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Жер — Уикипедия
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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Кіру</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Басқа баптаулар" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Жеке құралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Жеке құралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Қатысушы мәзірі" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_kk.wikipedia.org&uselang=kk"><span>Демеу беру</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96&returnto=%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Біз сізге есептік жазба бастауды және кіруді ұсынамыз,ол міндетті емес."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Тіркелу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кіруіңізді ұсынамыз, ол міндетті емес. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Кіру</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Шыққан өңдеушілерге арналған беттер <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83" aria-label="Өңдеу туралы көбірек білу"><span>көбірек білу</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжаймен жасаған өңдемелер тізімі [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Үлесім</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Бұл IP мекенжай өңдемелерін 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Мазмұны" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмұны</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Хронологиясы суббөлімін көрсету/жасыру</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Хронологиясы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Қалыптасуы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Қалыптасуы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Қалыптасуы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Қалыптасуы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геологиялық_тарихы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геологиялық_тарихы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Геологиялық тарихы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геологиялық_тарихы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тіршіліктің_пайда_болуы_мен_эволюциясы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тіршіліктің_пайда_болуы_мен_эволюциясы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Тіршіліктің пайда болуы мен эволюциясы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тіршіліктің_пайда_болуы_мен_эволюциясы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Болашағы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Болашағы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Болашағы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Болашағы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Қасиеттері" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Қасиеттері"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Қасиеттері</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Қасиеттері-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Қасиеттері суббөлімін көрсету/жасыру</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Қасиеттері-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Пішіні" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пішіні"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Пішіні</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пішіні-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Химиялық_құрамы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Химиялық_құрамы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Химиялық құрамы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Химиялық_құрамы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ішкі_құрылымы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ішкі_құрылымы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ішкі құрылымы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ішкі_құрылымы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Жылуы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Жылуы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Жылуы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Жылуы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тектоникалық_тақталары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тектоникалық_тақталары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Тектоникалық тақталары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тектоникалық_тақталары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Беті" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Беті"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Беті</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Беті-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гравитациялық_өрісі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гравитациялық_өрісі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Гравитациялық өрісі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гравитациялық_өрісі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Магниттік_өрісі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Магниттік_өрісі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Магниттік өрісі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Магниттік_өрісі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Магнитосфера" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Магнитосфера"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Магнитосфера</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Магнитосфера-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гидросферасы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гидросферасы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Гидросферасы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гидросферасы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Атмосферасы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Атмосферасы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Атмосферасы</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Атмосферасы-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Атмосферасы суббөлімін көрсету/жасыру</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Атмосферасы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ауа_райы_мен_климат" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ауа_райы_мен_климат"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ауа райы мен климат</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ауа_райы_мен_климат-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Жоғарғы_атмосфера" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Жоғарғы_атмосфера"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Жоғарғы атмосфера</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Жоғарғы_атмосфера-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Жердегі_тіршілік" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Жердегі_тіршілік"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Жердегі тіршілік</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Жердегі_тіршілік-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Антропогеография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Антропогеография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Антропогеография</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Антропогеография-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Антропогеография суббөлімін көрсету/жасыру</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Антропогеография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Табиғи_қорлар_мен_жердің_пайдаланылуы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Табиғи_қорлар_мен_жердің_пайдаланылуы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Табиғи қорлар мен жердің пайдаланылуы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Табиғи_қорлар_мен_жердің_пайдаланылуы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Мәдениет_пен_тарихта" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Мәдениет_пен_тарихта"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Мәдениет пен тарихта</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Мәдениет_пен_тарихта-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тағы_көріңіз" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тағы_көріңіз"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Тағы көріңіз</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тағы_көріңіз-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дереккөздер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дереккөздер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Дереккөздер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дереккөздер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сыртқы_сілтемелер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сыртқы_сілтемелер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Сыртқы сілтемелер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сыртқы_сілтемелер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмұны" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Жер</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 308 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-308" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">308 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Адгьыл – абхаз тілі" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адгьыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="абхаз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumoe" title="Bumoe – ачех тілі" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bumoe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ачех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="ЧӀыгу – адыгей тілі" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="ЧӀыгу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="адыгей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aarde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – неміс тілі (Швейцария)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі (Швейцария)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5" title="መሬት – амхар тілі" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሬት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – арагон тілі" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B0e" title="Eorðe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eorðe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liny%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Linyọn̄ – оболо тілі" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Linyọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="оболо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="धरती – ангика тілі" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धरती" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الأرض – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A5%DC%90" title="ܐܪܥܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܥܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="لأرض – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لأرض" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="الارض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الارض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিৱী – ассам тілі" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৃথিৱী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aski" title="Aski – атикамек тілі" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Aski" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="атикамек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Ракь (планета) – авар тілі" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ракь (планета)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="авар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawava" title="Tawava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tawava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – авадхи тілі" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka_pacha" title="Aka pacha – аймара тілі" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aka pacha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="یئر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80" title="Ер – башқұрт тілі" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башқұрт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumi" title="Gumi – бали тілі" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="бали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadn" title="Eadn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eadn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinaban" title="Kinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Зямля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зямля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F" title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကမ္ဘာႏဟံႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugukolo" title="Dugukolo – бамбара тілі" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dugukolo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбара тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="পৃথিবী – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৃথিবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སའི་གོ་ལ། – тибет тілі" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སའི་གོ་ལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибет тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar_(planedenn)" title="Douar (planedenn) – бретон тілі" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja_(planeta)" title="Zemlja (planeta) – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zemlja (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ – бугис тілі" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨗᨊᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугис тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Дэлхэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-gi%C3%B9" title="Dê-giù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-giù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дуьне – шешен тілі" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьне" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="шешен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan_(planeta)" title="Kalibotan (planeta) – себуано тілі" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalibotan (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎡᎶᎯ – чероки тілі" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎶᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чероки тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زەوی – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – корсика тілі" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсика тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Země" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemia" title="Zemia – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zemia" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%A3" title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ – шіркеулік славян тілі" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁємл҄ѣ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="шіркеулік славян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80" title="Çĕр – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Ddaear" title="Y Ddaear – валлий тілі" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Ddaear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлий тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bgbani" title="Tiŋgbani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tiŋgbani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Andonɛɛ – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Andonɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piny_nhom" title="Piny nhom – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piny nhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1nya" title="Dınya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dınya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – төменгі лужица тілі" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="төменгі лужица тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomogunan" title="Pomogunan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pomogunan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ބިން – дивехи тілі" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84" title="འཛམ་གླིང – дзонг-кэ тілі" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="дзонг-кэ тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra" title="Tèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa" title="Maa – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa_(hod%27ot%C3%A4ht)" title="Maa (hod'otäht) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maa (hod'otäht)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_(veivuravura)" title="Vuravura (veivuravura) – фиджи тілі" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura (veivuravura)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8r%C3%B0in" title="Jørðin – фарер тілі" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jørðin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9Bk%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Wɛkɛ́ – фон тілі" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Wɛkɛ́" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="фон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jard" title="Jard – солтүстік фриз тілі" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jard" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="солтүстік фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere" title="Tiere – фриуль тілі" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриуль тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierde" title="Ierde – батыс фриз тілі" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="батыс фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhan" title="Domhan – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Domhan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Talamh_(planaid)" title="An Talamh (planaid) – шотландиялық гэль тілі" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Talamh (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландиялық гэль тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="زيمي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="زيمي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvy_(yv%C3%B3ra)" title="Yvy (yvóra) – гуарани тілі" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvy (yvóra)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="धर्तरी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="धर्तरी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80" title="પૃથ્વી – гуджарати тілі" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૃથ્વી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mma" title="Mma – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Mma" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigba" title="Aigba – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Aigba" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Dowan" title="Yn Dowan – мэн тілі" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Dowan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya" title="Duniya – хауса тілі" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-khi%C3%B9" title="Thi-khiù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-khiù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honua" title="Honua – гавайи тілі" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Honua" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="כדור הארץ – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור הארץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemja" title="Zemja – жоғарғы лужица тілі" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zemja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="жоғарғы лужица тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8" title="Latè – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Latè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ld" title="Föld – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Föld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Երկիր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկիր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – интерлингва тілі" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – ибан тілі" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – интерлингве тілі" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="интерлингве тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80l%C3%A0" title="Àlà – игбо тілі" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Àlà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaqpak" title="Nunaqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga_(planeta)" title="Daga (planeta) – илоко тілі" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daga (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Лаьтта (дуне) – ингуш тілі" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лаьтта (дуне)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингуш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tero" title="Tero – идо тілі" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0in" title="Jörðin – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jörðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87" title="ᓄᓇ – инуктитут тілі" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oert" title="Oert – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oert" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/terdi" title="terdi – ложбан тілі" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="terdi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – ява тілі" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90" title="დედამიწა – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დედამიწა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer" title="Jer – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagnit_(Amtiweg)" title="Tagnit (Amtiweg) – кабил тілі" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagnit (Amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B" title="ЩӀы – кабардин тілі" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="кабардин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%CA%8B" title="Tɛtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanta" title="Swanta – тьяп тілі" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Swanta" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="тьяп тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoto" title="Ntoto – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ntoto" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%A9" title="Thĩ – кикуйю тілі" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикуйю тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunarsuaq" title="Nunarsuaq – калаалисут тілі" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunarsuaq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="калаалисут тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ផែនដី – кхмер тілі" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផែនដី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – каннада тілі" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мушар – коми-пермяк тілі" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мушар" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="коми-пермяк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джер – қарашай-балқар тілі" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джер" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="қарашай-балқар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بُتہٕ راتھ – кашмир тілі" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بُتہٕ راتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмир тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4d_(Planeet)" title="Ääd (Planeet) – кёльн тілі" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ääd (Planeet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кёльн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinya_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Dinya (gerstêrk) – күрд тілі" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dinya (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="күрд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Му – коми тілі" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Му" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor" title="Dor – корн тілі" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер – қырғыз тілі" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қырғыз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellus_(planeta)" title="Tellus (planeta) – латын тілі" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tellus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – ладино тілі" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erd" title="Äerd – люксембург тілі" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Дуниял – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дуниял" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чил (планета) – лезгин тілі" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чил (планета)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensi" title="Ensi – ганда тілі" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ensi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerd" title="Eerd – лимбург тілі" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eerd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A6ra" title="Tæra – лигур тілі" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="лигур тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – Ломбард" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Ломбард" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel%C3%A9" title="Mabelé – лингала тілі" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mabelé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81" title="ໂລກ – лаос тілі" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂລກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%97" title="Žemė – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeme" title="Zeme – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhum%C3%A8" title="Bhumè – мадур тілі" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhumè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадур тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – майтхили тілі" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Мода (шары тяште) – мокша тілі" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мода (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокша тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tany" title="Tany – малагаси тілі" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагаси тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Мланде (планет) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мланде (планет)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papat%C5%AB%C4%81nuku" title="Papatūānuku – маори тілі" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Papatūānuku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="маори тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – минангкабау тілі" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земја (планета) – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Земја (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ഭൂമി – малаялам тілі" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ – манипури тілі" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="манипури тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="ဂၠးတိ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂၠးတိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱлӓндӹ (планета)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id-Dinja" title="Id-Dinja – мальта тілі" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Id-Dinja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальта тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra" title="Tierra – миранд тілі" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tierra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="миранд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ် – бирма тілі" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирма тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал) – эрзя тілі" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мода (пертпельксэнь вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзя тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87" title="بنه – мазандеран тілі" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандеран тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalticpactli" title="Tlalticpactli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalticpactli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – неаполитан тілі" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eer" title="Eer – төменгі неміс тілі" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="төменгі неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerde" title="Eerde – төменгі саксон тілі" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eerde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="төменгі саксон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – непал тілі" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="प्रिथिबी – невар тілі" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रिथिबी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="невар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet) – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aarde (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorda" title="Jorda – норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jorda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tere" title="Tere – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tere" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%B1" title="ߘߎ߱ – нко тілі" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߘߎ߱" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="нко тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rre" title="Tèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefase" title="Lefase – солтүстік сото тілі" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lefase" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="солтүстік сото тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahasdz%C3%A1%C3%A1n" title="Nahasdzáán – навахо тілі" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nahasdzáán" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="навахо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziko_Lapansi" title="Dziko Lapansi – ньянджа тілі" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Dziko Lapansi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="ньянджа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mua" title="Mua – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mua" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafa" title="Lafa – оромо тілі" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ପୃଥିବୀ – ория тілі" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୃଥିବୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85" title="Зæхх – осетин тілі" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæхх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਧਰਤੀ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatu" title="Yatu – пампанга тілі" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yatu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_(planeta)" title="Tera (planeta) – папьяменто тілі" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A8re" title="Tière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – нигериялық пиджин тілі" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="нигериялық пиджин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd" title="Erd – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Erd" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erde" title="Erde – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Erde" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erth" title="Erth – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Erth" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ra_(pianeta)" title="Tèra (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tèra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B7" title="Γη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%87" title="ځمکه – пушту тілі" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiqsimuyu" title="Tiqsimuyu – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiqsimuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – романш тілі" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="романш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuv" title="Phuv – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phuv" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – рунди тілі" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="рунди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Pământ – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locu" title="Locu – арумын тілі" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Locu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre" title="Terre – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Terre" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Земля (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Земля (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi" title="Isi – киньяруанда тілі" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="киньяруанда тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी – санскрит тілі" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पृथ्वी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Сир – саха тілі" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ – сантали тілі" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – сардин тілі" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(pianeta)" title="Terra (pianeta) – сицилия тілі" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Terra (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yird" title="Yird – шотланд тілі" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="ڌرتي – синдхи тілі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڌرتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eana" title="Eana – солтүстік саам тілі" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eana" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="солтүстік саам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAse_(p%C3%A4l%C3%A4n%C3%AAte)" title="Sêse (pälänête) – санго тілі" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêse (pälänête)" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="санго тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_(Amtiwg)" title="Akal (Amtiwg) – ташелхит тілі" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akal (Amtiwg)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташелхит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ – шан тілі" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="шан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="මහ පොළොව – сингал тілі" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහ පොළොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem" title="Zem – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zemlja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalolagi" title="Lalolagi – самоа тілі" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lalolagi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="самоа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eenn%C3%A2mp%C3%A1llu" title="Eennâmpállu – инари саам тілі" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eennâmpállu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="инари саам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinopasi" title="Rinopasi – шона тілі" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rinopasi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul" title="Dhul – сомали тілі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka" title="Toka – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Земља – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Земља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grontapu" title="Grontapu – сранан тонго тілі" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Grontapu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="сранан тонго тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amhl%C3%A2ba_(i-astronomy)" title="Úmhlâba (i-astronomy) – свати тілі" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Úmhlâba (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="свати тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefatshe" title="Lefatshe – оңтүстік сото тілі" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lefatshe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="оңтүстік сото тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ide" title="Äide – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äide" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcapada" title="Marcapada – сундан тілі" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Marcapada" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – суахили тілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9ymja" title="Źymja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Źymja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="புவி – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/hiyal" title="hiyal – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="hiyal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭೂಮಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="భూమి – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూమి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai" title="Rai – тетум тілі" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rai" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тетум тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Замин – тәжік тілі" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тәжік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C)" title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์) – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลก (ดาวเคราะห์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Der" title="Ýer – түрікмен тілі" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="түрікмен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigdig" title="Daigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99min" title="Zəmin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zəmin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81mani_(palanite)" title="Māmani (palanite) – тонган тілі" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Māmani (palanite)" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="тонган тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraun" title="Giraun – ток-писин тілі" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-писин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya" title="Dünya – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misava" title="Misava – тсонга тілі" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Misava" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Җир – татар тілі" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charu_cha_pasi" title="Charu cha pasi – тумбука тілі" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Charu cha pasi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="тумбука тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чер – тувин тілі" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Музъем – удмурт тілі" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Музъем" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмурт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="يەر شارى – ұйғыр тілі" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەر شارى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ұйғыр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Земля – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Земля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زمین – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer" title="Yer – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%BCifhasi" title="Ḽifhasi – венда тілі" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ḽifhasi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="венда тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera" title="Tera – венеция тілі" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венеция тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma" title="Ma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trái Đất – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirde_(planete)" title="Eirde (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirde (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal" title="Tal – волапюк тілі" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tal" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegne" title="Daegne – валлон тілі" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Daegne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibotan" title="Kalibotan – варай тілі" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuf" title="Suuf – волоф тілі" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Suuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Делкә һариг – қалмақ тілі" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Делкә һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="қалмақ тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhlaba_(i-astronomy)" title="Umhlaba (i-astronomy) – кхоса тілі" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umhlaba (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90" title="დიხაუჩა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიხაუჩა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ערד-פלאנעט – идиш тілі" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ערד-פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%A9" title="Ayé – йоруба тілі" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ayé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuznamh" title="Giuznamh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Giuznamh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerde" title="Aerde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aerde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D_(%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B3)" title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ) – марокколық стандартты тамазигхт тілі" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="марокколық стандартты тамазигхт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF" title="坤輿 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="坤輿" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB" title="Tē-kiû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMhlaba" title="UMhlaba – зулу тілі" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Көрініс</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><div style="font-size:90%"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Disambig_gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/22px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/33px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/44px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> Басқа мағыналар үшін <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B)" class="mw-disambig" title="Жер (айрық)">Жер (айрық)</a> деген бетті қараңыз.</i></div> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="2" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; border:#aaa solid 1px collapse; padding:5px; width:22em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding:3px; font-size:120%; background-color: #c0daff;">Жер <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Earth_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg/20px-Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg/30px-Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg/40px-Earth_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-style: oblique; padding:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:The_Blue_Marble_(remastered).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/250px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/375px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/500px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><th style="">Басқа атаулары</th><td class="" style=""> <p>жаһан, жиһан, дүние, дүниежүзі, әлем, жер-көк </p> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; background-color: #c0daff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орбита">Орбиталық</a> сипаттамасы</th></tr><tr><th style="">Перигелий</th><td class="" style=""> <p>147 098 290 км <br /> 0,98329134 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Астрономиялық бірлік">а.б.</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Афелий</th><td class="" style=""> <p>152 098 232 км <br />1,01671388 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Астрономиялық бірлік">а.б.</a> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Үлкен жарты ось  (<span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>149 598 261 км <br /> 1.00000261 а.б.<sup id="cite_ref-standish_williams_iau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standish_williams_iau-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Айналудың сидерикалық кезеңі</th><td class="" style=""> <p>365,256366004 күн <br />365 күн 6 сағ 9 мин 10 сек </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Орташа аномалиясы (<span class="texhtml"><i>M<sub>o</sub></i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>357,51716° </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Иілуі (<span class="texhtml"><i>i</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>7,155° (күн экваторына қатысты) </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Жоғарғы көтерілуші түйіннің бойлығы (<span class="texhtml">Ω</span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>348,73936° </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Перицентрдің аргументі (<span class="texhtml">ω</span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>114,20783° </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Серіктері</th><td class="" style=""> <p>1 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ай (серік)">Ай</a>), 8300+ (<a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Жасандысерік">жасандысерік</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-серіктер_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-серіктер-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; background-color: #c0daff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">Физикалық</a> сипаттамасы</th></tr><tr><th style="">Полюстік сығылысуы</th><td class="" style=""> <p>0,0033528 </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экватор">Экваторлық</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Радиус">радиусы</a></th><td class="" style=""> <p>6378,1 км </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Географиялық полюс">Полюстік</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Радиус">радиус</a></th><td class="" style=""> <p>6356,8 км </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Орташа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Радиус">радиус</a></th><td class="" style=""> <p>6371,0 км </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Үлкен <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Дөңгелек">дөңгелектің</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шеңбер">шеңбері</a></th><td class="" style=""> <p>40 075,017 км (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экватор">экваторда</a>) </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Жазықтық <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аудан">ауданы</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>S</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>510 072 000 км<sup>2</sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Көлем">Көлем</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>V</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>10,8321×10<sup>11</sup> км<sup>3</sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса">Массасы</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>m</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>10,8321×10<sup>11</sup> км<sup>3</sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Орташа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Тығыздық">тығыздығы</a> (<span class="texhtml">ρ</span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>5,5153 г/см<sup>3</sup> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Экватордағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%83_%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Еркін түсу үдеуі">еркін түсу үдеуі</a>  (<span class="texhtml"><i>g</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>9,780327 м/с<sup>2</sup> (0,99732 g) </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғарыштық жылдамдықтар">Бірінші ғарыштық жылдамдық</a>  (<span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span><sub>1</sub>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>7,91 км/с </p> </td></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғарыштық жылдамдықтар">Екінші ғарыштық жылдамдық</a> (<span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span><sub>2</sub>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>11,186 км/с </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Айналудың экваторлық жылдамдығы</th><td class="" style=""> <p>1674,4 км/сағ (465,1 м/с) </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="">Айналу периоды (<span class="texhtml"><i>T</i></span>)</th><td class="" style=""> <p>0,99726968 күн (23 сағ 56 мин 4,1 сек) </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Альбедо">Альбедо</a></th><td class="" style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <p>0,306 </p> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; background-color: #c0daff;">Температура</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> </th><td class="" style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <table><tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td>мин.</td> <td>орт.</td> <td>макс.</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;">Цельсий</th><td class="" style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <table><tbody><tr> <td>−89,2°C</td> <td>14°C</td> <td>56,7°C</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кельвин">Кельвин</a></th><td class="" style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <table><tbody><tr> <td>184K</td> <td>287,2K</td> <td>329,9K</td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; background-color: #c0daff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">Атмосфера</a></th></tr><tr><th style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Атмосфералық қысым">Атмосфералық қысым</a></th><td class="" style="padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <p>101,325 к<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Паскаль (өлшем бірлік)">Па</a> (теңіз деңгейінде) </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; font-size:110%;"> <center><b>Құрамы</b>:</center><br />78,08% <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">азот</a> (N<sub>2</sub>)<br /> 20,95% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">оттек</a> (O<sub>2</sub>)<br /> ~1% су буы (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">климатқа</a> қарай)<br /> 0,9340% <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">аргон</a> (Ar)<br /> 0,0413% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ">көмірқышқыл газ</a> (СO<sub>2</sub>)<br /> 0,00182% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неон">неон</a> (Ne)<br /> 0,00052% <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гелий">гелий</a> (He)<br /> 0,00019% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан">метан</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>)<br /> 0,00011% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Криптон">криптон</a> (Kr)<br /> 0,00006% <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сутегі">сутек</a> (H) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; padding:3px; font-size:120%; background-color: #c0daff;"><i><b>Тағы көріңіз: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Астрономия">Портал:Астрономия</a> </b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 240px; float: right; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="margin-left: 5px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg/40px-Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg/60px-Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg/80px-Old_Turkic_letter_G1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="201" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="mbox-text" style="font-size: 95%;"> <div style="margin-left: 5px;">Бұл мақалада <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Көне түркі жазуы">орхон жазуы</a> таңбалары бар. Құрылғыңыз оларды көрсетпеуі мүмкін.</div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Жер</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" title="Күн (жұлдыз)">Күннен</a> әрі қарай санағанда үшінші <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғаламшар">ғаламшар</a> және тіршілігі табылған жалғыз астрономиялық нысан. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Радиометрия">Радиометриялық</a> талдау мен басқа айғақтар бойынша, Жер 4,5 миллиардтан астам жыл бұрын қалыптасты. Оның <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Гравитациялық өріс">гравитациялық өрісі</a> <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ғарыш">ғарыштағы</a> басқа нысандармен, әсіресе Күн мен табиғи серігі <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ай (серік)">Аймен</a> әрекеттеседі. <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер орбитасы">Орбита</a> бойымен <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Жыл">365,25 шақты күн</a> ішінде Күнді бір рет айналып шығады. </p><p>Жердің айналу осі өз орбиталық жазықтығына қатысты алғанда көлбегендігі <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жыл мезгілдері">жыл мезгілдерін</a> тудырады. Гравитациялық өрісінің Аймен әрекеттесуі судың толысуы мен қайтуына себеп болып табылады. Және де ол әрекеттесу Жерді өз <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ось">осіне</a> тұрақтандырып, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Айналу">айналуын</a> бірте-бірте баяулатады. Жер <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Күн жүйесі">Күн жүйесіндегі</a> ғаламшарлардың ең тығызы және 4 Жер тәрізді ғаламшардың бірі болып саналады. </p><p>Сыртқы қабаты (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литосфера">литосферасы</a>) <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Жер беті (геология)">Жер бетімен</a> жылжып жүретін бірнеше қатты <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Литосфералық тақталар">тектоникалық (литосфералық) тақтаға</a> бөлінеді. Бетінің 29 шақты <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Пайыз">пайызы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құрлық">құрлықтар</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Арал">аралдардан</a> тұрады, қалған ~71%-ын <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су">су</a> (көбінесе <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мұхит">мұхиттар</a>, бірақ олармен бірге <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Өзен">өзендер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Көл">көлдер</a> және басқа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%89%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Тұщы су">тұщы</a> су да) алады. Жердегі судың барлығы <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера">гидросфераны</a> құрайды. Полюстік аймақтарының көбін <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7" title="Мұз">мұз</a>, соның ішінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антарктика">Антарктикалық</a> мұз қалқан мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арктика">Арктикадағы</a> теңіз мұзы, қаптаған. Белсенді ішкі бөлігі қатты темір субъядро, Жердің магниттік өрісін тудыратын сұйық сыртқы ядро және тақта жылжытатын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конвекция">конвекциялы</a> мантиядан тұрады. </p><p>Жер тарихының бірінші <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="1000000000 (сан)">миллиард</a> жылында, мұхитта қалыптасқан тіршілік Жер <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">атмосферасы</a> мен бетіне әсер еткендігінің нәтижесінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Анаэробтар">анаэробтық</a> және соңыра <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аэробтық ағзалар">аэробтық</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ағза">организмдер</a> әр жаққа таралды. Кейбір геологиялық айғақтар бойынша, тіршілік 4,1 млрд жыл бұрын пайда болғаны ықтимал. Сол кезден бері Жер мен Күн арасындағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Арақашықтық">қашықтық</a>, олардың физикалық қасиеттері, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология">геологиялық</a> тарихы және тағы неше түрлі фактор тіршілікке <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эволюция">эволюциялау</a> мен өркендеуге мүмкіндік берді. Жердегі тіршіліктің тарихында <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Биоалуантүрлілік (мұндай бет жоқ)">биоалуантүрлілік</a> көптеген рет кеңею кезеңдері арқылы өтіп, кейде ағзалардың жаппай қырылғанынан төмендеген еді. Жерде әлдеқашан өмір сүрген <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Түр">түрлердің</a> бәрі 99%-ынан астам бөлігі қазіргі кезде қырылған. Бүгінгі түрлер санын есептеулері әртүрлі; түрлердің көбі тіпті сипатталған да жоқ. Жерде өмір сүретін 8 миллиард шақты <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Саналы адам">адам</a> оның <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера">биосферасы</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табиғи қорлар">табиғи қорларына</a> тәуелді болып, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Антропогеография">ол арқасында өмір сүреді</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Этимологиясы"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Этимологиясы</h2></div> <p>Қазақ тілінде <i>жер</i> сөзі <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қыпшақ тілі">қыпшақ тіліндегі</a> <i>yer</i> сөзінен шыққан,<sup id="cite_ref-бірінші_этимологиясы_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-бірінші_этимологиясы-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> оның өзі прото-түркіше <i>*yẹr</i> сөзінен келген.<sup id="cite_ref-екінші_этимологиясы_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-екінші_этимологиясы-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Татар тілі">Татарша</a> <i>җир</i>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Шуаш тілі">шуашша</a> <i>ҫӗр</i>, ескі түркіше <big>𐰘𐰼</big> (<i>йер</i>) мен <big>𐰘𐰃𐰼</big> (<i>йир</i>) және т.б. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Түркі тілдері">түркі тілдеріндегі</a> сөздердің когнаты. Алтай тілдерінің гипотезасы бойынша, түркі, манчжур, моңғол және т.б. азиялық тілдер туыстас. Старостиннің этимологиялық базасында <i>жер</i> сөзі жалпы прото-алтайша <i>*ńĕra</i> түбірінен шыққан делінеді. Ол реконструкция рас болса, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Моңғол тілі">моңғолша</a> <i>ǯirig</i> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Эвенкі тілі">эвенкіше</a> <i>yerke</i> сөздерінің когнаты болуы мүмкін.<sup id="cite_ref-үшінші_этимологиясы_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-үшінші_этимологиясы-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Басқа атаулары <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Парсы тілі">парсы</a> не <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Араб тілі">араб</a> тілдерінен енген. <i>Жаһан</i> мен <i>жиһан</i> екі сөзі парсыша <span lang="ar">جهان</span> дегеннен, <i>дүние</i> мен <i>дүниежүзі</i> араб тіліндегі <span lang="ar">دنيا</span> сөзінен, ал <i>әлем</i> сөзі арабша <span lang="ar">عالم</span> дегеннен шықты. </p><p>Сомен қатар <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латын тілі">латынша</a> <i>terra</i> (<i>tellus</i>) мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ежелгі грек тілі">ежелгі грекше</a> <span lang="grc" class="polytonic">γαῖᾰ</span> (<span lang="grc" class="polytonic">γῆ</span>) деген атаулары бар. Қазақ тілінде олар жеке қолданылмайды, алайда <i><b>терра</b>риум</i>, <i><b>теллу</b>рий</i>, <i><b>ге</b>ография</i> сияқты сөздер ішінде кездеседі. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хронологиясы"><span id=".D0.A5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Хронологиясы</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Қалыптасуы"><span id=".D2.9A.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.83.D1.8B"></span>Қалыптасуы</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/220px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/330px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Protoplanetary-disk.jpg/440px-Protoplanetary-disk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Көркемдеуші елесіндегі протоғаламшарлық диск</figcaption></figure> <p>Кей есептеуше, Күн жүйесінде табылған ең ескі материалға 4,5672±0,0006 миллиард жыл,<sup id="cite_ref-bouvier_wadhwa2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bouvier_wadhwa2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ал Жерге болса, шамамен 4,54±0,04 миллиард.<sup id="cite_ref-age_earth1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age_earth1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Теория бойынша, Күн тұмандығы гравитациялық коллапс арқылы молекулалық бұлттың бір көлемін өзіне бөліп алған, ал бұлт болса, айнала бастап, протоғаламшарлық дискіге жалпайып айналды, сосын ғаламшарлар сол дискінен қалыптасқан. Сондықтан Күн жүйесінің денелері Күнмен бірге қалыптасып дамыған. Жоғарыда ескертілген тұмандықты газ, түйір мұз және ғарыштық тозаң, соның ішінде примордиалды нуклидтер құраған. Небулалық теория бойынша, планетезимальдер <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккреция">аккреция</a> арқылы қалыптасты, атап айтқанда Жеріміз 70-100 млн жыл ішінде пайда болды.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Айдың шамамен 4,5 млрд жыл бұрын қалыптасқандығы қазіргі кезде зерттеу тақырыбы болып жүр.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Басым <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Гипотеза">гипотеза</a> бойынша, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Көлем">көлемі</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс">Марстікіндей</a> Тейя деген нысан Жерді соққанынан кейін Ай аккреция арқылы қалыптасып алған.<sup id="cite_ref-reilly20091022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reilly20091022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тейяның <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса">массасы</a>, Жердікімен салыстырғанда, оның 10 пайызындай болған; біраз бөлігі Жермен бірігіп қалған.<sup id="cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Геологиялық_тарихы"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Геологиялық тарихы</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png/220px-Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png/330px-Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png/440px-Angular_Unconformity_at_Praia_do_Telheiro_in_Algarve_in_Portugal.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Карбон кезеңі">Карбон</a> кезеңінің тасы</figcaption></figure> <p>Жер атмосферасы мен мұхиттары жанартау белсенділігі мен газсыздану (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ағылшын тілі">ағылшынша</a> <i>outgassing</i>) арқылы қалыптасты.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сол көздерден шыққан су буы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конденсация">конденсацияланып</a>, мұхиттарды құрады. Содан бөлек, судың кей бөлігі <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид">астероидтер</a>, протоғаламшарлар, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета">кометалардан</a>, жалпы айтқанда <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ғарыш">ғарыштан</a> келді.<sup id="cite_ref-watersource_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watersource-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жаңа қалыптасқан Күннің жарқырауы қазіргінің 70%-ындай болғанда көшетхана газдары әуелгі мұхиттарды қатып қалудан сақтап жүрген.<sup id="cite_ref-asp2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asp2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Атмосфераны талқандағыш <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Күн желі">күн желінен</a> қорғайтын магниттік өріс 3,5 млрд жылға таман бұрын қалыптасты.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg20100304_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg20100304-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Жердің балқыған сыртқы қабатының қатқанынан кейін тұңғыш қатты, тектоникалық тақталардан тұратын қыртысы пайда болды. Миллиондаған жыл бойы олар тектоника күші арқылы бірігіп, суперконтиненттерді құрып, қайта ыдырап жүрген еді. 750 миллионға жуық жыл бұрын алғашқы суперконтиненттердің бірі — Родиния деген суперконтинент ыдырай бастады. Сосын ыдыраған континенттер қайта бірігіп Паннотияны құрды (600–540 млн жыл бұрын), соңыра <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Пангея">Пангея</a> пайда болып, 180 млн жыл бұрын ыдырап қалды.<sup id="cite_ref-bradley_2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradley_2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Мұз дәуірлері шамамен 40 млн жыл бұрын орын ала бастады<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> және плейстоценде (~3 млн жыл бұрын) күшейді.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сол кезден бері 21000–100000 жыл сайын биік ендіктерде орналасқан аймақтар әрдайым мұзданып еру циклдері арқылы өтіп жүр.<sup id="cite_ref-psc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psc-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Соңғы мұздану 11700 жыл бұрын бітті.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Тіршіліктің_пайда_болуы_мен_эволюциясы"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.96.D1.80.D1.88.D1.96.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.96.D2.A3_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B4.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.8B_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.8D.