality and democracy, Condorcet and Paine can be seen as the predecessors of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone201316-17-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a> wrote The Effects of Civilization on the People in European States (1805), denouncing capitalism's effects on the poor of his time.<a href="#cite_note-Blaug_1986_358-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution_(1789-1800)">French Revolution (1789-1800)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Revolution (1789-1800)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the working class <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a> had significant influence over the revolutionary government. Popular radical leaders of the sans-culottes, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Théophile Leclerc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a>, advocated for a plethora of policies, such as a "<a href="/wiki/General_Maximum" title="General Maximum">maximum</a> [for necessities]," and "a stringent law against <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a> and hoarders."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> This group of revolutionaries would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a> to their enemies,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> though could not be said to be an actual, cohesive faction.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> As the Revolution progressed, the Enragés protested against the actions of the revolutionary government,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> with some forming a radical feminist group known as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Revolutionary_Republican_Women" title="Society of Revolutionary Republican Women">Society of Revolutionary Republican Women</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and Roux even giving a speech to the National Convention<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> decrying them for their failures.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However, during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, the Enragés were suppressed,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> with Leclerc and Roux being expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers Club</a> and the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women being shut down.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Afterwards, Leclerc and Léon would retreat into obscurity, Lacombe would return to a career of acting, Varlet would be arrested, and Roux would commit suicide to avoid being sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a>, activists and theorists like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a> spread egalitarian ideas that would later influence the early French labour and socialist movements.<a href="#cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011-44">[44]</a> The views of Babeuf, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Restif_de_la_Bretonne" title="Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne">Restif de la Bretonne</a> specifically formed the basis for the emerging concepts of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> and modern communism.<a href="#cite_note-Billington-45">[45]</a> These social critics criticized the excesses of poverty and inequality of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and advocated reforms such as the egalitarian distribution of wealth and the transformation of society into one where <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> is abolished and the means of production are owned collectively. Babeuf would eventually lead a conspiracy, along with Maréchal, Buonarroti, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Alexandre_Darth%C3%A9" title="Augustin Alexandre Darthé">Augustin Alexandre Darthé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Antoine_Rossignol" title="Jean Antoine Rossignol">Jean Antoine Rossignol</a>, and others, that would attempt to overthrow <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">the Directory</a> and install a radical, proto-socialist republic, which would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a>. This conspiracy spread propaganda and rallied support towards a possible anti-Directory revolution, demanding "the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">[Council of] Five Hundred</a> and the Directoire [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], [the restoration] of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1793" title="French Constitution of 1793">1793 Consitution</a>, and ultimately to achieve a general equality."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> However, this conspiracy was discovered by the Directory and its leaders were arrested. Babeuf and a number of his supporters were executed for their role in the conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Buonarroti would eventually become a historian and pen an account of the conspiracy he had helped create. The Conspiracy of the Equals would become the most infamous of proto-socialist thought and action,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> eventually being deemed by Marx and Engels as having been "[one of] the first [manifestations] of a truly active communist party."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_socialism_(1800-1830s)">Early modern socialism (1800-1830s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern socialism (1800-1830s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></div> The first modern socialists were early 19th-century Western European social critics. In this period socialism emerged from a diverse array of doctrines and social experiments associated primarily with British and French thinkers—especially <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_Comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>. Outlining principles for the reorganisation of society along <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a> lines, Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen served as the primary advocates for what later became known as <a href="/wiki/Utopian_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian Socialism">Utopian Socialism</a>. The views of these original utopian socialist thinkers were not identical. For example, Saint-Simon and Fourier saw no need to abolish private property or adopt democratic principles, while Owen supported both democracy and collective ownership of property.<a href="#cite_note-Muravchik2003-51">[51]</a> Followers of the radical English labor agitator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a>, the Spenceans, were notable figures in the early British labor movement.<a href="#cite_note-Cole1925-52">[52]</a> While Fourier and Owen sought to build socialism on the foundations of small, planned, <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> communities, Saint-Simon desired to enact change through a large scale initiative that put industrialists and experts in charge of society.<a href="#cite_note-Brincat2013-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soland2017-54">[54]</a> Early-19th-century followers of the <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> theories of such thinkers as Owen, Saint-Simon and Fourier could use the terms co-operative, mutualist, associationist, societarian, phalansterian, agrarianist, and radical to describe their beliefs along with the later term socialist.<a href="#cite_note-Williams1985-55">[55]</a> The English word "socialist" in its modern sense relates to <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenite</a> thought and dates from at least 1822.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> was considered the founder of socialism in England.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg_2010_p._296-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henri_de_Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henri de Saint-Simon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg/150px-Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg/225px-Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg/300px-Henri_de_Saint-simon_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_Comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon">Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon</a>, founder of French socialism</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon">Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon</a> (1760–1825) was the founder of French socialism as well as modern theoretical socialism in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup189217-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> As one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> along with his secretary <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, Saint-Simon sought to impose upon political science the same level of empiricism and consistency as existed within the physical sciences.<a href="#cite_note-Applebaum1992-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> As early as 1803 in his work Letters from an inhabitant of Geneva he suggested the formation of a group of intellectual elites that would be used to resolve society's most pressing concerns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone201328-29-61">[61]</a> In his later 1817 work L'Industrie Saint-Simon envisioned a state that dedicated itself to the solving of all social problems through industrial management.<a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> In this new system, production and distribution were to be based on social need, while private property was to be subordinated to the needs of society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> Saint-Simon categorized society into two general classes, the workers, comprising wage laborers, manufacturers, scientists, engineers, scholars, bankers, merchants and anyone else who contributed to production and distribution, and the idlers such as land owners, rentiers, the military, the nobility, and the clergy, who made no material contributions to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Dunning1920-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gattone2006-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engels1907-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pipes1970-65">[65]</a> Abandoning <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, he instead propounded a system which would replace the traditional state with a brotherhood of man that incorporated industry and society into a single centralized organization. In this new society all people would have equal opportunity within a <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocratic</a> order, ignoring traditional class divisions based on nobility and wealth. Saint-Simon, influenced by earlier French thinkers like Condorcet, believed in a materialist interpretation of history, similar to the later Marxist <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, which could be used to predict future developments, and wherein the economic condition of civilization is determined by the level of technology, with the three general epochs being slavery, serfdom, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> or wage labor.<a href="#cite_note-Applebaum1992-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup189225-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> Saint-Simon did not see the working class or proletariat as crucial to change, but instead believed that manufacturers, bankers, artists, scholars, and other educated people would transform society into one where humans made the best possible use of nature and the government was chiefly concerned with the proper administration of material goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> Notably, Saint-Simon never fully condemned or repudiated private property as an institution.<a href="#cite_note-Birnie2005-67">[67]</a> In his final work Le Nouveau Christianism in 1825 he outlined his belief that his political theories were based on <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> principles and that his system embodied certain Christian ideals such as love for others and selflessness.<a href="#cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">[59]</a> After Saint-Simon's death in 1825 his followers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonism">Saint-Simonians</a>, continued to spread and develop his teachings, initiating the widespread use of the terms "socialism", "socialize", "socialization", and "socializing the instruments of labor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington1980216-217-68">[68]</a> His followers, led by <a href="/wiki/Amand_Bazard" title="Amand Bazard">Amand Bazard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Prosper_Enfantin" class="mw-redirect" title="Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin">Barthélemy Enfantin</a>, began to trend more towards radicalism than Saint-Simon becoming increasingly critical of private property while demanding the emancipation of women.<a href="#cite_note-Lichtheim1969-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-70">[70]</a> The Saint-Simonian book Exposition de la doctrine de Saint-Simon, published in two volumes from 1828 to 1830 and featuring condensed speeches by Bazard and Enfantin, proved to be a landmark in socialist theory.<a href="#cite_note-Lichtheim1969-69">[69]</a> The Saint-Simonians rejected communist style proposals for a system that would abolish private property and institute a 'community of goods' which they considered an act of, "reprehensible violence" which violated, "the first of all moral laws".<a href="#cite_note-Laidler2013-71">[71]</a> However, according to their address to the French <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_deputies_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a> in 1830, Bazard and Enfantin still maintained there should be collective ownership of all," <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of labor">instruments of labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>" and that noble privileges and inheritance ought to be abolished so that all hierarchy and reward in society is based on an individual's merit, capacity, and effort alone.<a href="#cite_note-HastingsSelbie1911-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laidler2013-71">[71]</a> Bazard and Enfantin believed that history could be summed up as the historical changes in the forms of class exploitation and that private ownership of the means of production must be gradually abolished.<a href="#cite_note-I︠U︡rovskai︠a︡1990-73">[73]</a> Because of their emphasis on labor they summed up their socialist program with principle "To each according to his ability and to each ability according to its work."<a href="#cite_note-I︠U︡rovskai︠a︡1990-73">[73]</a> They also introduced the idea that class antagonism between the workers and owners came from the dispute over possession of the instruments of labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington1980216-217-68">[68]</a> From 1830 onward the Saint-Simonians began to refer to the opposition between the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeoise">bourgeoise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szacki1979-74">[74]</a> Beginning in 1832 Bazard and Enfantin began to emphasize the term "socialism" as the word that best represented their system.<a href="#cite_note-Olson2008-75">[75]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> writing in 1848 the Saint-Simonians had," sowed the seeds of all the socialist tendencies."<a href="#cite_note-Pilbeam2014-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Fourier">Charles Fourier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charles Fourier">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Charles_Fourier" class="mw-redirect" title="François Marie Charles Fourier">François Marie Charles Fourier</a> (1772–1837) was a French <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialist">utopian socialist</a> and philosopher. Modern scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] credit Fourier with having originated the word <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">féminisme</a> in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> As early as 1808, he had argued in the Theory of the Four Movements that the extension of the liberty of women was the general principle of all social progress, though he disdained any attachment to a discourse of "equal rights". Fourier inspired the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> community called <a href="/wiki/La_Reunion_(Dallas)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Reunion (Dallas)">La Reunion</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a> as well as several other communities within the United States, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Phalanx" title="North American Phalanx">North American Phalanx</a> in New Jersey and <a href="/wiki/Community_Place" title="Community Place">Community Place</a> and five others in New York State. Fourierism manifested itself "in the middle of the 19th century (where) literally hundreds of communes (phalansteries) were founded on fourierist principles in France, N. America, Mexico, S. America, Algeria, Yugoslavia, etc".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Owen">Robert Owen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Robert Owen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_US" title="Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_US" title="Template talk:Socialism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> (1771–1858) advocated the transformation of society into small, local collectives without such elaborate systems of social organisation. Owen managed mills for many years. He transformed life in the village of <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> with ideas and opportunities which were at least a hundred years ahead of their time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Child labour and corporal punishment were abolished, and villagers were provided with decent homes, schools and evening classes, free health-care, and affordable food.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Owen is considered "the father of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-80">[80]</a> The UK government's Factory Act of 1833 attempted to reduce the hours adults and children worked in the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>. A fifteen-hour working day was to start at 5.30 a.m. and to cease at 8.30 p.m. Children of nine to thirteen years could work no more than 9 hours, and workers of a younger age were prohibited. There were, however, only four factory inspectors, and factory owners flouted this law.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the same year Owen stated: "Eight hours' daily labor is enough for any [adult] human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Harmony,_Indiana,_por_F._Bates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg/220px-New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg/330px-New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg/440px-New_Harmony%2C_Indiana%2C_por_F._Bates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>New Harmony, a utopian attempt as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></figcaption></figure> Leaving England for the United States, Robert Owen and his sons began an experiment with a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist community">socialist community</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a> in 1825. Advertisements announced the experiment for the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>, bringing various people to attempt an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">8-hour work-day</a> of which Owen was a proponent. The town banned money and other commodities for trade, using "labour tickets" denominated in the number of hours worked.<a href="#cite_note-clayton-83">[83]</a> Owen's son, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale Owen</a>, would say of the failed socialism experiment that the people at New Harmony were "a heterogeneous collection of radicals, enthusiastic devotees to principle, honest <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarians</a>, and lazy theorists, with a sprinkling of unprincipled sharpers thrown in".<a href="#cite_note-clayton-83">[83]</a> The larger community lasted only until 1827, at which time smaller communities were formed, which led to further subdivision, until individualism replaced socialism in 1828. New Harmony dissolved in 1829 due to constant quarrels as parcels of land and property were sold and returned to private use.<a href="#cite_note-clayton-83">[83]</a> In a Paper Dedicated to the Governments of Great Britain, Austria, Russia, France, Prussia and the United States of America written in 1841, Owen wrote: "The lowest stage of humanity is experienced when the individual must labour for a small pittance of wages from others".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> (1798–1874, regarded[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as the first American anarchist<a href="#cite_note-Slate-85">[85]</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a><a href="#cite_note-Sabatini-86">[86]</a>), who was one of the original participants in the New Harmony Society, saw the community as doomed to failure due to a lack of individual sovereignty and private property. In Periodical Letter II (1856), he wrote of the community: "It seemed that the difference of opinion, tastes and purposes increased just in proportion to the demand for conformity. Two years were worn out in this way; at the end of which, I believe that not more than three persons had the least hope of success. Most of the experimenters left in despair of all reforms, and conservatism felt itself confirmed. We had tried every conceivable form of organization and government. We had a world in miniature. --we had enacted the French revolution over again with despairing hearts instead of corpses as a result. ...It appeared that it was nature's own inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ...our 'united interests' were directly at war with the individualities of persons and circumstances and the instinct of self-preservation... and it was evident that just in proportion to the contact of persons or interests, so are concessions and compromises indispensable." The four-page weekly paper Warren edited during 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist, was the first anarchist periodical published.<a href="#cite_note-bailie20-87">[87]</a> Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States in the early to mid-19th century, "there appeared an array of communal and 'utopian' counterculture groups (including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> movement). <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>'s anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sabatini-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_modern_socialism_(1830s–1850s)">Development of modern socialism (1830s–1850s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development of modern socialism (1830s–1850s)">edit</a>]</div> In France, socialists thinkers and politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> continued spreading their egalitarian economic and social doctrines. While earlier socialists had emphasized the gradual transformation of society, most notably through the foundation of small, utopian communities, a growing number of socialists became disillusioned with the viability of this approach and instead emphasized <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct political action</a>. Early socialists were united in their desire for a society based on cooperation rather than competition. Proudhon's groundbreaking pamphlet "What is Property?" which declared that "<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft">Property is theft</a>" was published in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Markham1930-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Roch_Louis_Reybaud" title="Marie Roch Louis Reybaud">Louis Reybaud</a> published Études sur les réformateurs contemporains ou socialistes modernes in 1842 in France.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> By 1842, socialism "had become the topic of a major academic analysis" by a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> scholar, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_von_Stein" title="Lorenz von Stein">Lorenz von Stein</a>, in his Socialism and Social Movement.<a href="#cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a>, which flourished from 1838 to 1858, "formed the first organised labour movement in Europe, gathering significant numbers around the People's Charter of 1838, which demanded the <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">extension of suffrage to all male adults</a>. Prominent leaders in the movement also called for a more equitable distribution of income and better living conditions for the working classes. The very first trade unions and consumers’ cooperative societies also emerged in the hinterland of the Chartist movement, as a way of bolstering the fight for these demands".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The word socialism first appeared on 13 February 1832 in <a href="/wiki/Le_Globe" title="Le Globe">Le Globe</a>, a French Saint-Simonian newspaper founded by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CorcoranFuchs1983-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-93">[93]</a> There were also currents inspired by dissident Christianity of <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> "often in Britain and then usually coming out of <a href="/wiki/Left_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Left liberal">left liberal politics</a> and a romantic <a href="/wiki/Anti-industrialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-industrialism">anti-industrialism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011-44">[44]</a> which produced theorists such as <a href="/wiki/F.D._Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="F.D. Maurice">F.D. Maurice</a> (the British founder of Christian socialism in the mid-19th century), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> (British novelist and socialist, 1860s), and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a> (an American utopian socialist influential on the populist movement in the 1880s). Leroux, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialist</a>, saw individualism as the primary moral sickness plaguing society.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2004-94">[94]</a> The French politician <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a> became the leader of the Christian socialist movement in France during the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 1839 the socialist writer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> wrote his first work on socialism, the treatise, La Organisation du Travail.<a href="#cite_note-Markham1930-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> (1809–1865) pronounced that "property is theft" and that socialism was "every aspiration towards the amelioration of society".<a href="#cite_note-Gray1947-96">[96]</a> Proudhon termed himself an anarchist and proposed that free association of individuals should replace the coercive state.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Proudhon himself, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, and others developed these ideas in a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> direction, while <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (1814–1876), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> (1842–1921), and others adapted Proudhon's ideas in a more conventionally socialist direction. In a letter to Marx in 1846, Proudhon wrote: "I myself put the problem in this way: to bring about the return to society, by an economic combination, of the wealth which was withdrawn from society by another economic combination. In other words, through Political Economy to turn the theory of Property against Property in such a way as to engender what you German socialists call community and what I will limit myself for the moment to calling liberty or equality." For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent ... that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a> ... <a href="/wiki/William_B._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Greene">William B. Greene</a> presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".<a href="#cite_note-againstallauthority.org-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_socialism#undue" title="Talk:History of socialism">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mikhail_Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mikhail Bakunin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> (1814–1876), the father of modern anarchism, was a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a>, a theory by which the workers would directly manage the means of production through their own productive associations. There would be "equal means of subsistence, support, education, and opportunity for every child, boy or girl, until maturity, and equal resources and facilities in adulthood to create his own well-being by his own labour."<a href="#cite_note-catechism-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_Herzen">Alexander Herzen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alexander Herzen">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> was a Russian writer, revolutionary, and the first champion of socialism in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Tcherkesoff1902-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afanasyevv1967-102">[102]</a> His writings contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">abolition of serfdom</a> in Russia under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>, and he later became known as the "Father of Russian socialism".<a href="#cite_note-Landauer1960-103">[103]</a> Herzen initiated the belief that socialism would eventually take hold in Russia using the traditional rural Russian communal villages or <a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">mir</a> as a basis for its propagation.<a href="#cite_note-Afanasyevv1967-102">[102]</a> Influenced by Hegel, he believed that only through revolution could the dialectic be accelerated to bring about socialism, he translated many socialist books into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> so they could be accessible to Russian speakers and financially supported Proudhon's publications.<a href="#cite_note-Tcherkesoff1902-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology_(c._19th_century–20th_century)">Etymology and terminology (c. 19th century–20th century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology (c. 19th century–20th century)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Henry_Leroux_(1797-1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pierre_Henry_Leroux_%281797-1871%29.jpg/200px-Pierre_Henry_Leroux_%281797-1871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pierre_Henry_Leroux_%281797-1871%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a> founder of the Parisian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Globe" title="Le Globe">Le Globe</a> in which the term socialism first appeared<a href="#cite_note-Rigatelli2012-104">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> While the use of the term socialism was initially adopted to describe the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonians</a>, which advocated the socialized ownership of the means of production, the term was quickly appropriated by working class movements in the 1840s, and in the 19th century the term socialism came to encompass a wide and diverse range of economic policies and doctrines which could include any view from generic opposition against laissez-faire capitalism to the systematic <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxism</a> and anything in between.<a href="#cite_note-Olson2008-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirkup1892-105">[105]</a> In general a view could be deemed as socialism or socialistic if it advocated for the government to take action that would benefit the lower classes and ameliorate economic and social problems in society.<a href="#cite_note-Baynes1887-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirkup1892-105">[105]</a> According to Sheldon Richman, "[i]n the 19th and early 20th centuries, 'socialism' did not exclusively mean collective or government ownership of the means of production but was an umbrella term for anyone who believed labour was cheated out of its natural product under historical capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a> who claimed priority in coining the word socialism presented his definition of the term as "a political organization in which the individual is sacrificed to society", stating he had intended to create a term that would directly oppose the term "individualism".<a href="#cite_note-Bryce1903-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyle1912-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flint1895-110">[110]</a></li> <li>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Littr%C3%A9" title="Émile Littré">Émile Littré</a> defined socialism in 1859 as only a general sentiment that society ought to be improved, claiming it otherwise was without any set doctrine, instead being only a tendency to modify and improve society with the involvement of the working class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint189523-24-111">[111]</a> In a later dictionary, Littré defined it merely as a system which "offers a plan of social reform."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint189515-112">[112]</a></li> <li>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Janet" title="Paul Janet">Paul Janet</a>, defined socialism as "every doctrine that teaches that the state has a right to correct the inequality of wealth which exists among men.<a href="#cite_note-Baynes1887-106">[106]</a></li> <li>In his summation of socialism the 19th-century, Belgian economist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Louis_Victor_de_Laveleye" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye">Émile Laveleye</a> stated that "socialistic doctrine aims at introducing greater equality in social conditions, and...realizing those reforms by law."<a href="#cite_note-Jump2003-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baynes1887-106">[106]</a></li> <li>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon concisely defined socialism as "every aspiration towards the improvement of society."<a href="#cite_note-Rose1891-114">[114]</a></li> <li>German economist <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Held" class="extiw" title="de:Adolf Held">Adolf Held</a> claimed in 1877 that any view was socialistic if it exhibited a "tendency which demands the subordination of the individual will to the community."<a href="#cite_note-Fairburn1915-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Writing in 1887, English historian of socialist thought Thomas Kirkup defined socialism, as it was generally conceived of at the time as, "the systematic interference of the state in favour of the suffering classes", and "the use of public resources on behalf of the poor."<a href="#cite_note-Kirkup1887-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Preeminent French <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a> recognized in his late 19th century study on Saint-Simon any theory as socialism if it demanded that the "directing and knowing organs of society" be connected with its economic functions.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony2014-117">[117]</a></li> <li>In his 1904 book Die Frau und der Sozialismus, German socialist politician <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> defined socialism as "science applied with clear consciousness and full knowledge to every sphere of human activity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle191238-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Published in 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> defined socialism as "that policy or theory which aims at securing...a better distribution and...a better production of wealth than now prevails."