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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Military expansions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansions_during_Abu_Bakr's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansions_during_Abu_Bakr's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Expansions during Abu Bakr's reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansions_during_Abu_Bakr's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansions_during_Umar's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansions_during_Umar's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Expansions during Umar's reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansions_during_Umar's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansions_during_Uthman's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansions_during_Uthman's_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Expansions during Uthman's reign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansions_during_Uthman's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_into_Umayyad_caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_into_Umayyad_caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Transition into Umayyad caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_into_Umayyad_caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Units </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Units subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Infantry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infantry_horses_and_camels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_horses_and_camels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Infantry horses and camels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_horses_and_camels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Armour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Helmets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Swords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Shields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 Spears </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.7 Maces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Javelins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Javelins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.8 Javelins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Javelins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Archer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Bows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cavalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Horse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1.1 Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mubarizun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mubarizun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Mubarizun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mubarizun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahranite_cavalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahranite_cavalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Mahranite cavalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahranite_cavalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kharijite_rebels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kharijite_rebels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Kharijite rebels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kharijite_rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Siege engineers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catapults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catapults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Catapults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catapults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Siege towers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Other engines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregular_conscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregular_conscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Irregular conscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregular_conscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Abna'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Abna'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Al-Abna' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Abna'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Greeks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Asawir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Asawir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Persian Asawir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Asawir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Jats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_Christian_levy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_Christian_levy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Arabic Christian levy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_Christian_levy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_medics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_medics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Field medics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_medics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Camels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Camels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Camels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Camels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War-camel_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War-camel_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 War-camel breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-camel_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Use in combat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camel_defensive_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camel_defensive_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Camel defensive lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camel_defensive_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahranite_camelier_corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahranite_camelier_corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Mahranite camelier corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahranite_camelier_corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camel_corpse_bridge_in_al-Anbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camel_corpse_bridge_in_al-Anbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Camel corpse bridge in al-Anbar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camel_corpse_bridge_in_al-Anbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_for_transport_and_logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_for_transport_and_logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Use for transport and logistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_for_transport_and_logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_emergency_rations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_emergency_rations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Use as emergency rations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_as_emergency_rations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khalid's_legendary_camels'_desert_crossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalid's_legendary_camels'_desert_crossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Khalid's legendary camels' desert crossing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalid's_legendary_camels'_desert_crossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Strategy and tactics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy_and_tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategy and tactics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Field formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_in_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_in_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Divisions in battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_in_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Cavalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavalry_usage_during_siege_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalry_usage_during_siege_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Cavalry usage during siege warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavalry_usage_during_siege_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_and_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_and_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Intelligence and espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_and_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_raids_and_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_raids_and_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Border raids and expansions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_raids_and_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_organizations_within_the_state_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_organizations_within_the_state_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military organizations within the state department </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_organizations_within_the_state_department-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military organizations within the state department subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_organizations_within_the_state_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_governorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_governorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Military governorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_governorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diwan_al-Jund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwan_al-Jund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Diwan al-Jund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwan_al-Jund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Capital guard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roles_within_caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_within_caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Roles within caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_within_caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conduct and ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rashidun army</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيش الخلفاء الراشدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش الخلفاء الراشدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="খিলাফতে রাশিদার সেনাবাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খিলাফতে রাশিদার সেনাবাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Rashidun" title="Ejército Rashidun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Rashidun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ارتش خلافت راشدین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش خلافت راشدین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रशीदुन सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रशीदुन सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_Rasyidin" title="Pasukan Rasyidin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasukan Rasyidin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_dei_Rashidun" title="Esercito dei Rashidun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito dei Rashidun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Khulafah_Al-Rasyidin" title="Tentera Khulafah Al-Rasyidin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Khulafah Al-Rasyidin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="خلافت راشدہ دی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلافت راشدہ دی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Armed forces of the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Rashidun army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">جيش الراشدين</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">632–661</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Land force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Provincial Headquarters (Amsar)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> (632–657) <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> (657–661) <a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a> (634–?) <a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a> (?–?) <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a> (639–?) <a href="/wiki/Basra#Rashidun_Caliphate_(632–661)" title="Basra">Basra (632–661)</a> <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> (660–?) <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (641–?) <a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawwaj</a> (640-?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Supreme Commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr al-Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman ibn Affan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable Commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27adh_ibn_Jabal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'adh ibn Jabal">Mu'adh ibn Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-'As">Amr ibn al-'As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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Buzakha">Buzakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghamra" title="Battle of Ghamra">Ghamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naqra" title="Battle of Naqra">Naqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zafar" title="Battle of Zafar">Zafar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yamama">Yamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dawmat_al-Jandal" title="Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal">Dawmat al-Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aswad_al-Ansi" title="Al-Aswad al-Ansi">Al-Aswad al-Ansi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate#Ridda_Wars" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Dibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars#Hadhramaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridda_Wars#Third_rebellion_in_Yemen" title="Ridda Wars">Yemen rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Muslim_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests"> Early Muslim conquests</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim%E2%80%93Meccan_conflict" title="Early Muslim–Meccan conflict">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim%E2%80%93Quraysh_War" title="Muslim–Quraysh War">Quraysh</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Arab_conquest_and_Arab-Byzantine_condominium" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636-637)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636-637)">Israel</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Sassanid Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Fars" title="Arab conquest of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Kerman" title="Muslim conquest of Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Northern Persia">Northern Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan" title="Muslim conquest of Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Muslim conquest of Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania#Islamic_era" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Caucasian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li></ul> Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makuria#Early_period_(5th–8th_century)" title="Makuria">Makurian Nubia</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_battle_of_Dongola" title="First battle of Dongola">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Dongola" title="Second battle of Dongola">2nd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Visigothic Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul"> Frankish Gaul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> Border conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> Naval warfare <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> Byzantine reconquest <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" title="Arab conquest of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_River" title="Battle of River">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walaja" title="Battle of Walaja">Walaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ullais" title="Battle of Ullais">Ullais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hira" title="Battle of Hira">Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Anbar">Al-Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Battle of Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husayd" title="Battle of Husayd">Husayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muzayyah" title="Battle of Muzayyah">Muzayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saniyy" title="Battle of Saniyy">Saniyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumail" title="Battle