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Тіршіліктің пайда болуы мен эволюциясы</h3></div> <div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">Тіршілік тарихы</div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:36em; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:35.68281938326em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:33.700440528634em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.718061674009em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.735682819383em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.753303964758em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.770925110132em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.788546255507em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.806167400881em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.823788546256em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.84140969163em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.859030837004em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.876651982379em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.894273127753em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.9118942731278em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.9295154185022em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.9471365638767em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.9647577092511em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.9823788546256em;"><span style="font-size:86%;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; 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color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Жер</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жердің жасы">−4540</a>)</span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.985022026432em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су">Тұңғыш су</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:31.718061674009em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Абиогенез">Тұңғыш тіршілік</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.753303964758em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">Тұңғыш оттек</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.42731277533em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Оттек"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:70%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">Атмосфералық оттек</span></a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.237885462555em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;">Оттек апаты</span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.5154185022026em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:90%;color:black;background-color:transparent;;">Жыныстық көбею</span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.7400881057269em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өсімдіктер">Тұңғыш өсімдік</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.9471365638767em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар">Тұңғыш жануар</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2898678414097em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Кембрий кезеңі"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:80%;color:#0645ad;background-color:transparent;;">Кембрий жарылысы</span></a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.9339207048458em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Төртаяқтылар"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#0645ad;background-color:transparent;;">Төртаяқтылар</span></a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.079295154185022em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Маймыл">Тұңғыш маймыл</a></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.87224669603524em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.5em; left:-13.05em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:block; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Фанерозой"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#ffffff;background-color:transparent;;">Ф<br />а<br />н<br />е<br />р<br />о<br />з<br />о<br />й</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.0114537444934em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.5em; left:-13.05em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:block; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Протерозой"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#ffffff;background-color:transparent;;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />П<br />р<br />о<br />т<br />е<br />р<br />о<br />з<br />о<br />й</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.537444933921em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.75em; left:-13.05em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:block; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Архей"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#ffffff;background-color:transparent;;"><br /><br /><br />А<br />р<br />х<br />е<br />й</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.370044052863em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.15em; left:-13.05em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хадей"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#ffffff;background-color:transparent;;"><br /><br />Г<br />а<br />д<br />е<br />й</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:22.519823788546em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.55em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Понгола мұздануы (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Понгола</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:17.84140969163em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.55em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гурон мұздануы (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Гурон</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.3722466960352em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.55em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Криогений (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Криогений</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.488986784141em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.74em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Анд-Сахара мұздануы (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Анд</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.4581497797357em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.71em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кару мұздануы (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Кару</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.010308370044053em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.35em; left:-13.6em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Төрттік мұздану (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:black;">Төрттік</span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.5em; left:-13.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:0px 4px 0px 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Мұз дәуірі"><span style="color:black;"><b>Мұз дәуірлері</b></span></a></span></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.894273127753em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; 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bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em"><small>(миллион жыл бұрын)</small></div></div> <p><br /> 4 млрд жыл бұрын мұхиттағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялық реакциялар">химиялық реакциялар</a> арқасында алғашқы өзін көбейтетін <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула">молекулалар</a> қалыптасты. Жарты миллиард жылдан соң соңғы әмбебап жалпы баба (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ағылшын тілі">ағылшынша</a> <i>Last Universal Common Ancestor</i>, <i>LUCA</i>) пайда болыпты.<sup id="cite_ref-sa282_6_90_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa282_6_90-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>LUCA</i> деген жердегі бүкіл тіршілікке баба болып табылатын биологиялық түр.) Сосын эволюция үдерісінде пайда болған <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез">фотосинтез</a> тірі ағзаларға <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Күн энергетикасы">Күн энергиясын</a> пайдалануға мұрша берді. Фотосинтез нәтижесінде шығатын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">оттек</a> (<span class="chemf">O<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span>) атмосферада жиналып, ультракүлгін сәулемен әрекеттесіп, қорғаныс <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Озон қабаты">озон</a> (<span class="chemf">O<sub>3</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span>) <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Озон қабаты">қабатын</a> құрады.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131003_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Шағын <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Жасуша">жасушалардың</a> үлкенірек жасушаларға сіңіп кеткендігінен <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар">эукариоттар</a> деген күрделі жасушалы ағзалар қалыптасты.<sup id="cite_ref-jas22_3_225_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jas22_3_225-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Солай-ақ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ультракүлгін сәулелену">ультракүлгін радиациясынан</a> қорғайтын озон қабатының көмегімен тірі ағзалар Жер жүзін қаптады.<sup id="cite_ref-burton20021129_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton20021129-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тұңғыш тіршіліктің қазба айғақтарының кейбіреулері: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аустралия">Аустралиядағы</a> 3,48 миллиард жылдық құмтас үстіндегі микробты мат қазындысы,<sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> батыс <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гренландия">Гренландиядағы</a> 3,7 миллиард жылдық меташөгінді жыныстар ішіндегі биогендік <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Графит">графит</a><sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> және батыс Аустралияда табылған 4,1 млрд жылдық тастардағы биотикалық материал қалдықтары.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Неопротерозой">Неопротерозойда</a> (1000–541 млн жыл бұрын) Жердің көп бөлігін мұз басқаны мүмкін. Бұл гипотеза «<i>Snowball Earth</i>» (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ағылшын тілі">ағылшынша</a> <i>Кесек қар (тәрізді) Жер</i>) атанып, <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ғалым">ғалымдар</a> арасында қызық туғызды, себебі ол заманнан кейін бірден кембрий жарылысы деген <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көп жасушалы ағзалар">көпжасушалы ағзалардың</a> күрделілену кезеңі келді.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Кембрий жарылысынан (535 млн ж. б.) кейін кем дегенде бес ірі және біршама шағын қырылыс болған.<sup id="cite_ref-sci215_4539_1501_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci215_4539_1501-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Қазір болып жатқан <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен">голоцен</a> қырылысын санамағанда соңғысы — 66 млн жыл бұрын астероид құлауы салдарынан болған қырылу ұшпайтын <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Динозаврлар">динозаврларлар</a> мен басқа үлкен <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бауырымен жорғалаушылар">рептилияларды</a> жойып, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жәндіктер">жәндіктерді</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сүтқоректілер">сүтқоректілерді</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кесірткелер">кесірткелерді</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құстар">құстарды</a> өркендетті. Бірнеше млн жыл бұрын бір <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">африкалық</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Маймыл">маймыл</a> түзу тұруды үйреніп алды.<sup id="cite_ref-gould1994_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Бұл қозғалу өзгерісі сол маймылды <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Құрал">құралдарды</a> қолдануға және туыстастарымен барынша байланысуға мәжбүрледі. Сол себептен оған дамыған <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8" title="Ми">ми</a> қажет болған. Миы дамығанымен ол бірте-бірте адамға айналды. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ауыл шаруашылығы">Ауыл шаруашылығы</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Өркениет">өркениеттің</a> дамуы адамзатқа Жер мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табиғат">табиғатқа</a> ықпал етуге мүмкіндік берді,<sup id="cite_ref-bgsa119_1_140_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgsa119_1_140-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> алайда біз ол мүмкіндікті немқұрайлы пайдаланамыз. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Болашағы"><span id=".D0.91.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.88.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B"></span>Болашағы</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/220px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/330px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/440px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Күн қызыл алыпқа айналғанда</figcaption></figure> <p>Келесі 1,1 млрд жылда Күннің <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жарқырау">жарқырауы</a> 10%-ға және кейінгі 3,5 млрд жылда 40%-ға өседі.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_future_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_future-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сондықтан Жер бетінің өсіп келе жатқан температурасы 100–900 млн жыл ішінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бейорганикалық заттар">бейорганикалық</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі">көміртек</a> циклін үдетіп, атмосферадағы <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өсімдіктер">өсімдіктерге</a> қажет <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ"><span class="chemf">CO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Концентрация">концентрациясын</a> (C4 фотосинтезі үшін 10 ppm) леталды дәрежеге төмендетеді.<sup id="cite_ref-britt2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britt2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pnas1_24_9576_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas1_24_9576-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Вегетацияның жоқ болуы нәтижесінде атмосферадағы оттек таусылады да, барлық <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар">жануар</a> қырылып қалады.<sup id="cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Көтерілген жарқырау салдарынан орташа температура 100°C-қа жетеді және 1,6−3 млрд жыл ішінде барлық мұхит 1,5 жыл ішінде суалып, ғарышқа ұшып кетеді.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>5 миллиард жылдан кейін Күн эволюциялап, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Алып қызыл жұлдыз">қызыл алыпқа</a> айналып кетеді. Кейбір модель бойынша, ол 1 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Астрономиялық бірлік">AU</a>-ға дерлік, яғни 250 есе үлкейеді.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_future_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_future-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тіршіліктің көбін Күннің 5000 есе күшейген жарқырауы жояды. 2008 жылы өткізілген симуляцияға сай, ақыр аяғында Жер орбитасы су толысу эффектілерінің салдарынан Күн атмосферасына кіріп газға айналып қалады.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_future_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_future-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Қасиеттері"><span id=".D2.9A.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.96"></span>Қасиеттері</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Пішіні"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.96.D1.88.D1.96.D0.BD.D1.96"></span>Пішіні</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Жердің пішіні мен көлемі">Жердің пішіні мен көлемі</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo,_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg/220px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg/330px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg/440px-Volc%C3%A1n_Chimborazo%2C_%22El_Taita_Chimborazo%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Чимборасо шыңы</figcaption></figure> <p>Жер пішіні сфераға ұқсас. Айналуы нәтижесінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Географиялық полюс">полюстері</a> кішкене жалпиған, ал <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экватор">экваторы</a> кеңейген.<sup id="cite_ref-milbert_smith96_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milbert_smith96-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Экваторлық <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Диаметр">диаметрі</a> полюстік диаметрінен 43 км кеңірек, әйткенмен бұл ауытқу орташа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Радиус">радиустың</a> 1%-ын да құрамайды.<sup id="cite_ref-ngdc2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Жер массасының центрінен ең қашық нүкте <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эквадор">Эквадордағы</a> Чимборасо <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жанартау">жанартауында</a> (6384,4 км) орналасқан.<sup id="cite_ref-ps20_5_16_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps20_5_16-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lancet365_9462_831_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet365_9462_831-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Орташа диаметрі 12742 км, бірақ жергілікті <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография">топографиясы</a> кішкене ауытқиды (демек, әр жері сәл басқаша). Дегенмен, жаһандық масштабта бұл ауытқу елеусіз: ең үлкені <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D2%B1%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мариана шұңғымасы">Мариана шұңғымасындағы</a> 0,17% (теңіз деңгейінен 10925 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Метр">м</a> төмен),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ал <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Джомолунгма">Эверест</a> тауындағы болса, 0,14% (теңіз деңгейінен 8848 м жоғары).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Химиялық_құрамы"><span id=".D0.A5.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D2.9B.D2.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.8B"></span>Химиялық құрамы</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер химиясы">Жер химиясы</a></i></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em;"> <caption>Қыртыстың химиялық құрамы<sup id="cite_ref-Rudnick2003_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudnick2003-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялық қосылыстар">Қосылыс</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химиялық формула">Формула</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Құрам </th></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Континенттік </th> <th style="font-size: smaller;">Мұхиттық </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96_(IV)" title="Кремний оксиді (IV)">кремний диоксиді</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">SiO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">60,6% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">48,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Алюминий оксиді">алюминий оксиді</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">15,9% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">16,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Кальций оксиді">кальций оксиді</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">CaO<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,41% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">12,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>магний оксиді </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">MgO<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,66% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>темір оксидтері </td> <td style="text-align: center;">FeO<sub>T</sub> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,71% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>натрий оксиді </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,07% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>калий оксиді </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">K<sub>2</sub>O<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,81% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>титан диоксиді </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">TiO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0,72% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96(V)" title="Фосфор оксидтері(V)">фосфор пентоксиді</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0,13% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>марганец оксиді </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span class="chemf">MnO<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0,10% </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,4% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Жалпы </th> <th style="text-align: right;">100,1% </th> <th style="text-align: right;">99,9% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Жердің массасы 5,97×10<sup>24</sup> шақты кг. Құрамының үлкен бөлігі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Темір">темірден</a> (32,1%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">оттектен</a> (30,1%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кремний">кремнийден</a> (15,1%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний">магнийден</a> (13,9%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82" title="Күкірт">күкірттен</a> (2,9%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Никель">никельден</a> (1,8%), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций">кальцийден</a> (1,5%) және <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий">алюминийден</a> (1,4%) тұрады, қалғанын 1,2%-ын іздік элементтер құрайды. Масса сегрегациясынан ядроның басым бөлігі темірден (88,8%), кішкене бөлігі никельден (5,8%), күкірттен (4,5%) және 1-ден кем пайызы іздік элементтерден тұрады.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Сыртқы қабатын құраушы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тау жынысы">жыныстардың</a> бәрі дерлік <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Оксидтер">оксид</a>. Қыртыстың 99%-ынан астам бөлігін 11 басым оксид құрайды: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96_(IV)" title="Кремний оксиді (IV)">кремний диоксиді</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Алюминий оксиді">алюминий оксиді</a>, темір оксидтері, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Кальций оксиді">кальций оксиді</a>, магний оксиді, калий оксиді және натрий оксиді.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown_mussett1981_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown_mussett1981-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ішкі_құрылымы"><span id=".D0.86.D1.88.D0.BA.D1.96_.D2.9B.D2.B1.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BC.D1.8B"></span>Ішкі құрылымы</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Жер құрылымы">Жер құрылымы</a></i></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 2em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Жердің геологиялық қабаттары<sup id="cite_ref-pnas76_9_4192_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas76_9_4192-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/220px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/330px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png/440px-%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />Жердің қабаттары (масштабы жалған) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Тереңдік<sup id="cite_ref-robertson2001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson2001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">км</span> </th> <th style="vertical-align: top;">Қабат </th> <th>Тығыздық<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">г/см<sup>3</sup></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0–60 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Литосфера </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FEFEFE;"> <td>0–35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Қыртыс </td> <td>2,2–2,9 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FEFEFE;"> <td>35–660 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Жоғарғы мантия </td> <td>3,4–4,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>  660-2890 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Төменгі мантия </td> <td>3,4–5,6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FEFEFE;"> <td>100–700 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Астеносфера </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2890–5100 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Сыртқы ядро </td> <td>9,9–12,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5100–6378 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ішкі ядро </td> <td>12,8–13,1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Жер тобының кез келген ғаламшары (Жер тәрізді ғаламшар) химиялық немесе физикалық (реологиялық) қасиеттері бойынша бірнеше қабатқа бөлінеді. Сыртқы қабаты <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Силикаттар">силикатты</a> және химиялық жағынан оқшау, оның астында аса <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Тұтқырлық">тұтқыр</a>, қатты мантия орналасқан. Қыртыс пен мантияны бір-бірінен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мохоровичич шекарасы">Мохоровичич шекарасы</a> айырады. Қалыңдығы мұхит астындағы 6 км-ден құрлықтағы 30–50 км-ге дейін вариацияланады. Қыртыс пен жоғарғы мантияның суық, қатты үстіңгі бөлігі литосфераны құрайды.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Литосфераның астында аса тұтқыр емес, үстімен тектоникалық тақта жылжитын <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера">астеносфера</a> қабаты орналасқан. Астындағы 410 мен 660 км арасында қос мантияның өтпелі аймағы тұр. Бұл аймақ <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кристалдық тор">кристалдық құрылымдары</a> әртүрлі жоғарғы мен төменгі мантиялардың шекарасы болып табылады. Мантиядан кейін тұтқырлығы орасан төмен сыртқы ядро мен дәл центрінде ішкі ядро жатыр.<sup id="cite_ref-tanimoto_ahrens1995_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanimoto_ahrens1995-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер ішкі ядросының бұрыштық жылдамдығы қалған бөлігінен гөрі сәл жоғары болғандығынан ол жыл сайын 0,1–0,5°-қа жылжып кетеді.<sup id="cite_ref-Deuss_2014_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deuss_2014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ішкі ядро радиусы Жердің жалпы радиусының 1/5 шақты бөлігін құрайды. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Жылуы"><span id=".D0.96.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.8B"></span>Жылуы</h3></div> <p>Жердің ішкі <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Жылу">жылуы</a> ғаламшарлық <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккреция">аккрециядан</a> қалған жылу (20%) мен радиобелсенді ыдыраудан шыққан жылудан (80%) пайда болады. Ішіндегі жылу шығарушы басым <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп">изотоптар</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">калий</a>-40, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (химиялық элемент)">уран</a>-238 және <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий">торий</a>-232.<sup id="cite_ref-sanders20031210_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanders20031210-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Центрінде температурасы 6000°-қа<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> және қысымы 360 Г<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Паскаль (өлшем бірлік)">Па</a>-ге<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsl360_1795_1227_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> жетеді. Жылудың басым бөлігін радиобелсенді ыдырау қамтамасыз еткендігінен ежелде, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Жартылай ыдырау кезеңі">жартылай ыдырау периоды</a> қысқа изотоптар әлі бітпеген кезде, Жердің жылу деңгейі әлдеқайда жоғары болған. Жоғары жылу деңгейі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конвекция">конвекция</a> мен тақталар <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тектоника">тектоникасы</a> деңгейін көтерген және коматиит сияқты қазіргі кезде сирек кездесетін <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Магмалық тау жыныстары">магмалық жыныстарға</a> қалыптасуға мұрша берген.<sup id="cite_ref-T&S_137_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&S_137-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epsl121_1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epsl121_1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Жылу шығаратын изотоптар<sup id="cite_ref-T&S_137_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&S_137-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп">Изотоп</a> </th> <th>Жылу шығару<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ватт">W</a>/кг изотоп</span> </th> <th>Жартылай ыдырау <p>периоды<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">жыл</span> </p> </th> <th>Мантиядағы <p>концентрациясы<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">кг изотоп/кг мантия</span> </p> </th> <th>Жылу шығару<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ватт">W</a>/кг мантия</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>238</sup>U </td> <td>94,6×10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td>4,47×10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>30,8×10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td>2,91×10<sup>−12</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>235</sup>U </td> <td>569×10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td>0,704×10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>0,22×10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td>0.125×10<sup>−12</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>232</sup>Th </td> <td>26,4×10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td>14,0×10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>124×10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td>3,27×10<sup>−12</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>40</sup>K </td> <td>29,2×10<sup>−6</sup> </td> <td>1,25×10<sup>9</sup> </td> <td>36,9×10<sup>−9</sup> </td> <td>1,08×10<sup>−12</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Тектоникалық_тақталары"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D1.82.D0.B0.D2.9B.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Тектоникалық тақталары</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Литосфералық тақталар">Литосфералық тақталар</a></i></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Жердің ірі тақталары<sup id="cite_ref-brown_wohletz2005_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown_wohletz2005-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Tectonic_plates_(empty).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/220px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/330px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg/440px-Tectonic_plates_%28empty%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Тақта атауы </th> <th>Аймақ<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;">10<sup>6</sup> км<sup>2</sup></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #fee6aa; background: #fee6aa; text-align: center;" title="#fee6aa">    </span> Тынық мұхит тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">103,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #fb9a7a; background: #fb9a7a; text-align: center;" title="#fb9a7a">    </span> Африка тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">78,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #ac8d7f; background: #ac8d7f; text-align: center;" title="#ac8d7f">    </span> Солтүстік Америка тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">75,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #7fa172; background: #7fa172; text-align: center;" title="#7fa172">    </span> Еуразия тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">67,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #8a9dbe; background: #8a9dbe; text-align: center;" title="#8a9dbe">    </span> Антарктика тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">60,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #fcb482; background: #fcb482; text-align: center;" title="#fcb482">    </span> Үнді-Аустралия тақтасы</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">47,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0px 0px 1px 0px; display: block;"><span style="vertical-align: top; border: 0px solid #ad82b0; background: #ad82b0; text-align: center;" title="#ad82b0">    </span> Оңтүстік тақта</span></td> <td style="text-align: center;">43,6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Жердің литосфера деген қатты сыртқы қабаты бірнеше тектоникалық тақтаға бөлінеді. Ол тақталар өзара үш жолмен жылжығандығынан үш шекара түрі бар: конвергенттік шекарада екі тақта жақындаса жылжиды; дивергенттік шекарада екі тақта алшақтанады және трансформдық шекарада тақталар параллельді жылжиды. Сол шекараларда жанартау белсенділігі, зілзалалар, тау құрылуы, шұңғыма қалыптасуы орын алады.<sup id="cite_ref-kious_tilling1999_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kious_tilling1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тақталар астеносфера деген жоғарғы мантияның қатты, бірақ сонша тұтқыр емес бөлігінің үстімен қозғалады.