<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-119">[119]</a></li></ul> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, communism and socialism had differing religious implications with socialism being seen as secular and atheistic and communism being seen as religious, leading to Owen preferring the term socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Williams1985-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todorova2020-120">[120]</a> In 1830, the two leaders of socialist group the Saint-Simonians, <a href="/wiki/Amand_Bazard" title="Amand Bazard">Amand Bazard</a> and Barthélemy Enfantin, denounced communism to the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">French Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shadwell1925-121">[121]</a> Because the Saint-Simonians still advocated the socialization of the means of production, just not all private property, this established an important early distinction between their school of socialism and the communism of rival political groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babouvism" title="Neo-Babouvism">Neo-Babouvists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to Friedrich Engels, by 1847 socialism, such as that of the Owenites and Fourierists, was considered a respectable, middle-class, or bourgeoise movement on the continent of Europe, while communism was considered a less respectable working-class movement associated with organizations such as those led by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarxEngels2009-123">[123]</a> It was on this basis of appealing to a broad working class movement that Marx and Engels chose the term communist for their Communist Manifesto of 1848. Despite this initial preference, the use of the term communism was sparse from the 1860s onward, possibly due to its association with militancy in France and Germany, and instead the terms socialism or social democratic became preferred even by followers of the Marxist tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Williams1985-55">[55]</a> Socialism was the word predominantly used by Marxists up until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, at which time Vladimir Lenin made the conscious decision to replace the term socialism with communism, renaming the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party to the All-Russian Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todorova2020-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marxism_and_the_socialist_movement_(1850s–1910s)">Marxism and the socialist movement (1850s–1910s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marxism and the socialist movement (1850s–1910s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg/300px-Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg/450px-Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Marx-Engels-Forum01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in Alexanderplatz, Berlin</figcaption></figure> "The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789," <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818–1883) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Frederick Engels</a> (1820–1895) wrote, "abolished feudal property in favour of bourgeois property".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The French Revolution was preceded and influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">Social Contract</a> famously began: "Man is born free, and he is everywhere in chains".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Rousseau is credited with influencing socialist thought, but it was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of Equals</a>, who is credited with providing a model for left-wing and communist movements of the 19th century. Marx and Engels drew from these socialist or communist ideas born in the French revolution, as well as from the <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, and British <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>. Marx and Engels developed a body of ideas which they called <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>, more commonly called <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. Marxism comprised a theory of history (<a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a>, as well as a political, and philosophical theory. In the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifesto of the Communist Party">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a>, written in 1848 just days before the outbreak of the revolutions of 1848, Marx and Engels wrote, "The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property". Unlike those Marx described as <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> socialists, Marx determined that "[t]he history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". While utopian socialists believed it was possible to work within or reform capitalist society, Marx confronted the question of the economic and political power of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">capitalist class</a>, expressed in their ownership of the means of producing wealth (factories, banks, commerce – in a word, "Capital"). Marx and Engels formulated theories regarding the practical way of achieving and running a socialist system, which they saw as only being achieved by those who produce the wealth in society, the toilers, workers or "<a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>", gaining common ownership of their workplaces, the means of producing wealth. Marx believed that capitalism could only be overthrown by means of a revolution carried out by the working class: "The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Marx believed that the proletariat was the only class with both the cohesion, the means and the determination to carry the revolution forward. Unlike the utopian socialists, who often idealised agrarian life and deplored the growth of modern industry, Marx saw the growth of capitalism and an urban proletariat as a necessary stage towards socialism. For Marxists, socialism or, as Marx termed it, the first phase of communist society, can be viewed as a transitional stage characterised by common or state ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> under democratic workers' control and management, which Engels argued was beginning to be realised in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871, before it was overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Socialism to them is simply the transitional phase between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and "higher phase of communist society". Because this society has characteristics of both its capitalist ancestor and is beginning to show the properties of communism, it will hold the means of production collectively but distributes commodities <a href="/wiki/To_each_the_full_product_of_his_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="To each the full product of his labor">according to individual contribution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marx,_Karl_1968-129">[129]</a> When the socialist state (the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>) naturally withers away, what will remain is a society in which human beings no longer suffer from alienation and "all the springs of co-operative wealth flow more abundantly". Here "society inscribe[s] on its banners: <a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Marx,_Karl_1968-129">[129]</a> For Marx, a communist society entails the absence of differing <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> and thus the end of class warfare. According to Marx and Engels, once a socialist society had been ushered in, the state would begin to "wither away"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and humanity would be in control of its own destiny for the first time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></div> Anarchism as a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> has regularly endured fluctuations in popularity. Its classical period, which scholars demarcate as from 1860 to 1939, is associated with the working-class movements of the 19th century and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>-era struggles against <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/220px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/330px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakunin_Nadar.jpg/440px-Bakunin_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Russian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> opposed the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> aim of dictatorship of the proletariat in favour of universal rebellion and allied himself with the federalists in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists<a href="#cite_note-bbc-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1864 the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Terrorism-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphes">Philadelphes</a>, English trade unionists, <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>. Proudhon's followers, the <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a>, opposed Marx's <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, advocating political <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> and small property holdings.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organisation of labour".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1907, the <a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam</a> gathered delegates from 14 countries, among which important figures of the anarchist movement, including <a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Pierre Monatte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Fabbri" title="Luigi Fabbri">Luigi Fabbri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Broutchoux" title="Benoît Broutchoux">Benoît Broutchoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Cornelissen" title="Christiaan Cornelissen">Christiaan Cornelissen</a>. Various themes were treated during the Congress, in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement, <a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">popular education</a> issues, the <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">antimilitarism</a>. A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionism</a>). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federaci%C3%B3n_Obrera_Regional_Espa%C3%B1ola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federación Obrera Regional Española (page does not exist)">Federación Obrera Regional Española (Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region)</a> in 1881 was the first major anarcho-syndicalist movement; anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain. The most successful was the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (National Confederation of Labour: CNT), founded in 1910. Before the 1940s, the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics, attracting 1.58 million members at one point and playing a major role in the Spanish Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922, with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America. Federación Anarquista Ibérica. Some anarchists, such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a>, advocated publicising violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Numerous heads of state were assassinated between 1881 and 1914 by members of the anarchist movement. U.S. president <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s assassin <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> claimed to have been influenced by anarchist and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> Emma Goldman. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_International">First International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First International">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></div> In Europe, harsh reaction followed the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a>, during which ten countries had experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist uprisings. After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, anarchists, liberals, and nationalists, to prevent further revolt.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (IWA), also known as the First International, was founded in London in 1864. Victor Le Lubez, a French radical republican living in London, invited Karl Marx to come to London as a representative of German workers.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-140">[140]</a> The IWA held a preliminary conference in 1865, and had its first congress at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1866. Marx was appointed a member of the committee, and according to Saul Padover, Marx and Johann Georg Eccarius, a tailor living in London, became "the two mainstays of the International from its inception to its end".<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-140">[140]</a> The First International became the first major international forum for the promulgation of socialist ideas, uniting diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Terrorism-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphes">Philadelphes</a>, English trade unionists, socialists and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>. In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Peace_and_Freedom" title="League of Peace and Freedom">League of Peace and Freedom</a> (LPF), Russian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist anarchist</a> associates joined the First International (which had decided not to get involved with the LPF).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> They allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a> socialist sections of the International,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivisation of property. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakunin_speaking.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bakunin_speaking.png/175px-Bakunin_speaking.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bakunin_speaking.png/263px-Bakunin_speaking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bakunin_speaking.png/350px-Bakunin_speaking.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> speaking to members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">IWA</a> at the Basel Congress in 1869</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a> was founded in 1869 under the influence of Marx and Engels. In 1875, it merged with the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> to become what is known today as the <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social Democratic Party">German Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD). Socialism became increasingly associated with newly formed <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. In Germany, the SPD founded unions. In Austria, France and other European countries, socialist parties and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> played a prominent role in forming and building up trade unions, especially from the 1870s onwards. This stood in contrast to the British experience, where moderate <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Union" title="New Model Union">New Model Unions</a> dominated the union movement from the mid-nineteenth century, and where trade unionism was stronger than the political labour movement until the formation and growth of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in the early twentieth century. At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralist</a> and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> they had fought against.<a href="#cite_note-bakuninmarx-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a>, where Bakunin and <a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">James Guillaume</a> were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the federalist sections formed <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_St._Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist St. Imier International">their own International</a> at the 1872 <a href="/wiki/St._Imier_Congress" title="St. Imier Congress">St. Imier Congress</a>, adopting a revolutionary anarchist program.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-05-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_Commune">Paris Commune</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paris Commune">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg/300px-Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg/450px-Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg/600px-Barricade_Voltaire_Lenoir_Commune_Paris_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Barricades Boulevard Voltaire, Paris during the uprising known as the Paris Commune</figcaption></figure> In 1871, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> an uprising in Paris established the Paris Commune. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally, from 28 March) to 28 May 1871. The Commune was the result of an uprising in Paris after France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. Anarchists participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune. The 92 members of the Communal Council included a high proportion of skilled workers and several professionals. Many of them were political activists, ranging from reformist republicans, various types of socialists, to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobins</a> who tended to look back nostalgically to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution of 1789</a>. The "reforms initiated by the Commune, such as the re-opening of workplaces as co-operatives, anarchists can see their ideas of associated labour beginning to be realised.... Moreover, the Commune's ideas on federation obviously reflected the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a> on French radical ideas. Indeed, the Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoes Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas (Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the "implementation of the binding mandate" in 1848...and for federation of communes). <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a> manifests that "a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organisation of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the mutualists Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">libertarian collectivists</a> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Varlin" title="Eugène Varlin">Varlin</a>, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and <a href="/wiki/Elis%C3%A9e_Reclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisée Reclus">Elisée Reclus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>". The veteran leader of the <a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquist</a> group of revolutionary socialists, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a>, was hoped by his followers to be a potential leader of the revolution, but he had been arrested on 17 March and was held in prison throughout the life of the Commune. The Commune unsuccessfully tried to exchange him, first against <a href="/wiki/Georges_Darboy" title="Georges Darboy">Georges Darboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a>, then against all 74 hostages it detained, but Thiers flatly refused. Some women organised a <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">feminist movement</a>, following on from earlier attempts in 1789 and 1848. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Lemel" title="Nathalie Lemel">Nathalie Lemel</a>, a socialist bookbinder, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Dmitrieff" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Dmitrieff">Élisabeth Dmitrieff</a>, a young Russian exile and member of the Russian section of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> (IWA), created the <a href="/wiki/Union_des_femmes_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense_de_Paris_et_les_soins_aux_bless%C3%A9s" title="Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés">Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés</a> ("Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and Care of the Wounded") on 11 April 1871. The Women's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organized cooperative workshops.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Following the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, the socialist movement, as the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a>, was decapitated and deeply affected for years. According to Marx and Engels, for a few weeks the Paris Commune provided a glimpse of a socialist society before it was brutally suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French government</a>. Engels' 1891 postscript to The Civil War In France by Marx read: "From the outset the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class, once come to power, could not manage with the old state machine; that in order not to lose again its only just conquered supremacy, this working class must, on the one hand, do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any moment."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_International">Second International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second International">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></div> As the ideas of Marx and Engels took on flesh, particularly in central Europe, socialists sought to unite in an international organisation. In 1889, on the centennial of the French Revolution of 1789, the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> was founded, with 384 delegates from 20 countries representing about 300 labour and socialist organisations.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchists</a> were ejected and not allowed in mainly because of the pressure from Marxists.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Just before his death in 1895, Engels argued that there was now a "single generally recognised, crystal clear theory of Marx" and a "single great international army of socialists". Despite its illegality due to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a> of 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>'s use of the limited universal male suffrage were "potent" new methods of struggle which demonstrated their growing strength and forced the dropping of the Anti-Socialist legislation in 1890, Engels argued.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 1893, the German SPD obtained 1,787,000 votes, a quarter of votes cast. However, before the leadership of the SPD published Engels' 1895 Introduction to Marx's Class Struggles in France 1848–1850, they removed certain phrases they felt were too revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Marx believed that it was possible to have a peaceful socialist transformation in England, although the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">British ruling class</a> would then revolt against such a victory.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> might also have a peaceful transformation, but not in France, where Marx believed there had been "perfected... an enormous bureaucratic and military organisation, with its ingenious state machinery" which must be forcibly overthrown. However, eight years after Marx's death, Engels argued that it was possible to achieve a peaceful socialist revolution in France, too.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Ernst_p135-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany</a></div> The SPD was by far the most powerful of the social democratic parties. Its votes reached 4.5 million, it had 90 daily newspapers, together with trade unions and co-ops, sports clubs, a youth organisation, a women's organisation and hundreds of full-time officials. Under the pressure of this growing party, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> introduced limited welfare provision and working hours were reduced. Germany experienced sustained economic growth for more than forty years. Commentators suggest that this expansion, together with the concessions won, gave rise to illusions amongst the leadership of the SPD that capitalism would evolve into socialism gradually. Beginning in 1896, in a series of articles published under the title "Problems of socialism", <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> argued that an evolutionary transition to socialism was both possible and more desirable than revolutionary change. Bernstein and his supporters came to be identified as "<a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">revisionists</a>" because they sought to revise the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classic tenets of Marxism</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxists</a> in the party, led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, retained the Marxist theory of revolution as the official doctrine of the party, and it was repeatedly endorsed by SPD conferences, in practice the SPD leadership became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/375px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/500px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Soviet" title="Saint Petersburg Soviet">Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg</a> in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> were an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Workers_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers council">workers council</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bernstein coined the aphorism: "The movement is everything, the final goal nothing". But the path of reform appeared blocked to the Russian Marxists while Russia remained the bulwark of reaction. In the preface to the 1882 Russian edition to the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels had saluted the Russian Marxists who, they said, "formed the vanguard of revolutionary action in Europe". But the working class, although many were organised in vast modern western-owned enterprises, comprised no more than a small percentage of the population and "more than half the land is owned in common by the peasants". Marx and Engels posed the question: How was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to progress to socialism? Could Russia "pass directly" to socialism or "must it first pass through the same process" of capitalist development as the West? They replied: "If the Russian Revolution becomes the signal for a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> in the West, so that both complement each other, the present Russian common ownership of land may serve as the starting point for a communist development."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> began to split on ideological and organisational questions into <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> ('Majority') and <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> ('Minority') factions, with Russian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> leading the more radical Bolsheviks. Both wings accepted that Russia was an economically backward country unripe for socialism. The Mensheviks awaited the capitalist revolution in Russia. But Lenin argued that a revolution of the workers and peasants would achieve this task. After the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> argued that unlike the French revolution of 1789 and the European Revolutions of 1848 against absolutism, the capitalist class would never organise a revolution in Russia to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>, and that this task fell to the working class who, liberating the peasantry from their feudal yoke, would then immediately pass on to the socialist tasks and seek a "permanent revolution" to achieve international socialism.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Freydun_Atturaya" title="Freydun Atturaya">Freydun Atturaya</a> tried to create regional self-government for the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> with the socialism ideology. He even wrote the <a href="/wiki/Urmia_Manifesto_of_the_United_Free_Assyria" title="Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria">Urmia Manifesto of the United Free Assyria</a>. However, his attempt was put to an end by <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Soviet Secret Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></div> By the 1880s <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> was already present in the United States as can be seen in the publication of the journal Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a> and Lizzy Holmes.<a href="#cite_note-lucyparsons.org-158">[158]</a> Around that time, these American anarcho-communist sectors entered in debate with the <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> group around <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> After embracing anarchism, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a> turned his activity to the growing movement to establish the <a href="/wiki/Eight_hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight hour day">8-hour day</a>. In January 1880, the Eight-Hour League of Chicago sent Parsons to a national conference in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, a gathering which launched a national lobbying movement aimed at coordinating efforts of labour organisations to win and enforce the 8-hour workday.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In the fall of 1884, Parsons launched a weekly <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> newspaper in Chicago, <a href="/wiki/The_Alarm_(newspaper)" title="The Alarm (newspaper)">The Alarm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The first issue was dated October 4, 1884, and was produced in a press run of 15,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The publication was a 4-page <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheet</a> with a cover price of 5 cents. The Alarm listed the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a> as its publisher and touted itself as "A Socialistic Weekly" on its page 2 <a href="/wiki/Masthead_(American_publishing)" title="Masthead (American publishing)">masthead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> On May 1, 1886, Parsons, with his wife <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Lucy Parsons</a> and two children, led 80,000 people down <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_(Chicago)" title="Michigan Avenue (Chicago)">Michigan Avenue</a>, in what is regarded as the first-ever <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> Parade, in support of the eight-hour work day. Over the next few days 340,000 laborers joined the strike. Parsons, amidst the May Day Strike, found himself called to <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, where 300,000 workers had struck that Saturday afternoon. On that Sunday he addressed the rally in Cincinnati of the news from the "storm center" of the strike and participated in a second huge parade, led by 200 members of The Cincinnati Rifle Union, with certainty that victory was at hand. In 1886, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Organized_Trades_and_Labor_Unions" title="Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions">Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions</a> (FOTLU) of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886, as the date by which the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a> would become standard.<a href="#cite_note-foner-164">[164]</a> In response, unions across the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> prepared a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in support of the event.<a href="#cite_note-foner-164">[164]</a> On 3 May, in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, a fight broke out when <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a> attempted to cross the picket line, and two workers died when police opened fire upon the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The next day on 4 May, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Square_(Chicago)" title="Haymarket Square (Chicago)">Haymarket Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> A bomb was thrown and in the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-the_bomb-168">[168]</a> Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labour movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution. The incident became known as the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a>, and was a setback for the <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labour movement</a> and the struggle for the eight-hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organise for the eight-hour day was made. The event also had the secondary purpose of memorialising workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Although it had initially been conceived as a once-off event, by the following year the celebration of <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> had become firmly established as an international worker's holiday.<a href="#cite_note-foner-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, the activist and political theorist, was attracted to anarchism after reading about the incident and the executions, which she later described as "the events that had inspired my spiritual birth and growth." She considered the Haymarket martyrs to be "the most decisive influence in my existence".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Her associate, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a> also described the Haymarket anarchists as "a potent and vital inspiration."<a href="#cite_note-Avrich434-171">[171]</a> Others whose commitment to anarchism crystallized as a result of the Haymarket affair included <a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">"Big Bill" Haywood</a>, a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avrich434-171">[171]</a> Goldman wrote to historian, <a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Max Nettlau</a>, that the Haymarket affair had awakened the social consciousness of "hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people".<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a> was founded. This party, which advocated Marxism and still exists today, was a confederation of small Marxist parties and came under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a>. In 1901, a merger between opponents of De Leon and the younger <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (United States)">Social Democratic Party</a> joined with <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) formed from several independent <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labour unions</a>. The IWW opposed the political means of Debs and De Leon, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">craft unionism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a>. In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Sewer_Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewer Socialists">Sewer Socialists</a>, the main group of American socialists, elected <a href="/wiki/Victor_Berger" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Berger">Victor Berger</a> as a socialist member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> as a socialist mayor of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, most of the other elected city officials being socialist as well. This Socialist Party of America (SPA) membership grew to 150,000 in 1912.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a>, SPA candidate <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> received 5.99% of the popular vote (a total of 901,551 votes), while his total of 913,693 votes in the 1920 campaign, although smaller percentage-wise, remains the all-time high for a Socialist Party candidate in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Socialist mayor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a>, was elected in 1916 and stayed in office until 1940. The final Socialist mayor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Zeidler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Zeidler">Frank P. Zeidler</a>, was elected in 1948 and served three terms, ending in 1960. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> remained the hub of Socialism during these years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></div> French socialism was beheaded by the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris commune">Paris commune</a> (1871), its leaders killed or exiled. But in 1879, at the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Congress_(1879)" title="Socialist Workers' Congress (1879)">Marseille Congress</a>, workers' associations created the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_of_France" title="Federation of the Socialist Workers of France">Federation of the Socialist Workers of France</a>. Three years later, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guesde" title="Jules Guesde">Jules Guesde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a>, the son-in-law of Karl Marx, left the federation and founded the <a href="/wiki/French_Workers%27_Party" title="French Workers' Party">French Workers' Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Socialist_Workers_of_France" title="Federation of the Socialist Workers of France">Federation of the Socialist Workers of France</a> was termed "possibilist" because it advocated gradual reforms, whereas the <a href="/wiki/French_Workers%27_Party" title="French Workers' Party">French Workers' Party</a> promoted Marxism. In 1905 these two trends merged to form the French <a href="/wiki/Section_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_l%27Internationale_Ouvri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière">Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière</a> (SFIO), led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and later <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>. In 1906 it won 56 seats in Parliament. The SFIO adhered to Marxist ideas but became, in practice, a reformist party. By 1914 it had more than 100 members in the Chamber of Deputies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_democracy_and_split_with_the_communists">Social democracy and split with the communists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social democracy and split with the communists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) became the largest and most powerful socialist party in Europe, despite working illegally until the anti-socialist laws were dropped in 1890. In the 1893 elections it gained 1,787,000 votes, a quarter of the total votes cast, according to Engels. In 1895, the year of his death, Engels emphasised the Communist Manifesto's emphasis on winning, as a first step, the "battle of democracy".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Since the 1866 introduction of universal male franchise the SPD had proved that old methods of, "surprise attacks, of revolutions carried through by small conscious minorities at the head of masses lacking consciousness is past". Marxists, Engels emphasised, must "win over the great mass of the people" before initiating a revolution.