of Zumail">Zumail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_(634)" title="Battle of Babylon (634)">1st Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Namaraq" title="Battle of Namaraq">Namaraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaskar" title="Battle of Kaskar">Kaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge" title="Battle of the Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buwaib" title="Battle of Buwaib">Buwaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qādisiyyah">al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burs" title="Battle of Burs">Burs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_(636)" title="Battle of Babylon (636)">2nd Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalula" title="Battle of Jalula">Jalula</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khuzestan" title="Muslim conquest of Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shushtar" title="Siege of Shushtar">Shushtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gundishapur" title="Siege of Gundishapur">Gundishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayrudh" title="Battle of Bayrudh">Bayrudh</a></li></ul> Central Persia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nah%C4%81vand" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nahāvand">Nahavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spahan" title="Battle of Spahan">Spahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waj_Rudh" title="Battle of Waj Rudh">Waj Rudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ray_(651)" title="Battle of Ray (651)">Ray</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Azerbaijan" title="Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania#Islamic_era" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia#First_conquests_and_installation_of_Arab_domination_(645–736)" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Rabiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabiah">Derbent</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Fars" title="Arab conquest of Fars">Pars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bishapur_(643%E2%80%93644)" title="Battle of Bishapur (643–644)">Bishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istakhr_(650%E2%80%93653)" title="Battle of Istakhr (650–653)">Estakhr</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Muslim conquest of Khorasan">Khorasan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oxus_River" title="Battle of Oxus River">Oxus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nishapur" title="Battle of Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(652)" title="Siege of Herat (652)">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badghis" title="Battle of Badghis">Badghis</a></li></ul> Other geographies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Northern Persia">Northern Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Kerman" title="Muslim conquest of Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan" title="Muslim conquest of Sistan">Sakastan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_conquestof_Transoxiana" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_conquestof_Transoxiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Early invasions</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Rabi_ibn_Ziyad_al-Harithi" title="Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi">Rabi b. Ziyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Uthman" title="Sa'id ibn Uthman">Sa'id b. Uthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salm_ibn_Ziyad" title="Salm ibn Ziyad">Salm b. Ziyad</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musa_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Khazim_al-Sulami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami (page does not exist)">Musa al-Sulami</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Initial conquest</dt></dl> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba b. Muslim</a> (705–715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Aksu</a> (717)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Umayyad–Türgesh wars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Qasr_al-Bahili" title="Relief of Qasr al-Bahili">Qasr al-Bahili</a> (720/1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Thirst" title="Day of Thirst">Day of Thirst</a> (724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baykand" title="Battle of Baykand">Baykand</a> (729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamarja" title="Siege of Kamarja">Kamarja</a> (729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Defile" title="Battle of the Defile">The Defile</a> (731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baggage" title="Battle of the Baggage">The Baggage</a> (737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kharistan" title="Battle of Kharistan">Kharistan</a> (737)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj</a> (734–736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_ibn_Sayyar" title="Nasr ibn Sayyar">Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar</a> (738–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Talas</a> (751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Wars of Caliph Umar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Syria (634–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Conquest_of_Palestine" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Palestine (635–636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Campaigns_in_Armenia_and_Anatolia" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Campaigns in Eastern Anatolia (638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Conquest of Armenia (638 & 644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Surrender_of_Thebaid_(South_eastern_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Upper Egypt (640–641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_Alexandria_and_fall_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Lower Egypt (641–642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Conquest of Bahnasa (639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of North Africa (643)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Second_invasion_of_Iraq_(636)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Iraq (636–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Central_Persia_(Isfahan_and_Tabaristan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Southern_Persia_(Fars)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Fars (642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_south_eastern_Persia_(Kerman_&_Makran)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Kerman & Makran (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Eastern_Persia_(Sistan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sistan (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Azerbaijan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Azerbaijan (643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Khurasan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Khurasan (643–644)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Rashidun army (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جيش الراشدين) was the core of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>'s armed forces during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> in the 7th century. The army is reported to have maintained a high level of discipline, strategic prowess and organization, granting them successive victories in their various campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In its time, the Rashidun army was a very powerful and effective force. The three most successful generals of the army were <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquered Persian Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Roman Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>, who also conquered parts of the Roman Levant, and <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">conquered Roman Egypt</a>. The army was a key component in the Rashidun Caliphate's territorial expansion and served as a medium for the early spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> into the territories it conquered.