<sup id="cite_ref-seligman2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seligman2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Конвергенттік шекарада мұхиттық тақта субдукция нәтижесінде континенттік тақтаның астына кіргенде кей бөлігі мантияға оралады, ал дивергенттік шекарада екі тақта арасына мантия заты жоғары көтеріліп, шұңғыма құрайды. Осы екі процестің алмасуы нәтижесінде мұхиттық қыртыс әрдайым жаңарады. Мұхит түбінің үлкен бөлігінің жасы 100 млн жылдан аспайды. Ең ескі жері Тынық мұхиттың батысында орналасқан, жасы шамамен 200 млн жыл.<sup id="cite_ref-duennebier1999_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duennebier1999-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa20070307_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa20070307-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Континенттік қыртыс болса, мұхиттағыдан едәуір ескі. Ең ескі бөлігіне 4030 млн жыл,<sup id="cite_ref-cmp134_3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmp134_3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> әйткенмен эоархей кезеңінің шөгінді тастарында табылған цирконныңға 4400 млн жыл, демек Жер қыртысы ол кезде де қалыптасып біткені мүмкін.<sup id="cite_ref-science310_5756_1947_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science310_5756_1947-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ең дәу жеті тақта қатарына Тынық мұхит, Солтүстік Америка, Еуразия, Африка, Антарктика, Үнді-Аустралия және Оңтүстік Америка тақталары кіреді. Кішірек тақталарға Аравия, Кариб, Оңтүстік Америка батысында орналасқан Наска, Атлант мұхитының оңтүстігіндегі Скотия тақталары жатады. Кейбір тақталар бір-бірімен бірлеседі, мысалы Аустралия тақтасы Үнді тақтасымен шамамен 50–55 млн жыл бұрын бірлесіп қалған. Ең тез жылжитын тақталар - мұхиттық тақталар, мәселен Кокос тақтасы 75 мм/жыл жылдамдығымен үдейе жүреді,<sup id="cite_ref-podp2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podp2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ал Тынық мұхит тақтасы 52–69 мм/жыл жылдамдығымен қозғалады. Ең баяу жылжитын Оңтүстік Америка тақтасы жыл сайын тек 10,6 мм ғана жүреді.<sup id="cite_ref-Argus_etal_2011_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argus_etal_2011-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Беті"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.96"></span>Беті</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер қыртысы">Жер қыртысы</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Earth_dry_elevation.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Earth_dry_elevation.stl/220px-Earth_dry_elevation.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Earth_dry_elevation.stl/330px-Earth_dry_elevation.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Earth_dry_elevation.stl/440px-Earth_dry_elevation.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>Сусыз Жердің 3D моделі (масштабы жалған)</figcaption></figure> <p>Жер бетінің толық ауданы шамасында 510 млн км<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Оның 70,8%-ы<sup id="cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (361,13 млн км<sup>2</sup>) теңіз деңгейінің астында жатыр, демек оны мұхит суы қаптаған.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Судың астында континенттік қайраңдар, таулар, жанартаулар,<sup id="cite_ref-ngdc2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngdc2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> мұхиттық шұңғымалар, суасты шатқалдары, мұхиттық үстірттердің көбі орналасқан. Қалған, су баспаған 29,2% (148,94 млн км<sup>2</sup>) жер әртүрлі бедерлерден тұрады: тау, шөл, жазық, үстірт және т.б. Тектоника мен эрозия, жанартау атқылауы, су басуы, үгілу, мұздану, маржан рифтері мен метеорит құлауы Жер бетінің пішініне әрдайым әсер етеді. </p><p>Континенттік қыртыс гранит пен андезит сияқты тығыздығы төменірек магмалық тау жыныстарынан тұрады. Базальт деген тығыз жанартаулық жыныс пен мұхит түбін негізгі құраушы сирегірек кездеседі.<sup id="cite_ref-layers_earth_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-layers_earth-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Шөгінді тау жыныстары деген бір жерге жиналған шөгіндінің нығызданғандығынан қалыптасатын жыныстар. Континенттер бетінің шамамен 75%-ын шөгінді тау жыныстары қаптаған, әйткенмен олар бүкіл қыртыстың тек 5%-ын құрайды.<sup id="cite_ref-jessey_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jessey-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Үшінші түрі — әуелгі жыныстардың жоғары қысым немесе/және жоғары температура арқылы трансформациялау нәтижесінде шығатын метаморфтық тау жыныстары. Силикатты минералдардан ең кең таралғандары: кварц, дала шпаты, амфибол, слюда, пироксен мен оливин.<sup id="cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Карбонатты минералдардың кейбіреулері: кальцит (әктастың құрамында бар) пен доломит.<sup id="cite_ref-wekn_bulakh2004_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wekn_bulakh2004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Құрлықтық жердің ең төменгі нүктесі Өлі теңіз түбінде (−418 м), ал ең жоғарғы болса, Эверест шыңында (8848 м) орналасқан. Теңіз деңгейінен жоғары тұрған жердің орташа биіктігі 797 м.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Топырақ">Топырақтан</a> тұратын және оны қалыптастыратын континент бетінің сыртқы қабаты <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Педосфера">педосфера</a> аталады. Егістік жердің барлығы Жер бетінің 10,9%-ын құрайды, оның ішінде тек 1,3%-ы әрдайым қолданылатын егістік жер болып табылады.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жердің 40%-ына жуық территориясы ауыл шаруашылығы мақсатында пайдаланады: 16,7 млн км<sup>2</sup>-і егінжай ретінде және 33,5 млн км<sup>2</sup>-і мал жаю үшін.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooke2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooke2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Гравитациялық_өрісі"><span id=".D0.93.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D3.A9.D1.80.D1.96.D1.81.D1.96"></span>Гравитациялық өрісі</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg/220px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg/330px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth-kk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Жердің гравитациялық аномалиялары</figcaption></figure> <p>Жер гравитациясы - оның ішіндегі массаның үлестірімінен пайда болатын және нысандарға әсер ететін үдеу. Жер бетінің қасындағы гравитациялық үдеу шамамен 9,8 м/сек<sup>2</sup>. Жергілікті топография, геология және тектоникалық құрылымға қарай кей аймақтың гравитациялық өрісі басқа түрлі болады, бұл нәрсе гравитациялық аномалия деп аталады.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Магниттік_өрісі"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.82.D1.82.D1.96.D0.BA_.D3.A9.D1.80.D1.96.D1.81.D1.96"></span>Магниттік өрісі</h3></div> <p>Жердің магниттік өрісінің негізгі бөлігі ядро ішінде пайда болады. Ол жақта конвекцияның кинетикалық энергиясын электрлік пен магниттік өріс энергияларына айналдыру үдерістері өтеді. Өріс Жер ішінен сыртқа шығып, дипольді құрайды. Дипольдің полюстері Жер географиялық полюстерінің қасында орналасқан. Магниттік өріс экваторында кернеулігі 3,05×10<sup>−5</sup> T, магниттік моменті 7,79×10<sup>22</sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ампер">А</a>⋅м<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/J2000.0" title="J2000.0">J2000.0</a>, ғасыр сайын 6%-ға төмендейді<sup id="cite_ref-dipole_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dipole-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) құрайды. Ядродағы конвекциялық қозғалыстардың бәрі кездейсоқ, сондықтан магниттік полюстер ығысып, кейде орындарын ауыстырады. Бұл негізгі өрістің секулярлық вариациясын және тұрақсыз интервалды бұрылуын тудырады (орташа есеппен әр миллион жыл сайын бірнеше рет болады). Соңғысы 700 мың жыл бұрын болған.<sup id="cite_ref-fitzpatrick2006_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitzpatrick2006-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-campbelwh_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campbelwh-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Магнитосфера"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.B3.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Магнитосфера</h4></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера">Магнитосфера</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Магнитосфера нобайы</figcaption></figure> <p>Жердің магниттік өрісінің ғарышқы бөлігін <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера">магнитосфера</a> деп атайды. Ол <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Күн желі">Күн желінің</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ион">иондары</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">электрондарын</a> тойтарады; Күн желінің қысымы магнитосфераның күндізгі жағын Жердің 10 радиусындай ұзындыққа нығыздайды, ал түнгі жағын созып, ұзын құйрық қылады.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ван Аллен радиациялық белдеулерін кездейсоқ қозғалатын жоғары энергиялы бөлшектер құрайды.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Allen_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Allen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Магниттік дауыл мен субдауыл кезінде магнитосфера, әсіресе магнитоқұйрық, зарядталған бөлшектерді тойтарғанда олар өріс сызықтарымен қозғалып, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ионосфера">ионосфераға</a> түсуі мүмкін. Түскенде олар қоздырылып, ионданып, полюстік шұғыланы тудырады.<sup id="cite_ref-stern2005_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гидросферасы"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B8.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Гидросферасы</h2></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера">Гидросфера</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Water_Cycle-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Water_Cycle-en.png/220px-Water_Cycle-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Water_Cycle-en.png/330px-Water_Cycle-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Water_Cycle-en.png/440px-Water_Cycle-en.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Табиғаттағы су айналымы">Су айналымы</a> (ағылшынша)</figcaption></figure> <p>Жердегі <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су">судың</a> барлығы гидросфераны құрайды. Оның ішіне <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мұхит">мұхиттар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Теңіз">теңіздер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Көл">көлдер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Өзен">өзендер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Жерасты суы">жерасты суы</a> және т.б. кіреді. Барлық мұхиттың шамаланған массасы 1.35×10<sup>18</sup> тонна, демек олар Жердің жалпы массасынын 1/4400 бөлігін құрайды. Мұхиттардың жалпы <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Аудан (геометрия)">ауданы</a> 361 млн км<sup>2</sup>, ал орташа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тереңдік">тереңдігі</a> 3682 м, яғни шамалап есептелген көлемі 1332 млрд км<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ocean23_2_112_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocean23_2_112-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер қыртысы толығымен тегіс (ешбір бұдыры не шұңқыры жоқ; барлық жері бір деңгейде) болса, дүниежүзі мұхитының тереңдігі 2,7-2,8 км болар еді.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Судың барлығының 97,5-ке жуық пайызы ащы (тұзды), қалған 2,5%-ы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%89%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Тұщы су">тұщы</a> болып табылады. Тұщы судың дәу бөлігі (~68,7%) мұз қалпақтары мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Мұздық">мұздықтардан</a> тұрады.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Мұхиттағы әр 1 килограмм судың ішінде 35 гр <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тұздар (химия)">тұз</a> табылады, яғни теңіз суының орташа ащылығы 3,5%.<sup id="cite_ref-kennish2001_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennish2001-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ол тұздың көбі жанартау белсенділігінен не суыған <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Магмалық тау жыныстары">магмалық жыныстардан</a> шыққан.<sup id="cite_ref-mullen2002_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mullen2002-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Тұздан бөлек, мұхитта көптеген <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ағза">тірі ағзаға</a> қажет атмосфералық <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газ</a> бар.<sup id="cite_ref-natsci_oxy4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natsci_oxy4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Судың <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жылу сыйымдылығы">жылу сыйымдылығы</a> жоғары болғандығынан ол Күннен келген жылу энергиясын жинап, дүниежүзі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">климатын</a> теңгереді.<sup id="cite_ref-michon2006_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michon2006-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sample2005_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sample2005-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Атмосферасы"><span id=".D0.90.D1.82.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B"></span>Атмосферасы</h2></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақалалары: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">Атмосфера</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер атмосферасы">Жер атмосферасы</a></i></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="max-width: 100%; width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:MODIS_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA серігінен түсірілген Жер мен оның бұлттарының суреті"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map.jpg/220px-MODIS_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map.jpg/330px-MODIS_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/MODIS_Map.jpg/440px-MODIS_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA (мұндай бет жоқ)">NASA</a> серігінен түсірілген Жер мен оның бұлттарының суреті </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер атмосферасы">Жер атмосферасының</a> теңіз деңгейіндегі <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Қысым">қысымы</a> шамамен 101325 кПа,<sup id="cite_ref-Exline2006_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exline2006-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ал биіктігі 8,5 шақты км.<sup id="cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Құрғақ (су буы есепке алынбаған) атмосфераны 78,084% <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">азот</a>, 20,946% <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">оттек</a>, 0,934% <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">аргон</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ">көміртек диоксиді</a> мен басқа газ молекулаларының іздік мөлшерлері құрайды.<sup id="cite_ref-Exline2006_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exline2006-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Су буының мөлшері <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">климатқа</a> қарай 0,01% мен 4% арасында болуы мүмкін, бірақ шамаланған мөлшері 1%. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тропосфера">Тропосфера</a> биіктігі географиялық <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ендік">ендік</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Ауа райы">ауа райы</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Жыл мезгілдері">жыл мезгіліне</a> қарай өзгереді; қос полюстегі биіктігі 8 км, ал экватордағы 17 км.<sup id="cite_ref-geerts_linacre97_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geerts_linacre97-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера">Биосфера</a> қалыптасқанынан бері Жер беті қатты өзгерді. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Фотосинтез">Фотосинтездің</a> 2,7 млрд жыл бұрын пайда болғанынан кейін атмосферада оттек жинала бастады.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131003_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Бұл <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аэробтық ағзалар">аэробтық ағзалар</a> таралуына және <span class="chemf">O<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span>-нің <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Озон қабаты">озоносфераны</a> құрушы <span class="chemf">O<sub>3</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></span>-ке айналуына мүмкіндік туғызды. (Озоносфера, яки озон қабаты, дегеніміз Күннің <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ультракүлгін сәулелену">ультракүлгін сәулесінен</a> қалқан болып, тіршіліктің бәрін қорғайтын қабат.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_2002_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_2002-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Сомен қатар, атмосфераның тірі организмдер үшін басқа маңызды функцияларының ішіне су буын тасымалдау, пайдалы газдармен қамтамасыз ету, шағын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Метеор">метеорларды</a> өртеп жіберу және <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температураны</a> теңгеру кіреді.<sup id="cite_ref-atmosphere_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atmosphere-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сонғысы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Көшетхана эффекті">көшетхана эффектісі</a> деп аталады, оның нәтижесінде атмосферадағы іздік молекулалар жерден шыққан жылу энергиясын ұстап, орташа температураны көтереді. Су буы, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ">көмірқышқыл газ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан">метан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Азот оксидтері">азот оксиді</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон">озон</a> негізгі көшетхана газдары болып табылады. Бұл құбылыссыз Жер бетінің орташа температурасы –18°C болатын еді (қазіргісі +15°C),<sup id="cite_ref-Pidwirny2006_7_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidwirny2006_7-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> яғни тіршілік қазіргі түріне қарағанда мүлдем басқа болатын еді.<sup id="cite_ref-Narottam2008_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narottam2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ауа_райы_мен_климат"><span id=".D0.90.D1.83.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B9.D1.8B_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82"></span>Ауа райы мен климат</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақалалары: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Ауа райы">Ауа райы</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">Климат</a></i></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер атмосферасы">Жер атмосферасының</a> нақты бір шегі жоқ, себебі оның кейбір бөлігі әрқашан <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ғарыш">ғарышқа</a> ұшып кетеді. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Масса">Массасының</a> 3/4 бөлігі бірінші 11 км-інде сақталады. Бұл 11 километрлік қабат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тропосфера">тропосфера</a> деп аталады. Күннен келген сәулелер Жердің <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Беті">сыртқы қабаты</a> мен тропосферасын жылытады, сол себептен ауа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Тығыздық">тығыздығы</a> төмендейді. Тығыздығы төменірек ауа ұшып кетеді, ал оның орнына тығыздығы жоғарырақ, салқын ауа түседі. Бұл <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Ауа райы">ауа райы</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">климатты</a> қалыптастыратын құбылыс <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Атмосферадағы айналым">атмосфера циркуляциясы</a> (айналымы) деп аталады.<sup id="cite_ref-moran2005_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moran2005-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft" style="max-width: 100%; width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Феликс дауылы, 2007 қыркүйегі"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg/220px-Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg/330px-Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg/440px-Felix_2007-09-03_1138Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Феликс дауылы, 2007 <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Қыркүйек">қыркүйегі</a> </div> </div><div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:3D-Clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Мохаве шөліндегі ірі бұлт, 2016 ақпаны"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D-Clouds.jpg/220px-3D-Clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D-Clouds.jpg/330px-3D-Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/3D-Clouds.jpg/440px-3D-Clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Мохаве шөліндегі ірі бұлт, 2016 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ақпан">ақпаны</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Беті">Жер бетіне</a> жететін Күн энергиясының мөлшері <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ендік">ендік</a> жоғарылауымен азаяды. Жоғарғы ендіктерде Күн сәулелері Жерге кішірек бұрыштар астында түседі және атмосфераның қалыңырақ қабаттары арқылы өтуге мәжбүр, сондықтан теңіз деңгейіндегі орташа жылдық <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ауа температурасы">ауа температурасы</a> ендік градусы <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экватор">экватордан</a> әрі көтерілген сайын 0,4°C-қа төмендейді.<sup id="cite_ref-sadava_heller2006_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadava_heller2006-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер жүзін климатқа қарай бірнеше ендік <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Климаттық белдеулер">белдеуге</a> бөлуге болады. Экватордан полюстерге қарай <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Тропиктік белдеу">тропиктік</a> (я экваторлық), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Субтропиктер">субтропиктік</a>, қоңыржай және полюстік белдеулер орналасқан.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_zones_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate_zones-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Одан бөлек, жергілікті климатқа әсер ететін факторлар: мұхит қасында орналасу, мұхиттық пен атмосфералық циркуляция және <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология">топология</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rohli_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohli-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Мұхит жанындағы жердегі <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Жаз">жаз</a> әдетте салқынырақ, ал <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Қыс">қыс</a> жылырақ болады, себебі мұхит Күн жарығынан алынған жылудың үлкен мөлшерін сақтай алады. Жел мұхиттың суығын немесе жылуын жерге апарады.<sup id="cite_ref-rohli_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohli-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Атмосфералық циркуляция да маңызды рөл атқарады, мәселен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон">Лондон</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Астана">Астана</a> жақын ендіктерде орналасқан, алайда Лондон <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жағалау">жағалау</a> қасында тұрғандығынан оның климаты Астанадан гөрі әлдеқайда біркелкі әрі жылы. Сондай-ақ, температура биіктік жоғарылаған сайын төмендейді, сол себептен таулы жерлер әдетте салқын.<sup id="cite_ref-rohli_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohli-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83" title="Бу">Буға</a> айналып, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аспан">әуеге</a> көтерілген су атмосферадағы циркуляциялық жолдармен жүреді. Жылы, ылғалы ауа жоғары көтерілгенде, су <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конденсация">конденсацияланып</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Атмосфералық жауын-шашын">жауын-шашын</a> ретінде жерге түседі.<sup id="cite_ref-moran2005_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moran2005-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Түскеннен кейін судың көбі <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Өзен">өзендер</a> арқылы мұхитқа оралады немесе жиналып, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Көл">көл</a> құрайды. Осы су айналымы тіршілік сақталуының және жер бетінің <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эрозия">эрозиялануының</a> негізгі факторы болып табылады. Жауын-шашын мөлшерлері қатты вариацияланады. Мысалы, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Атакама">Атакама шөліндегі</a> орташа жыл сайынғы жауын-шашын тек 15 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Миллиметр">мм</a> құрайды, ал <a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Үндістан">Үндістандағы</a> Черапунджи ауылында болса, жыл сайын 11777 мм су жауады. Жауын-шашынның мөлшеріне атмосфералық циркуляция, топография мен температура ерекшеліктері және т. б. факторлар әсер етеді.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrologic_cycle_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrologic_cycle-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Жиі қолданылатын Көппен климат классификациясы (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ағылшын тілі">ағылшынша</a> <i>Köppen climate classification</i>) бойынша, климат бес ірі топқа бөлінеді: ылғалы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тропиктік климат">тропиктік</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аридтік климат">құрғақ</a>, ылғалы субтропиктік, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Континенттік климат">континенттік</a> және суық полюстік.<sup id="cite_ref-berger2002_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Олар әрі қарай шағынырақ топтарға бөлінеді.<sup id="cite_ref-berger2002_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berger2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Көппен жүйесі аймақтарды температура мен жауын-шашынға қарай ажыратады.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер жүзіндегі ауа температурасы <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ажал аңғары">Өлім аңғары</a> секілді ыстық шөлдерде 55°C-қа дейін көтерілуі және <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида">Антарктика</a> сияқты суық жерлерде −89°C-қа түсуі мүмкін.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Жоғарғы_атмосфера"><span id=".D0.96.D0.BE.D2.93.D0.B0.D1.80.D2.93.D1.8B_.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.84.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Жоғарғы атмосфера</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/220px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/330px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg/440px-Full_moon_partially_obscured_by_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тропосфера">Тропосферадан</a> жоғары орналасқан атмосфера әдетте <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Стратосфера">стратосфера</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезосфера">мезосфера</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Термосфера">термосфера</a> болып бөлінеді.<sup id="cite_ref-atmosphere_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atmosphere-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Әр қабаттың температура градиенті әртүрлі, яғни әртүрлі қабаттарда биіктік жоғарылаған сайын температура да әртүрлі өзгереді. Ең жоғарыда, Күн желімен әрекеттесетін <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера">магнитосфераның</a> астында экзосфера орналасқан.<sup id="cite_ref-sciweek2004_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciweek2004-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Стратосфераның ішінде ультракүлгін сәуледен қорғайтын озон қабаты орналасқан. Жер бетінен 100 км жоғары атмосфера мен ғарыш кеңістігі арасындағы шекара болып табылатын Карман сызығы тұр.<sup id="cite_ref-cordoba2004_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cordoba2004-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Жердегі_тіршілік"><span id=".D0.96.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B3.D1.96_.D1.82.D1.96.D1.80.D1.88.D1.96.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.BA"></span>Жердегі тіршілік</h2></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="max-width: 100%; width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Mycena_interrupta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Тіршілік патшалықтарының бірі — саңырауқұлақтар"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mycena_interrupta.jpg/220px-Mycena_interrupta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mycena_interrupta.jpg/330px-Mycena_interrupta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mycena_interrupta.jpg/440px-Mycena_interrupta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2090" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Тіршілік патшалықтарының бірі — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар">саңырауқұлақтар</a> </div> </div><div style="margin: 1px; width: 222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Микроскоп астындағы протистілер"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/220px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/330px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/440px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Микроскоп">Микроскоп</a> астындағы протистілер </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Жердегі тірі ағзалардың бәрі <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Экологиялық жүйе">экожүйелерді</a> құрайды, ал барлық экожүйе болса, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера">биосфераны</a> құрайды.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Биосфера көптеген <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом">биомға</a>, яғни белгілі бір <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта">қоршаған орта</a> мен оны мекендейтін <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жануарлар">жануарлар</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Өсімдіктер">өсімдіктер</a> жиынтықтарына бөлінеді.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жердегі биомдар негізінен <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ендік">ендігі</a>, теңіз деңгейінен санағанда <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Биіктік">биіктігі</a> не <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тереңдік">тереңдігі</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ылғалдылық">ылғалдығына</a> қарай бөлінеді. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Полюстік шеңберлер">Полюстік шеңберлер</a> ішінде және аса құрғақ аймақтарда аз жануар мен өсімдік тіршілік етеді, ал <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Экватор">экватордағы</a> ылғал <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ойпат">ойпаттарда</a> биоалуантүрлілік керісінше шыңына дейін жетеді.<sup id="cite_ref-amnat163_2_192_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnat163_2_192-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Қазіргі түрлер санын есептеулер әртүрлі; түрлердің көбі тіпті сипатталған да жоқ.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetlove_2011_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetlove_2011-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Тіршілік мекендей алатын ғаламшар, бір де бір тірі ағзасы жоқ болса да, <i>тіршілікке жарамды</i> (ағылшынша <i>habitable</i>) деп аталады. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су">Су</a> организмдерді қоршаған орта мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Зат алмасу">метаболизм</a> атқаруға жеткілікті <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергиямен</a> қамтамасыз етеді.<sup id="cite_ref-ab2003_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ab2003-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Суда күрделі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Органикалық қосылыстар">органикалық молекулалар</a> қалыптасып, өзара <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялық реакциялар">әрекеттесе</a> алады. Өсімдіктер қоректік заттарды атмосфера, топырақ не судан алады. Ол қоректік заттар әрдайым <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Қоректік тізбек">қоректік тізбектер</a> не желілер арқылы түрлер арасында тасымалданады.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер мен Күн арасындағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Арақашықтық">қашықтық</a>, орбиталық эксцентриситет, айналу осінің <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Көлбеу">көлбеуі</a>, геологиялық тарих, атмосфера және магниттік өріс — бұның бәрі Жер бетіндегі климаттық жағдаятқа әсер ететін факторлар.<sup id="cite_ref-dole1970_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dole1970-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тропиктік циклон">Тропиктік циклон</a> сияқты экстремалды ауа райы Жер жүзінің үлкен бөлігінде кездеседі және ол аймақтардағы тіршілікке қатты ықпал етеді. <a href="/wiki/1980_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1980 жыл">1980</a>-нен <a href="/wiki/2000_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="2000 жыл">2000</a>-ға дейін климаттық апаттардан <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Өлім">қаза тапқан</a> жыл сайынғы адам саны 11800 шақты болып есептеледі.