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Marx believed that it was possible to have a peaceful socialist revolution in England, America and the Netherlands, but not in France, where he believed there had been "perfected ... an enormous bureaucratic and military organisation, with its ingenious state machinery" which must be forcibly overthrown. However, eight years after Marx's death, Engels regarded it possible to achieve a peaceful socialist revolution in France, too.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Ernst_p135-154">[154]</a> In 1896, Eduard Bernstein argued that once full democracy had been achieved, a transition to socialism by gradual means was both possible and more desirable than revolutionary change. Bernstein and his supporters came to be identified as "<a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">revisionists</a>", because they sought to revise the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classic tenets of Marxism</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxists</a> in the party, led by Karl Kautsky, retained the Marxist theory of revolution as the official doctrine of the party, and it was repeatedly endorsed by SPD conferences, in practice the SPD leadership became more and more reformist. In Europe, most Social Democratic parties participated in parliamentary politics and the day-to-day struggles of the trade unions. In the UK, however, many trade unionists who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> (SDF), which included at various times future trade union leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Will_Thorne" title="Will Thorne">Will Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Burns" title="John Burns">John Burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mann" title="Tom Mann">Tom Mann</a>, felt that the Federation neglected the industrial struggle. Along with Engels, who refused to support the SDF, many felt that dogmatic approach of the SDF, particularly of its leader, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a>, meant that it remained an isolated sect. The mass parties of the working class under social democratic leadership became more reformist and lost sight of their revolutionary objective. Thus the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO), founded in 1905, under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and later <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> adhered to Marxist ideas, but became in practice a reformist party. In some countries, particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>, labour parties were formed. These were parties largely formed by and controlled by the trade unions, rather than formed by groups of socialist activists who then appealed to the workers for support. In Britain the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, (at first the <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party#Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900–1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">Labour Representation Committee</a>) was established by representatives of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade unions</a> together with affiliated socialist parties, principally the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> but also for a time the avowedly Marxist <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> and other groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fabians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabians">Fabians</a>. On 1 December 1899 <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Dawson" title="Anderson Dawson">Anderson Dawson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> became the Premier of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a> forming the world's first parliamentary socialist government. The Dawson government, however, lasted only one week, being defeated at the first sitting of parliament. The British Labour Party first won seats in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in 1902. It won the majority of the working class away from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> after World War I. In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the Labor Party achieved rapid success, forming its first national government in 1904. Labour parties were also formed in South Africa and New Zealand but had less success. The British Labour Party adopted a specifically socialist constitution (‘<a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause four, Part four</a>’) in 1918. The strongest opposition to revisionism came from socialists in countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> where <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> did not exist. Chief among these was the Russian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, whose works such as Our Programme (1899) set out the views of those who rejected revisionist ideas. In 1903, there was the beginnings of what eventually became a formal split in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Social Democratic Labor Party">Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> into revolutionary Bolshevik and reformist Menshevik factions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></div> In 1914, the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> led to a crisis in European socialism. Many European socialist leaders supported their respective governments' war aims. The social democratic parties in the UK, France, Belgium and Germany supported their respective state's wartime military and economic planning, discarding their commitment to <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalism</a> and solidarity. The parliamentary leaderships of the socialist parties of Germany, France, Belgium and Britain each voted to support the war aims of their country's governments, although some leaders, like <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> in Germany, opposed the war from the start. However, in many cases this caused the fragmentation between socialists who were willing to support the war effort and those who were not. In the German example, support for the war by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) led to a schism between them and some of their far left supporters.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Lenin, in exile in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, called for revolutions in all the combatant states as the only way to end the war and achieve socialism. Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, together with a small number of other Marxists opposed to the war, came together in the <a href="/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference" title="Zimmerwald Conference">Zimmerwald Conference</a> in September 1915. This conference saw the beginning of the end of the uneasy coexistence of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialists</a> with the social democrats, and by 1917 <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war-weariness</a> led to splits in several socialist parties, notably the German Social Democrats, and the collapse of the Second International. In his 1917 <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a>, Lenin denounced the war as an <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> conflict, and urged workers worldwide to use it as an occasion for <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> revolution. The Russian Revolution of October 1917 led to a withdrawal from World War I, one of the principal demands of the Russian revolution, as the Soviet government immediately sued for peace. Germany and the former allies invaded the new Soviet Russia, which had repudiated the former <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a> regime's national debts and nationalised the banks and major industry. Russia was the only country in the world where socialists had taken power, and it appeared to many socialists to confirm the ideas, strategy and tactics of Lenin and Trotsky. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-war_era_(1917–1939)">Inter-war era (1917–1939)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Inter-war era (1917–1939)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of October 1917 brought about the definitive ideological division between Communists as denoted with a capital "C" on the one hand and other communist and socialist trends such as anarcho-communists and social democrats, on the other. The <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> in the Soviet Union gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> which was to remain isolated and insignificant for another fifty years, except in Sri Lanka where Trotskyism gained the majority and the pro-Moscow wing was expelled from the Communist Party. In 1922, <a href="/wiki/4th_World_Congress_of_the_Communist_International" title="4th World Congress of the Communist International">4th World Congress of the Communist International</a> took up the policy of the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>, urging Communists to work with rank and file Social Democrats while remaining critical of their leaders, who they criticised for "betraying" the working class by supporting the war efforts of their respective capitalist classes. For their part, the social democrats pointed to the dislocation caused by revolution and later the growing authoritarianism of the Communist Parties. When the Communist Party of Great Britain applied to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1920 it was turned down. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_socialism_and_the_Soviet_Union">Revolutionary socialism and the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Revolutionary socialism and the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2447" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> was at first greeted with enthusiastic patriotism among many social democratic and labour parties and even some anarchists, while being opposed by pacifists and by more left-wing, internationalist movements. By 1917, however, it produced an upsurge of radicalism in most of Europe and as far afield as the United States and Australia. In the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">Russian Revolution of February 1917</a>, workers' councils (in Russian, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>) had been formed, and Lenin and the Bolsheviks called for "All power to the Soviets". After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October 1917 Russian revolution</a>, led by Lenin and Trotsky, consolidated power in the Soviets, Lenin declared "Long live the <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world socialist revolution</a>!".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Briefly in Soviet Russia socialism was not just a vision of a future society, but a description of an existing one. The Soviet regime began to bring all the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (except agricultural production) under state control, and implemented a system of government through the workers' councils or soviets. Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a> and <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October revolutions</a>, and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik coup.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> However, the Bolsheviks soon turned against the anarchists and other left-wing opposition, a conflict that culminated in the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a> which the new government repressed. In part, due to a number of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin">assassination attempts</a> on Bolshevik senior leaders and <a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">organized insurrections</a> against the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitch306-184">[184]</a> Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks; the anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> There, in the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a>, they fought in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Whites</a> (a Western-backed grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months. The initial success of the Russian Revolution inspired other revolutionary parties to attempt the same thing unleashing the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a>. In the chaotic circumstances of postwar Europe, with the socialist parties divided and discredited, Communist revolutions across Europe seemed a possibility. Communist parties were formed, often from minority or majority factions in most of the world's socialist parties, which broke away in support of the <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> model. The <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> overthrew the old absolutism and, like Russia, set up <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' and Soldiers' Council">Workers' and Soldiers' Councils</a> almost entirely made up of SPD and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democrats</a> (USPD) members. The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was established and placed the SPD in power, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>. Ebert agreed with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Max von Baden</a> that a social revolution was to be prevented and the state order must be upheld at any cost. In 1919 the <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a> challenged the power of the SPD government, but it was put down in blood and the German Communist <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> leaders Karl Liebknecht and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> were assassinated. Communist regimes briefly held power under <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> in Hungary and under <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. There were further revolutionary movements in Germany until 1923, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a> in the industrial centres of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. In this period few Communists doubted, least of all Lenin and Trotsky, that successful socialist revolutions carried out by the working classes of the most developed capitalist counties were essential to the success of the socialism, and therefore to the success of socialism in Russia in particular.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In March 1918, Lenin said: "We are doomed if the German revolution does not break out".<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In 1919, the Communist Parties came together to form a 'Third International', termed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> or Comintern. But the prolonged revolutionary period in Germany did not bring a socialist revolution. A Marxist current critical of the Bolsheviks emerged and as such "Luxemburg's workerism and spontaneism are exemplary of positions later taken up by the far-left of the period – <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a>, Roland Holst, and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Gorter</a> in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukacs</a> in Hungary. In these formulations, the dictatorship of the proletariat was to be the dictatorship of a class, "not of a party or of a clique".<a href="#cite_note-Advance_Without_Authority-188">[188]</a> However, within this line of thought "[t]he tension between anti-vanguardism and vanguardism has frequently resolved itself in two diametrically opposed ways: the first involved a drift towards the party; the second saw a move towards the idea of complete proletarian spontaneity...The first course is exemplified most clearly in Gramsci and Lukacs...The second course is illustrated in the tendency, developing from the Dutch and German far-lefts, which inclined towards the complete eradication of the party form."<a href="#cite_note-Advance_Without_Authority-188">[188]</a> In the emerging Soviet state there appeared <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks</a> which were a series of rebellions and uprisings against the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> led or supported by left-wing groups including <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-carr1985-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">anarchists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-avrich1968-190">[190]</a> Some were in support of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> while some tried to be an independent force. The uprisings started in 1918 and continued through the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and after until 1922; they included the <a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a> (1918), <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict</a> (1920–1921), <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a> (1920–1921), <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt Rebellion</a> (1921) and <a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a> in Georgia (1924). In response, the Bolsheviks increasingly abandoned attempts to get other socialist groups to join the government and instead suppressed them with growing force. The invasion of Russia by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allies</a>, their trade embargo and backing for the White forces fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in the civil war in the Soviet Union was cited by <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, the leader of the left-wing in the Labour Party, as one of the causes of the Russian revolution's degeneration into dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A "<a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>" in the United States was raised against the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">American Socialist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of America">Communist Party of America</a> which arose after the Russian revolution from members who had broken from Debs' party. Within a few years, a <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> developed in the Soviet Union as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, foreign invasion, and Russia's historic poverty and backwardness. The bureaucracy undermined the democratic and socialist ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and elevated <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to their leadership after <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's death</a>. In order to <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">consolidate power</a>, the bureaucracy conducted a brutal campaign of lies and violence against the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> led by Trotsky. By the mid-1920s, the impetus had gone out of the revolutionary forces in Europe and the national reformist socialist parties had regained their dominance over the working-class movement in most countries. In the Soviet Union, from 1924 Stalin pursued a policy of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>". Trotsky argued that this approach was a shift away from the theory of Marx and Lenin, while others argued that it was a practical compromise fit for the times. The postwar revolutionary upsurge provoked a powerful reaction from the forces of conservatism. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle".<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> When Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s, Trotsky was forced into exile, eventually residing in Mexico. He maintained active in organising the Left Opposition internationally, which worked within the Comintern to gain new members. Some leaders of the Communist Parties sided with Trotsky, such as <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> in the United States. They found themselves expelled by the Stalinist Parties and persecuted by both GPU agents and the political police in Britain, France, the United States, China, and all over the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Trotskyist parties had a large influence in Sri Lanka and Bolivia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After 1929, with the Left Opposition legally banned and Trotsky exiled, Stalin led the Soviet Union into a what he termed a "higher stage of socialism." <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a> was forcibly <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivised</a>, at the cost of a <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">massive famine</a> and millions of deaths among the resistant peasantry. The surplus squeezed from the peasants was spent on a program of crash <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">industrialisation</a>, guided by the Communist Party through the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a>. This program produced some impressive results,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> though at enormous human costs. Russia raised itself from an economically backward country to that of a superpower. For "many Marxian <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a>, the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break. This break took a number of forms. The <a href="/wiki/Bordigists" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigists">Bordigists</a> and the SPGB championed a super-Marxian intransigence in theoretical matters. Other socialists made a return "behind Marx" to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-positivist">anti-positivist</a> programme of <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>. Libertarian socialism has frequently linked its anti-authoritarian political aspirations with this theoretical differentiation from orthodoxy... <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>... remained a libertarian socialist for a large part of his life and because of the persistent urge towards theoretical openness in his work. Korsch rejected the eternal and static, and he was obsessed by the essential role of practice in a theory's truth. For Korsch, no theory could escape history, not even Marxism. In this vein, Korsch even credited the stimulus for Marx's Capital to the movement of the oppressed classes."<a href="#cite_note-Advance_Without_Authority-188">[188]</a> The Soviet achievement in the 1930s seemed hugely impressive from the outside, and convinced many people, not necessarily Communists or even socialists, of the virtues of state planning and authoritarian models of social development. This was later to have important consequences in countries like China, India and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which tried to copy some aspects of the Soviet model. It also won large sections of the western <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> over to a pro-Soviet view, to the extent that many were willing to ignore or excuse such events as Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1936–38, in which millions of people died. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which began in 1929, seemed to socialists and Communists everywhere to be the final proof of the bankruptcy, literally as well as politically, of capitalism. Socialists were unable to take advantage of the Depression to either win elections or stage revolutions. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won mass support and deprived socialists of any chance of gaining ground. In Germany, it was the fascists of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> who successfully exploited the Depression to win power, in January 1933. Hitler's regime swiftly destroyed both the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> and the Social Democratic Party, the worst blow the world socialist movement had ever suffered. This forced Stalin to reassess his strategy, and from 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> began urging a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> against fascism. The socialist parties were at first suspicious, given the bitter hostility of the 1920s, but eventually effective Popular Fronts were formed in both France and Spain. After the election of a Popular Front government in Spain in 1936 a fascist military revolt led to the Spanish Civil War. The crisis in Spain also brought down the Popular Front government in France under Léon Blum. Ultimately the Popular Fronts were not able to prevent the spread of fascism or the aggressive plans of the fascist powers. <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a> considered Popular Fronts a "strike breaking conspiracy"<a href="#cite_note-marxists.catbull.com-194">[194]</a> and considered them an impediment to successful resistance to fascism. In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in Europe transformed anarchism's conflict with the state. In Spain, the Confederación Nacional del Tabajo (CNT) initially refused to join a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory. But in 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">attempted coup</a> causing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In response to the army rebellion, an <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">anarchist-inspired</a> movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and of large areas of rural Spain where they <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivised</a> the land.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> But even before the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinists</a>, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican cause</a> from the Soviet Union. Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">dissident Marxists</a> and anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In 1938, Trotsky and his supporters founded a new international organisation of dissident communists, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>. In his Results and Prospects and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent Revolution</a> Trotsky developed a theory of revolution uninterrupted by the stagism of <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> orthodoxy. He argued that Russia was a bureaucratically <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a> in his work The Revolution Betrayed, where he predicted (?) that if a political revolution of the working class did not overthrow Stalinism, the Stalinist bureaucracy would resurrect capitalism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party (UK)</a></div> Once the world's most powerful nation, Britain avoided a revolution during the period of 1917–1923 but was significantly affected by revolt. The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, had promised the troops in the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 United Kingdom general election</a> that his <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">Conservative-led coalition</a> would make <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">post-war Britain</a> "a fit land for heroes to live in". But many demobbed troops complained of <a href="/wiki/Interwar_unemployment_and_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom">chronic unemployment</a> and suffered low pay, disease and poor housing.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In 1918, the Labour Party adopted as its aim to secure for the workers, "the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange". In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Miners%27_Federation_of_Great_Britain" title="Miners' Federation of Great Britain">Miners Federation</a>, whose Members of Parliament predated the formation of the Labour Party and were since 1906 a part of that body, demanded the withdrawal of British troops from Soviet Russia. The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Conference" title="Labour Party Conference">Labour Party Conference</a> voted to discuss the question of affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third (Communist) International</a>, "to the distress of its leaders".<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> A vote was won committing the Labour Party committee of the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (TUC) to arrange "direct industrial action" to "stop capitalist attacks upon the Socialist Republics of Russia and Hungary."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The threat of immediate strike action forced the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>-led coalition government to abandon its intervention in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In 1914 the unions of the transport workers, the mine workers and the railway workers had formed a <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1914)" title="Triple Alliance (1914)">Triple Alliance</a>. In 1919, Lloyd George sent for the leaders of the Triple Alliance, one of whom was miner's leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smillie" title="Robert Smillie">Robert Smillie</a>, a founder member of the Independent Labour Party in 1889 who was to become a Labour Party MP in the first <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Labour Government (UK)">1924 Labour government</a>. According to Smillie, Lloyd George said: "Gentlemen, you have fashioned, in the Triple Alliance of the unions represented by you, a most powerful instrument. I feel bound to tell you that in our opinion we are at your mercy. The Army is disaffected and cannot be relied upon. Trouble has occurred already in a number of camps. We have just emerged from a great war and the people are eager for the reward of their sacrifices, and we are in no position to satisfy them. In these circumstances, if you carry out your threat and strike, then you will defeat us. But if you do so, have you weighed the consequences? The strike will be in defiance of the government of the country and by its very success will precipitate a constitutional crisis of the first importance. For, if a force arises in the state which is stronger than the state itself, then it must be ready to take on the functions of the state, or withdraw and accept the authority of the state. Gentlemen, have you considered, and if you have, are you ready?"<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> "From that moment on", Smillie conceded to Aneurin Bevan, "we were beaten and we knew we were". When the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 United Kingdom general strike</a> broke out, the trade union leaders, "had never worked out the revolutionary implications of direct action on such a scale", Bevan says.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Bevan was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> and one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> miners during the strike. The TUC called off the strike after nine days. In the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East of England</a> and elsewhere, "councils of action" were set up, with many rank and file <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> members often playing a critical role. The councils of action took control of essential transport and other duties.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> When the strike ended, the miners were locked out and remained locked out for six months. Bevan became a Labour MP in 1929. In January 1924, the Labour Party formed a <a href="/wiki/First_MacDonald_ministry" title="First MacDonald ministry">minority government</a> for the first time with <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> as prime minister. The Labour Party intended to ratify an Anglo-Russian trade agreement, which would break the trade embargo on Russia. This was attacked by the Conservatives and <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">new elections took place in October 1924</a>. Four days before polling day the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a>, a forgery that claimed the Labour Party had links with Soviet Communists and was secretly fomenting revolution. The fears instilled by the press of a Labour Party in secret Communist manoeuvres, together with the halfhearted "respectable" policies pursued by MacDonald, led to Labour losing the October 1924 general election. The victorious Conservatives repudiated the Anglo-Soviet treaty. The leadership of the Labour Party, like social democratic parties almost everywhere, (with the exception of Sweden and Belgium), tried to pursue a policy of moderation and economic orthodoxy. At times of depression this policy was not popular with the Labour Party's working class supporters. The influence of Marxism grew in the Labour Party during the inter-war years. Anthony Crosland argued in 1956 that under the impact of the 1931 slump and the growth of fascism, the younger generation of left-wing intellectuals for the most part "took to Marxism" including the "best-known leaders" of the Fabian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>. The Marxist Professor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, who was to be chairman of the Labour Party in 1945–6, was the "outstanding influence" in the political field.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The Marxists within the Labour Party differed in their attitude to the Communists. Some were uncritical and some were expelled as "fellow travellers", while in the 1930s others were Trotskyists and sympathisers working inside the Labour Party, especially in its youth wing where they were influential. In the general election of 1929 the Labour Party won 288 seats out of 615 and formed another minority government. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a> of that period brought high unemployment and Prime Minister MacDonald sought to make cuts in order to balance the budget. The trade unions opposed MacDonald's proposed cuts and he split the Labour government to form the <a href="/wiki/UK_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National Government">National Government</a> of 1931. This experience moved the Labour Party leftward, and at the start of the Second World War an official Labour Party pamphlet written by Harold Laski stated that "the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">rise of Hitler</a> and the methods by which he seeks to maintain and expand his power are deeply rooted in the economic and social system of Europe... economic nationalism, the fight for markets, the destruction of political democracy, the use of war as an instrument of national policy." In The Labour Party, the War and the Future (1939), Laski wrote: "The war will leave its meed<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> of great problems, problems of internal social organisation... Business men and aristocrats, the old ruling classes of Europe, had their chance from 1919 to 1939; they failed to take advantage of it. They rebuilt the world in the image of their own vested interests... The ruling class has failed; this war is the proof of it. The time has come to give the common people the right to become the master of their own destiny... Capitalism has been tried; the results of its power are before us today. Imperialism has been tried; it is the foster-parent of this great agony. Given power [the Labour Party] will seek, as no other Party will seek, the basic transformation of our society. It will replace the profit-seeking motive by the motive of public service... there is now no prospect of domestic well-being or of international peace except in Socialism."<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/150px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/225px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/300px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> with his 1949 article "<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>"</figcaption></figure> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> was formed in 1919 from former adherents of the Socialist Party of America. One of the founders, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a>, later became the leader of <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> forces outside the Soviet Union. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> began in the US on <a href="/wiki/Black_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tuesday">Black Tuesday</a>, October 29, 1929, leading to mass <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">unemployment</a> and debt. In 1921 occurred the largest armed, organised uprising in <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">American labour history</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a>. Ten to fifteen thousand coal miners rebelled in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, assaulting mountain-top lines of trenches established by the coal companies and local sheriff's forces. Workers organised against their deteriorating conditions and socialists played a critical role. In 1934 the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934">Minneapolis Teamsters Strike</a> led by the Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">West Coast waterfront strike</a> led by the Communist Party USA, and the Toledo <a href="/wiki/Auto-Lite_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-Lite strike">Auto-Lite strike</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a>, played an important role in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) in the USA. In <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, the General Drivers Local 574 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">International Brotherhood of Teamsters</a> struck, despite an attempt to block the vote by <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> officials, demanding union recognition, increased wages, shorter hours, overtime rates, improved working conditions and job protection through seniority. In the battles that followed, which captured country-wide media attention, three strikes took place, martial law was declared and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_National_Guard" title="Minnesota National Guard">Minnesota National Guard</a> was sent in. Two strikers were killed. Protest rallies of 40,000 were held. Farrell Dobbs, who became the leader of the local, had at the outset joined the "small and poverty-stricken" Communist League of America, founded by James P. Cannon and others in 1928 after their expulsion from the Communist Party USA for Trotskyism.