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Muhammad in Medina</a></div> According to Tarikh at Tabari, the nucleus of the early caliphate forces were formed from the Green Division (al-Katibah al-Khadra), a unit that consisted of early converts from <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> that marched on to <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquer Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199718-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ridda_wars">Ridda wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ridda wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar">Abu Bakar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a></div> Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss of its leader and many experienced a profound shock. Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring that Muhammad had gone to consult with God and would soon return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.<a href="#cite_note-PhippsP70-4">[4]</a> Abu Bakr, having returned to Medina,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> calmed Umar by showing him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He then addressed those who had gathered at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If anyone worships God, God is alive, immortal", thus putting an end to any idolising impulse in the population. He then concluded with a verse from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>: "Muhammad is no more than an apostle, and many apostles have passed away before him."<a href="#cite_note-PhippsP70-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D144">3:144</a>] Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, with several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. These insurgencies and the caliphate's responses to them are collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a> ("Wars of Apostasy").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner198186-7">[7]</a> The opposition movements came in two forms. One type challenged the political power of the nascent caliphate as well as the religious authority of Islam with the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done. These rebellions include: <ul><li>that of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad_ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah">Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Tulayha_ibn_Khuwaylid_ibn_Nawfal_al-Asadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi">Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid</a></li> <li>that of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hanifa" title="Banu Hanifa">Banu Hanifa</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Musaylimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaylimah">Musaylimah</a></li> <li>those from among the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Taghlib" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Taghlib">Banu Taghlib</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Tamim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Tamim">Bani Tamim</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Sajah" title="Sajah">Sajah</a></li> <li>that of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ansi" title="Al-Ansi">Al-Ansi</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Aswad_Al-Ansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aswad Al-Ansi">Al-Aswad Al-Ansi</a></li> <li>Omani rebels led by Laqeet bin Malik</li></ul> These leaders are all denounced in Islamic histories as "false prophets".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner198186-7">[7]</a> The second form of opposition movement was more strictly political in character. Some of the revolts of this type took the form of tax rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> among tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Fazara" title="Banu Fazara">Banu Fazara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a>. Other dissenters, while initially allied with the Muslims, used Muhammad's death as an opportunity to attempt to restrict the growth of the new Islamic state. They include some of the <a href="/wiki/Rab%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabīʿa">Rabīʿa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oman_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman proper">Oman</a>, as well as among the <a href="/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kinda</a> and Khawlan in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner198186-7">[7]</a> At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political and religious supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued the political consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little interruption. By the wars' end, he had established Islamic hegemony over the entire <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner198186-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_expansions">Military expansions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military expansions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab-Byzantine_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Byzantine wars">Arab-Byzantine wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a> in 628, Islamic tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> sent many letters to the princes, kings, and chiefs of the various tribes and kingdoms of the time, exhorting them to convert to Islam and bow to the order of God. These letters were carried by ambassadors to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">Hira</a> (Iraq) on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-seventhyear-8">[8]</a> This assertion has been brought under scrutiny by some modern historians of Islam—notably Grimme and Caetani.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Particularly in dispute is the assertion that Khosrau II received a letter from Muhammad, as the Sassanid court ceremony was notoriously intricate, and it is unlikely that a letter from what at the time was a minor regional power would have reached the hands of the Shahanshah.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> With regards to Persia, Muslim histories further recount that at the beginning of the seventh year of migration, Muhammad appointed one of his officers, Abdullah Huzafah Sahmi Qarashi, to carry his letter to <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a> inviting him to convert: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful. From Muhammad, the Messenger of God, to the great Kisra of Persia. Peace be upon him, who seeks truth and expresses belief in God and in His Prophet and testifies that there are no gods but one God whom has no partners, and who believes that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet. Under the Command of God, I invite you to Him. He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum. Embrace Islam so that you may remain safe. And if you refuse to accept Islam, you will be responsible for the sins of the Magi.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></blockquote> There are differing accounts of the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By span from the ascensions of Abu Bakar as caliph until his death, the Rashidun Caliphate expanded steadily; within the span of 24 years, a vast territory was conquered comprising Mesopotamia, the Levant, parts of Anatolia, and most of the Sasanian Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansions_during_Abu_Bakr's_reign">Expansions during Abu Bakr's reign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansions during Abu Bakr's reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaigns_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Template:Campaigns of Khalid ibn al-Walid"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaigns_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Template talk:Campaigns of Khalid ibn al-Walid"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaigns of Khalid ibn al-Walid"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Khalid_ibn_Walid" title="Category:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid">Campaigns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Campaigns under Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Nakhla)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Nakhla)">Demolition of al-Uzza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Banu_Jadhimah)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)">Banu Jadhimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Banu_Jadhimah)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Banu Jadhimah)">Banu Jadhimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Tabuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition to Tabuk">Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Dumatul_Jandal)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal)">Dumatul Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(2nd_Dumatul_Jandal)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal)">2nd Dumatul Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_(Najran)" title="Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Najran)">Najran</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Ridda_Wars" title="Ridda Wars">Ridda Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buzakha" title="Battle of Buzakha">Buzakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghamra" title="Battle of Ghamra">Ghamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yamama">Yamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zafar" title="Battle of Zafar">Zafar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dawmat_al-Jandal" title="Battle of Dawmat al-Jandal">Dawmat al-Jandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naqra" title="Battle of Naqra">Naqra</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sasanian Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_River" title="Battle of River">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walaja" title="Battle of Walaja">Walaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ullais" title="Battle of Ullais">Ullais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hira" title="Battle of Hira">Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Anbar">Al-Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Battle of Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husayd" title="Battle of Husayd">Husayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muzayyah" title="Battle of Muzayyah">Muzayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saniyy" title="Battle of Saniyy">Saniyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumail" title="Battle of Zumail">Zumail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Byzantine Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Al-Uqab Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj Al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">Aleppo</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era#Conquest_of_Africa_(640–642)" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Campaigns in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_cavalry#History" title="Rashidun cavalry">Conquest of Bahnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb#First_invasion" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Cyrenaica</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> first attacked Sassanid territory in 633, when <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (then known as the Sassanid province of <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asōristān</a>; roughly corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), which was the political and economic centre of the Sassanid state.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansions_during_Umar's_reign">Expansions during Umar's reign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansions during Umar's reign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Military conquests of Umar's era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_Caliph_Umar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_Umar%27s_era" title="Military conquests of Umar's era">Wars of Caliph Umar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Conquest of Eastern Roman Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Syria (634–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Conquest_of_Palestine" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Conquest of Palestine (635–636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Campaigns_in_Armenia_and_Anatolia" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Campaigns in Eastern Anatolia (638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Conquest of Armenia (638 & 644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Surrender_of_Thebaid_(South_eastern_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Upper Egypt (640–641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_Alexandria_and_fall_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Lower Egypt (641–642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Conquest of Bahnasa (639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt#Conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Conquest of North Africa (643)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sassanid Persian Empire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Second_invasion_of_Iraq_(636)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Iraq (636–637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Central_Persia_(Isfahan_and_Tabaristan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Southern_Persia_(Fars)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Fars (642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_south_eastern_Persia_(Kerman_&_Makran)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Kerman & Makran (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Eastern_Persia_(Sistan)" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Sistan (643–644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Azerbaijan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Azerbaijan (643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia#Conquest_of_Khurasan" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Conquest of Khurasan (643–644)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari2015145-153-14">[14]</a> Before his death, Abu Bakr called <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> fronts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the transfer of Khalid to the Byzantine front in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, the Muslims eventually lost their holdings to Sassanid counterattacks. The second Muslim invasion began in 636, under <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a>, when a key victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah" title="Battle of al-Qadisiyyah">Battle of al-Qadisiyyah</a> led to the permanent end of Sassanid control west of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. For the next six years, the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, a natural barrier, marked the border between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Empire. In 642, Umar ordered a full-scale invasion of Persia by the Rashidun army, which led to the complete conquest of the Sassanid Empire by 651. Directing from <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, a few thousand kilometres away, Umar's quick conquest of Persia in a series of well-coordinated, multi-pronged attacks became his greatest triumph, contributing to his reputation as a great military and political strategist.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great famine in Arabia and plague in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. During his reign the Levant, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, almost the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persian Empire</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> were annexed to the Rashidun Caliphate. Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in recently conquered <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a> and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, his rule extended from present day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a> in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006844-15">[15]</a> Historians estimate more than 4,050 cities were conquered during the reign of Umar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006844-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansions_during_Uthman's_reign">Expansions during Uthman's reign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansions during Uthman's reign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Uthman" title="Election of Uthman">Election of Uthman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_under_Caliph_Uthman" title="Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman">Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman</a></div> In 644, prior to the complete annexation of Persia by the Arab Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Umar#Assassination" title="Umar">Umar was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz">Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz</a>, a Persian craftsman who was captured in battle and brought to Arabia as a slave. <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, was chosen by a committee in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, inAH 23 (643/644). The second caliph, <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a>, was stabbed by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Lu%27lu%27a_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz">Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> slave.