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Көптеген жер <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жер сілкіну">зілзалаға</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жылжыма">жылжымаға</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами">цунамиге</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Жанартау атқылауы">жанартау атқылауына</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Торнадо">торнадоға</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Боран">боранға</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Тасқын">су тасқынына</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Қуаңшылық">қуаңшылыққа</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Орман өрті">орман өртіне</a> және басқа да <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Апат">апаттарға</a> ұшырайды.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Адам әсері де болмашы емес: су мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Ауа ластануы">ауа ластануы</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Қышқылды жаңбыр">қышқылды жаңбыр</a>, вегетацияның жоғалуы (малды шектен тыс жаю, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ормансыздану">ормансыздану</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Шөлдену">шөлдену</a>), популяциялар азаюы, түрлердің қырылуы, топырақ деградациясы, құнарсыздануы және <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эрозия">эрозиясы</a> адам іс-әрекетінің салдарынан болады.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Одан бөлек, адам атмосфераға көшетжай газдарын шығарып, <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ғаламдық жылыну">жаһандық жылынуды</a> жүргізуде.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Бұл жылынудың салдарынан <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Мұздық">мұздықтар</a> ериді, жаһандық масштабтағы орташа теңіз деңгейі көтеріледі және <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Ауа райы">ауа райы</a> мен климат орасан жылдам әрі қатты өзгереді.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Антропогеография"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Антропогеография</h2></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антропогеография">Антропогеография</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/300px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/450px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg/600px-Continents_vide_couleurs-automatedvector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption> <span style="font-size:105%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Жердің</a> жеті құрлығы:</span> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3139888">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0c0; color:#0c0;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Солтүстік Америка">Солтүстік Америка</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:green; color:green;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оңтүстік Америка">Оңтүстік Америка</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#0040ff; color:#0040ff;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида">Антарктида</a></span></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3139888"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c10000; color:#c10000;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еуропа">Еуропа</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#fed52e; color:#fed52e;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a></span></li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3139888"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#f33e01; color:#f33e01;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a></span></li><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#c04080; color:#c04080;">     </span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аустралия">Аустралия</a></span></li></ul></div> <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="float:right;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үлгі:Құрлықтар"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Үлгіні көру">к</span></a><span style=""> <b>·</b> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Үлгі талқылауы:Құрлықтар (мұндай бет жоқ)"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Үлгіні талқылау">т</span></a><span style=""> <b>·</b> </span><a class="external text" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Үлгіні өңдеу">ө</span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Жердегі барлық адам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Популяция">популяциясы</a> 2010-ыншы жылдардың басында жеті миллиардтан асқан.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Болжам бойынша, ол <a href="/wiki/XXI_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XXI ғасыр">XXI ғасырдың</a> ортасына тамам 10 миллиардқа дейін өседі.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Өсімнің басым бөлігі субсахаралық <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африкада</a> күтілуде.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Болжауша, 2050 жылға дейін дүниежүзі популяциясының 68%-ы <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Қала">қалалық</a> өңірлерде, қалғаны <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Ауыл">ауылдарда</a> тұратын болады.<sup id="cite_ref-OWID_urbanization_2019_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWID_urbanization_2019-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Құрлықтардың 68%-ы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Солтүстік жарты шар">солтүстік жарты шарда</a> орналасқан<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> және адамдардың бәрінің 90%-ы да сол жарты шарда өмір сүреді.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Есептеулерге сәйкес, Жер бетінің 1/8 бөлігі тұруға жарамды, 3/4 бөлігін мұхиттар құрайды, қалған ширегін жер алады. Сол жердің жартысы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Шөл">шөлдерден</a> (14%),<sup id="cite_ref-hessd4_439_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hessd4_439-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> биік <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тау">таулардан</a> (27%)<sup id="cite_ref-biodiv_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiv-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> және басқа тұруға жарамсыз аймақтардан тұрады. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антарктика">Антарктиканың</a> кей бөлігі мен кейбір иесіз жерден басқа, Жердің барлық территориясында <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мемлекет">мемлекеттер</a> орналасқан. Жерде ешқашан дүниежүзі үкіметі болған жоқ, алайда <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымы">Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымы</a> озық <a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Үкіметаралық ұйымдар">үкіметаралық ұйым</a> болып саналады.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1961_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1961 жыл">1961 жылы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80" title="Сәуір">сәуірдің</a> 12-сінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер орбитасы">Жер орбитасына</a> алғашқы рет шыққан адам <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин">Юрий Гагарин</a> болған.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhn2006_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhn2006-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2018_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="2018 жыл">2018 жылдың</a> қарашасына дейін 550 адам <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ғарыш">ғарыштық кеңістікке</a> шығып, орбитаға жеткен, 12-сі <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ай (серік)">Айда</a> болған.<sup id="cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shayler_vis2005-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Қазіргі кезде ғарышта жүрген адамдардың бәрі әдетте <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Халықаралық ғарыш станциясы">Халықаралық ғарыш станциясында</a> жұмыс істейді. Станцияның алты адамнан тұратын <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Экипаж">экипажы</a> әдетте 6 ай сайын ауысады.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss2007_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_rg_iss2007-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жерден адам жеткен ең үлкен қашықтық 400171 км (1970 жылы Аполлон 13 миссиясында).<sup id="cite_ref-Apollo13History_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apollo13History-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Табиғи_қорлар_мен_жердің_пайдаланылуы"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.B8.D2.93.D0.B8_.D2.9B.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B6.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B4.D1.96.D2.A3_.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.8B"></span>Табиғи қорлар мен жердің пайдаланылуы</h3></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақалалары: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табиғи қорлар">Табиғи қорлар</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Жерді пайдалану">Жерді пайдалану</a></i></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1.5em;"> <caption>2015 жылғы мұз баспаған жердің пайдаланылуы<sup id="cite_ref-:3_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Жер пайдаланылуы </th> <th>Пайыз </th></tr> <tr> <td>Егістік жер </td> <td style="text-align:center">12 – 14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Жайылым жер </td> <td style="text-align:center">30 – 47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Адам пайдаланатын ормандар </td> <td style="text-align:center">16 – 27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Инфрақұрылым </td> <td style="text-align:center">1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Пайдаланылмаған жер </td> <td style="text-align:center">24 – 31% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Жердің адам пайдаланатын көптеген <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табиғи қорлар">табиғи қоры</a> бар.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Қазба отын сияқты қалпына келмейтін қорлар тек геологиялық масштабта, яғни өте ұзақ уақыт өткеннен кейін ғана, жаңадан пайда болады.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір">Көмір</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мұнай">мұнай</a> немесе <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Табиғи газ">табиғи газдан</a> тұратын қазба <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Отын">отынның</a> ірі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Кенорын">кенорындары</a> Жер қыртысының астынан алынады.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ол қорларды адам <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Электр энергетикасы">энергия өндіру</a> не химиялық <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81" title="Өндіріс">өндірісте</a> пайдалану үшін қазады.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Минералдық кенорындары да қыртыс ішінде <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Магматизм">магматизм</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эрозия">эрозия</a> не <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тектоника">тақта тектоникасы</a> нәтижесінде болатын кенжаралу үдерісі арқылы қалыптасқан.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Металдар">Металдар</a> мен басқа <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Химиялық элементтер">элементтер</a> <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта">қоршаған орта</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Денсаулық">адам саулығына</a> зиян ететін кен өндіру (қазып шығару) процесі арқылы алынады.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Жер биосферасы адамды <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Тамақ">тамақ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Ағаш (материал)">ағаш</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96-%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Дәрі-дәрмек">дәрілік зат</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі">оттек</a> секілді көптеген пайдалы затпен қамтамасыз етеді және де органикалық қалдықтарды қайта өңдейді. Жердегі экожүйелер <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Топырақ">топырақ</a> пен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%89%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Тұщы су">тұщы суға</a> және мұхиттағы экожүйелер жерден келген қоректік заттарға тәуелді.<sup id="cite_ref-science299_5607_673_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science299_5607_673-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2019 жылы Жердің 39 млн км<sup>2</sup> ауданын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орман">ормандар</a> мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ағаш">ағашты</a> жерлер алған, 12 км<sup>2</sup>-ін <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Шалғын">шалғындар</a> мен бұталы жерлер алған, 40 млн км<sup>2</sup>-і <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B)" title="Жем (мал азығы)">жем</a> өсіру мен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Мал жаю">мал жаю</a> үшін қолданылған, 11 млн км<sup>2</sup>-і егістік жер ретінде пайдаланылған.<sup id="cite_ref-OWID_2019_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWID_2019-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Мұз баспаған жердің 12–14%-ы егінжай ретінде қолданылады, 2015 жылы 2%-ы суарылған.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Мәдениет_пен_тарихта"><span id=".D0.9C.D3.99.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5.D1.82_.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.82.D0.B0"></span>Мәдениет пен тарихта</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg/220px-Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg/330px-Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg/440px-Pergamonmuseum_-_Antikensammlung_-_Pergamonaltar_13_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Гея (мифология)">Гея</a> — ежелгі грек мифологиясындағы жер құдайы</figcaption></figure> <p>Адам <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мәдениет">мәдениеттерінде</a> Жердің көптеген бейнесі бар.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181224b_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер мен оның төрт жағын белгілейтін <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Астрономиялық таңбалар">астрономиялық таңба</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шеңбер">шеңбер</a> ішіндегі кірес, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-liungman2004_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liungman2004-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жерді кейде <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Құдай">құдай</a> қылып кейіптейді. Көптеген мәдениетте ол <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ана">ана</a> құдай немесе құнарлылық құдайының рөлін атқарады.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Көп <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дін">діннің</a> әлем жаралу <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф">мифтерінде</a> Жерді бір немесе бірнеше табиғаттан тыс құдай жаратқан делінеді.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ғылыми зерттеулер нәтижесінде адамның Жер туралы мәдени түсінігі көптеген рет өзгерді. Әуелгі тегіс Жерге сенім сфералық Жер идеясымен ауысты. Сфералық Жер идеясы алғашқы рет <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пифагор">Пифагор</a> немесе <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Парменид">Парменид</a> грек философтарының еңбектерінде кездеседі.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahn2001_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahn2001-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Жер XVI ғасырға дейін ғаламның ортасы болып есептелген, сосын ғана оның басқа ғаламшарларға қатысты алғанда қозғалғандығы анықталды.<sup id="cite_ref-arnett20060716_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnett20060716-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жердің жасы">Жер жасы</a> кем дегенде бірнеше миллиард жыл құрайтындығы тек XIX ғасырда айқындалды.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1864 жылы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уильям Томсон">Лорд Келвин</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика">термодинамикаға</a> сүйеніп, Жерге 20–400 млн жыл деп жасын есептеген.<sup id="cite_ref-Henshaw_2014_117–18_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henshaw_2014_117–18-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burchfield_1990_13–18_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchfield_1990_13–18-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Нақты жасы тек XX ғасырдың басында радиобелсенді даталау арқылы есептеліп анықталды.<sup id="cite_ref-Henshaw_2014_117–18_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henshaw_2014_117–18-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burchfield_1990_13–18_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burchfield_1990_13–18-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тағы_көріңіз"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D2.93.D1.8B_.D0.BA.D3.A9.D1.80.D1.96.D2.A3.D1.96.D0.B7"></span>Тағы көріңіз</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ғаламшар">Ғаламшар</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Күн жүйесі">Күн жүйесі</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геология">Геология</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жер туралы ғылымдар">Жер туралы ғылымдар</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns reflist-narrow" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-standish_williams_iau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-standish_williams_iau_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/XSChap8.pdf">Orbital Ephemerides of the Sun, Moon, and Planets</a> (PDF).  International Astronomical Union Commission 4: (Ephemerides). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6BOqmsTQG">мұрағатталған</a> 14 қазан 2012.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 3 сәуір 2010.</small></span> See table 8.10.2. Calculation based upon 1 AU = 149,597,870,700(3) m.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-серіктер-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-серіктер_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>US Space Command</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=4008">Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet</a>.  SpaceRef Interactive (наурыз 1, 2001). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6DnLR4JoD">мұрағатталған</a> 19 қаңтар 2013.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 7 мамыр 2011.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-бірінші_этимологиясы-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-бірінші_этимологиясы_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elbrusoid.org/articles/karachay-balkar-lang/460577/#4stihii">Codex Cumanicus</a>  <span class="ref-info" title="орыс тілінде" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:#888;">(орыс.)</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-екінші_этимологиясы-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-екінші_этимологиясы_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=23&root=config">Алтай тілдерінің этимологиялық сөздігі — түркі этимологиясы</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-үшінші_этимологиясы-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-үшінші_этимологиясы_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2faltet&text_number=1441&root=config#">Алтай тілдерінің этимологиялық сөздігі — алтай этимологиясы</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bouvier_wadhwa2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bouvier_wadhwa2010_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bouvier, Audrey; Wadhwa, Meenakshi (September 2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". <i>Nature Geoscience</i> <b>3</b> (9): 637–641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..637B">2010NatGe...3..637B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/ngeo941" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/ngeo941">10.1038/ngeo941</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Solar+System+redefined+by+the+oldest+Pb%E2%80%93Pb+age+of+a+meteoritic+inclusion&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.aulast=Bouvier&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft.au=Bouvier%2C%26%2332%3BAudrey&rft.au=Wadhwa%2C%26%2332%3BMeenakshi&rft.date=September+2010&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=637%E2%80%93641&rft_id=info:bibcode/2010NatGe...3..637B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fngeo941&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age_earth1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-age_earth1_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><cite><span class="citation">The Age of the Earth —  California: Stanford University Press. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780804715690" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8047-1569-0</a>.</span></cite></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Newman, William L.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">Age of the Earth</a>.  Publications Services, USGS (9 July 2007). <small>Тексерілді, 20 қыркүйек 2007.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation Journal">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205">"The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i> <b>190</b> (1): 205–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GSLSP.190..205D">2001GSLSP.190..205D</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14">10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205">http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 September 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+age+of+the+Earth+in+the+twentieth+century%3A+a+problem+%28mostly%29+solved&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=G.+Brent&rft.au=Dalrymple%2C%26%2332%3BG.+Brent&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205%E2%80%9321&rft_id=info:bibcode/2001GSLSP.190..205D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2001.190.01.14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F190%2F1%2F205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (May 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991">"Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal-Silicate Partitioning"</a>. <i>Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets</i> <b>2084</b>: 4034. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPICo2084.4034R">2018LPICo2084.4034R</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991">https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 25, 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ag+Isotopic+Evolution+of+the+Mantle+During+Accretion%3A+New+Constraints+from+Pd+and+Ag+Metal-Silicate+Partitioning&rft.jtitle=Differentiation%3A+Building+the+Internal+Architecture+of+Planets&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Righter%2C%26%2332%3BK.&rft.au=Schonbachler%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.date=May+7%2C+2018&rft.volume=2084&rft.pages=4034&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018LPICo2084.4034R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F20180002991&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme; Joy, Katherine H.; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.; Russell, Sara; Snape, Joshua F. et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x">"Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples"</a> (in en). <i>Space Science Reviews</i> <b>215</b> (8): 54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SSRv..215...54T">2019SSRv..215...54T</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x">10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9672">1572-9672</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constraining+the+Evolutionary+History+of+the+Moon+and+the+Inner+Solar+System%3A+A+Case+for+New+Returned+Lunar+Samples&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.aulast=Tart%C3%A8se&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft.au=Tart%C3%A8se%2C%26%2332%3BRomain&rft.au=Anand%2C%26%2332%3BMahesh&rft.au=Gattacceca%2C%26%2332%3BJ%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Joy%2C%26%2332%3BKatherine+H.&rft.au=Mortimer%2C%26%2332%3BJames+I.&rft.au=Pernet-Fisher%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+F.&rft.au=Russell%2C%26%2332%3BSara&rft.au=Snape%2C%26%2332%3BJoshua+F.&rft.au=Weiss%2C%26%2332%3BBenjamin+P.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=54&rft_id=info:bibcode/2019SSRv..215...54T&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11214-019-0622-x&rft.issn=1572-9672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-019-0622-x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reilly20091022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-reilly20091022_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html">Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History</a> (22 October 2009). <small>Тексерілді 30 қаңтардың 2010.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canup_asphaug2001b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-canup_asphaug2001b_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Canup, R.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". <i>Nature</i> <b>412</b> (6848): 708–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.412..708C">2001Natur.412..708C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/35089010" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/35089010">10.1038/35089010</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11507633">11507633</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Moon+in+a+giant+impact+near+the+end+of+the+Earth%27s+formation&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Canup&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Canup%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.au=Asphaug%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=412&rft.issue=6848&rft.pages=708%E2%80%9312&rft_id=info:bibcode/2001Natur.412..708C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35089010&rft_id=info:pmid/11507633&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (August 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3819.pdf">"On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact"</a>. <i>Icarus</i> <b>242</b>: 5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (мұндай бет жоқ)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1410.3819">1410.3819</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Icar..242..316M">2014Icar..242..316M</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3819.pdf">https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3819.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 25, 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+and+composition+of+Theia%3A+Constraints+from+new+models+of+the+Giant+Impact&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=M.+M.+M.&rft.au=Meier%2C%26%2332%3BM.+M.+M.&rft.au=Reufer%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Wieler%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.date=August+4%2C+2014&rft.volume=242&rft.pages=5&rft_id=info:arxiv/1410.3819&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014Icar..242..316M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.08.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fftp%2Farxiv%2Fpapers%2F1410%2F1410.3819.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/slide_17.html">Earth's Early Atmosphere and Oceans</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute (мұндай бет жоқ)">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></i>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universities_Space_Research_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universities Space Research Association (мұндай бет жоқ)">Universities Space Research Association</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watersource-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-watersource_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Morbidelli, A. et al. (2000). "Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth". <i>Meteoritics & Planetary Science</i> <b>35</b> (6): 1309–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000M&PS...35.1309M">2000M&PS...35.1309M</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Source+regions+and+time+scales+for+the+delivery+of+water+to+Earth&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&rft.aulast=Morbidelli&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Morbidelli%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Chambers%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Lunine%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+I.&rft.au=Petit%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+M.&rft.au=Robert%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.au=Valsecchi%2C%26%2332%3BG.+B.&rft.au=Cyr%2C%26%2332%3BK.+E.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1309%E2%80%9320&rft_id=info:bibcode/2000M%26PS...35.1309M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asp2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-asp2002_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2002) "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate". Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Our+Changing+Sun%3A+The+Role+of+Solar+Nuclear+Evolution+and+Magnetic+Activity+on+Earth%27s+Atmosphere+and+Climate&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=San+Francisco"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physorg20100304-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-physorg20100304_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news186922627.html">Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere</a>, <i>Physorg.news</i> (4 March 2010). <small>Тексерілді 27 наурыздың 2010.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradley_2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bradley_2011_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bradley, D.C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.715.6618&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Secular Trends in the Geologic Record and the Supercontinent Cycle"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i> <b>108</b> (1–2): 16–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ESRv..108...16B">2011ESRv..108...16B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003">10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.715.6618&rep=rep1&type=pdf">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.715.6618&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Secular+Trends+in+the+Geologic+Record+and+the+Supercontinent+Cycle&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft.au=Bradley%2C%26%2332%3BD.C.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=16%E2%80%9333&rft_id=info:bibcode/2011ESRv..108...16B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2011.05.003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.715.6618%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Kinzler, Ro</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/earth/ask-a-scientist-about-our-environment/how-did-the-ice-age-end">When and how did the ice age end? Could another one start?</a>, <i>American Museum of Natural History</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chalk, Thomas B.; Hain, Mathis P.; Foster, Gavin L.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Sexton, Philip F.; Badger, Marcus P. S.; Cherry, Soraya G.; Hasenfratz, Adam P. et al. (12 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/50/13114.full.pdf">"Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> <b>114</b> (50): 13114–13119. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702143114" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.1702143114">10.1073/pnas.1702143114</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5740680">5740680</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29180424">29180424</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/50/13114.full.pdf">https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/50/13114.full.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 June 2019</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Causes+of+ice+age+intensification+across+the+Mid-Pleistocene+Transition&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.au=Chalk%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+B.&rft.au=Hain%2C%26%2332%3BMathis+P.&rft.au=Foster%2C%26%2332%3BGavin+L.&rft.au=Rohling%2C%26%2332%3BEelco+J.&rft.au=Sexton%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip+F.&rft.au=Badger%2C%26%2332%3BMarcus+P.+S.&rft.au=Cherry%2C%26%2332%3BSoraya+G.&rft.au=Hasenfratz%2C%26%2332%3BAdam+P.&rft.au=Haug%2C%26%2332%3BGerald+H.