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Success for the CIO quickly followed its formation. In 1937, one of the founding unions of the CIO, the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a>, won union recognition at <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors Corporation</a> after a tumultuous forty-four-day sit-down strike, while the <a href="/wiki/Steel_Workers_Organizing_Committee" title="Steel Workers Organizing Committee">Steel Workers Organizing Committee</a>, which was formed by the CIO, won a collective bargaining agreement with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>. The CIO merged with the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) in 1955 becoming the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a></div> In 1928, the Communist International, now fully under the leadership of Stalin, turned from the united front policy to an ultra-left policy of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a>, a policy of aggressive confrontation of social democracy. This divided the working class at a critical time. The Communists described the Social Democratic leaders as "social fascists" and in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Landtag">Prussian Landtag</a> they voted with the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to bring down the Social Democratic government. Fascism continued to grow, with powerful backing from industrialists, especially in heavy industry, and Hitler was invited into power in 1933. In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), a <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist socialist</a> political party that was up to then based upon <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, began a transition away from Marxism towards liberal socialism beginning in the 1930s. After the party was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a> in 1933, the SPD acted in exile through the <a href="/wiki/Sopade" title="Sopade">Sopade</a>. In 1934 the Sopade began to publish material that indicated that the SPD was turning towards liberal socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956215-209">[209]</a> Sopade member <a href="/wiki/Curt_Geyer" title="Curt Geyer">Curt Geyer</a> was a prominent proponent of liberal socialism within the Sopade, and declared that Sopade represented the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>—liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, and declared that Sopade's held true to its mandate of traditional liberal principles combined with the political realism of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956219–220-210">[210]</a> After the restoration of democracy in West Germany, the SPD's <a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a> in 1959 eliminated the party's remaining Marxist-aligned policies. The SPD then became officially based upon freiheitlicher Sozialismus (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dietrich_Orlow_2000._Pp._108-211">[211]</a> Hitler's regime swiftly destroyed both the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">German Communist Party</a> and the Social Democratic Party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social democrats</a> formed a government in 1932. They broke with economic orthodoxy during the depression and carried out extensive public works financed from government borrowing. They emphasised large-scale intervention and the high unemployment they had inherited was eliminated by 1938. Their success encouraged the adoption of Keynesian policies of deficit financing pursued by almost all Western countries after World War II. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (May 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchists</a> set up different forms of cooperative and communal arrangements, especially in the rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. However, these communes were disbanded by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></div> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> established <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialist">utopian socialist</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, which were known as <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>, a small number of which still survive.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="WWII_and_the_Post-war_and_Cold_War_era_(1945–1989)">WWII and the Post-war and Cold War era (1945–1989)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: WWII and the Post-war and Cold War era (1945–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/200px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/300px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG/400px-Sesel_map_of_socialist_states.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>World Map of Socialist countries in 1985</figcaption></figure> As a result of the failure of the Popular Fronts and the inability of Britain and France to conclude a defensive alliance against Hitler, Stalin again changed his policy in August 1939 and signed a non-aggression pact, the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Shortly afterwards World War II broke out, and within two years Hitler had occupied most of Europe, and by 1942 both democracy and social democracy in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> fell under the threat of fascism. The only socialist parties of any significance able to operate freely were those in Britain, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. But the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in 1941 marked the turning of the tide against fascism, and as the German armies retreated another great upsurge in left-wing sentiment swelled up in their wake. The <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance movements against German occupation</a> were mostly led by socialists and Communists, and by the end of the war the parties of the left were greatly strengthened.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Second International, which had been based in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, ceased to operate during the war. It was refounded as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> at a congress in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt</a> in 1951. Since Stalin had dissolved the Comintern in 1943, as part of a deal with the imperialist powers, this was now the only effective international socialist organisation. The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a> took a stand against both capitalism and the Communism of Stalin and stated that "Socialism aims to liberate the peoples from dependence on a minority which owns or controls the means of production. It aims to put economic power in the hands of the people as a whole, and to create a community in which free men work together as equals.... Socialism has become a major force in world affairs. It has passed from propaganda into practice. In some countries the foundations of a Socialist society have already been laid. Here the evils of capitalism are disappearing.... Since the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, Communism has split the International Labour Movement and has set back the realisation of socialism in many countries for decades. Communism falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition. In fact, it has distorted that tradition beyond recognition. It has built up a rigid theology which is incompatible with the critical spirit of Marxism.... Wherever it has gained power it has destroyed freedom or the chance of gaining freedom...." In 1945, the three great powers of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> met at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> to negotiate an amicable and stable peace. UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee</a>. With the relative decline of Britain compared to the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, the US and the Soviet Union, however, many viewed the world as "bi-polar" – a world with two irreconcilable and antagonistic political and economic systems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the great postwar victories of democratic socialism was the election victory of the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> in June 1945. Socialist (and in some places <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a>) parties also dominated postwar governments in France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Norway and other European countries. The <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_socialdemokratiska_arbetareparti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti">Social Democratic Party</a> had been in power in Sweden since the <a href="/wiki/1932_Swedish_general_election" title="1932 Swedish general election">1932 general election</a>, and Labour parties also held power in Australia and New Zealand. In Germany, on the other hand, the Social Democrats emerged from the war much weakened, and were defeated in <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">Germany's first democratic elections in 1949</a>. The united front between democrats and the Stalinist parties which had been established in the wartime resistance movements continued in the immediate postwar years. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> parties of Eastern Europe, however, were destroyed when Stalin imposed so-called "Communist" regimes in these countries. In the Cold War's bi-polar world, socialists were forced to choose between supporting the liberal democratic camp (as with America's "<a href="/wiki/Non-Communist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Communist Left">Non-Communist Left</a>" or the <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticists</a> in the British Labour Party), support the opposing camp led by Moscow (as with the Communist movement), or seek an independent path (as with the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>). <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a> became influential in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movements</a> of the time<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> as can be seen in the activism and writings of the English anarchist member of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Comfort" title="Alex Comfort">Alex Comfort</a> or the similar activism of the American catholic anarcho-pacifists <a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Ammon Hennacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a>. Anarcho-pacifism became a "basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>."<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The resurgence of anarchist ideas during this period is well documented in Robert Graham's <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_A_Documentary_History_of_Libertarian_Ideas" title="Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas">Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas</a>, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_socialist_government_in_a_North_American_country">First socialist government in a North American country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: First socialist government in a North American country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the socialist movement in Canada">History of the socialist movement in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a></div> The first socialist government of Canada and one of the most influential came to power in the province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> in 1944. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Saskatchewan">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF) of <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a> won an overwhelming victory toppling the age old Liberal regime which had dominated Saskatchewan politics since the founding of the province in 1905. Douglas and the CCF won five consecutive electoral victories. During his time in office he created the <a href="/wiki/SaskPower" title="SaskPower">Saskatchewan Power Corporation</a> which extended electricity services to the many rural villages and farms who before did without, created Canada's first public automobile insurance agency, created a substantial number of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Corporations">Crown Corporations</a> (government and public owned businesses) many of which still exist today in Saskatchewan, allowed the unionisation of the public service, created the first system of <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Canada">Universal Health Care</a> in Canada (which would later be adopted nationally in 1965), and created the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Bill_of_Rights" title="Saskatchewan Bill of Rights">Saskatchewan Bill of Rights</a>, the first such charter in Canada. This preceded the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> as well as the previous <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) (as the CCF became known in 1962) went on to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saskatchewan" title="Politics of Saskatchewan">politics of Saskatchewan</a> and form governments in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a>. Nationally the NDP would become very influential during four <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority governments</a>, and is today by far Canada's most successful left-wing political party. In 2004 Canadians voted Tommy Douglas in as <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Canadian" title="The Greatest Canadian">The Greatest Canadian</a> as part of a nationwide contest organised by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_democracy_in_government">Social democracy in government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social democracy in government">edit</a>]</div> The social democratic governments in the post war period introduced measures of social reform and wealth redistribution through state welfare and taxation policy. For instance the newly elected UK Labour government carried out <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalisations</a> of major utilities such as mines, gas, coal, electricity, rail, iron and steel, and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> France claimed to be the most state controlled capitalist country in the world, carrying through many nationalisations.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> In the UK the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> was established bringing free health care to all for the first time. Social housing for working-class families was provided in <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public housing in the United Kingdom">council housing estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">university education</a> was made available for working-class people through a grant system. However, the parliamentary leadership of the social democracies in general had no intention of ending capitalism, and their national outlook and their dedication to the maintenance of the post-war 'order' prevented the social democracies from making any significant changes to the economy. They were termed 'socialist' by all in 1945, but in the UK, for instance, where Social Democracy had a large majority in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, "The government had not the smallest intention of bringing in the 'common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'" as written in Clause 4 of the Labour Party constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243-220">[220]</a> In Germany, the Social Democratic Party of Germany adopted the <a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a> in 1959, which rejected <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and Marxism. West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> has been identified as a liberal socialist.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Eric_Bronner_1999._Pp._104-221">[221]</a> In the UK, cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> famously argued that, "Socialism is what the Labour government does",<a href="#cite_note-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243-220">[220]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> argued that capitalism had been ended.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> However many socialists within the social democracy, at rank and file level as well as in a minority in the leadership such as Aneurin Bevan, feared the 'return of the 1930s' unless capitalism was ended, either directly or over a definite period of time. They criticised the government for not going further to take over the commanding heights of the economy. Bevan demanded that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction" with economic planning, and criticised the Labour Party's implementation of nationalisation for not empowering the workers in the nationalised industries with democratic control over their operation.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> In the post war period, many Trotskyists expected at first the pattern of financial instability and recession to return. Instead the capitalist world, now led by the United States, embarked on a prolonged boom which lasted until 1973. Rising living standards across Europe and North America alongside low unemployment, was achieved, in the view of the socialists, by the efforts of trade union struggle, social reform by social democracy, and the ushering in of what was termed a "<a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243-220">[220]</a> Social democracy at first took the view that they had begun a "serious assault" on the five "Giant Evils" afflicting the working class, identified for instance by the British social reformer <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>: "Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness".<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> At the same time, the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the west broke down from 1946 onward, and relations between the Communist parties and the democratic socialist parties broke down in parallel. Once the Stalinists helped stabilise the capitalist governments in the immediate upheavals of 1945, as per the agreements between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, the capitalist politicians had no more use for them. The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belgium" title="Communist Party of Belgium">Belgian Communists</a> withdrew or were expelled from post-war coalition governments, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">civil war</a> broke out in Greece. The imposition of Stalinist regimes in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia not only destroyed the socialist parties in those countries, it also produced a reaction against socialism in general. The Australian and New Zealand Labour governments were defeated in 1949, and the British Labour government in 1951. As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> deepened, conservative rule in Britain, Germany and Italy became more strongly entrenched. Only in the Scandinavian countries and to some extent in France did the socialist parties retain their positions. But in 1958 <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> seized power in France and the French socialists (SFIO) found themselves cast into opposition. In the 1960s and 1970s the new social forces, introduced, the social democrats argued, by their 'mixed economy' and their many reforms of capitalism, began to change the political landscape in the western world. The long postwar boom and the rapid expansion of higher education produced, as well as rising living standards for the industrial working class, a mass university-educated white collar workforce, nevertheless began to break down the old socialist-versus-conservative polarity of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">European politics</a>. This new white-collar workforce, some claimed, was less interested in traditional socialist policies such as state ownership and more interested in expanded personal freedom and liberal social policies. The proportion of women in the paid workforce increased and many supported the struggle for equal pay, which, some argued, changed both the composition and the political outlook of the working class. Some socialist parties reacted more flexibly and successfully to these changes than others, but eventually the leaderships of all social democracies in Europe moved to an explicitly pro-capitalist stance. Symbolically in the UK, the socialist clause, <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause four</a>, was removed from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_Party_Rule_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour Party Rule Book (page does not exist)">Labour Party constitution</a>, in 1995. A similar change took place in the German SPD. Particularly after the coming to power of British Premier <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in 1979 and US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1981, and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in 1989, many social democratic party leaders were won to the ideological offensive which argued that capitalism had "won" and that, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s essay, capitalism had reached "the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> as the final form of human government.".<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Some parties reacted to these changes by engaging in a new round of <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist</a> re-assessment of socialist ideology, and adopting a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberal</a> outlook. Some critics argue that in practice the Social Democratic parties, and the Labour Party in particular, can no longer be described as socialist.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> On Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s departure in June 2007, left wing trade union leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a>, general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Rail,_Maritime_and_Transport_workers_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail, Maritime and Transport workers union">Rail, Maritime and Transport workers union</a> (RMT), argued that Blair will be remembered for "seamlessly continuing the neo-liberal economic and social policies of Margaret Thatcher".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_CPA_6101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1989_CPA_6101.jpg/170px-1989_CPA_6101.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1989_CPA_6101.jpg/255px-1989_CPA_6101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1989_CPA_6101.jpg/340px-1989_CPA_6101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">president of Ghana</a> and theorist of <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> commemorative postage stamp</figcaption></figure> African socialism has been and continues to be a major ideology around the continent, playing a major role in the post-war period of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian socialist">Fabian socialist</a> ideals.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> He was a firm believer in rural Africans and their traditions and <a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">ujamaa</a>, a system of collectivisation that according to Nyerere was present before European imperialism. He believed Africans were already socialists. Other African socialists include <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a> was inspired by socialism and called for a democratic African republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_discontent_and_radicalisation">Mass discontent and radicalisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Mass discontent and radicalisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></div> Another manifestation of this changing social landscape was the rise of mass discontent, including the radical <a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">student movement</a>, both in the United States – where it was driven mainly by <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">opposition to the Vietnam War</a>, and in Europe. Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, in which socialists participated, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a> was the first left-wing upsurge in the United States since the 1930s, but neither there nor in Europe did the traditional parties of the left lead the movement. In the mid-20th century some libertarian socialist groups emerged from disagreements with <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> which presented itself as Leninist anti-stalinism. As such the French group <a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a> emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, where Castoriadis and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a> constituted a <a href="/wiki/Chaulieu%E2%80%93Montal_Tendency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulieu–Montal Tendency">Chaulieu–Montal Tendency</a> in the French <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(France)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (France)">Parti Communiste Internationaliste</a> in 1946. In 1948, they experienced their "final disenchantment with Trotskyism",<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> leading them to break away to form Socialisme ou Barbarie, whose journal began appearing in March 1949. Castoriadis later said of this period that "the main audience of the group and of the journal was formed by groups of the old, radical left: Bordigists, council communists, some anarchists and some offspring of the German "left" of the 1920s".<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Instead Trotskyist, <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> and anarchist groups arose. They became particularly influential in 1968, when riots amounting almost to an insurrection broke out in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a>. Between eight and ten million workers struck, challenging the view becoming popular amongst socialists at the time that the working class were no longer a force for change.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> There were also major disturbances such as the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, and in other cities. In the short-term these movements provoked a conservative backlash, seen in De Gaulle's 1968 election victory and the election of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a>. In the 1970s, as particularly the far left Trotskyist groups continued to grow, the socialist and Communist parties again sought to channel people's anger back into safe confines, as they did in 1945. The British Labour Party had already returned to office under <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> in 1964, and in 1969 the German Social Democrats came to power for the first time since the 1920s under <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>. In France <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> buried the corpse of the old socialist party, the SFIO, and founded a new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> in 1971, although it would take him a decade to lead it to power. Labour governments were elected in both Australia and New Zealand in 1972, and the Austrian Socialists under <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Bruno Kreisky</a> formed their first post-war government in 1970. The emergence of the New Left in the 1950s and 1960s led to a revival of interest in <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The New Left's critique of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a>'s authoritarianism was associated with a strong interest in personal liberty, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> (see the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>) and led to a rediscovery of older socialist traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>. The New Left also led to a revival of anarchism. Journals like Radical America and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(anarchists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mask (anarchists)">Black Mask</a> in America, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a>, succeeded by The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> in the UK, introduced a range of left libertarian ideas to a new generation. <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">participatory economics</a> (parecon), and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a> emerged from this. A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred during the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, Italy the <a href="/wiki/International_of_Anarchist_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International of Anarchist Federations">International of Anarchist Federations</a> was founded during an international Anarchist conference in Carrara in 1968 by the three existing European federations of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(France)" title="Anarchist Federation (France)">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Anarchica_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Federazione Anarchica Italiana">Italian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Anarchist_Federation" title="Iberian Anarchist Federation">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> federation in French exile.<a href="#cite_note-iisg.nl-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-236">[236]</a> In the United Kingdom this was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> movement, as exemplified by bands such as <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (intentional community)">communes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatter</a> movements like that of Barcelona, Spain. In Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Squatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter">squatters</a> occupied a disused military base and declared the <a href="/wiki/Freetown_Christiania" title="Freetown Christiania">Freetown Christiania</a>, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. Since the revival of anarchism in the mid 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-revival-238">[238]</a> a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/200px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/300px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg/400px-Beauvoir_Sartre_-_Che_Guevara_-1960_-_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Encounter between <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> in Cuba, three radical icons of the 1960s</figcaption></figure> The New Left in the United States also included anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Countercultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercultural">counter-cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a>-related radical groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Yippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippies">Yippies</a> who were led by <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">The Diggers</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Up_Against_the_Wall_Motherfuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers">Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers</a>. By late 1966, <a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">the Diggers</a> opened <a href="/wiki/Free_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Free stores">free stores</a> which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organised free music concerts, and performed works of political art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELytle2006213,_215-240">[240]</a> The Diggers took their name from the original <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">English Diggers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a><a href="#cite_note-Digger_Archives-241">[241]</a> and sought to create a mini-society free of money and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American_Experience_doc-242">[242]</a> On the other hand, the Yippies employed theatrical gestures, such as advancing a pig ("<a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a> the Immortal") as a candidate for president in 1968, to mock the social status quo.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> They have been described as a highly theatrical, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> and anarchist<a href="#cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-244">[244]</a> youth movement of "symbolic politics".<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Since they were well known for street theatre and politically themed pranks, many of the "old school" <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> either ignored or denounced them. According to <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>, "The group was known for street theatre pranks and was once referred to as the '<a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomist Marxism">Autonomist Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist theory</a> are also regarded as being <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> variants of Marxism that are firmly within the libertarian socialist tradition. For <a href="/wiki/Libcom.org" title="Libcom.org">libcom.org</a> "In the 1980s and 90s, a series of other groups developed, influenced also by much of the above work. The most notable are Kolinko, Kurasje and Wildcat in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Aufheben" title="Aufheben">Aufheben</a> in England, Theorie Communiste in France, TPTG in Greece and Kamunist Kranti in India. They are also connected to other groups in other countries, merging autonomia, operaismo, Hegelian Marxism, the work of the JFT, <a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open Marxism</a>, the ICO, the Situationist International, anarchism and post-68 German Marxism."<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Related to this were intellectuals who were influenced by Italian left communist <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> but who disagreed with his leninist positions; these included the French publication Invariance edited by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Camatte" title="Jacques Camatte">Jacques Camatte</a>, published since 1968, and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Gilles Dauvé</a> who published Troploin with Karl Nesic. After the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Rebellion">Stonewall Rebellion</a>, the New York <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> based their organisation in part on a reading of <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>'s anarchist writings.".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In 1968 in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>, Italy the <a href="/wiki/International_of_Anarchist_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International of Anarchist Federations">International of Anarchist Federations</a> was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(France)" title="Anarchist Federation (France)">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Anarchica_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Federazione Anarchica Italiana">Italian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Anarchist_Federation" title="Iberian Anarchist Federation">Iberian Anarchist Federation</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> federation in French exile.