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> On his deathbed, Umar tasked a committee of six with choosing the next caliph among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These six men from the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, all early <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, were <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sad_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sad ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talhah_ibn_Ubaydullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talhah ibn Ubaydullah">Talhah ibn Ubaydullah</a></li></ul> Where they unanimously selected Uthman as the successor. During his rule, Uthman's military style was less centralised as he delegated much military authority to his trusted kinsmen—e.g., <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Aamir">Abdullah ibn Aamir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saad">Abdullāh ibn Sa'ad ibn Abī as-Sarâḥ</a>—unlike <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>'s more centralized policy. Consequently, this more independent policy allowed more expansion until Sindh, in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which had not been touched during the tenure of Umar.<a href="#cite_note-Tabri-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> had been appointed the governor of Syria by <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> in 639 to stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the <a href="/wiki/Arab-Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Byzantine Wars">Arab-Byzantine Wars</a>. He succeeded his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" title="Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan">Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, who died in a plague, along with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>. Now under Uthman's rule in 649, Muawiyah was allowed to establish a navy, manned by <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitic Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian</a> sailors and Muslim troops, which defeated the Byzantine navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a> in 655, opening up the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a> 31 (c. 651), Uthman sent <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Zubayr">Abdullah ibn Zubayr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saad">Abdullah ibn Saad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb#First_invasion" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">reconquer the Maghreb</a>, where he met the army of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Patrician" title="Gregory the Patrician">Gregory the Patrician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Africa">Exarch of Africa</a> and relative of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, which is recorded to have numbered between 120,000 or 200,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-24">[24]</a> The opposing forces clashed at Sabuthilag (or Sufetula), which became the name of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">this battle</a>. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'd to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army crumbled and soon they were routed.<a href="#cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-24">[24]</a> Some Muslim sources claim that after the conquest of northern Africa was completed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Abdullah ibn Sa'd continued to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Spain had first been invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of Uthman. Other prominent Muslim <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> have quoted the same narration. In the description of this campaign, two of Abdullah ibn Saad's generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were ordered to invade the coastal areas of Spain by <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, aided by a Berber force. They succeeded in conquering the coastal areas of Al-Andalus. It is not known where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain they actually conquered. However, it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some portions of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman, presumably establishing colonies on its coast. On this occasion, Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> will be conquered from the side of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Thus, if you conquer it, you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next.</blockquote> Although raids by Berbers and Muslims were conducted against the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain during the late 7th century, there is no evidence that Spain was invaded nor that parts of it were conquered or settled by Muslims prior to the 711 campaign by Tariq. Abdullah ibn Saad also achieved success in the Caliphate's first decisive naval battle against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/220px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/330px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/440px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Rashidun Caliphate at its peak under Uthman (654)</figcaption></figure> To the east, <a href="/wiki/Ahnaf_ibn_Qais" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahnaf ibn Qais">Ahnaf ibn Qais</a>, chief of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a> and a veteran commander who conquered <a href="/wiki/Shustar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shustar">Shustar</a> earlier, launched a series of further military expansions by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oxus_River" title="Battle of Oxus River">further mauling Yazdegerd III</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus River">Oxus River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29">[29]</a> and later crushing a military coalition of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> loyalists and the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(652)" title="Siege of Herat (652)">Siege of Herat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-28">[28]</a> Later, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Aamir">Abdullah ibn Aamir</a> also led a number of successful campaigns, ranging from the suppression of revolts in Fars, Kerman, Sistan, and Khorasan, to the opening of new fronts for conquest in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the next year, 652 AD, Futh Al-Buldan of Baladhuri writes that <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> was re-conquered during the campaign against the revolt in Kermān, under the command of Majasha ibn Mas'ud. It was the first time that western Balochistan had come directly under the laws of the Caliphate and it paid an agricultural tribute.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The military campaigns under Uthman's rule were generally successful. Regarding the fate of their adversaries, unlike the Sasanian Persians, the Byzantines, after losing Syria, retreated back to Anatolia. As a result, they also lost Egypt to the invading Rashidun army, although the civil wars among the Muslims halted the war of conquest for many years, and this gave time for the Byzantine Empire to recover. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_into_Umayyad_caliphate">Transition into Umayyad caliphate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transition into Umayyad caliphate">edit</a>]</div> After Uthman's assassination, Ali was recognized as caliph in Medina, though his support stemmed from the Ansar and the Iraqis, while the bulk of the Quraysh was wary of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200475-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-34">[34]</a> The first challenge to his authority came from the Qurayshite leaders al-Zubayr and Talha. Backed by one of Muhammad's wives, <a href="/wiki/A%27isha" class="mw-redirect" title="A'isha">A'isha</a>, they attempted to rally support against Ali among the troops of Basra, prompting the caliph to leave for Iraq's other garrison town, Kufa, where he could better confront his challengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200476-35">[35]</a> Ali defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a>, in which al-Zubayr and Talha were slain and A'isha consequently entered self-imposed seclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200476-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen192753-36">[36]</a> Ali's sovereignty was thereafter recognized in Basra and Egypt and he established Kufa as the Caliphate's new capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen192753-36">[36]</a> Although Ali was able to replace Uthman's governors in Egypt and Iraq with relative ease, Mu'awiya had developed a solid power-base and an effective military against the Byzantines from the Arab tribes of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200476-35">[35]</a> Mu'awiya did not claim the caliphate but was determined to retain control of Syria and opposed Ali in the name of avenging his kinsman Uthman, accusing the caliph of culpability in his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200476,_78-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen192755–56-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997190-39">[39]</a> Ali and Mu'awiya fought to a stalemate at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> in early 657. Ali agreed to settle the matter with Mu'awiya by arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1993265-40">[40]</a> The decision to arbitrate fundamentally weakened Ali's political position as he was forced to negotiate with Mu'awiya on equal terms, while it drove a significant number of his supporters, who became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, to revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200479-41">[41]</a> Ali's coalition steadily disintegrated and many Iraqi tribal nobles secretly defected to Mu'awiya, while the latter's ally <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> ousted Ali's governor from Egypt in July 658.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1993265-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200480-42">[42]</a> Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite in January 661.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds199359-43">[43]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> succeeded him but abdicated in return for compensation upon Mu'awiya's arrival to Iraq with his Syrian army in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1993265-40">[40]</a> At that point, Mu'awiya entered Kufa and received the allegiance of the Iraqis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen192759-44">[44]</a> Later Mu'awiya was formally recognized as caliph in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by his Syrian tribal allies, thus starting the long string of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> dynastic rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1993265-266-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Units">edit</a>]</div> The first requirement to join the Rashidun caliphate army was to be Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a> Earlier caliphs such as Abu Bakar and Umar were even stricter in terms of army recruitment as they did not allow any ex-rebels in <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda Wars</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Claude Cahen</a>, this strict policy was maintained at least until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Siege of Babylon fortress in Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[Notes 1]</a>. However, other sources noted the eastern theater of conquest in Persia are more lenient for recruitment as the caliphate employed former rebels such as <a href="/wiki/Tulayha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulayha">Tulayha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ma%27adi_Yakrib" title="Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib">Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib</a>. Tulayha even played a significant role during a raid against the Persian army during Sa'd's campaign, which was codenamed Yaum Armath(يوم أرماث or "The Day of Disorder") by early Muslim historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2015-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrill199334-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdil2002-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[Notes 2]</a> The policy of not employing ex-rebels and apostates (Ahl ar Riddah according to Tabari) were retracted by 'Umar during his second half reign.<a href="#cite_note-Mahayuddin-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry">Infantry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Infantry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG/140px-Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG/210px-Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG/280px-Mohammad_Adil_Rais-Muslim_warrior_during_rashidun_caliphate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Rashidun soldier wearing an iron-bronze helmet, a chain mail <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberk</a>, and leather <a href="/wiki/Lamellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar">lamellar</a> armor. His sword hung from a baldric, and he carries leather shield.</figcaption></figure> The standing infantry lines formed the majority of the Rashidun army.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> They would make repeated charges and withdrawals known as karr wa farr, using spears and swords combined with arrow volleys to weaken the enemies and wear them out. However, the main energy had to still be conserved for a counterattack, supported by a cavalry charge, that would make flanking or encircling movements. Defensively, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spearman</a> with their two and a half meter long spears would close ranks, forming a protective wall (Tabi'a) for <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a> to continue their fire. This close formation stood its ground remarkably well in the first four days of defence in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Jandora noted the merit of individual skills, bravery, and discipline of Rashidun infantry as the main reason they won battle of Yarmouk. Jandora pointed out their quality to remain steadfast even against the onslaught of Byzantine cavalry charge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaifuz_Zaman20158–20-57">[55]</a> or even when facing the elephant corps of Sassanid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJandora1986101–113-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infantry_horses_and_camels">Infantry horses and camels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infantry horses and camels">edit</a>]</div> Aside from Donner's report that each caliphate's soldiers possessed camels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a> Dr Lee Eysturlid noted the <a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">Diwan al Jund</a> around 640 AD has recorded that each caliphate's soldiers already possessed horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoetzeeEysturlid201334-60">[58]</a> The camels mainly supplied from <a href="/wiki/Al-Rabadha" title="Al-Rabadha">Al-Rabadha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdllalène202151;_See_Llewellyn;_''The_basis_for_a_Discipline_of_Islamic_environmentally_law'';_page.212-61">[59]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armour">Armour</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armour">edit</a>]</div> Reconstructing the military equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic relative to contemporary neighbouring armies such as Byzantium's as the visual representation of the early caliphate armaments was very limited physical material and difficult to date.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> However, Nicolle theorized the Muslim army used hardened leather scale or lamellar armour produced in Yemen, Iraq and along the Persian Gulf coast. Mail armour was preferred and became more common later during the conquest of neighbouring empires, often being captured as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_loot" class="mw-redirect" title="War loot">booty</a>. It was known as Dir, and was opened part-way down the chest. To avoid rusting it was polished and stored in a mixture of dust and oil.