&rft.date=12+December+2007&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=13114%E2%80%9313119&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1702143114&rft_id=info:pmc/5740680&rft_id=info:pmid/29180424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2F114%2F50%2F13114.full.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psc-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-psc_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm">Paleoclimatology – The Study of Ancient Climates</a>.  Page Paleontology Science Center. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304002646/http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm">мұрағатталған</a> 4 наурыз 2007.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 2 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Turner, Chris S.M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379110003197">"The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i> (Elsevier) <b>29</b> (27–28): 3677-3682. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.3677T">2010QSRv...29.3677T</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017">10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379110003197">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379110003197</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 3, 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+potential+of+New+Zealand+kauri+%28Agathis+australis%29+for+testing+the+synchronicity+of+abrupt+climate+change+during+the+Last+Glacial+Interval+%2860%2C000%E2%80%9311%2C700+years+ago%29&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Chris+S.M.&rft.au=Turner%2C%26%2332%3BChris+S.M.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=27%E2%80%9328&rft.pages=3677-3682&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=info:bibcode/2010QSRv...29.3677T&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.08.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0277379110003197&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa282_6_90-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sa282_6_90_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Doolittle, W. Ford; Worm, Boris (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111244/http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">"Uprooting the tree of life"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> <b>282</b> (6): 90–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SciAm.282b..90D">2000SciAm.282b..90D</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90">10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710791">10710791</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">the original</a> on 15 July 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111244/http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110715111244/http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2005_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uprooting+the+tree+of+life&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.aufirst=W.+Ford&rft.au=Doolittle%2C%26%2332%3BW.+Ford&rft.au=Worm%2C%26%2332%3BBoris&rft.date=February+2000&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=90%E2%80%9395&rft_id=info:bibcode/2000SciAm.282b..90D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90&rft_id=info:pmid/10710791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110715111244%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fshiva.msu.montana.edu%2Fcourses%2Fmb437_537_2005_fall%2Fdocs%2Fuprooting.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131003-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Zimmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Zimmer (мұндай бет жоқ)">Zimmer, Carl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted</a>, </i>The New York Times<i> (3 October 2013). <small>Тексерілді 3 қазанның 2013.</small></i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jas22_3_225-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jas22_3_225_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Berkner, L. V.; Marshall, L. C. (1965). "On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere". <i>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</i> <b>22</b> (3): 225–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965JAtS...22..225B">1965JAtS...22..225B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:[[doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2|10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2]].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+and+Rise+of+Oxygen+Concentration+in+the+Earth%27s+Atmosphere&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.aulast=Berkner&rft.aufirst=L.+V.&rft.au=Berkner%2C%26%2332%3BL.+V.&rft.au=Marshall%2C%26%2332%3BL.+C.&rft.date=1965&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225%E2%80%9361&rft_id=info:bibcode/1965JAtS...22..225B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281965%29022%3C0225%3AOTOARO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton20021129-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-burton20021129_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html">Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land</a>.  NASA (29 November 2002). <small>Тексерілді, 5 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20131108-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20131108_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". <i>Astrobiology</i> <b>13</b> (12): 1103–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1089/ast.2013.1030" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870916">3870916</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812">24205812</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Microbially+Induced+Sedimentary+Structures+Recording+an+Ancient+Ecosystem+in+the+ca.+3.48+Billion-Year-Old+Dresser+Formation%2C+Pilbara%2C+Western+Australia&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.au=Noffke%2C%26%2332%3BNora&rft.au=Christian%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&rft.au=Wacey%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Hazen%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+M.&rft.date=8+November+2013&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1103%E2%80%9324&rft_id=info:bibcode/2013AsBio..13.1103N&rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&rft_id=info:pmc/3870916&rft_id=info:pmid/24205812&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". <i>Nature Geoscience</i> <b>7</b> (1): 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2025" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/ngeo2025">10.1038/ngeo2025</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biogenic+graphite+in+early+Archaean+Isua+metasedimentary+rocks&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.aulast=Ohtomo&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.au=Ohtomo%2C%26%2332%3BYoko&rft.au=Kakegawa%2C%26%2332%3BTakeshi&rft.au=Ishida%2C%26%2332%3BAkizumi&rft.au=Nagase%2C%26%2332%3BToshiro&rft.au=Rosing%2C%26%2332%3BMinik+T.&rft.date=January+2014&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9328&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014NatGe...7...25O&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fngeo2025&rft.issn=1752-0894&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20151019-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Borenstein, Seth</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html">Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth</a>, <i>Excite</i>, Yonkers, NY: <i>Mindspark Interactive Network</i> (19 October 2015). <small>Тексерілді 20 қазанның 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark et al. (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>112</b> (47): 14518–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517557112" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4664351">4664351</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481">26483481</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 October 2015</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1%26nbsp%3Bbillion-year-old+zircon&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Bell%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth+A.&rft.au=Boehnike%2C%26%2332%3BPatrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C%26%2332%3BT.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C%26%2332%3BWendy+L.&rft.date=19+October+2015&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=14518%E2%80%9321&rft_id=info:bibcode/2015PNAS..11214518B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft_id=info:pmc/4664351&rft_id=info:pmid/26483481&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2F1517557112.full.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Early edition, published online before print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Climate Change and the Course of Global History —  Cambridge University Press. — P. 42. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521871648" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780521871648</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion —  Elsevier Science. — P. 56. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780128143124" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780128143124</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sci215_4539_1501-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sci215_4539_1501_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Raup, D. 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"Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record". <i>Science</i> <b>215</b> (4539): 1501–03. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...215.1501R">1982Sci...215.1501R</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4539.1501" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.215.4539.1501">10.1126/science.215.4539.1501</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17788674">17788674</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mass+Extinctions+in+the+Marine+Fossil+Record&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Raup&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Raup%2C%26%2332%3BD.+M.&rft.au=Sepkoski+Jr%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+J.&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=4539&rft.pages=1501%E2%80%9303&rft_id=info:bibcode/1982Sci...215.1501R&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.215.4539.1501&rft_id=info:pmid/17788674&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_2016-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_2016_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stanley, S. M. (2016). "Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> <b>113</b> (42): E6325–E6334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113E6325S">2016PNAS..113E6325S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.1613094113">10.1073/pnas.1613094113</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5081622">5081622</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27698119">27698119</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimates+of+the+magnitudes+of+major+marine+mass+extinctions+in+earth+history&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Stanley%2C%26%2332%3BS.+M.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=E6325%E2%80%93E6334&rft_id=info:bibcode/2016PNAS..113E6325S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1613094113&rft_id=info:pmc/5081622&rft_id=info:pmid/27698119&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gould1994-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gould1994_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Gould, Stephan J. 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Retrieved 5 March 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephan+J.&rft.au=Gould%2C%26%2332%3BStephan+J.&rft.date=October+1994&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=84%E2%80%9391&rft_id=info:bibcode/1994SciAm.271d..84G&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1094-84&rft_id=info:pmid/7939569&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrembs.net%2Fgould.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgsa119_1_140-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bgsa119_1_140_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wilkinson, B. H.; McElroy, B. J. (2007). "The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation". <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of America</i> <b>119</b> (1–2): 140–56. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GSAB..119..140W">2007GSAB..119..140W</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1130/B25899.1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1130/B25899.1">10.1130/B25899.1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+humans+on+continental+erosion+and+sedimentation&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C%26%2332%3BB.+H.&rft.au=McElroy%2C%26%2332%3BB.+J.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=140%E2%80%9356&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007GSAB..119..140W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130%2FB25899.1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun_future-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). "Our Sun. III. Present and Future". <i>Astrophysical Journal</i> <b>418</b>: 457–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..457S">1993ApJ...418..457S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1086/173407" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/173407">10.1086/173407</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+III.+Present+and+Future&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.aulast=Sackmann&rft.aufirst=I.-J.&rft.au=Sackmann%2C%26%2332%3BI.-J.&rft.au=Boothroyd%2C%26%2332%3BA.+I.&rft.au=Kraemer%2C%26%2332%3BK.+E.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=418&rft.pages=457%E2%80%9368&rft_id=info:bibcode/1993ApJ...418..457S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F173407&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britt2000-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-britt2000_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html">Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?</a> (25 February 2000). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605231345/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html">мұрағатталған</a> 5 маусым 2009.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas1_24_9576-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pnas1_24_9576_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Li, King-Fai; Pahlevan, Kaveh; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Yung, Yuk L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~kfl/paper/Li_PNAS2009.pdf">"Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>106</b> (24): 9576–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.9576L">2009PNAS..106.9576L</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809436106" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.0809436106">10.1073/pnas.0809436106</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2701016">2701016</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487662">19487662</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~kfl/paper/Li_PNAS2009.pdf">http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~kfl/paper/Li_PNAS2009.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 July 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+pressure+as+a+natural+climate+regulator+for+a+terrestrial+planet+with+a+biosphere&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=King-Fai&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BKing-Fai&rft.au=Pahlevan%2C%26%2332%3BKaveh&rft.au=Kirschvink%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph+L.&rft.au=Yung%2C%26%2332%3BYuk+L.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=9576%E2%80%9379&rft_id=info:bibcode/2009PNAS..106.9576L&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0809436106&rft_id=info:pmc/2701016&rft_id=info:pmid/19487662&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F%7Ekfl%2Fpaper%2FLi_PNAS2009.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ward_brownlee2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ward_brownlee2002_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805067811">The Life and Death of Planet Earth: How the New Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of Our World</a> —  New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780805067811" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8050-6781-1</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mello, Fernando de Sousa; Friaça, Amâncio César Santos (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/end-of-life-on-earth-is-not-the-end-of-the-world-converging-to-an-estimate-of-life-span-of-the-biosphere/AB2EF73B7787EDFF94AFCC545EC31302">"The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?"</a> (in en). <i>International Journal of Astrobiology</i> <b>19</b> (1): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJAsB..19...25D">2020IJAsB..19...25D</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S1473550419000120" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S1473550419000120">10.1017/S1473550419000120</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1473-5504">1473-5504</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/end-of-life-on-earth-is-not-the-end-of-the-world-converging-to-an-estimate-of-life-span-of-the-biosphere/AB2EF73B7787EDFF94AFCC545EC31302">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/end-of-life-on-earth-is-not-the-end-of-the-world-converging-to-an-estimate-of-life-span-of-the-biosphere/AB2EF73B7787EDFF94AFCC545EC31302</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+end+of+life+on+Earth+is+not+the+end+of+the+world%3A+converging+to+an+estimate+of+life+span+of+the+biosphere%3F&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Astrobiology&rft.aulast=Mello&rft.aufirst=Fernando+de+Sousa&rft.au=Mello%2C%26%2332%3BFernando+de+Sousa&rft.au=Fria%C3%A7a%2C%26%2332%3BAm%C3%A2ncio+C%C3%A9sar+Santos&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9342&rft_id=info:bibcode/2020IJAsB..19...25D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS1473550419000120&rft.issn=1473-5504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-astrobiology%2Farticle%2Fend-of-life-on-earth-is-not-the-end-of-the-world-converging-to-an-estimate-of-life-span-of-the-biosphere%2FAB2EF73B7787EDFF94AFCC545EC31302&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun_future_schroder-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (2008). "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (мұндай бет жоқ)">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i> <b>386</b> (1): 155–63. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (мұндай бет жоқ)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031">0801.4031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BMonthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=K.-P.&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C%26%2332%3BK.-P.&rft.au=Connon+Smith%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155%E2%80%9363&rft_id=info:arxiv/0801.4031&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008MNRAS.386..155S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br />See also <span class="citation"><i>Palmer, Jason</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13369">Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death</a>, <i>NewScientist.com news service</i> (22 February 2008). <small>Тексерілді 24 наурыздың 2008.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milbert_smith96-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-milbert_smith96_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html">Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model</a>.  National Geodetic Survey, NOAA. <small>Тексерілді, 7 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngdc2006-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ngdc2006_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngdc2006_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/predicted/explore.HTML">Exploring the Ocean Basins with Satellite Altimeter Data</a>.  NOAA/NGDC (7 July 2006). <small>Тексерілді, 21 сәуір 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps20_5_16-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ps20_5_16_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Senne, Joseph H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589">"Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain"</a>. <i>Professional Surveyor</i> <b>20</b> (5): 16–21<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589">http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Did+Edmund+Hillary+Climb+the+Wrong+Mountain&rft.jtitle=Professional+Surveyor&rft.aulast=Senne&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft.au=Senne%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph+H.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=16%E2%80%9321&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.profsurv.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle.aspx%3Fi%3D589&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancet365_9462_831-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lancet365_9462_831_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sharp, David (5 March 2005). "Chimborazo and the old kilogram". <i>The Lancet</i> <b>365</b> (9462): 831–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752514">15752514</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chimborazo+and+the+old+kilogram&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Sharp%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=5+March+2005&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=9462&rft.pages=831%E2%80%9332&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2971021-7&rft_id=info:pmid/15752514&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_'Highest'_Spot_on_Earth_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163">The 'Highest' Spot on Earth</a>.  NPR (7 April 2007). <small>Тексерілді, 31 шілде 2012.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Stewart, Heather A.; Jamieson, Alan J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001282521830429X">"The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans"</a> (in en). <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i> <b>197</b>: 102896. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ESRv..19702896S">2019ESRv..19702896S</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896">10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252">0012-8252</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001282521830429X">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001282521830429X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+five+deeps%3A+The+location+and+depth+of+the+deepest+place+in+each+of+the+world%27s+oceans&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C%26%2332%3BHeather+A.&rft.au=Jamieson%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+J.&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=197&rft.pages=102896&rft_id=info:bibcode/2019ESRv..19702896S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2019.102896&rft.issn=0012-8252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS001282521830429X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/botec_himalayas.html">Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations: Scale of the Himalayas</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carleton_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carleton University (мұндай бет жоқ)">Carleton University</a></i>. <small>Тексерілді, 19 қазан 2020.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudnick2003-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudnick2003_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Composition of the Continental Crust // Treatise on Geochemistry —  New York: Elsevier Science, 2003. — Vol. 3. — P. 1–64. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780080437514" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-08-043751-4</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2014-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-White2014_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Composition of the Oceanic Crust // Treatise on Geochemistry —  New York: Elsevier Science, 2014. — Vol. 4. — P. 457–496. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780080983004" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-08-098300-4</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas71_12_6973-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pnas71_12_6973_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). "Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>77</b> (12): 6973–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980PNAS...77.6973M">1980PNAS...77.6973M</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973">10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=350422">350422</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592930">16592930</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+Earth%2C+Venus%2C+and+Mercury&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Morgan%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+W.&rft.au=Anders%2C%26%2332%3BE.&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6973%E2%80%9377&rft_id=info:bibcode/1980PNAS...77.6973M&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.12.6973&rft_id=info:pmc/350422&rft_id=info:pmid/16592930&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_mussett1981-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_mussett1981_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166">The Inaccessible Earth</a> — 2nd. —  Taylor & Francis. — P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inaccessibleeart0000brow_r5i2/page/166">166</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780045500284" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-04-550028-4</a>.</span></cite> Note: After Ronov and Yaroshevsky (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas76_9_4192-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pnas76_9_4192_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Jordan, T. H. (1979). "Structural geology of the Earth's interior". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> <b>76</b> (9): 4192–4200. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PNAS...76.4192J">1979PNAS...76.4192J</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192">10.1073/pnas.76.9.4192</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=411539">411539</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16592703">16592703</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Structural+geology+of+the+Earth%27s+interior&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft.au=Jordan%2C%26%2332%3BT.+H.&rft.date=1979&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4192%E2%80%934200&rft_id=info:bibcode/1979PNAS...76.4192J&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.76.9.4192&rft_id=info:pmc/411539&rft_id=info:pmid/16592703&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robertson2001-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-robertson2001_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/">The Interior of the Earth</a>.  USGS (26 July 2001). <small>Тексерілді, 24 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/lithosphere/">Lithosphere</a>. <i>National Geographic</i> (May 20, 2015). <small>Тексерілді, 13 қазан 2020.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanimoto_ahrens1995-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tanimoto_ahrens1995_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_J._Ahrens"><span class="citation">Crustal Structure of the Earth // Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants / Thomas J. Ahrens —  Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780875908519" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87590-851-9</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deuss_2014-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Deuss_2014_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Deuss, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.uu.nl/~seismain/pdf/Annu_Rev_Earth_Planet.Sci.2014Deuss.pdf">"Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Earth's Inner Core"</a>. <i>Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.</i> <b>42</b> (1): 103–126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AREPS..42..103D">2014AREPS..42..103D</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658">10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054658</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geo.uu.nl/~seismain/pdf/Annu_Rev_Earth_Planet.Sci.2014Deuss.pdf">http://www.geo.uu.nl/~seismain/pdf/Annu_Rev_Earth_Planet.Sci.2014Deuss.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heterogeneity+and+Anisotropy+of+Earth%27s+Inner+Core&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Earth+Planet.+Sci.&rft.aulast=Deuss&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Deuss%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103%E2%80%93126&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014AREPS..42..103D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-060313-054658&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.uu.nl%2F%7Eseismain%2Fpdf%2FAnnu_Rev_Earth_Planet.Sci.2014Deuss.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders20031210-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sanders20031210_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/10_heat.shtml">Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core</a>, <i>UC Berkeley News</i> (10 December 2003). <small>Тексерілді 28 ақпанның 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter">The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought</a> (25 April 2013). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628075455/http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/Earth-Center-Hotter/Earth-Centre-Hotter/">мұрағатталған</a> 28 маусым 2013.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 12 сәуір 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptrsl360_1795_1227-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ptrsl360_1795_1227_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Alfè, D.; Gillan, M. J.; Vocadlo, L.; Brodholt, J.; Price, G. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf">"The <i>ab initio</i> simulation of the Earth's core"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> <b>360</b> (1795): 1227–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RSPTA.360.1227A">2002RSPTA.360.1227A</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.0992" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1098/rsta.2002.0992">10.1098/rsta.2002.0992</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804276">12804276</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf">http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 February 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%27%27ab+initio%27%27+simulation+of+the+Earth%27s+core&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Alf%C3%A8%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Gillan%2C%26%2332%3BM.+J.&rft.au=Vocadlo%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.au=Brodholt%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Price%2C%26%2332%3BG.+D.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=1795&rft.pages=1227%E2%80%9344&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002RSPTA.360.1227A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.0992&rft_id=info:pmid/12804276&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk%2F%7Edario%2Fpubblicazioni%2FPTRSA2002.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&S_137-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-T&S_137_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&S_137_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">4 // Geodynamics — 2. —  Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. — P. 137. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521666244" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epsl121_1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-epsl121_1_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vlaar, N; Vankeken, P.; Vandenberg, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf">"Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i> <b>121</b> (1–2): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.121....1V">1994E&PSL.121....1V</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0">10.1016/0012-821X(94)90028-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf">the original</a> on 19 March 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181621/http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~keken/papers/Vlaar_EPSL94.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cooling+of+the+Earth+in+the+Archaean%3A+Consequences+of+pressure-release+melting+in+a+hotter+mantle&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.aulast=Vlaar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Vlaar%2C%26%2332%3BN&rft.au=Vankeken%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Vandenberg%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9318&rft_id=info:bibcode/1994E%26PSL.121....1V&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2894%2990028-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120319181621%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.lsa.umich.edu%2F%7Ekeken%2Fpapers%2FVlaar_EPSL94.