<a href="#cite_note-iisg.nl-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-236">[236]</a> During the events of <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a> the anarchist groups active in France were <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Anarchiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Anarchiste">Fédération anarchiste</a>, Mouvement communiste libertaire, Union fédérale des anarchistes, Alliance ouvrière anarchiste, Union des groupes anarchistes communistes, Noir et Rouge, <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_du_travail" title="Confédération nationale du travail">Confédération nationale du travail</a>, Union anarcho-syndicaliste, Organisation révolutionnaire anarchiste, Cahiers socialistes libertaires, À contre-courant, La Révolution prolétarienne, and the publications close to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a>. The early 1970s were a particularly stormy period for socialists, as capitalism had its first worldwide slump of 1973-4, suffered from rising oil prices, and a crisis in confidence. In southern Europe, for example, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of 1974 threatened the existence of capitalism for a while due to the insurrection and the occupations which followed. A <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> editorial on February 17, 1975, stated "a communist takeover of Portugal might encourage a similar trend in Italy and France, create problems in Greece and Turkey, affect the succession in Spain and Yugoslavia and send tremors throughout Western Europe." The <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek military dictatorship</a> fell in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">PASOK</a> arose at first with a strong socialist outlook, and in Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Spanish State</a> fell in a period of rising struggle. In Italy there was continual unrest, and governments fell almost annually. The Italian workers won and defended the "scala mobile", the sliding scale of wages linked to inflation. However, as before, neither the Communists nor the social democracy had any plans to abolish capitalism, and the occupations in Portugal, variously estimated to have taken between 70 - 90% of the economy, were gradually rolled back. The UK saw a state of emergency and the three-day week, with 22 million days lost in strike action in 1972, leading to the fall of the Heath government. The Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Militant_(Trotskyist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (Trotskyist group)">Militant</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">entryist</a> group active in the Labour Party, became the "fifth most important political party" in the UK for a period in the mid-1980s, according to the journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crick" title="Michael Crick">Michael Crick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In Indonesia in the mid-1960s, a <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">coup attempt</a> blamed on the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) was countered by an <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">anti-communist purge</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, which mainly targeted the growing influence of the PKI and other leftist groups, with significant <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia#Anti-communist_purge" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">support from the United States</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Sukarno" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of Sukarno">overthrow of Sukarno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> These events resulted not only in the total destruction of the PKI but also the political left in Indonesia, and paved the way for a major shift in the balance of power in Southeast Asia towards the West, a significant turning point in the global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_Eastern_Europe">Soviet Union and Eastern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div> In 1946, speaking at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College_(Missouri)" title="Westminster College (Missouri)">Westminster College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton, Missouri</a>, former British <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> Winston Churchill warned that, "From <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron curtain">iron curtain</a> has descended across the Continent." In the months that followed, Josef Stalin continued to solidify a Soviet sphere of influence in eastern Europe. For example, Bulgaria received its new Communist premier, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, in November 1946, a Communist government under <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a> had been established in Poland already in 1945, and by 1947, Hungary and Romania had also come under full Communist rule. The last democratic government in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">eastern bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, fell to a Communist coup in 1948, and in 1949 the Soviets raised their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">occupation zone in Germany</a> to become the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>. To coordinate their new empire, the Soviets established a number of international organisations, first the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> to coordinate the policies of the various Communist parties, then the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a> (COMECON), in 1948, to control economic planning, and finally (in response to the entry of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> into the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in 1955, which served as a military alliance against the West. One crack within that sphere of influence emerged after 1948, when Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> became the president of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Initial disagreement was over the level of independence claimed by Tito as the only East European Communist ruler commanding a strong domestic majority. Later the gap widened when Tito's government initiated a system of decentralised profit-sharing workers' councils, in effect a self-governing, somewhat <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market-oriented socialism</a>, which Stalin considered dangerously revisionist. Stalin died in 1953. In the power struggle that followed <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> emerged triumphant. In 1956, at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, he denounced the "<a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>" that had surrounded Stalin in a speech entitled <a href="/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Personality Cult and its Consequences">On the Personality Cult and its Consequences</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> campaign that followed, all buildings and towns that had been named for him were renamed, pictures and statues were destroyed. Although in some respects Khrushchev was a reformer and allowed the emergence of a certain amount of intra-party dissent, his commitment to reform was thrown into doubt with the brutal use of military force on the civilian population of Hungary in 1956 during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/March_9_massacre_in_Tbilisi,_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="March 9 massacre in Tbilisi, 1956">March 9 massacre in Tbilisi, 1956</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brezhnev_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/220px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/330px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Brezhnev_1973.jpg/440px-Brezhnev_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></figcaption></figure> By the late 1960s, the people of several Eastern bloc countries had become discontented with the human and economic costs of the Soviet system, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> especially so. As a result of the growing discontent, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a> began to fear a popular uprising. They initiated reforms to attempt to save the regime, but eventually relied on help from the Stalinists in Russia. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a> initiated what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of the press and decentralizing production decisions, so that they were to be made not by central planners but by the workers and managers of the factories. People were to be allowed to travel abroad. Brezhnev reacted by announcing and enforcing what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev doctrine">Brezhnev doctrine</a>, which stated: "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism the suppression of these counter-revolutionary forces becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries." In August 1968, pursuant to this announcement, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> troops <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">occupied Czechoslovakia</a>. The following year, the Ukrainians responded to a campaign of passive disobedience on the part of the Czech populace by arranging the replacement of Dubček as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>. The new first secretary, <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>, would prove more compliant. He presided over a <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Normalization (Czechoslovakia)">'cleansing' of the Czech Communist Party</a> and the introduction of a new constitution. The early 1970s saw a period of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> between the United States and the Soviet Union slackened. Brezhnev worked with US President Richard Nixon to negotiate and implement the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty</a> of 1972. Brezhnev also scored some diplomatic advances with the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> world, such as a 1971 friendship pact with India, and the close relations the Soviet Union enjoyed with several <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> countries after Soviet material support in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> of 1973. After his death in 1982, Brezhnev was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, who died in 1984, and then <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>, who died in 1985. Andropov's brief tenure as General Secretary indicated that he might have had reformist plans, and though Chernenko put them aside, Andropov had had time to groom a group of potential reformist successors, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. It was also during Andropov's tenure and this period of generational turmoil that the rule of Communists next door, in Poland, came under challenge from Solidarność, or <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, a labour union under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981, the head of state, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, suspended the union, and imprisoned most of its leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg/440px-Mao_Zedong_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in 1959</figcaption></figure> Through the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> lived in an uneasy truce in order to combat the common foe, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of China">Japanese occupation</a>. Upon the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> immediately resumed. Another truce, negotiated by American general <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> early in 1946, collapsed after only three months. While war raged in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, two post-occupation governments established themselves next door, in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> was proclaimed president of the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> (South Korea), at <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, while the Communist <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Party of North Korea">Workers Party of North Korea</a> in the north proclaimed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> (North Korea).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In January 1949, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a> suffered a devastating defeat by the Communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a>. By spring, Chiang Kai-shek, now losing whole divisions by desertion to the Communists, began the removal of remaining forces to Formosa (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>). In August, U.S. aid to the Nationalists ended due to Chiang's regime, which was corruption. In October, Mao Zedong took office as the Chairman of the Central People's Administrative Council of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> was named premier and foreign minister of the new state. The nascent People's Republic did not yet control all of the territory of the Republic of China. Mao declared it his goal in 1950 to "liberate" <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Formosa</a>, and while he accomplished that of the first two, the third was interrupted: On 25 June 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> unleashing the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">United States Seventh Fleet</a> was summarily dispatched to protect Formosa from a mainland Red Chinese invasion. Although Mao was apparently unenthusiastic about that war, a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Chinese volunteer force</a> entered the Korean War in November.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Claiming a victory against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> in the Korean War stalemate, the Communist government in China settled down to the consolidation of domestic power. During the 1950s, they <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">redistributed land</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>, and attempted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese industrialization">mass industrialisation</a>, with technical assistance from the Soviet Union. By the mid-1950s, after an <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">armistice in Korea</a> and the surrender of <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, China's borders were secure. Mao's internal power base was likewise secured by the imprisonment of those he called "left-wing oppositionists". As the 1950s ended, Mao became discontented with the status quo. On the one hand, he saw the Soviet Union attempting "<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful co-existence</a>" with the imperialist Western powers of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and he believed China could be the centre of worldwide revolution only by breaking with Moscow. (Mao viewed then-Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a> and a traitor to socialism.) On the other hand, he was dissatisfied with the economic consequences of the revolution thus far, and believed the country had to enter into a program of planned rapid industrialisation known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The economic planning of the Great Leap period focused on <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">steel</a> – because steel was considered emblematic of industry. The government arranged to have small backyard steel furnaces built in communes, in the hope that the mobilisation of the entire populace would compensate for the absence of the usual economies of scale. During this period, Mao stepped down as head of state in favour of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, but Mao remained <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. The rushed program of industrialisation was a disaster. It diverted <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a> and resources from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">agriculture</a> to marginally productive cottage industry and so contributed to years of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>. It also caused a loss of Mao's influence upon the Communist Party and government apparatus. Modernisers such as Liu and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> sought to relegate him to the status of figurehead. Mao was not ready to be a figurehead. In the early 1960s he gathered around himself the so-called "Shanghai Mafia" consisting of his fourth wife, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> (a.k.a. "Madame Mao"), as well as <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a>, unleashing the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) since 1967, the terms <a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communist">left communist</a> refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further "<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>" than that of the central <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> leaders at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. The terms are also used retroactively to describe some early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Chinese_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese anarchist">Chinese anarchist</a> orientations. As a slur, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) has used the term "ultra-left" more broadly to denounce any orientation it considers further "left" than the <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a>. According to the latter usage, in 1978 the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> denounced as "ultra-left" the line of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> from 1956 until his <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">death</a> in 1976. "Ultra-Left" refers to those Cultural Revolution rebel positions that diverged from the central <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> line by identifying an <a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">antagonistic contradiction</a> between the CCP-PRC <a href="/wiki/Party-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-state">party-state</a> itself and the <a href="/wiki/Hoi_polloi" title="Hoi polloi">masses</a> of workers and "peasants"<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> conceived as a single proletarian class divorced from any meaningful control over production or distribution. Whereas the central Maoist line maintained that the masses controlled the means of production through the Party's mediation, the Ultra-Left argued that the objective interests of bureaucrats were structurally determined by the centralist state-form in direct opposition to the objective interests of the masses, regardless of however "red" a given bureaucrat's "thought" might be. Whereas the central Maoist leaders encouraged the masses to criticise reactionary "ideas" and "habits" among the alleged 5% of bad cadres, giving them a chance to "turn over a new leaf" after they had undergone "<a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought reform in the People's Republic of China">thought reform</a>," the Ultra-Left argued that "cultural revolution" had to give way to "political revolution" – "in which one class overthrows another class".<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century_(1980s–2000s)">Late 20th century and early 21st century (1980s–2000s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Late 20th century and early 21st century (1980s–2000s)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_for_the_Soviet_Union">Final years for the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Final years for the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (born 1931), who took control in 1985, was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution. He is remembered for three initiatives: <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Sinatra_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinatra doctrine">Frank Sinatra doctrine</a>". Glasnost, or "openness", was Gorbachev's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree. Perestroika was his term for market-oriented economic reforms, in recognition of the stagnating effects of central planning. The "<a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>" doctrine was his reversal of the Brezhnev doctrine. Sinatra sang "<a href="/wiki/My_Way" title="My Way">My Way</a>", and the doctrine named for him was that each <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> country could find its own "way" of doing things. In 1989, Gorbachev also <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdrew Soviet troops</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">engagement in Afghanistan</a>, ten years after Brezhnev had sent them there. They had been fighting the anti-government <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> forces which since 1979 as part of its cold war strategy had been covertly funded and trained by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> through the Pakistani secret service known as <a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter Services Intelligence">Inter Services Intelligence</a> (ISI). By August 1991, anti-reform Communists in both the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> were sufficiently desperate to attempt a military coup. Coup leaders called themselves the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a>. They announced that Gorbachev had been removed from his position as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a> due to illness. Although the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">coup</a> rapidly collapsed and Gorbachev returned to Moscow, it was <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> who had played a leading role in the street resistance to that Committee, and the incident marked a shift of power away from Gorbachev toward Yeltsin. By the end of that year, Yeltsin was the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a>, and the Soviet Union was no more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_in_China_since_the_Cultural_Revolution">Socialism in China since the Cultural Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Socialism in China since the Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> In 1965, Wenyuan wrote a thinly veiled attack on the deputy mayor of Beijing, Wu Han. Over the six months that followed, on behalf of ideological purity, Mao and his supporters purged many public figures, Liu Shao-chi among them. By the middle of 1966, Mao had not only put himself back into the centre of things, he had initiated what is known as the Cultural Revolution, a mass and army-supported action against the Communist Party apparatus itself on behalf of a renovated conception of Communism. Chaos continued throughout China for three years, particularly due to the agitations of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a> until the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP's ninth congress</a> in 1969, when <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> emerged as the primary military figure, and the presumptive heir to Mao in the party. In the months that followed, Lin Biao restored domestic order, while diplomatic efforts by Zhou Enlai cooled border tensions with the Soviet Union. Lin Biao died under mysterious circumstances in 1971. Mao's final years saw a notable thaw in the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">People's Republic's relations with the United States</a>, the period of "<a href="/wiki/Ping_Pong_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping Pong Diplomacy">Ping Pong Diplomacy</a>". Mao died in 1976, and almost immediately his ideological heirs, the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang of Four (China)">Gang of Four</a> lost a power struggle to more "pragmatic" figures such as Deng Xiaoping. The term "pragmatic" is often used in media accounts of these factional struggles but should not be confused with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> proper. Deng launched the "<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a>", allowing open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> period. He also eliminated the class-background system, under which the communist regime had limited employment opportunities available to people deemed associated with the pre-revolutionary landlord class. Although Deng's only official title in the early 1980s was chairman of the central military commission of the CP, he was widely regarded as the central figure in the nation's politics. In that period, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> became premier and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> became head of the party. Near the end of that decade, the death of Hu Yaobang sparked a <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">mass demonstration</a> of mourning students in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, Beijing. The mourning soon turned into a call for greater responsiveness and liberalisation, and the demonstration was captured live on cameras to be broadcast around the world. On May 30, 1989, students erected the "<a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a>" statue, which looked a bit like <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Lady Liberty</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>. On 4 June 1989 under the orders of Deng Xiaoping, troops and tanks of the People's Liberation Army ended the protest. Thousands were killed in the resultant massacre. By the start of the 21st century, though, the leadership of China was embarked upon a program of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s, which is traceable to Deng's <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>. It is in this context that <a href="/wiki/Leo_Melamed" title="Leo Melamed">Leo Melamed</a>, chairman emeritus and senior policy adviser to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Chicago Mercantile Exchange">Chicago Mercantile Exchange</a>, spoke to the 2003 Beijing Forum on China and East Asian Prospects of Financial Cooperation on September 23. He said that the CME applauds the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> for recognising their country's need for additional trading in <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures contracts</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_socialism_in_Latin_America">21st-century socialism in Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 21st-century socialism in Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></div> Since the 1998 election of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> as president in Venezuela and the beginnings of his "<a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>" aimed at creating greater equality, Latin American nations saw a <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">tide</a> of democratically elected socialist and centre-left governments emerge. They have been elected in increasing numbers as the poor and middle classes of many countries have become increasingly disillusioned with the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economic policies still encouraged by the United States and as a very large gap continues to exist between rich and poor, denying millions of people basic opportunities and necessities. A long and very controversial history of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. military and political intervention</a> in the region dating back to the 19th century severely tarnished the image of the United States in the eyes of many Latin Americans and shapes governments' policies to this day.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> An example of the influence of the aforementioned sentiment was the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Congress_in_Solidarity_with_Puerto_Rico%27s_Independence" title="Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence">Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence</a>, an international summit held at <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, in which fifteen incumbent political parties (in government) requested that the United States "relinquish its colonial rule over said island-nation and recognise Puerto Rico's independence".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chavez is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> president of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> (that nation's first indigenous leader), who adopted strong reformist agendas and attracted overwhelming majority electoral victories. The democratically elected president of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> was also an ally of Chavez. Correa describes himself as a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Left">Christian of the left</a> and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>. A number of centre-left/social democratic presidents also came to power in Latin American countries promising a greater redistribution of wealth within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. They included <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Tabaré Vázquez">Tabaré Vázquez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Colom" title="Álvaro Colom">Álvaro Colom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lugo" title="Fernando Lugo">Fernando Lugo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">The Workers Party</a> were in power for 13 years. In <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>'s 2006 elections the former <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista</a> President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> was re-elected President after having been out of office since 1990. In Colombia's previous presidential elections, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gaviria_D%C3%ADaz" title="Carlos Gaviria Díaz">Carlos Gaviria Díaz</a> of the socialist <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Democratic_Pole" title="Alternative Democratic Pole">Alternative Democratic Pole</a> came in second place to <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia_First" title="Colombia First">Colombia First</a>, a conservative party. In Peru's 2006 presidential election Alan García's main challenger was <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Peru" title="Union for Peru">Union for Peru</a>, a left-wing Peruvian nationalist with close ties to Chávez. In <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FMLN" class="mw-redirect" title="FMLN">FMLN</a> a former left-wing guerrilla group which once fought against a military dictatorship became the official opposition to the Salvadoran government. Other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> also saw a rise in radical socialist parties and movements. In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil War</a> in 2006, the formerly militant <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist-Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)</a> have emerged as the two most powerful opposition parties in the country. In Nepal's <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2008 Constituent Assembly elections</a> the Maoists emerged as the largest party allowing them to form an interim government. Their leader, <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a> vowed to respect <a href="/wiki/Multiparty_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty democracy">multiparty democracy</a>. In some of the poorest parts of India, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">Communist Party of India (Maoist)</a> has also been fighting the violent <a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and controls the "<a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">red corridor</a>"; a <a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">similar rebellion</a> is being waged by the Maoist, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_21st_century_(2000s–2010s)">Early 21st century (2000s–2010s)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Early 21st century (2000s–2010s)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_a_New_Left_in_the_developed_world">Emergence of a New Left in the developed world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Emergence of a New Left in the developed world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></div> In many <a href="/wiki/Developed_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nations">developed nations</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> policies and the increase in capitalism and free-market economies<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> has led to the rise of many new socialist parties. They include <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (they also represent the Nationalist constituency of Northern Ireland), <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a> in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a> in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)" title="Left Party (Sweden)">Left Party of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Progressive_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Progressive Party">New Zealand Progressive Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Party (Ireland)">Socialist Party of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Socialist Party of the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Party</a> of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a> in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Many social democratic parties, particularly after the Cold War, adopted <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> market policies including <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Financialisation">financialisation</a>. They abandoned their pursuit of moderate socialism in favour of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> By the 1980s, with the rise of conservative neoliberal politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> in Chile, the Western <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> was dismantled from within, but state support for the corporate sector was maintained.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-265">[265]</a> Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), <a href="/wiki/G8" title="G8">Group of Eight</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction, and violent confrontations with police, and the confrontations were selectively portrayed in mainstream media coverage as violent riots. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black blocs</a>; other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include <a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">security culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity groups">affinity groups</a> and the use of decentralised technologies such as the internet.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-265">[265]</a> A landmark struggle of this period was the confrontations at <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO conference in Seattle in 1999</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rupert-265">[265]</a> International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations, the <a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">International Workers' Association</a>, and International Libertarian Solidarity. The <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_(political_international)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Alliance (political international)">Progressive Alliance</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">political international</a> founded on May 22, 2013 by political parties, the majority of whom are current or former members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>. The organisation states the aim of becoming the global network of "the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a>, socialist and <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In South Africa the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) abandoned its partial socialist allegiances after taking power and followed a standard neoliberal route. From 2005 through to 2007, the country was wracked by many thousands of protests from poor communities. One of these gave rise to a mass movement of shack dwellers, <a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> that despite major police suppression continues to work for popular people's planning and against the creation of a market economy in land and housing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market economy</a></div> In Asia, states with socialist economies—such as the People's Republic of China, North Korea, Laos and Vietnam—have largely moved away from centralised economic planning in the 21st century, placing a greater emphasis on markets. Forms include the Chinese socialist market economy and the Vietnamese socialist-oriented market economy. They use <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state-owned corporate</a> management models as opposed to modelling socialist enterprise on traditional management styles employed by government agencies. In China living standards continued to improve rapidly despite the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, but centralised political control remained tight.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Brian Reynolds Myers</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Cleanest_Race" title="The Cleanest Race">The Cleanest Race</a>, later supported by other academics,<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-270">[270]</a> dismisses the idea that <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> is North Korea's leading ideology, regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners and that it exists to be praised and not actually read,<a href="#cite_note-Rank-271">[271]</a> pointing out that <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea's constitution</a> of 2009 omits all mention of communism.<a href="#cite_note-Hitchens-270">[270]</a> Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a>, the government of Vietnam encourages private ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports and foreign investment. However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-ideas.repec.org-274">[274]</a> Elsewhere in Asia, some elected socialist parties and communist parties remain prominent, particularly in India and Nepal. <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)</a> in particular calls for multi-party democracy, social equality and economic prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> In Singapore, a majority of the GDP is still generated from the state sector comprising government-linked companies.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In Japan, there has been a resurgent interest in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> among workers and youth.