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown_wohletz2005-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_wohletz2005_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/ees/geodynamics/Wohletz/SFT-Tectonics.htm">SFT and the Earth's Tectonic Plates</a>.  Los Alamos National Laboratory (2005). <small>Тексерілді, 2 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kious_tilling1999-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kious_tilling1999_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html">Understanding plate motions</a>.  USGS (5 May 1999). <small>Тексерілді, 2 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seligman2008-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-seligman2008_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseligman.com/text/planets/innerstructure.htm">The Structure of the Terrestrial Planets</a>. <i>Online Astronomy eText Table of Contents</i>.  cseligman.com (2008). <small>Тексерілді, 28 ақпан 2008.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duennebier1999-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-duennebier1999_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/plate-tectonics2.html">Pacific Plate Motion</a>.  University of Hawaii (12 August 1999). <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaa20070307-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-noaa20070307_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/96mgg04.html">Age of the Ocean Floor Poster</a>.  NOAA (7 March 2007). <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmp134_3-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cmp134_3_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bowring, Samuel A.; Williams, Ian S. (1999). "Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada". <i>Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</i> <b>134</b> (1): 3–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999CoMP..134....3B">1999CoMP..134....3B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s004100050465" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s004100050465">10.1007/s004100050465</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Priscoan+%284.00%E2%80%934.03+Ga%29+orthogneisses+from+northwestern+Canada&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Mineralogy+and+Petrology&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft.au=Bowring%2C%26%2332%3BSamuel+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BIan+S.&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9316&rft_id=info:bibcode/1999CoMP..134....3B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs004100050465&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science310_5756_1947-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-science310_5756_1947_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Harrison, T. et al. (December 2005). "Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5 ga". <i>Science</i> <b>310</b> (5756): 1947–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...310.1947H">2005Sci...310.1947H</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.1117926" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.1117926">10.1126/science.1117926</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293721">16293721</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heterogeneous+Hadean+hafnium%3A+evidence+of+continental+crust+at+4.4+to+4.5+ga&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Harrison%2C%26%2332%3BT.&rft.au=Blichert-Toft%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C%26%2332%3BW.&rft.au=Albarede%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.au=Holden%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Mojzsis%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=December+2005&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5756&rft.pages=1947%E2%80%9350&rft_id=info:bibcode/2005Sci...310.1947H&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1117926&rft_id=info:pmid/16293721&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podp2000-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-podp2000_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/chap_07/chap_07.htm">Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program</i>.  Texas A&M University (20 November 2000). <small>Тексерілді, 2 сәуір 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argus_etal_2011-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Argus_etal_2011_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Argus, D.F.; Gordon, R.G.; DeMets, C. (2011). "Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no‐net‐rotation reference frame". <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i> <b>12</b> (11): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GGG....1211001A">2011GGG....1211001A</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003751" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1029/2011GC003751">10.1029/2011GC003751</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geologically+current+motion+of+56+plates+relative+to+the+no%E2%80%90net%E2%80%90rotation+reference+frame&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.aulast=Argus&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rft.au=Argus%2C%26%2332%3BD.F.&rft.au=Gordon%2C%26%2332%3BR.G.&rft.au=DeMets%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft_id=info:bibcode/2011GGG....1211001A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029%2F2011GC003751&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pidwirny_2006_8-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidwirny_2006_8_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html">Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)</a>.  University of British Columbia, Okanagan (2 February 2006). <small>Тексерілді, 26 қараша 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html">World Factbook</a>.  Cia.gov. <small>Тексерілді, 2 қараша 2012.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-layers_earth-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-layers_earth_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html">Layers of the Earth</a>. <i>Volcano World</i>.  Oregon State University. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211014443/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html">мұрағатталған</a> 11 ақпан 2013.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 11 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jessey-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jessey_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html">Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks</a>.  Cal Poly Pomona. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170212/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html">мұрағатталған</a> 3 шілде 2007.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 20 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_pater_lissauer2010-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-de_pater_lissauer2010_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Planetary Sciences — 2nd. —  Cambridge University Press. — P. 154. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521853712" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wekn_bulakh2004-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wekn_bulakh2004_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Minerals: their constitution and origin —  Cambridge University Press. — P. 359. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521529587" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Center, National Geophysical Data</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo1_surface_histogram.html">Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS/countries/1W?display=graph">World Bank arable land</a>.  World Bank. <small>Тексерілді, 19 қазан 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS/countries?display=graph">World Bank permanent cropland</a>.  World Bank. <small>Тексерілді, 19 қазан 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooke2012-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hooke2012_81-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hooke, Roger LeB.; Martín-Duque, José F.; Pedraza, Javier (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/pdf/gt1212.pdf">"Land transformation by humans: A review"</a>. <i>GSA Today</i> <b>22</b> (12): 4–10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1130/GSAT151A.1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1">10.1130/GSAT151A.1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/pdf/gt1212.pdf">https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/pdf/gt1212.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Land+transformation+by+humans%3A+A+review&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.aulast=Hooke&rft.aufirst=Roger+LeB.&rft.au=Hooke%2C%26%2332%3BRoger+LeB.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Duque%2C%26%2332%3BJos%C3%A9+F.&rft.au=Pedraza%2C%26%2332%3BJavier&rft.date=December+2012&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4%E2%80%9310&rft_id=info:doi/10.1130%2FGSAT151A.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosociety.org%2Fgsatoday%2Farchive%2F22%2F12%2Fpdf%2Fgt1212.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i> <b>9</b>: 415–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981AREPS...9..415W">1981AREPS...9..415W</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215">10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long+wavelength+gravity+and+topography+anomalies&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.au=Watts%2C%26%2332%3BA.+B.&rft.au=Daly%2C%26%2332%3BS.+F.&rft.date=May+1981&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=415%E2%80%9318&rft_id=info:bibcode/1981AREPS...9..415W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.09.050181.002215&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dipole-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dipole_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Olson, Peter; Amit, Hagay (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.jh.edu/~polson1/pdfs/ChangesinEarthsDipole.pdf">"Changes in earth's dipole"</a>, <i>Naturwissenschaften</i> <b>93</b> (11): 519–542, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1007/s00114-006-0138-6" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0138-6">10.1007/s00114-006-0138-6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915369">16915369</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pages.jh.edu/~polson1/pdfs/ChangesinEarthsDipole.pdf">https://pages.jh.edu/~polson1/pdfs/ChangesinEarthsDipole.pdf</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Changes+in+earth%27s+dipole&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Olson%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Amit%2C%26%2332%3BHagay&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=519%E2%80%93542&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00114-006-0138-6&rft_id=info:pmid/16915369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.jh.edu%2F%7Epolson1%2Fpdfs%2FChangesinEarthsDipole.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fitzpatrick2006-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fitzpatrick2006_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/node69.html">MHD dynamo theory</a>.  NASA WMAP (16 February 2006). <small>Тексерілді, 27 ақпан 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbelwh-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-campbelwh_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields —  New York: Cambridge University Press. — P. 57. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521822060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-82206-0</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Ganushkina, N. Yu; Liemohn, M. W.; Dubyagin, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017RG000590">"Current Systems in the Earth's Magnetosphere"</a> (in en). <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i> <b>56</b> (2): 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RvGeo..56..309G">2018RvGeo..56..309G</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000590" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1002/2017RG000590">10.1002/2017RG000590</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9208">1944-9208</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017RG000590">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017RG000590</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Current+Systems+in+the+Earth%27s+Magnetosphere&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Geophysics&rft.aulast=Ganushkina&rft.aufirst=N.+Yu&rft.au=Ganushkina%2C%26%2332%3BN.+Yu&rft.au=Liemohn%2C%26%2332%3BM.+W.&rft.au=Dubyagin%2C%26%2332%3BS.&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309%E2%80%93332&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018RvGeo..56..309G&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F2017RG000590&rft.issn=1944-9208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F2017RG000590&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">McElroy, Michael B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere/Magnetosphere">"Ionosphere and magnetosphere"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere/Magnetosphere">https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-magnetosphere/Magnetosphere</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ionosphere+and+magnetosphere&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=McElroy%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+B.&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fionosphere-and-magnetosphere%2FMagnetosphere&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Allen-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Allen_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Allen"><span class="citation"><i>Van Allen James Alfred</i> Origins of Magnetospheric Physics —  University of Iowa Press. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780877459217" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87745-921-7</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stern2005-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stern2005_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmap.html">Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere</a>.  NASA (8 July 2005). <small>Тексерілді, 21 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocean23_2_112-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ocean23_2_112_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Charette, Matthew A.; Smith, Walter H. F. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_charette.pdf">"The Volume of Earth's Ocean"</a>. <i>Oceanography</i> <b>23</b> (2): 112–14. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.51" class="extiw" title="doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.51">10.5670/oceanog.2010.51</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_charette.pdf">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_charette.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230333/http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/23-2_charette.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 June 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Volume+of+Earth%27s+Ocean&rft.jtitle=Oceanography&rft.aulast=Charette&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft.au=Charette%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BWalter+H.+F.&rft.date=June+2010&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi/10.5670%2Foceanog.2010.51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131102230333%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.tos.org%2Foceanography%2Farchive%2F23-2_charette.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ase.tufts.edu/cosmos/print_chapter.asp?id=4">Third rock from the Sun – restless Earth</a>. <i>NASA's Cosmos</i>. <small>Тексерілді, 12 сәуір 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html">The World's Water</a>. <i>USGS Water-Science School</i> (17 March 2014). <small>Тексерілді, 12 сәуір 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennish2001-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kennish2001_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Practical handbook of marine science — 3rd. —  CRC Press. — P. 35. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780849323911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8493-2391-1</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mullen2002-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mullen2002_94-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/news/article223.html">Salt of the Early Earth</a>.  NASA Astrobiology Magazine (11 June 2002). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630122335/http://www.astrobio.net/news/article223.html">мұрағатталған</a> 30 маусым 2007.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natsci_oxy4-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-natsci_oxy4_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/oxy4.html">Oceanic Processes</a>.  NASA Astrobiology Magazine. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415082741/http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/oxy4.html">мұрағатталған</a> 15 сәуір 2009.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michon2006-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-michon2006_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/HeatBucket/">Earth's Big heat Bucket</a>.  NASA Earth Observatory (24 April 2006). <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sample2005-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sample2005_97-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/physical/SST.html">Sea Surface Temperature</a>.  NASA (21 June 2005). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427045816/http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/">мұрағатталған</a> 27 сәуір 2013.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 21 сәуір 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exline2006-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Exline2006_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exline2006_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/288978main_Meteorology_Guide.pdf">Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5-9</a> —  NASA/Langley Research Center. — P. 6. — ISBN NP-2006-08-97-LaRC.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earth_fact_sheet-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-earth_fact_sheet_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Williams, David R.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html">Earth Fact Sheet</a>.  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (16 March 2017). <small>Тексерілді, 26 шілде 2018.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geerts_linacre97-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-geerts_linacre97_100-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html">The height of the tropopause</a>. <i>Resources in Atmospheric Sciences</i>.  University of Wyoming (November 1997). <small>Тексерілді, 10 тамыз 2006.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_2002-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_2002_101-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Causes and Environmental Implications of Increased UV-B Radiation —  Royal Society of Chemistry. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780854042654" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-85404-265-4</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atmosphere-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-atmosphere_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmosphere_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html">Earth's Atmosphere</a>.  NASA (8 October 2003). <small>Тексерілді, 21 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pidwirny2006_7-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pidwirny2006_7_103-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html">Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd Edition)</a>.  University of British Columbia, Okanagan (2006). <small>Тексерілді, 19 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narottam2008-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Narottam2008_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaan2008"><span class="citation"><i>Gaan Narottam</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4kASIoKym8C&pg=PA40">Climate Change and International Politics</a> —  Kalpaz Publications, 2008. — P. 40. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9788178356419" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-81-7835-641-9</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moran2005-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-moran2005_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moran2005_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html">Weather</a>. <i>World Book Online Reference Center</i>.  NASA/World Book, Inc (2005). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213184908/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html">мұрағатталған</a> 13 желтоқсан 2010.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 17 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadava_heller2006-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sadava_heller2006_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifescienceofbio00davi/page/1114">Life, the Science of Biology</a> — 8th. —  MacMillan. — P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifescienceofbio00davi/page/1114">1114</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780716776710" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-7671-0</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate_zones-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_zones_107-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html">Climate Zones</a>.  UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html">мұрағатталған</a> 8 тамыз 2010.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 24 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rohli-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-rohli_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rohli_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rohli_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Climatology — fourth. —  Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018. — P. 49. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9781284126563" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781284126563</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydrologic_cycle-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hydrologic_cycle_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Various</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/home.rxml">The Hydrologic Cycle</a>.  University of Illinois (21 July 1997). <small>Тексерілді, 24 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berger2002-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-berger2002_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger2002_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/cc1syllabus.shtml">The Earth's Climate System</a>.  University of California, San Diego (2002). <small>Тексерілді, 24 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Climatology — fourth. —  Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2018. — P. 159. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9781284126563" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781284126563</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">El Fadli, Khalid I.; Cerveny, Randall S.; Burt, Christopher C.; Eden, Philip; Parker, David; Brunet, Manola; Peterson, Thomas C.; Mordacchini, Gianpaolo et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/94/2/199/60223/World-Meteorological-Organization-Assessment-of">"World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)"</a> (in en). <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i> <b>94</b> (2): 199–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BAMS...94..199E">2013BAMS...94..199E</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1">10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0007">0003-0007</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/94/2/199/60223/World-Meteorological-Organization-Assessment-of">https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/94/2/199/60223/World-Meteorological-Organization-Assessment-of</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Assessment+of+the+Purported+World+Record+58%C2%B0C+Temperature+Extreme+at+El+Azizia%2C+Libya+%2813+September+1922%29&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.aulast=El+Fadli&rft.aufirst=Khalid+I.&rft.au=El+Fadli%2C%26%2332%3BKhalid+I.&rft.au=Cerveny%2C%26%2332%3BRandall+S.&rft.au=Burt%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher+C.&rft.au=Eden%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&rft.au=Parker%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Brunet%2C%26%2332%3BManola&rft.au=Peterson%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+C.&rft.au=Mordacchini%2C%26%2332%3BGianpaolo&rft.au=Pelino%2C%26%2332%3BVinicio&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199%E2%80%93204&rft_id=info:bibcode/2013BAMS...94..199E&rft_id=info:doi/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-12-00093.1&rft.issn=0003-0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%2Fbams%2Farticle%2F94%2F2%2F199%2F60223%2FWorld-Meteorological-Organization-Assessment-of&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Turner, John; Anderson, Phil; Lachlan‐Cope, Tom; Colwell, Steve; Phillips, Tony; Kirchgaessner, Amélie; Marshall, Gareth J.; King, John C. et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009JD012104">"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica"</a> (in en). <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i> <b>114</b> (D24): D24102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11424102T">2009JGRD..11424102T</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012104" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1029/2009JD012104">10.1029/2009JD012104</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202">2156-2202</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009JD012104">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2009JD012104</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Record+low+surface+air+temperature+at+Vostok+station%2C+Antarctica&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Turner%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&rft.au=Lachlan%E2%80%90Cope%2C%26%2332%3BTom&rft.au=Colwell%2C%26%2332%3BSteve&rft.au=Phillips%2C%26%2332%3BTony&rft.au=Kirchgaessner%2C%26%2332%3BAm%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Marshall%2C%26%2332%3BGareth+J.&rft.au=King%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+C.&rft.au=Bracegirdle%2C%26%2332%3BTom&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=D24&rft.pages=D24102&rft_id=info:bibcode/2009JGRD..11424102T&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029%2F2009JD012104&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1029%2F2009JD012104&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciweek2004-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sciweek2004_114-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceweek.com/2004/rmps-23.htm">Stratosphere and Weather; Discovery of the Stratosphere</a>. <i>Science Week</i> (2004). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713053611/http://scienceweek.com/2004/rmps-23.htm">мұрағатталған</a> 13 шілде 2007.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 14 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cordoba2004-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cordoba2004_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp">Presentation of the Karman separation line, used as the boundary separating Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>.  Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (21 June 2004). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115223732/http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp">мұрағатталған</a> 15 қаңтар 2010.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 21 сәуір 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/biosphere/">Biosphere</a>. <i>National Geographic</i> (June 24, 2011). <small>Тексерілді, 1 қараша 2020.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zmyj6sg/revision/3">Interdependency between animal and plant species</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>.  BBC.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnat163_2_192-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-amnat163_2_192_118-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hillebrand, Helmut (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanrep.geomar.de/4048/1/Hillebrand_2004_Amer_nat.pdf">"On the Generality of the Latitudinal Gradient"</a>. <i>American Naturalist</i> <b>163</b> (2): 192–211. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1086/381004" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/381004">10.1086/381004</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14970922">14970922</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oceanrep.geomar.de/4048/1/Hillebrand_2004_Amer_nat.pdf">http://oceanrep.geomar.de/4048/1/Hillebrand_2004_Amer_nat.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Generality+of+the+Latitudinal+Gradient&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.aulast=Hillebrand&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Hillebrand%2C%26%2332%3BHelmut&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192%E2%80%93211&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F381004&rft_id=info:pmid/14970922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanrep.geomar.de%2F4048%2F1%2FHillebrand_2004_Amer_nat.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweetlove_2011-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweetlove_2011_119-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sweetlove, L. (24 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110823/full/news.2011.498.html">"Number of species on Earth tagged at 8.7 million"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/news.2011.498" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/news.2011.498">10.1038/news.2011.498</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110823/full/news.2011.498.html">https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110823/full/news.2011.498.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 October 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Number+of+species+on+Earth+tagged+at+8.7+million&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Sweetlove&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Sweetlove%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.date=24+August+2011&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnews.2011.498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F110823%2Ffull%2Fnews.2011.498.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ab2003-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ab2003_120-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html">Astrobiology Roadmap</a>.  NASA, Lockheed Martin (September 2003). <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312212337/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html">мұрағатталған</a> 12 наурыз 2012.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 10 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896866658">Ecology environmental science and conservation</a> — First. —  New Delhi: S. Chand & Company, 2013. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9789383746002" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-93-83746-00-2</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dole1970-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dole1970_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R414/">Habitable Planets for Man</a> — 2nd. —  American Elsevier Publishing Co. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780444000927" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-444-00092-7</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Oceans and Human Health —  Elsevier Science. — P. 212. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780080877822" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780080877822</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnt0DwAAQBAJ&q=Natural+Disasters&pg=PT11">Natural Disasters</a> —  Springer Science & Business Media. — P. 3. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9781317938811" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781317938811</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">The Human Impact on the Natural Environment —  MIT Press, 2000. — P. 52; 66; 69; 137; 142; 185; 202; 355; 366. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780262571388" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780262571388</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; Verheggen, Bart; Maibach, Ed W.; Carlton, J. Stuart; Lewandowsky, Stephan et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002">"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming"</a> (in en). <i>Environmental Research Letters</i> <b>11</b> (4): 048002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ERL....11d8002C">2016ERL....11d8002C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002">10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (мұндай бет жоқ)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002">https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Consensus+on+consensus%3A+a+synthesis+of+consensus+estimates+on+human-caused+global+warming&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cook%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.au=Oreskes%2C%26%2332%3BNaomi&rft.au=Doran%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+T.&rft.au=Anderegg%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+R.+L.&rft.au=Verheggen%2C%26%2332%3BBart&rft.au=Maibach%2C%26%2332%3BEd+W.&rft.au=Carlton%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+Stuart&rft.au=Lewandowsky%2C%26%2332%3BStephan&rft.au=Skuce%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew+G.&rft.date=2016&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=048002&rft_id=info:bibcode/2016ERL....11d8002C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F11%2F4%2F048002&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252F11%252F4%252F048002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-effects/">Global Warming Effects</a>  <span class="ref-info" title="ағылшын тілінде" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:#888;">(ағыл.)</span> (14 January 2019).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html">Various '7 billionth' babies celebrated worldwide</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031182613/http://news.yahoo.com/various-7-billionth-babies-celebrated-worldwide-064439018.html">мұрағатталған</a> 31 қазан 2011.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 31 қазан 2011.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Harvey, Fiona</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/15/world-population-in-2100-could-be-2-billion-below-un-forecasts-study-suggests">World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests</a> (en-GB), <i>The Guardian</i> (15 шілде 2020).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWID_urbanization_2019-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OWID_urbanization_2019_130-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization#what-share-of-people-will-live-in-urban-areas-in-the-future">What share of people will live in urban areas in the future?</a> (2019).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/distributionoflandmassesofthepaleo-earth">Distribution of landmasses of the Paleo-Earth</a>.  University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (6 July 2011). <small>Тексерілді, 5 қаңтар 2019.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/90-of-people-live-in-the-northern-hemisphere-2012-5">MAP OF THE DAY: Pretty Much Everyone Lives In The Northern Hemisphere</a>. <i>Business Insider</i> (4 May 2012). <small>Тексерілді, 5 қаңтар 2019.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hessd4_439-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hessd4_439_133-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions</i> <b>4</b> (2): 439–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESSD...4..439P">2007HESSD...4..439P</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007" class="extiw" title="doi:10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007">10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences+Discussions&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Peel%2C%26%2332%3BM.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C%26%2332%3BB.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C%26%2332%3BT.+A.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439%E2%80%9373&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007HESSD...4..439P&rft_id=info:doi/10.5194%2Fhessd-4-439-2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00298818%2Ffile%2Fhessd-4-439-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biodiv-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-biodiv_134-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Staff</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml">Themes & Issues</a>.  Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. <small>Басты дереккөзінен <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407011249/http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/default.shtml">мұрағатталған</a> 7 сәуір 2007.</small> <small>Тексерілді, 29 наурыз 2007.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rienner.com/uploads/47d958f8700e6.pdf">Politics and Process at the United Nations: The Global Dance</a> —  Lynne Reiner, 2006. — P. 1-4. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/1588263231" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-58826-323-1</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">The Discretely Plumper Second QI Book of General Ignorance —  Faber & Faber, 2010. — P. 116-117. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780571290727" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780571290727</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn2006-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kuhn2006_137-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">The race for space: the United States and the Soviet Union compete for the new frontier —  Twenty-First Century Books. — P. 34. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780822559849" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8225-5984-9</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shayler_vis2005-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shayler_vis2005_138-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center —  Birkhäuser. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780387218946" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-387-21894-6</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Holmes, Oliver</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/19/space-how-far-have-we-gone-and-where-are-we-going">Space: how far have we gone – and where are we going?</a> (en-GB), <i>The Guardian</i> (19 қараша 2018).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_rg_iss2007-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_rg_iss2007_140-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html">Reference Guide to the International Space Station</a>.  NASA (16 January 2007). <small>Тексерілді, 23 желтоқсан 2008.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apollo13History-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Apollo13History_141-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm">Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970</a>.  NASA. <small>Тексерілді, 7 қараша 2015.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation"><i>IPCC</i> Summary for Policymakers // IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land — 2019. — P. 8.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/overexploitation-of-natural-resources">What are the consequences of the overexploitation of natural resources?</a>, <i>Iberdrola</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-826-5409-5/page013new.html">"13. Exploitation of Natural Resources"</a>. <i>European Environment Agency</i> (European Union). 20 April 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-826-5409-5/page013new.html">https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-826-5409-5/page013new.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 June 2019</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=13.+Exploitation+of+Natural+Resources&rft.jtitle=European+Environment+Agency&rft.date=20+April+2016&rft.pub=European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2F92-826-5409-5%2Fpage013new.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Huebsch, Russell</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/how-are-fossil-fuels-extracted-from-the-ground-12227026.html">How Are Fossil Fuels Extracted From the Ground?</a>, <i>Sciencing</i>, <i>Leaf Group Media</i> (29 September 2017).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-basics/electricity-generation-what-are-the-options.aspx">Electricity generation – what are the options?</a>. <i>World Nuclear Association</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brimhall, George (May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24936905">"The Genesis of Ores"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i> (Nature America) <b>264</b> (5): 84–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SciAm.264e..84B">1991SciAm.264e..84B</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0591-84" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-84">10.1038/scientificamerican0591-84</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (мұндай бет жоқ)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24936905">24936905</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24936905">https://www.jstor.org/stable/24936905</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 13, 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+Ores&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.aulast=Brimhall&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brimhall%2C%26%2332%3BGeorge&rft.date=May+1991&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=84%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Nature+America&rft_id=info:bibcode/1991SciAm.264e..84B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0591-84&rft.jstor=24936905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24936905&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLunine2013"><span class="citation"><i>Lunine Jonathan I.</i> Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World — second. —  Cambridge University Press, 2013. — P. 292–294. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780521615198" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-61519-8</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science299_5607_673-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-science299_5607_673_149-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rona, Peter A. (2003). "Resources of the Sea Floor". <i>Science</i> <b>299</b> (5607): 673–74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.1080679" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.1080679">10.1126/science.1080679</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (мұндай бет жоқ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560541">12560541</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Resources+of+the+Sea+Floor&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Rona&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Rona%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+A.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=5607&rft.pages=673%E2%80%9374&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1080679&rft_id=info:pmid/12560541&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWID_2019-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OWID_2019_150-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/land-use">Land Use</a> (2019).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181224b-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181224b_151-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Widmer, Ted</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html">What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? - For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (24 December 2018). <small>Тексерілді 25 желтоқсанның 2018.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liungman2004-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-liungman2004_152-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Group 29: Multi-axes symmetric, both soft and straight-lined, closed signs with crossing lines // Symbols – Encyclopedia of Western Signs and Ideograms —  New York: Ionfox AB. — P. 281–82. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9789197270502" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-91-972705-0-2</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStookey2004"><span class="citation"><i>Stookey Lorena Laura</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/114">Thematic Guide to World Mythology</a> —  Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. — P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/114">114–15</a>. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780313315053" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-31505-3</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahn2001-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kahn2001_154-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKahn"><span class="citation"><i>Kahn Charles H.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72">Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History</a> —  Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England: Hackett Publishing Company. — P. 53. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780872205758" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87220-575-8</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarwood"><span class="citation"><i>Garwood Christine</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184822945">Flat earth : the history of an infamous idea</a> — 1st. —  New York: Thomas Dunne Books. — P. 26–31. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780312382087" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-312-38208-7</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arnett20060716-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-arnett20060716_156-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nineplanets.org/earth.html">Earth</a>. <i>The Nine Planets, A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System: one star, eight planets, and more</i> (16 July 2006). <small>Тексерілді, 9 наурыз 2010.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><span class="citation">Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth —  Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. — P. 263–65. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780495011484" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-495-01148-4</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henshaw_2014_117–18-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Henshaw_2014_117–18_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henshaw_2014_117–18_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHenshaw2014"><span class="citation"><i>Henshaw John M.</i> An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter —  Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014. — P. 117–18. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9781421414911" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4214-1491-1</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burchfield_1990_13–18-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Burchfield_1990_13–18_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burchfield_1990_13–18_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1990"><span class="citation"><i>Burchfield Joe D.</i> Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth —  University of Chicago Press, 1990. — P. 13–18. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9780226080437" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-226-08043-7</a>.</span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сыртқы_сілтемелер"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8B.D1.80.D1.82.D2.9B.D1.8B_.D1.81.D1.96.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Сыртқы сілтемелер</h2></div> <table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 240px; float: ; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="margin-left: 5px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div></td> <td class="mbox-text" style="font-size: 95%;"> <div style="margin-left: 5px;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ортаққор">Ортаққорда</a> бұған қатысты бар: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Earth" class="extiw" title="commons:Earth">Жер</a></b></i></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/overview/">Earth – Profile</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA (мұндай бет жоқ)">NASA</a> сайтындағы Жер бейіні</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">Earth Observatory</a> – NASA</li> <li>Жер – Бейнелер – Халықаралық ғарыш станциясы: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74mhQyuyELQ">Video (01:02)</a> – Жер (таймлапс)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6ahFFFQBZY">Video (00:27)</a> – Жер мен шұғыла (таймплапс)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/@36.6233227,-44.9959756,5662076m/data=!3m1!1e3">Google Earth 3D</a>, интерактивті карта</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehappykoala.github.io/Harmony-of-the-Spheres/#/category/Solar%20System/scenario/The%20Earth%20and%20Moon%20System">Жер, Күн және Ай жүйесінің интерактивті 3D визуализациясы</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.gplates.org/">GPlates порталы</a> (Сидней Университеті)</li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бұл үлгіні қарау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні қарау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/14px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/21px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/28px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бұл үлгіні талқылау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні талқылау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/14px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/21px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/28px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit" title="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/16px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/24px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/32px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><div style="font-size:114%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Жер</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Құрлықтар</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида">Антарктида</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аустралия">Аустралия</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еуразия">Еуразия</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еуропа">Еуропа</a></i>) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оңтүстік Америка">Оңтүстік Америка</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Солтүстік Америка">Солтүстік Америка</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 7px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/100px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/150px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/200px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Мұхиттар</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Атлант мұхиты">Атлант мұхиты</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Оңтүстік мұхит">Оңтүстік мұхит</a> (<i>ресми мойындалмаған</i>) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Солтүстік Мұзды мұхит">Солтүстік Мұзды мұхит</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тынық мұхит">Тынық мұхит</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Үнді мұхиты">Үнді мұхиты</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Геосфера">Геосфералар</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер ядросы">Ядро</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер мантиясы">Мантия</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жер қыртысы">Жер қыртысы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литосфера">Литосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гидросфера">Гидросфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">Атмосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ионосфера">Ионосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Магнитосфера">Магнитосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера">Биосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ноосфера">Антропосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ноосфера">Ноосфера</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосфера">Экзосфера</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Қосымша</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Жер тарихы">Жер тарихы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Жердің айналуы">Жердің айналуы</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Жер магниттілігі">Жер магниттілігі</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Жердің пішіні мен көлемі">Жердің пішіні мен көлемі</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геоид">Геоид</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геотектоника">Геотектоника</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геохронология">Геохронология</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Биом">Биом</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Табиғат">Табиғат</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Табиғат зоналары">Табиғат зоналары</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Климат">Климат</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология">Экология</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Экологиялық жүйе">Экологиялық жүйе</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><span style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Бұл үлгіні қарау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні қарау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/14px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/21px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/28px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Бұл үлгіні талқылау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні талқылау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/14px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/21px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg/28px-Comment_alt_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96&action=edit" title="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні өңдеу" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/16px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/24px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/32px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Күн жүйесі">Күн жүйесі</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Solar_System_XXX.png" decoding="async" width="635" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_a52f193c0fa0c6c3" /></span><map name="ImageMap_a52f193c0fa0c6c3"><area href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" shape="circle" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="Күн" title="Күн" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Меркурий" title="Меркурий" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Шолпан" title="Шолпан" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" shape="circle" coords="203,8,4" alt="Ай" title="Ай" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" shape="circle" coords="194,18,8" alt="Жер" title="Жер" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="239,13,3" alt="Фобос және Деймос" title="Фобос және Деймос" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Қызылжұлдыз" title="Қызылжұлдыз" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" shape="circle" coords="271,18,8" alt="Церера" title="Церера" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="Негізгі белдеу" title="Негізгі белдеу" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" shape="circle" coords="316,18,15" alt="Юпитер" title="Юпитер" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="329,5,6" alt="Юпитер серіктері" title="Юпитер серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" shape="circle" coords="372,18,10" alt="Сатурн" title="Сатурн" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Сатурн серіктері" title="Сатурн серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="418,18,9" alt="Уран" title="Уран" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Уран серіктері" title="Уран серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="471,10,3" alt="Нептун серіктері" title="Нептун серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Нептун" title="Нептун" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="508,13,3" alt="Плутон серіктері" title="Плутон серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="504,18,8" alt="Плутон" title="Плутон" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" shape="circle" coords="539,13,3" alt="Хаумеа серіктері" title="Хаумеа серіктері" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" shape="circle" coords="535,18,8" alt="Хаумеа" title="Хаумеа" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" shape="circle" coords="564,18,8" alt="Макемаке" title="Макемаке" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" shape="rect" coords="492,0,573,35" alt="Койпер белдеуі" title="Койпер белдеуі" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" shape="circle" coords="601,14,3" alt="Дисномия" title="Дисномия" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" shape="circle" coords="597,18,8" alt="Эрида" title="Эрида" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" shape="rect" coords="574,0,610,35" alt="Жайылған дискі" title="Жайылған дискі" /><area href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B" shape="rect" coords="611,0,635,35" alt="Оорт бұлты" title="Оорт бұлты" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4e3fc;"><span style="font-size: 110%">Күн және планеталар</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="font-size: 110%"><b><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7)" title="Күн (жұлдыз)">Күн (жұлдыз)</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Меркурий (ғаламшар)">Болпан</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Шолпан (ғаламшар)">Шолпан</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Жер</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Марс">Қызылжұлдыз</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер">Есекқырған</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Сатурн">Қоңырқай</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Уран (ғаламшар)">Уран</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Нептун (ғаламшар)">Нептун</a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4e3fc;">Шағын аспан денелері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ергежейлі планеталар">Ергежейлі планеталар</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Церера">Церера</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Плутон (ергежейлі ғаламшар)">Плутон</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Хаумеа (ергежейлі ғаламшар)">Хаумеа</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Макемаке">Макемаке</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Эрида">Эрида</a></i> • <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Седна (мұндай бет жоқ)">Седна</a></i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид">Астероидтар</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жерге жақын нысандар">Жерге жақын нысандар</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Негізгі белдеу">Негізгі белдеу</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Троян астероиды">Трояндар</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кентавр астероидтары">Кентаврлар</a>) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Метеороид">Метеороидтар</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Транснептундық нысан">Транснептундық нысан</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Койпер белдеуі">Койпер белдеуі</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Жайылған дискі (мұндай бет жоқ)">Жайылған дискі</a>) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Комета">Құйрықты жұлдыз</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оорт бұлты (мұндай бет жоқ)">Оорт бұлты</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4e3fc;">Аспан денелерінің серіктері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Жер (1): <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)" title="Ай (серік)">Ай</a> • Марс (2): <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Деймос">Деймос</a> пен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Фобос">Фобос</a> • <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Юпитер серіктері">Юпитер серіктері</a> (95) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сатурн серіктері (мұндай бет жоқ)">Сатурн серіктері</a> (146) • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Уран серіктері">Уран серіктері</a> (27) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нептун серіктері (мұндай бет жоқ)">Нептун серіктері</a> (14) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Плутон серіктері (мұндай бет жоқ)">Плутон серіктері</a> (5) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хаумеа серіктері (мұндай бет жоқ)">Хаумеа серіктері</a> (2) • Эрида (1): <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дисномия (серік) (мұндай бет жоқ)">Дисномия</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4e3fc;">Тізімдер</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Күн жүйесінің <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радиусы бойынша Күн жүйесінің нысандар тізімі (мұндай бет жоқ)">радиусы</a> мен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Массасы бойынша Күн жүйесінің нысандар тізімі (мұндай бет жоқ)">массасы</a> бойынша нысандар • <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Астероидтар тізімі">Астероидтар тізімі</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="right:10px; display:none;" class="metadata topicon" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бұл мақала таңдаулы мақалалар тізіміне енеді"><img alt="Таңдаулы мақала" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gold_piece.png/18px-Gold_piece.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gold_piece.png/27px-Gold_piece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gold_piece.png/36px-Gold_piece.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation" style="border-left: 10px solid gold;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедия:Таңдаулы мақалалар"><img alt="✯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Goldenwiki_2.png/30px-Goldenwiki_2.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Goldenwiki_2.png/45px-Goldenwiki_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Goldenwiki_2.png/60px-Goldenwiki_2.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">Бұл мақала қазақша Уикипедияның <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедия:Таңдаулы мақалалар">таңдаулы мақалалар</a> тізіміне енеді.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐565d46677b‐vlw77 Cached time: 20241128140923 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.482 seconds Real time usage: 1.672 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 79298/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 721524/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 210597/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 199842/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.026/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1108232/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1380.078 1 -total 50.49% 696.798 1 Үлгі:Дереккөздер 24.52% 338.422 1 Үлгі:Тіршілік_тарихы 24.26% 334.745 1 Үлгі:Graphical_timeline 23.24% 320.705 47 Үлгі:Cite_journal 23.14% 319.419 49 Үлгі:Citation/core 11.79% 162.697 62 Үлгі:Cite_web 9.68% 133.634 1 Үлгі:For_loop 9.24% 127.535 1 Үлгі:ForLoop/aux 5.22% 72.010 1 Үлгі:Ғаламшар --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key kkwiki:pcache:idhash:6836-0!canonical and timestamp 20241128140923 and revision id 3372916. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Жер&oldid=3372916">https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Жер&oldid=3372916</a>» бетінен алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арнайы:Санаттар">Санаттар</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%88%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:Үлгі шақыруында көшірме аргумент қолданатын беттер">Үлгі шақыруында көшірме аргумент қолданатын беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:Жер">Жер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Санат:Күн жүйесі">Күн жүйесі</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Жер тәрізді ғаламшарлар">Жер тәрізді ғаламшарлар</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Санат:Күн жүйесі ғаламшарлары">Күн жүйесі ғаламшарлары</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Санат:Космология">Космология</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Санат:Табиғат">Табиғат</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Санат:Астрономия">Астрономия</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Жасырын санат: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер">ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Уикипедия:Алфавит бойынша таңдаулы мақалалар">Уикипедия:Алфавит бойынша таңдаулы мақалалар</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Бұл беттің соңғы рет өзгертілген кезі: 2024 ж. қыркүйектің 7, 16:10.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Мәтін <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike лицензиясы</a> аясында қолжетімді; қосымша шарттар қолданылуы мүмкін. 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