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In Malaysia, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Malaysia" title="Socialist Party of Malaysia">Socialist Party of Malaysia</a> got its first Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jeyakumar_Devaraj" title="Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj">Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election" title="2008 Malaysian general election">2008 general election</a>. In 2010, there were 270 <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> in Israel. Their factories and <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">farms</a> account for 9% of Israel's industrial output, worth US$8 billion and 40% of its agricultural output, worth over $1.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. Also in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, generated $850 million in annual revenue from its military-plastics industry.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> 2013 shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in Northern Europe, where the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> is employed, with Denmark topping the list. This is at times attributed to the success of the Nordic model in the region that has been labelled social democratic in contrast with the conservative continental model and the liberal Anglo-American model. The Nordic countries ranked highest on the metrics of real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, generosity and freedom from corruption.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> The objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES), the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>'s socialist and social democratic bloc, are now "to pursue international aims in respect of the principles on which the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is based, namely principles of freedom, equality, solidarity, democracy, respect of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and respect for the Rule of Law". As a result, today the rallying cry of the French Revolution—<a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a>—is promoted as essential socialist values.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> To the left of the PES at the European level is the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> (PEL), also commonly abbreviated "European Left"), which is a <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">political party at the European level</a> and an association of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>, socialist<a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-283">[283]</a> and communist<a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-283">[283]</a> political parties in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and other European countries. It was formed in January 2004 for the purposes of running in the <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004 European Parliament elections</a>. PEL was founded on 8–9 May 2004 in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson2012-284">[284]</a> Elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> from member parties of the European Left sit in the <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> (GUE/NGL) group in the <a href="/wiki/European_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="European parliament">European parliament</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexis_Tsipras,_prime_minister_of_Greece_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Alexis_Tsipras%2C_prime_minister_of_Greece_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a>, socialist <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Radical_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the Radical Left">Coalition of the Radical Left</a> (SYRIZA) through a victory in the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">January 2015 Greek legislative election</a></figcaption></figure> The socialist <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left Party</a> in Germany grew in popularity<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> due to dissatisfaction with the increasingly neoliberal policies of the SPD, becoming the fourth biggest party in parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">general election on 27 September 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Communist candidate <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Christofias" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitris Christofias">Dimitris Christofias</a> won a crucial presidential runoff in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Cypriot_presidential_election" title="2008 Cypriot presidential election">2008 Cypriot presidential election</a>, defeating his conservative rival with a majority of 53%.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> In Ireland, in the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="2009 European Parliament election in Ireland">2009 European election</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Higgins_(politician)" title="Joe Higgins (politician)">Joe Higgins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Party (Ireland)">Socialist Party</a> took one of three seats in the capital <a href="/wiki/Dublin_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dublin (European Parliament constituency)">Dublin European constituency</a>. In Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Party (Denmark)">Socialist People's Party</a> (SF) more than doubled its parliamentary representation to 23 seats from 11, making it the fourth largest party.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Danish_general_election" title="2011 Danish general election">2011 Danish general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Party (Denmark)">Socialist People's Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Danish Social Liberal Party</a> formed government, after a slight victory over the main rival political coalition. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt" title="Helle Thorning-Schmidt">Helle Thorning-Schmidt</a>, and had the <a href="/wiki/Red-Green_Alliance_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-Green Alliance (Denmark)">Red-Green Alliance</a> as a supporting party. In Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Red-Green_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-Green Coalition">Red-Green Coalition</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> (Ap), the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> (SV) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a> (Sp) and governed the country as a majority government from the <a href="/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Norwegian parliamentary election">2005 general election</a> until <a href="/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Norwegian parliamentary election">2013</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">Greek legislative election of January 2015</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Radical_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the Radical Left">Coalition of the Radical Left</a> (SYRIZA) led by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a> won a legislative election for the first time while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> won 15 seats in parliament. SYRIZA has been characterised as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> party,<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> whose success has sent "shock-waves across the EU".<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Rail,_Maritime_and_Transport_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers">National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers</a> put forward a slate of candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 European Parliament elections</a> under the banner of <a href="/wiki/No_to_EU_%E2%80%93_Yes_to_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="No to EU – Yes to Democracy">No to EU – Yes to Democracy</a>, a broad left-wing <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter-globalisation">alter-globalisation</a> coalition involving socialist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a>, aiming to offer an alternative to the "anti-foreigner" and pro-business policies of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> In the following <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">May 2010 United Kingdom general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a>, launched in January 2010<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> and backed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a>, the leader of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT), other union leaders and the Socialist Party among other socialist groups, stood against Labour in 40 constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a> contested the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2011 United Kingdom local elections">2011 local elections</a>, having gained the endorsement of the RMT June 2010 conference, but <a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition#2011_local_elections" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">gained no seats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Left_Unity_(UK)" title="Left Unity (UK)">Left Unity</a> was also founded in 2013 after the film director <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> appealed for a new party of the left to replace the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which he claimed had failed to oppose austerity and had shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LoachGuardian-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> In 2015, following a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 United Kingdom general election</a>, self-described socialist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> took over from <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">leader of the Labour Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> but when Corbyn lost to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> Labour moved to the right. In France, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Besancenot" title="Olivier Besancenot">Olivier Besancenot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(France)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (France)">Revolutionary Communist League</a> (LCR) candidate in the 2007 presidential election, received 1,498,581 votes, 4.08%, double that of the communist candidate.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The LCR abolished itself in 2009 to initiate a broad anti-capitalist party, the <a href="/wiki/New_Anticapitalist_Party" title="New Anticapitalist Party">New Anticapitalist Party</a>, whose stated aim is to "build a new socialist, democratic perspective for the twenty-first century".<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> On 25 May 2014, the Spanish left-wing party <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a> entered candidates for the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014 European parliamentary elections</a>, some of which were unemployed. In a surprise result, it polled 7.98% of the vote and thus was awarded five seats out of 54<a href="#cite_note-skynews.com.au-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Vote_2014-305">[305]</a> while the older <a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)" title="United Left (Spain)">United Left</a> was the third largest overall force obtaining 10.03% and 5 seats, 4 more than the previous elections.<a href="#cite_note-Resultados-306">[306]</a> The government of Portugal established on 26 November 2015 was a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a> (PS) <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> led by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">António Costa</a>, who succeeded in securing support for a Socialist minority government by the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bloc_(Portugal)" title="Left Bloc (Portugal)">Left Bloc</a> (B.E.), the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a> (PCP) and the <a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Party_%22The_Greens%22" title="Ecologist Party "The Greens"">Ecologist Party "The Greens"</a> (PEV).<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> All around Europe and in some places of Latin America there exists a <a href="/wiki/Social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Social center">social centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> movement mainly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomist</a> and anarchist ideas.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Socialism in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Millennial_socialism" title="Millennial socialism">Millennial socialism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_chomsky_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Noam_chomsky_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a></figcaption></figure> According to a 2013 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, "[c]ontrary to popular belief, Americans don't have an innate allergy to socialism. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> has had several socialist mayors (<a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Frank Zeidler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a>), and there is currently an independent socialist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of Vermont".<a href="#cite_note-Ari_Paul-310">[310]</a> Sanders, once mayor of Vermont's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>, has described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a><a href="#cite_note-politicosocialist-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-postsocialist-312">[312]</a> and has praised <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Scandinavian-style social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> In 2016, Sanders made a <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">bid for the Democratic Party presidential candidate</a>, thereby gaining considerable popular support, particularly among the younger generation, but lost the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. As of 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a> have two members in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, and various members in state legislatures and city councils.<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_Socialists_Rack_Up_Wins_in_States-315">[315]</a> According to a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll, 37% of American adults have a positive view of socialism, including 57% of Democrat-leaning voters and 16% of Republican-leaning voters.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll found that 7 out of 10 millennials would vote for a socialist presidential candidate, and 36% had a favorable view of communism.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> An earlier 2019 <a href="/wiki/Harris_Insights_%26_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Insights & Analytics">Harris Poll</a> found that socialism is more popular with women than men, with 55% of women between the ages of 18 and 54 preferring to live in a socialist society while a majority of men surveyed in the poll chose capitalism over socialism.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Northeastern_Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northeastern Anarchist">anarchism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movement</a> rose to prominence through events such as protests against the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999</a> in Seattle. Socialist-inspired groups played an important role in these movements, which nevertheless embraced much broader layers of the population and were championed by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (CCF), the precursor to the social democratic <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP), had significant success in provincial politics. In 1944, the Saskatchewan CCF formed the first socialist government in North America. At the federal level, the NDP was the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>, from 2011 through 2015.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> In their Johnson linguistics <a href="/wiki/Column_(periodical)" title="Column (periodical)">column</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> opines that in the 21st century <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the term socialism, without clear definition, has become a pejorative used by <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> policies, proposals, and public figures.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Latin America and the Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></div> For the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>, "the attempt by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> to unite Marxists and other reformers in a socialist reconstruction of Chile is most representative of the direction that Latin American socialists have taken since the late 20th century.... Several socialist (or socialist-leaning) leaders have followed Allende's example in winning election to office in Latin American countries".<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com1-321">[321]</a> The success of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT) of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, formed in 1980 and governing Brazil from 2003 to 2016, was the first major breakthrough for this trend. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/220px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/330px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/440px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lugo" title="Fernando Lugo">Fernando Lugo</a> of Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> of Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> of Ecuador and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> of Venezuela in <a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a> for Latin America</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro de São Paulo">Foro de São Paulo</a> is a conference of leftist political parties and other organisations from Latin America and the Caribbean. It was launched by the Workers' Party in 1990 in the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, after the PT approached other parties and social movements of Latin America and the Caribbean with the objective of debating the new international scenario after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and the consequences of the implementation of what were taken as neoliberal policies adopted at the time by contemporary right-leaning governments in the region, the stated main objective of the conference being to argue for alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Among its members have been socialist and social-democratic parties in government in the region such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Morena_(political_party)" title="Morena (political party)">MORENA Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)">Movement for Socialism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a>, Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/PAIS_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIS Alliance">PAIS Alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile">Socialist Party of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Uruguay)" title="Broad Front (Uruguay)">Broad Front</a>, Nicaragua's <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Todos_(2019_coalition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frente de Todos (2019 coalition)">Frente de Todos</a>. In the first decade of the 21st century, Venezuelan President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, Nicaraguan President <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>, Bolivian President <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> and Ecuadorian president <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> referred to their political programmes as socialist, and Chávez adopted the term "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>". After winning re-election in December 2006, Chávez said: "Now more than ever, I am obliged to move Venezuela's path towards socialism".<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Chávez was also reelected in October 2012 for his third six-year term as president, but he died in March 2013 from cancer. After Chávez's death on 5 March 2013, Vice President from Chávez's party <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> assumed the powers and responsibilities of the President. A <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">special election</a> was held on 14 April of the same year to elect a new president, which Maduro won by a tight margin as the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> and he was formally inaugurated on 19 April.<a href="#cite_note-sworn-324">[324]</a> Pink tide is a term used in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political analysis</a>, in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception that <a href="/wiki/Leftism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftism">leftist</a> ideology in general and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> in particular were increasingly influential in Latin America in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-boston-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-pitts-327">[327]</a> Some of the pink tide governments were criticised for turning from socialism to populism and authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> The pink tide was followed in the 2010s by a "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">conservative wave</a>" as right-wing governments came to power in Argentina, Brazil and Chile, and <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_Nicaraguan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2020 Nicaraguan protests">Nicaragua</a> experienced political crises. However, socialism saw a resurgence in 2018–19 after successive electoral victories of left-wing and centre-left candidates in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bello-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-jacobin-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISBESTER2-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">Socialism in New Zealand</a></div> Australia saw an increase in interest of socialism in the early 21st century, especially amongst youth.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> It is strongest in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, where three socialist parties have merged into the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialists" title="Victorian Socialists">Victorian Socialists</a>, who aim to address problems in housing and public transportation. In New Zealand, socialism emerged within the budding trade union movement during the late 19th century and early 20th century. In July 1916, several left-wing political organisations and trade unions merged to form the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksMcAloon201624–74-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> While Labour traditionally had a socialist orientation, the party shifted towards a more social democratic orientation during the 1920s and 1930s. Following the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_general_election,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand general election, 1935">1935 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> pursued socialist policies such as nationalising industry, broadcasting, transportation, and implementing a <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesian</a> welfare state. However, the party did not seek to abolish capitalism, instead opting for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>. Labour's welfare state and mixed economy were not challenged until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksMcAloon201687–105-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> During the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government</a> implemented a raft of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic reforms known as <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> which saw New Zealand society and the economy shift towards a more free market model. Labour's abandonment of its traditional values fractured the party. Successive Labour governments have since pursued centre-left social and economic policies while maintaining a free-market economy.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> formerly served as President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-339">[339]</a> Ardern is a self-described <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> who has criticized capitalism as a "blatant failure" due to high levels of homelessness and low wages.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> New Zealand still has a small socialist scene, mainly dominated by Trotskyist groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Melanesian socialism developed in the 1980s, inspired by African socialism. It aims to achieve full independence from Britain and France in Melanesian territories and creation of a Melanesian federal union. It is very popular with the <a href="/wiki/Kanak_and_Socialist_National_Liberation_Front" title="Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front">New Caledonia independence movement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="411" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a 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communist parties with national parliamentary representation">List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialist_parties_and_organizations" title="List of democratic socialist parties and organizations">List of democratic socialist parties and organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialist_parties_which_have_governed" class="mw-redirect" title="List of democratic socialist parties which have governed">List of democratic socialist parties which have governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">List of social democratic parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_liberal_democratic_constitutions" title="Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions">Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare State">Welfare State</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Blainey, Geoffrey</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorterhistoryof0000blai/page/263">A shorter history of Australia</a>. Milsons Point, N.S.W. P: Vintage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorterhistoryof0000blai/page/263">263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74051-033-2"><bdi>978-1-74051-033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shorter+history+of+Australia&rft.place=Milsons+Point%2C+N.S.W.+P&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-74051-033-2&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorterhistoryof0000blai%2Fpage%2F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Bevan, Aneurin, In Place of Fear, p. 50, p. 126-128. MacGibbon and Kee, (1961). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> stated: "[T]o the question 'Is this still capitalism?' I would answer 'No'." In The Future of Socialism p. 46. Constable (2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Garrett Ward Sheldon. Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6246219.stm">"Chavez accelerates on path to socialism"</a>. BBC News. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smaldone2013-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Smaldone2013_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaldone2013" class="citation book cs1">Smaldone, William (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EpEjEwIr94C">European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0909-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0909-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-0909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Socialism%3A+A+Concise+History+with+Documents&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0909-1&rft.aulast=Smaldone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EpEjEwIr94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreLewis2009-7"><a href="#cite_ref-MooreLewis2009_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_MooreDavid_Charles_Lewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Karl Moore; David Charles Lewis (2 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXWTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">The Origins of Globalization</a>. Routledge. pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97008-6"><bdi>978-1-135-97008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Globalization&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97008-6&rft.au=Karl+Moore&rft.au=David+Charles+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXWTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallbank1992-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallbank1992_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Walter_Wallbank1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Walter Wallbank (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocGbSxDPlawC">Civilization Past & Present: To 1714</a>. HarperCollinsPublishers. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-673-38868-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-673-38868-1"><bdi>978-0-673-38868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+Past+%26+Present%3A+To+1714&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=HarperCollinsPublishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-673-38868-1&rft.au=Thomas+Walter+Wallbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DocGbSxDPlawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson1992-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson1992_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson1992_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson1992_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1992" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Doyne (9 July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwsWp43OWjsC&pg=PA39">Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536150-6"><bdi>978-0-19-536150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Gods%3A+Communist+Utopias+in+Greek+Thought&rft.pages=39-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992-07-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536150-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Doyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwsWp43OWjsC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2014-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2014_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2014" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Kenneth L. (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy_fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Western Civilization: A Global and Comparative Approach: Volume I: To 1715</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45227-0"><bdi>978-1-317-45227-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Global+and+Comparative+Approach%3A+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45227-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUy_fBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson199243-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson199243_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson1992">Dawson 1992</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson199238-40-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson199238-40_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson1992">Dawson 1992</a>, p. 38-40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle1999-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Doyle1999_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1999" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Kenneth O. (16 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_A11AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">The Social Meanings of Money and Property: In Search of a Talisman</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-5097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-5097-7"><bdi>978-1-4522-5097-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Meanings+of+Money+and+Property%3A+In+Search+of+a+Talisman&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1999-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-5097-7&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_A11AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plato-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Plato_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccr8skxseKQC">Plato's Republic, Books 1-10</a>. 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The Journal of Modern History. 39 (4): 387–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240121">10.1086/240121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875738">1875738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Jean+Varlet+as+Defender+of+Direct+Democracy&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-404&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240121&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbachHazan2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David; Hazan, Éric (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution. London: Verso. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rft.au=Hazan%2C+%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbach2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution (English ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=247&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1990). The Oxford history of the French Revolution. Oxford paperbacks (1. paperback publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 223–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2"><bdi>978-0-19-285221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=223-224&rft.edition=1.+paperback+publ&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285221-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbach2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution (English ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books. pp. 247–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=247-249&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre. Oxford; Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4"><bdi>978-0-691-15172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+ideas%3A+an+intellectual+history+of+the+French+Revolution+from+the+Rights+of+Man+to+Robespierre&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15172-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbach2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution (English ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books. pp. 250–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=250-252&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre. Oxford; Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 467–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4"><bdi>978-0-691-15172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+ideas%3A+an+intellectual+history+of+the+French+Revolution+from+the+Rights+of+Man+to+Robespierre&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=467-468&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15172-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1990). The Oxford history of the French Revolution. Oxford paperbacks (1. paperback publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2"><bdi>978-0-19-285221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=1.+paperback+publ&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285221-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre. Oxford; Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4"><bdi>978-0-691-15172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+ideas%3A+an+intellectual+history+of+the+French+Revolution+from+the+Rights+of+Man+to+Robespierre&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15172-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbach2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution (English ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1990" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1990). The Oxford history of the French Revolution. Oxford paperbacks (1. paperback publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285221-2"><bdi>978-0-19-285221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=252&rft.edition=1.+paperback+publ&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285221-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanFernbachHazan2014" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Éric; Fernbach, David; Hazan, Éric (2014). A people's history of the French Revolution. London: Verso. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+history+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=Fernbach%2C+David&rft.au=Hazan%2C+%C3%89ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan Irvine (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from "The Rights of Man" to Robespierre. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15172-4"><bdi>978-0-691-15172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+ideas%3A+an+intellectual+history+of+the+French+Revolution+from+%22The+Rights+of+Man%22+to+Robespierre&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=543&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15172-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Irvine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Thomas_Kurian_2011_44-2">c</a> George Thomas Kurian (ed). The Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ Press. Washington D.c. 2011. Pgs. 1555 </li> <li id="cite_note-Billington-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Billington_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington1980" class="citation book cs1">Billington, James H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tc7DwAAQBAJ">Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51981-6"><bdi>978-1-351-51981-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Minds+of+Men%3A+Origins+of+the+Revolutionary+Faith&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-351-51981-6&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Tc7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan Irvine (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from "The Rights of Man" to Robespierre. 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The Defense of Gracchus Babeuf Before the High Court of Vendome. <a href="/w/index.php?title=SchockenBooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SchockenBooks (page does not exist)">SchockenBooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0342-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0342-7"><bdi>0-8052-0342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defense+of+Gracchus+Babeuf+Before+the+High+Court+of+Vendome&rft.pub=SchockenBooks&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-8052-0342-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2014" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2014). Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre. 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Revolutionary ideas: an intellectual history of the French Revolution from the Rights of Man to Robespierre. 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Marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&rft.atitle=Moralising+Criticism+and+Critical+Morality&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.architexturez.net%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1847%2F10%2F31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muravchik2003-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Muravchik2003_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuravchik2003" class="citation book cs1">Muravchik, Joshua (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMzCiGyHpScC">Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism</a>. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwlDA_Unp7sC">A Short History of the British Working Class Movement: 1789-1848</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26564-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26564-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+British+Working+Class+Movement%3A+1789-1848&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26564-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=G.+D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwlDA_Unp7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brincat2013-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Brincat2013_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrincat2013" class="citation book cs1">Brincat, Shannon Kurt (12 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5RxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">Communism in the 21st Century [3 volumes]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0126-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-0126-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+the+21st+Century+%26%2391%3B3+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-0126-6&rft.aulast=Brincat&rft.aufirst=Shannon+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5RxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soland2017-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Soland2017_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoland2017" class="citation book cs1">Soland, Randall J. 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Applegath calls a Socialist". </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg_2010_p._296-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_2010_p._296_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, C.M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ5x0m0UP40C&pg=PA296">The Life and Times of Francis Cabot Lowell, 1775–1817</a>. Lexington Books. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4685-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4685-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-4685-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Francis+Cabot+Lowell%2C+1775%E2%80%931817&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4685-9&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJ5x0m0UP40C%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkup189217-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkup189217_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirkup1892">Kirkup 1892</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kołakowski2005-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kołakowski2005_59-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUCxpznbkaoC">Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 154–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06054-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06054-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism%3A+The+Founders%2C+the+Golden+Age%2C+the+Breakdown&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06054-6&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUCxpznbkaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Applebaum1992-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Applebaum1992_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Applebaum1992_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum1992" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum, Herbert A. 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Macmillan. pp. 355–357 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Political+Theories+...%3A+From+Rousseau+to+Spencer&rft.pages=355-357&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=William+Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAngvAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gattone2006-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Gattone2006_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattone2006" class="citation book cs1">Gattone, Charles F. 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Praeger. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17788-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-17788-3"><bdi>978-0-297-17788-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057847966">1057847966</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Socialism&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057847966&rft.isbn=978-0-297-17788-3&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXQEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2013-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2013_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIEuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">Political Ideas of the Utopian Socialists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-16569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-16569-7"><bdi>978-1-135-16569-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideas+of+the+Utopian+Socialists&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-16569-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIEuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laidler2013-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler2013_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laidler2013_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidler2013" class="citation book cs1">Laidler, Harry W. 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Progress Publishers. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001921-1"><bdi>978-5-01-001921-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+History%2C+1640-1870&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-5-01-001921-1&rft.aulast=I%EF%B8%A0U%EF%B8%A1rovskai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1&rft.aufirst=Elena+Efimovna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNE-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szacki1979-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Szacki1979_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzacki1979" class="citation book cs1">Szacki, Jerzy (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX3ZAAAAMAAJ">History of Sociological Thought</a>. 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Fifield, London </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Owen, Robert, Paper Dedicated to the Governments of Great Britain, Austria, Russia, France, Prussia and the United States of America London 1841 </li> <li id="cite_note-Slate-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Slate_85-0">^</a> Palmer, Brian (2010-12-29) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2279457/">What do anarchists want from us?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabatini-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabatini_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabatini_86-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Peter_Sabatini__Libertarianism__Bogus_Anarchy.html">Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"</a>. Theanarchistlibrary.org (2009-12-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-bailie20-87"><a href="#cite_ref-bailie20_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailie1906" class="citation web cs1">Bailie, William (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204155505/http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/warren/1stAmAnarch.pdf">"Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist — A Sociological Study"</a> (PDF). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Small,_Maynard_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Small, Maynard & Co.">Small, Maynard & Co.</a> p. 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarian-labyrinth.org/warren/1stAmAnarch.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2013-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josiah+Warren%3A+The+First+American+Anarchist+%E2%80%94+A+Sociological+Study&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Small%2C+Maynard+%26+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bailie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertarian-labyrinth.org%2Fwarren%2F1stAmAnarch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markham1930-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markham1930_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markham1930_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1930" class="citation book cs1">Markham, Sydney Frank (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq4VAAAAMAAJ">A History of Socialism</a>. A. & C. Black, Limited. p. 22 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Socialism&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black%2C+Limited&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Sydney+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtq4VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReybaud1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Roch_Louis_Reybaud" title="Marie Roch Louis Reybaud">Reybaud, Louis</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k229475w.pdf">Études sur les réformateurs contemporains ou socialistes modernes: Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen</a> [Studies on contemporary reformers or modern socialists: Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen] (PDF) (in French) (6 ed.). Paris: Guillaumin et Cie, Libraires (published 1849). Retrieved 24 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+sur+les+r%C3%A9formateurs+contemporains+ou+socialistes+modernes%3A+Saint-Simon%2C+Charles+Fourier%2C+Robert+Owen&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Guillaumin+et+Cie%2C+Libraires&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Reybaud&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k229475w.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Stein1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_von_Stein" title="Lorenz von Stein">von Stein, Lorenz</a> (1842). Der Sozialismus und Kommunismus des heutigen Frankreich [The socialism and communism of today's France] (in German) (2nd ed.). Leipzig (published 1847).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Sozialismus+und+Kommunismus+des+heutigen+Frankreich&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=von+Stein&rft.aufirst=Lorenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg and Dag Einar Thorsen. The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Pallgrave-Macmillan. 2013. pg. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-CorcoranFuchs1983-92"><a href="#cite_ref-CorcoranFuchs1983_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E_CorcoranChristian_Fuchs1983" class="citation book cs1">Paul E Corcoran; Christian Fuchs (25 August 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOuuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199">Before Marx: Socialism and Communism in France, 1830–48</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-17146-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-17146-0"><bdi>978-1-349-17146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Marx%3A+Socialism+and+Communism+in+France%2C+1830%E2%80%9348&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1983-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-349-17146-0&rft.au=Paul+E+Corcoran&rft.au=Christian+Fuchs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOuuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-93"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_93-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdicpt109murruoft#page/358/mode/1up">A new English dictionary on historical principles (vol 9, pt 1), founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society, Edited with the assistance of many scholars and men of science</a> See Volume 9, Part 1 of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, page 358, entry "Socialism," 1888, Clarendon Press, Oxford </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2004-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2004_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Harvey2004" class="citation book cs1">David Harvey (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in1M2QejPokC&pg=PA69">Paris, Capital of Modernity</a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94585-5"><bdi>978-1-135-94585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%2C+Capital+of+Modernity&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94585-5&rft.au=David+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din1M2QejPokC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxzVAAAAMAAJ">The Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914–919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=914-919&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 1851, General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century, studies 6 & 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-againstallauthority.org-99"><a href="#cite_ref-againstallauthority.org_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214200513/http://www.againstallauthority.org/NativeAmericanAnarchism.html">"Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism by Eunice Minette Schuster"</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-15034-8"><bdi>978-1-350-15034-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+Socialists+at+Europe%27s+Margins%3A+Imagining+Utopia%2C+1870s+-+1920s&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-350-15034-8&rft.au=Maria+Todorova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmL3xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadwell1925-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Shadwell1925_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Shadwell1925" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Shadwell (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-M4AQAAIAAJ">The Socialist Movement, 1824-1924: The first and second phases, 1824-1914</a>. P. Allan & Company. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Movement%2C+1824-1924%3A+The+first+and+second+phases%2C+1824-1914&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=P.+Allan+%26+Company&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Arthur+Shadwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-M4AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1992" class="citation book cs1">Steele, David (1992). From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5"><bdi>978-0-87548-449-5</bdi></a>. <q>One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post-Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-449-5&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarxEngels2009-123"><a href="#cite_ref-MarxEngels2009_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_MarxFriedrich_Engels2009" class="citation book cs1">Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAVRSJqtmRUC">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a>. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-799-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-799-5"><bdi>978-1-60520-799-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesto+of+the+Communist+Party&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-799-5&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft.au=Friedrich+Engels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAVRSJqtmRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1985">Williams 1985</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, p18, Oxford University Press, (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Social Contract, p2, Penguin, (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, p14, Oxford University Press, (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Engels' 1891 postscript to The Civil War In France by Karl Marx,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm">Marx, Engels, Selected works in one volume, p257</a>, Lawrence and Wishart (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx,_Karl_1968-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marx,_Karl_1968_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marx,_Karl_1968_129-1">b</a> Marx, Karl, Critique of the Gotha Programme, p320-1, Selected Works, Lawrence and Wishart, (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/index.htm">"1877: Anti-Duhring"</a>. www.marxists.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=1877%3A+Anti-Duhring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1877%2Fanti-duhring%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen, "Introduction: Why Anarchism Still Matters", in Jonathan Purkis and James Bowen (eds), Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age (Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>, 2004), p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-132"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4311957.stm">[1]</a> BBC News: South America's leftward sweep </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Terrorism-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Terrorism_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Terrorism_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Blin, Arnaud (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofterrori00grar/page/116">The History of Terrorism</a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofterrori00grar/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24709-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24709-3"><bdi>978-0-520-24709-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Terrorism&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24709-3&rft.aulast=Blin&rft.aufirst=Arnaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofterrori00grar%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodson2002" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Edward (2002). The Discovery of First Principles: Volume 2. Authorhouse. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-24912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-24912-1"><bdi>978-0-595-24912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+First+Principles%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-595-24912-1&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom">Karl Marx and the Anarchists</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom/page/n191">187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5"><bdi>978-0-7102-0685-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkarlmarxanarchis00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Resolutions from the St. Imier Congress, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm">Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas</a>, Vol. 1, p. 100 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923023949/http://blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm">Archived</a> 2010-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5"><bdi>978-0-297-84832-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84832-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/most/actionprop.html">""Action as Propaganda" by Johann Most, July 25, 1885"</a>. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 2003-04-21. Retrieved 2010-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Action+as+Propaganda%22+by+Johann+Most%2C+July+25%2C+1885&rft.pub=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu&rft.date=2003-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2FAnarchist_Archives%2Fbright%2Fmost%2Factionprop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreunig1977" class="citation book cs1">Breunig, Charles (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofrevolutionr00breu">The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789–1850</a>. New York, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09143-4"><bdi>978-0-393-09143-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Revolution+and+Reaction%2C+1789%E2%80%931850&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09143-4&rft.aulast=Breunig&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofrevolutionr00breu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists.org-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxists.org_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxists.org_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/f/i.htm">"Glossary of Organisations: Fi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Organisations%3A+Fi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Forgs%2Ff%2Fi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1980" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Paul (1980). Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> and Kegan Paul. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0685-5"><bdi>978-0-7102-0685-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Anarchists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0685-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBak1991" class="citation book cs1">Bak, Jǹos (1991). Liberty and Socialism. Lanham: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7680-4"><bdi>978-0-8476-7680-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+Socialism&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7680-4&rft.aulast=Bak&rft.aufirst=J%C7%B9os&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2000" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Barbara (2000). Mothers and Daughters. Evanston: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1740-2"><bdi>978-0-8101-1740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+and+Daughters&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1740-2&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakuninmarx-144"><a href="#cite_ref-bakuninmarx_144-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/karl-marx.htm">On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx</a>" in Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin, Mikhail</a> (1991) [1873]. Statism and Anarchy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36973-2"><bdi>978-0-521-36973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statism+and+Anarchy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36973-2&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-05-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Graham-05_146-0">^</a> Graham, Robert '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm">Anarchism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923023949/http://blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm">Archived</a> 2010-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Montreal: Black Rose Books 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-251-2">978-1-55164-251-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756">Women and the Commune</a>, in <a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a>, March 19, 2005 (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190133/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2005-03-19/2005-03-19-458756">Archived</a> March 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/postscript.htm">Marx, Engels, Selected works in one volume, p257</a>, Lawrence and Wishart (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/secondinternational.html">The Second (Socialist) International 1889-1923</a>. Retrieved 12 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Woodcock" title="George Woodcock">George Woodcock</a>. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (1962). pp. 263–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Engels, 1895 Introduction to Marx's Class Struggles in France 1848–1850 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> cf Footnote 449 in Marx Engels Collected Works on Engels' 1895 Introduction to Marx's Class Struggles in France 1848–1850 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> In England, "Insurrection would be madness where peaceful agitation would more swiftly and surely do the work... But, mark me, as soon as it finds itself outvoted on what it considers vital questions, we shall see here a new slaveowners's war." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/media/marx/71_07_18.htm">Interview with Karl Marx, Head of L'Internationale, by R. Landor</a> New York World, July 18, 1871. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer,_Ernst_p135-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer,_Ernst_p135_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer,_Ernst_p135_154-1">b</a> Fischer, Ernst, Marx in his own words, p135, quoting from Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Marx, Engels, Preface to the Russian Edition of 1882, Communist Manifesto, p196, Penguin Classics, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Trotsky, Leon, The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects, p169ff. New Park, (1962) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4231442/plotsummary">A Man Before His Time (2015)</a>, retrieved 2018-09-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+Before+His+Time+%282015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt4231442%2Fplotsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lucyparsons.org-158"><a href="#cite_ref-lucyparsons.org_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228235117/http://lucyparsons.org/biography-iww.php">"Lucy Parsons Center - Biography Of Lucy Parsons - by IWW"</a>. lucyparsons.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucyparsons.org/biography-iww.php">the original</a> on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2013-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lucyparsons.org&rft.atitle=Lucy+Parsons+Center+-+Biography+Of+Lucy+Parsons+-+by+IWW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flucyparsons.org%2Fbiography-iww.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> "Tucker and other individualist anarchists argued in the pages of Liberty that anarchist communism was a misnomer because communism implied state authority and true anarchists were against all forms of authority, even the authority of small groups. To individualist anarchists, communistic anarchism, with its ideals of "to each according to need, from each according to ability," necessarily implied authority over others, because it did not privilege individual liberty as the highest virtue. But for anarchist communist, who saw economic freedom as central, individual liberty without food and shelter seemed impossible. Unlike the individualist tradition, whose ideas had had years of exposure through the English language anarchist press in America with the publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Word_(US_magazine)" title="The Word (US magazine)">The Word</a> from 1872 to 1893 and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a> from 1881 to 1908, communistic anarchism had not been advocated in any detail."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/jessica-moran-the-firebrand-and-the-forging-of-a-new-anarchism-anarchist-communism-and-free-lov#toc2">"The Firebrand and the Forging of a New Anarchism: Anarchist Communism and Free Love" by Jessica Moran</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Parsons, Life of Albert R. Parsons, pp. 18-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> The Alarm is available on microfilm in two different filmings, with one master negative held by the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a> and the other by the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> The Alarm, October 11, 1884, page 1, column 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> See, for example, Masthead, The Alarm, vol. 1, no. 5 (November 1, 1884), pg. 2, column 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-foner-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foner_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foner_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foner_164-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1986" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Philip Sheldon (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone">May day: a short history of the international workers' holiday, 1886–1986</a>. New York: International Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0624-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0624-9"><bdi>978-0-7178-0624-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+day%3A+a+short+history+of+the+international+workers%27+holiday%2C+1886%E2%80%931986&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaydayshorthisto0000fone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1984" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri">The Haymarket Tragedy</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri/page/190">190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00600-0"><bdi>978-0-691-00600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymarket+Tragedy&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00600-0&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaymarkettragedy00avri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1984" class="citation book cs1">Avrich (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri/page/193">The Haymarket Tragedy</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04711-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymarket+Tragedy&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04711-9&rft.au=Avrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaymarkettragedy00avri%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, 27 June 1886, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1984" class="citation book cs1">Avrich (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri/page/209">The Haymarket Tragedy</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haymarkettragedy00avri/page/209">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04711-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymarket+Tragedy&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04711-9&rft.au=Avrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaymarkettragedy00avri%2Fpage%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_bomb-168"><a href="#cite_ref-the_bomb_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115030929/http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm">"Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here"</a>. The Dramas of Haymarket. Chicago Historical Society. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dramas+of+Haymarket&rft.atitle=Act+II%3A+Let+Your+Tragedy+Be+Enacted+Here&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagohistory.org%2Fdramas%2Fact2%2Fact2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner1986" class="citation book cs1">Foner (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone">May Day</a>. International Publishers Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maydayshorthisto0000fone/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0624-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0624-9"><bdi>978-0-7178-0624-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+Day&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=International+Publishers+Co&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0624-9&rft.au=Foner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaydayshorthisto0000fone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman, Emma</a> (1970) [1931]. <a href="/wiki/Living_My_Life" title="Living My Life">Living My Life</a>. New York: Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingmylife02gold/page/7">7–10, 508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22543-2"><bdi>978-0-486-22543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-10%2C+508&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22543-2&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avrich434-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich434_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich434_171-1">b</a> Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy, pp. 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChace2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Chace" title="James Chace">Chace, James</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1912wilsonroosev00chac">1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7355-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-7355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1912%3A+Wilson%2C+Roosevelt%2C+Taft+and+Debs+%E2%80%93+The+Election+that+Changed+the+Country&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7355-8&rft.aulast=Chace&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1912wilsonroosev00chac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Marx, Engels, Communist Manifesto, Selected Works, p52 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Engels, Frederick, 1895 Introduction to Marx’ Class Struggles in France 1848–1850 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2000" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpe, Wayne (2000). "Keeping the Faith: The German Syndicalists in the First World War". Central European History. 33 (2): 195–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156916100746301">10.1163/156916100746301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143836877">143836877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Keeping+the+Faith%3A+The+German+Syndicalists+in+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-216&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156916100746301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143836877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Lenin, Meeting of the Petrograd Soviet of workers and soldiers' deputies October 25, 1917, Collected works, Vol 26, p239. Lawrence and Wishart, (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsKeene2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyaxYvSG6gAC&dq=lenin+universal+literacy+after+the+vote+was+won&pg=PA109">After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists</a>. McFarland. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Vote+Was+Won%3A+The+Later+Achievements+of+Fifteen+Suffragists&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5647-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rft.au=Keene%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyaxYvSG6gAC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bvote%2Bwas%2Bwon%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgri͡umov1976" class="citation book cs1">Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXknAQAAMAAJ&q=lenin+universal+literacy">Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925</a>. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Plan+for+Building+Socialism+in+the+USSR%2C+1917%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Novosti+Press+Agency+Publishing+House&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ugri%CD%A1umov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Leont%CA%B9evich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXknAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1985" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (24 June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&q=universal+education&pg=PA98">Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction</a>. Springer. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3"><bdi>978-1-349-05591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Political+Life%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Strengths+of+Contradiction&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05591-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntiuCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duniversal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik1991" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07297-8"><bdi>978-0-520-07297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+in+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07297-8&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Leninism_Under_Lenin_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1985" class="citation book cs1">Liebman, Marcel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQjzAAAAMAAJ">Leninism Under Lenin</a>. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-261-9"><bdi>978-0-85036-261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+Under+Lenin&rft.pages=1-348&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85036-261-9&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQjzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Scott Baldwin (15 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ueUEE8jVRsC&dq=anarchist+assassination+attempt+lenin&pg=PA74">Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923</a>. University of Pittsburgh Pre. pp. 75–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7779-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-7779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captives+of+Revolution%3A+The+Socialist+Revolutionaries+and+the+Bolshevik+Dictatorship%2C+1918%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=75-85&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7779-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Scott+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ueUEE8jVRsC%26dq%3Danarchist%2Bassassination%2Battempt%2Blenin%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabinowitch306-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitch306_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitch2007" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitch, Alexander (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEoBCGJ4VqYC&q=The+bolsheviks+in+power.+The+first+year+of+Soviet+rule+in+Petrograd">The bolsheviks in power. The first year of Soviet rule in Petrograd</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253349439" title="Special:BookSources/9780253349439"><bdi>9780253349439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bolsheviks+in+power.+The+first+year+of+Soviet+rule+in+Petrograd&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780253349439&rft.aulast=Rabinowitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEoBCGJ4VqYC%26q%3DThe%2Bbolsheviks%2Bin%2Bpower.%2BThe%2Bfirst%2Byear%2Bof%2BSoviet%2Brule%2Bin%2BPetrograd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Avrich, Paul (2006). The Russian Anarchists. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-48-2"><bdi>978-1-904859-48-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Anarchists&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-48-2&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Bertil, Hessel, Introduction, Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the first four congresses of the Third International, pxiii, Ink Links (1980) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Lenin, Speech To The Seventh Congress Of The Russian Communist Party On The Brest-Litovsk Peace 7 March 1918, Works, third edition, vol 22, p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Advance_Without_Authority-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Advance_Without_Authority_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advance_Without_Authority_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Advance_Without_Authority_188-2">c</a> "The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynature.org/dn/vol7/ojeili_intellectuals.htm">'Advance Without Authority'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208114529/http://www.democracynature.org/dn/vol7/ojeili_intellectuals.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Post-modernism, Libertarian Socialism and Intellectuals" by Chamsy Ojeili, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a> vol.7, no.3, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-carr1985-189"><a href="#cite_ref-carr1985_189-0">^</a> Carr, E.H. – The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton & Company 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-avrich1968-190"><a href="#cite_ref-avrich1968_190-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a>. "Russian Anarchists and the Civil War", Russian Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul., 1968), pp. 296–306. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Bevan also cites the economic backwardness of the region. Aneurin Bevan, In Place of Fear, p62-3. MacGibbon and Kee, (1961) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=282">Cover Story: Churchill's Greatness.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004110408/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=282">Archived</a> 4 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interview with Jeffrey Wallin. (The Churchill Centre) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> According to Trotsky there was a 250% growth in industrial production between 1929 and 1935, compared to an increase of 40% in Japan and a decline of approximately 25% in the USA (the years of the Great Depression). Heavy industry increasing by 1000% in the ten years to 1935. cf Trotsky, Revolution Betrayed, p15. Pathfinder, (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists.catbull.com-194"><a href="#cite_ref-marxists.catbull.com_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717111954/http://marxists.catbull.com/archive/trotsky/1936/whitherfrance/ch03a.htm">"Leon Trotsky: Whither France? (France at the Turning Point - 1936)"</a>. marxists.catbull.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/trotsky/1936/whitherfrance/ch03a.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.catbull.com&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%3A+Whither+France%3F+%28France+at+the+Turning+Point+-+1936%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.catbull.com%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1936%2Fwhitherfrance%2Fch03a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5"><bdi>978-0-297-84832-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84832-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolloten1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burnett_Bolloten" title="Burnett Bolloten">Bolloten, Burnett</a> (1984-11-15). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 1107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1906-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-1906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Revolution+and+Counterrevolution&rft.pages=1107&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1984-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1906-7&rft.aulast=Bolloten&rft.aufirst=Burnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchall2004" class="citation book cs1">Birchall, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sartreagainststa00birc">Sartre Against Stalinism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sartreagainststa00birc/page/n23">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-542-2"><bdi>978-1-57181-542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartre+Against+Stalinism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-542-2&rft.aulast=Birchall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsartreagainststa00birc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234310/http://www.aftermathww1.com/landfit.asp">"A Land Fit For Heroes?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftermathww1.com/landfit.asp">the original</a> on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Land+Fit+For+Heroes%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftermathww1.com%2Flandfit.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Cole and Postgate, The Common People, p551 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pankhurst-sylvia/1919/british-workers.htm">Sylvia Pankhurst, 'The British Workers and Soviet Russia'</a>, published in The Revolutionary Age, August 9, 1919 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Sylvia Pankhurst reported that, "The London district committee of the dockers has decided to declare a strike on July 20 and 21, but it goes further, it had decided to advise its members to abstain from working on any ships bound for Russia or assisting in any way the overthrow of the Russian proletariat". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pankhurst-sylvia/1919/british-workers.htm">Sylvia Pankhurst, 'The British Workers and Soviet Russia'</a>, published in The Revolutionary Age, August 9, 1919. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Bevan, Aneurin, In Place of Fear p40. MacGibbon and Kee, (1961). Bevan reports verbatim what Robert Smillie told him of his meeting with Lloyd George. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Bevan, Aneurin, In Place of Fear p40. MacGibbon and Kee, (1961) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> For instance, cf Mason, Anthony, The General strike in the North-East, University of Hull Publications (1970) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Crosland, Anthony, The Future of Socialism, p4 and note 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Meed – literally, 'Reward', here used sardonically </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Published by the Labour Party in November 1939 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Dobbs, Farrell, Teamster Rebellion, Monad Press, New York, (1972), p21ff, p34, p92 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956215-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956215_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdinger1956">Edinger 1956</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956219–220-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdinger1956219–220_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdinger1956">Edinger 1956</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietrich_Orlow_2000._Pp._108-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Dietrich_Orlow_2000._Pp._108_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlow2000" class="citation book cs1">Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Destiny%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+the+Dutch%2C+French%2C+and+German+Social+Democratic+Parties%2C+1945%E2%80%931969&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Orlow&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21553616?versionId=25838615">"With the peasants of Aragon"</a>. National Library of Australia. Retrieved October 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+the+peasants+of+Aragon&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F21553616%3FversionId%3D25838615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagan2010" class="citation news cs1">Dagan, David (July 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-dagan/kibbutz-diary-socialism-f_b_642089.html">"Kibbutz Diary"</a>. Huffington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Kibbutz+Diary&rft.date=2010-07-11&rft.aulast=Dagan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-dagan%2Fkibbutz-diary-socialism-f_b_642089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2001" class="citation web cs1">Epstein, Barbara (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/0901epstein.htm">"Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement"</a>. <q>In the forties and fifties, anarchism, in fact if not in name, began to reappear, often in alliance with pacifism, as the basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War. The anarchist/pacifist wing of the peace movement was small in comparison with the wing of the movement that emphasized electoral work, but made an important contribution to the movement as a whole. Where the more conventional wing of the peace movement rejected militarism and war under all but the most dire circumstances, the anarchist/pacifist wing rejected these on principle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+the+Anti-Globalization+Movement&rft.date=2001-09&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monthlyreview.org%2F0901epstein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2008" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Robert (14 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robertgraham.wordpress.com/anarchism-a-documentary-history-of-libertarian-ideas-volume-two-the-emergence-of-the-new-anarchism-1939-1977/">"Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939-1977)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas%2C+Volume+Two%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+New+Anarchism+%281939-1977%29&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobertgraham.wordpress.com%2Fanarchism-a-documentary-history-of-libertarian-ideas-volume-two-the-emergence-of-the-new-anarchism-1939-1977%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergaard" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ostergaard" title="Geoffrey Ostergaard">Ostergaard, Geoffrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Geoffrey_Ostergaard__Resisting_the_Nation_State._The_pacifist_and_anarchist_tradition.html#toc13">Resisting the Nation State. The pacifist and anarchist tradition</a> – via The Anarchist Library. <q>In the 1950s and 1960s anarcho-pacifism began to gel, tough-minded anarchists adding to the mixture their critique of the state, and tender-minded pacifists their critique of violence. Its first practical manifestation was at the level of method: nonviolent direct action, principled and pragmatic, was used widely in both the Civil Rights Movement in the USA and the campaign against nuclear weapons in Britain and elsewhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+the+Nation+State.+The+pacifist+and+anarchist+tradition&rft.aulast=Ostergaard&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FGeoffrey_Ostergaard__Resisting_the_Nation_State._The_pacifist_and_anarchist_tradition.html%23toc13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2001/09/01/anarchism-and-the-anti-globalization-movement/">"Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement"</a>. Monthly Review. September 1, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+the+Anti-Globalization+Movement&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2001%2F09%2F01%2Fanarchism-and-the-anti-globalization-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> British Petroleum, privatised in 1987, was officially nationalised in 1951 according to government archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Nationalisation_of_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company%2C_1951">[2]</a> with further government intervention during the 1974–79 Labour Government, cf 'The New Commanding Height: Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas, 1964–74' in Contemporary British History, Volume 16, Issue 1 Spring 2002, pages 89–118. Some elements of some of these entities were already in public hands. Later Labour renationalised steel (1967, British Steel) after it was denationalised by the Conservatives, and nationalised car production (1976, British Leyland), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080123091612/http://www.uksteel.org.uk/history.htm">"UK Steel Association - History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uksteel.org.uk/history.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-23. Retrieved 2013-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Steel+Association+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uksteel.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988">. In 1977, major aircraft companies and shipbuilding were nationalised </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> The nationalisation of public utilities included the CDF – Charbonnages de France; EDF – Électricité de France; GDF – Gaz de France, airlines (Air France), banks (Banque de France) and many other private companies like the Renault car factory (Régie Nationale des Usines Renault) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010635/http://www.sund.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/trente1.htm">"Les trente glorieuses: 1945-1975"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sund.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/trente1.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+trente+glorieuses%3A+1945-1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sund.ac.uk%2F~os0tmc%2Fcontem%2Ftrente1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett,_Francis_2007,_p243_220-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Beckett,_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beckett, Francis">Beckett, Francis</a>, Clem Attlee, Politico, 2007, p243 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Eric_Bronner_1999._Pp._104-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Eric_Bronner_1999._Pp._104_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner1999" class="citation book cs1">Bronner, Stephen Eric (1999). Ideas in Action: Political Tradition in the Twentieth Century. Lanham Maryland, USA; Oxford, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>, Inc. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+in+Action%3A+Political+Tradition+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Lanham+Maryland%2C+USA%3B+Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> "To the question ’Is this still capitalism?’ I would answer ‘No’." Crosland, Anthony, The Future of Socialism p46. Constable (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Bevan, Aneurin, In Place of Fear p50, p126-128, MacGibbon and Kee, second edition (1961) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> cf Beckett, Francis, Clem Attlee, Politico, 2007, p243. "Idleness" meant unemployment, and hence the starvation of the worker and his/her family. It was not then a pejorative term. Unemployment benefit, as well as national insurance and hence state pensions, were introduced by the 1945 Labour government. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama, Francis</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-910975-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-910975-5"><bdi>978-0-02-910975-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+History+and+the+Last+Man&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-02-910975-5&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> AH Hasley writes that Blair's "collaboration with [US President] George W. Bush has shown him to be an American liberal/conservative rather than a British socialist." Hasley, AH, Democracy in Crisis: Ethical Socialism for a Prosperous Country, p77. Politicos (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Daily Telegraph, June 27, 2007, p10 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuud_van_DijkWilliam_Glenn_GraySvetlana_SavranskayaJeremi_Suri2008" class="citation book cs1">Ruud van Dijk; William Glenn Gray; Svetlana Savranskaya; Jeremi Suri; Qiang Zhai (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUdmyzkw9q4C&pg=PA880+">Encyclopedia of the Cold War</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88021-0"><bdi>978-0-203-88021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-88021-0&rft.au=Ruud+van+Dijk&rft.au=William+Glenn+Gray&rft.au=Svetlana+Savranskaya&rft.au=Jeremi+Suri&rft.au=Qiang+Zhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUdmyzkw9q4C%26pg%3DPA880%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis, Cornelius</a> (1975). "An Interview". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (23): 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=An+Interview&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis, Cornelius</a> (1975). "An Interview". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a> (23): 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=An+Interview&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=134&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Castoriadis&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/24/newsid_2988000/2988263.stm">"1968: De Gaulle: 'Back me or sack me'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. May 24, 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1968%3A+De+Gaulle%3A+%27Back+me+or+sack+me%27&rft.date=1968-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F24%2Fnewsid_2988000%2F2988263.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel, Robin</a> (2005). Economic Justice and Democracy: From Competition to Cooperation: Part II. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93344-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Justice+and+Democracy%3A+From+Competition+to+Cooperation%3A+Part+II&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93344-5&rft.aulast=Hahnel&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/">The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy</a>. Inclusivedemocracy.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1985">Thomas 1985</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-iisg.nl-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iisg.nl_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iisg.nl_235-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/l/10760196.php">London Federation of Anarchists involvement in Carrara conference, 1968</a> International Institute of Social History, Accessed 19 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Short_history_of_the_IAF-IFA_236-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206152015/http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/ifa-hist-short.html">Short history of the IAF-IFA</a> A-infos news project, Accessed 19 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6196-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Authority&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-revival-238"><a href="#cite_ref-revival_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Leonard (September 2007). "Anarchism Revived". New Political Science. 29 (3): 297–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393140701510160">10.1080/07393140701510160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220354272">220354272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Anarchism+Revived&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-312&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393140701510160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220354272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillianBuhle2003" class="citation book cs1">McMillian, John Campbell; Buhle, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_Ohks41z2IC&pg=PA112">The new left revisited</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 112–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-976-0"><bdi>978-1-56639-976-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 December 2011 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+left+revisited&rft.pages=112-&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-976-0&rft.aulast=McMillian&rft.aufirst=John+Campbell&rft.au=Buhle%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_Ohks41z2IC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELytle2006213,_215-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELytle2006213,_215_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLytle2006">Lytle 2006</a>, pp. 213, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-Digger_Archives-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Digger_Archives_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggers.org/overview.htm">"Overview: who were (are) the Diggers?"</a>. The Digger Archives. Retrieved 2007-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digger+Archives&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+who+were+%28are%29+the+Diggers%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diggers.org%2Foverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Experience_doc-242"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Experience_doc_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Dolgin" title="Gail Dolgin">Gail Dolgin</a>; Vicente Franco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325104758/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html">American Experience: The Summer of Love</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/index.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Experience%3A+The+Summer+of+Love&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Flove%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holloway, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101355/pg_2">"Yippies"</a>. St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yippies&rft.btitle=St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_g1epc%2Fis_tov%2Fai_2419101355%2Fpg_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbie_Hoffman_page_128_244-0">^</a> Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture, page 128. Perigee Books, 1980. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin1993" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Todd (1993). <a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a>. New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesyearshope00gitl/page/n282">286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0"><bdi>978-0-553-37212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties%3A+Years+of+Hope%2C+Days+of+Rage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-553-37212-0&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181606/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/popup?id=3321269&contentIndex=1&page=9&start=false">"1969: Height of the Hippies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/popup?id=3321269&contentIndex=1&page=9&start=false">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=1969%3A+Height+of+the+Hippies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2Fpopup%3Fid%3D3321269%26contentIndex%3D1%26page%3D9%26start%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/libertarian-marxist-tendency-map">"A libertarian Marxist tendency map"</a>. libcom.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=A+libertarian+Marxist+tendency+map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Flibertarian-marxist-tendency-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShively" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shively, Charley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/Anarchism.pdf">"Anarchism"</a> (PDF). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Homosexuality&rft.pages=52&rft.aulast=Shively&rft.aufirst=Charley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.williamapercy.com%2Fwiki%2Fimages%2FAnarchism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Michael. The March of Militant. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Militant&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Working days lost to strike action soars". <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 12 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Working+days+lost+to+strike+action+soars&rft.date=2007-06-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2010" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bradley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853">Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7182-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economists+with+Guns%3A+Authoritarian+Development+and+U.S.%E2%80%93Indonesian+Relations%2C+1960%E2%80%931968&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7182-5&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D7853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. pp. 157, 238–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-4240-6"><bdi>978-1-5417-4240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=157%2C+238-240&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-4240-6&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarid2005" class="citation journal cs1">Farid, Hilmar (2005). "Indonesia's original sin: mass killings and capitalist expansion, 1965–66". <a href="/wiki/Inter-Asia_Cultural_Studies" title="Inter-Asia Cultural Studies">Inter-Asia Cultural Studies</a>. 6 (1): 3–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1462394042000326879">10.1080/1462394042000326879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145130614">145130614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+original+sin%3A+mass+killings+and+capitalist+expansion%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1462394042000326879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145130614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Farid&rft.aufirst=Hilmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html">The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8886-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-8886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2017" class="citation news cs1">Bevins, Vincent (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">"What the United States Did in Indonesia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> "Peasant (农民)" was the official term for workers on <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">people's communes</a>. According to the Ultra-Left, both peasants and (urban) workers together composed a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> divorced from any meaningful control over production or distribution. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> See, for instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxists.de/china/sheng/whither.htm">"Whither China?"</a> by Yang Xiguang. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> The 70s Collective, ed. 1996. China: The Revolution is Dead, Long Live the Revolution. Montreal: Black Rose Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">20-23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">91-92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4"><bdi>978-0-415-68617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=20-23%2C+91-92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-decline-of-socialism">"The Decline of Socialism"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/capitalism-in-cuba-its-closer-than-the-u-s-may-think/">"Capitalism in Cuba? It's closer than the U.S. may think"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197519646"><bdi>978-0197519646</bdi></a>. <q>These parties had themselves once been socialist. But by the 1990s they were increasingly reformist and technocratic in orientation, seen as maintainers of the status quo and no longer able to inspire the masses with dreams of secular emancipation, as parties of the left had been doing for 200 years since the French Revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Neoliberal+Order%3A+America+and+the+World+in+the+Free+Market+Era&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197519646&rft.aulast=Gerstle&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeple2000" class="citation book cs1">Teeple, Gary (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015242/http://www.utppublishing.com/Globalization-and-the-Decline-of-Social-Reform-Into-the-Twenty-First-Century.html">Globalization and the Decline of Social Reform: Into the Twenty-first Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6yur35y3QC&pg=PA47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-155193-0268" title="Special:BookSources/978-155193-0268"><bdi>978-155193-0268</bdi></a>. 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This "pink tide" also included the rise of populist ideologies in some of these countries, such as Kirchnerismo in Argentina, Chavismo in Venezuela, and Lulopetismo in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=%C2%BFViva+la+Contrarrevoluci%C3%B3n%3F+South+America%27s+Left+Begins+to+Wave+Goodbye&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=12-14&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopesde_Faria2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopes, Dawisson Belém; de Faria, Carlos Aurélio Pimenta (Jan–Apr 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0102-8529.2016380100001">"When Foreign Policy Meets Social Demands in Latin America"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsroom&rft.atitle=What+Jacinda+Ardern+wants&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsroom.co.nz%2F2017%2F07%2F31%2F40717%2Fwhat-jacinda-wants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes2017" class="citation news cs1">Baynes, Chris (21 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-new-prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-capitalism-blatant-failure-a8012656.html">"New Zealand's new prime minister calls capitalism a 'blatant failure'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+new+prime+minister+calls+capitalism+a+%27blatant+failure%27&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Faustralasia%2Fnew-zealand-new-prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-capitalism-blatant-failure-a8012656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdinger1956" class="citation book cs1">Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Exexctive Committee in the Nazi Era. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Exile+Politics%3A+The+Social+Democratic+Exexctive+Committee+in+the+Nazi+Era&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Edinger&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranksMcAloon2016" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Peter; McAloon, Jim (2016). Labour: The New Zealand Labour Party 1916–2016. Wellington: Victoria University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77656-074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77656-074-5"><bdi>978-1-77656-074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour%3A+The+New+Zealand+Labour+Party+1916%E2%80%932016&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pub=Victoria+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-77656-074-5&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=McAloon%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thomas Kirkup (1909), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73997">A history of socialism</a>, 4th ed., London: Adam and Charles Black.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle2006" class="citation cs2">Lytle, Mark H. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasuncivilw00lytl">America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517496-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517496-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Uncivil+Wars%3A+The+Sixties+Era+from+Elvis+to+the+Fall+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517496-0&rft.aulast=Lytle&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasuncivilw00lytl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonar1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonar, James (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Socialism">"Socialism" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=301-308&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bonar&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+socialism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Derfler, Leslie. Socialism Since Marx: A Century of the European Left (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973)</li> <li>Docherty, James C. Historical dictionary of socialism (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000doch_a4o5">online</a></li> <li>Friedman, Jeremy. Ripe for Revolution: Building Socialism in the Third World (Harvard University Press, 2021).</li> <li>Laidler, Harry W. History of Socialism: An Historical Comparative Study of Socialism, Communism, Utopia (1968). 970pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsociali00laid">online</a></li> <li>Lamb, Peter. Historical dictionary of socialism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).</li> <li>Lamb, Peter and Docherty, James C. Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Scarecrow Press, 2006)</li> <li>Lindemann, Albert S. A history of European socialism (Yale University Press, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea00lind">online</a></li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin and Gary Marks. It Didn't Happen Here : Why Socialism Failed in the United States (1971)</li> <li>Malia, Martin. Soviet tragedy: A history of socialism in Russia (Simon and Schuster, 2008).</li> <li>Muravchik, Joshua. Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism (2003),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heavenonearthris0000mura">online</a></li> <li>Nicholls, David, and Peter Marsh. Biographical dictionary of modern European radicals and socialists 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_x0i2">online</a></li> <li>Nichols, John. The 'S' word: A short history of an American tradition... socialism (Verso, 2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Leo Panitch</a>, Renewing Socialism: Democracy, Strategy, and Imagination, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9821-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9821-1">978-0-8133-9821-1</a></li> <li>Steenson, Gary P. After Marx, before Lenin: Marxism and socialist working-class parties in Europe, 1884-1914 (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1991).</li> <li>Weinstein, James Chris/ Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803131902/http://www.westviewpress.com/about.html">Westview Press</a>, 2003, hardcover, 272 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4104-0">978-0-8133-4104-0</a></li> <li>Wright, Tony. Socialisms: old and new (2nd ed Routledge, 2006).</li> <li>Young, James D. Socialism since 1889: a biographical history (Rowman & Littlefield, 1988).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Walling, William English, et al. eds. The socialism of to-day; a source-book of the present position and recent development of the socialist and labor parties in all countries (1916) 676pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismoftoday00wall">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_socialism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" 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