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">Mail shirts</a> were recorded already used by the Arabs before the advent of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer19432-65">[63]</a> During the Battle of Uhud, Jami'at Tirmidhi recorded <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>'s testimony that Muhammad wearing two layers of mail coat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Khudair2015-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdul-jabbar2013370-67">[65]</a> However, there is still not yet archaeological founding of Arabic armor in such time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer19432-65">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> are certain the prevalence of leather armour among Arabs since the pre-Islamic era, due to the fact that the leather was one of important commodities which made the Meccan traders rich, which correlated with the war between the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires during 6th century as there was increased demand for such military goods that Nicolle called “military leatherwork".<a href="#cite_note-Leather_Armour_in_the_Islamic_World:_a_Classic_Problem-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helmets">Helmets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Helmets">edit</a>]</div> Muslim headgear included gilded helmets—both pointed and rounded—similar to that of the silver helmets of the Sassanid Empire. The rounded helmet, referred to as "Baidah" ("Egg"), was a standard early Byzantine type composed of two pieces. The pointed helmet was a segmented Central Asian type known as "Tarikah". <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail armour</a> was commonly used to protect the face and neck, either as an <a href="/wiki/Aventail" title="Aventail">aventail</a> from the helmet or as a mail coif the way it had been used by Romano-Byzantine armies since the 5th century. The face was often half covered with the tail of a turban that also served as protection against the strong desert winds.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another type of helmet used by the Rashidun army were the Mighfars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013171-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swords">Swords</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swords">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arab_sword" title="Arab sword">Sayf</a> was a broad sword with a peculiar hooked pomel used by the Rashidun army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaky196121-70">[68]</a> Early Arab chroniclers mentioned two types of swords: <ul><li>Saif Anith, which was made of iron</li> <li>Saif Fulath or Muzakka, which was made of steel material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaky196121-70">[68]</a></li></ul> These broad swords came to Arabia through <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> port during the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> era<a href="#cite_note-72">[Notes 3]</a>. These Indian-made swords were forged from <a href="/wiki/Wootz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wootz">wootz</a> steel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2001200-71">[69]</a> Aside from Yemen, high-quality Indian swords also introduced to pre-Islamic Arab through port of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubulla" title="Al-Ubulla">Ubulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE'Ali20183-73">[70]</a> The Arabs in Medina during the time of Muhammad were able to manufacture Sayf swords independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2001200-71">[69]</a> There are records that some nobles made their sword with silver materials, such as Muhammad's sword and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a> sword used which reported by from <a href="/wiki/Anas_ibn_Malik" title="Anas ibn Malik">Anas ibn Malik</a> and Hisham are made of silver or contain inscription of silver material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramono202144-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutawalliRahmanKamil2019131-75">[72]</a> However, there is no archeological trace that such sword found yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramono202144-74">[71]</a> Curved saber or <a href="/wiki/Shamshir" title="Shamshir">Shamshir</a> also existed during the early years of the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle198236-37-76">[73]</a> This type of saber allegedly belonged to Muhammad and is now in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapi Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle198236-37-76">[73]</a> David Nicolle theorized that this type of saber is probably of central Asian, <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyar</a> origin. Nicolle theorized it reached the early Muslim Arabs through the contact with Byzantium before the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle198236-37-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shields">Shields</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shields">edit</a>]</div> Large wooden or <a href="/wiki/Wickerwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Wickerwork">wickerwork</a> <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a> were in use, but most shields were made of leather. For this purpose, the hides of camels and cows were used and it would be anointed, a practice since ancient Hebrew times. During the invasion of the Levant, Byzantine soldiers extensively used elephant-hide shields, which were probably captured and used by the Rashidun army.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spears">Spears</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spears">edit</a>]</div> Long spears which were used by infantry were locally made with the reeds of the Persian Gulf coast. The reeds were similar to that of bamboo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1917631-697-77">[74]</a> These Arab blacksmiths manufactured infantry spears called al-Ramh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheed431_Quoting_al-Zubaidi;6;_p.6265_&_Al-Jawhari;_1987;part_2;p.498-78">[75]</a> There are two types of this spear: <ul><li>Arab blacksmiths used sharpened animal horns for the tip of the blade</li> <li>Usual iron which was sharpened and hammered first until it forms the blade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheed431_Quoting_al-Zubaidi;6;_p.6265_&_Al-Jawhari;_1987;part_2;p.498-78">[75]</a></li></ul> During the Battle of Badr, Muhammad commanded his companions to use spears for middle-range combat. The raw material for making spears was available in Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasheed431_Quoting_al-Zubaidi;6;_p.6265_&_Al-Jawhari;_1987;part_2;p.498-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maces">Maces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maces">edit</a>]</div> The early caliphate army also used blunt weapon such as <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">Mace</a>, which named al-Dabbus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199734-79">[76]</a> A round-headed, <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)#Asia" title="Mace (bludgeon)">Persian style mace</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle1982-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Javelins">Javelins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Javelins">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Wahshi_ibn_Harb" title="Wahshi ibn Harb">Wahshi ibn Harb</a>, was a renowned javelineer who fought for pagan Quraish during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">battle of Uhud</a> and killed <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abdul-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib">Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib</a> with a javelin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Hisham2019444-446-81">[78]</a> After his conversion to Islam, he fought for the caliphate during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yamama">Battle of Yamama</a> and personally killed apostate leader <a href="/wiki/Musaylimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaylimah">Musaylimah</a> with a javelin throw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Hisham2019444-446-81">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archer">Archer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_archery" title="Arab archery">Arab archery</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn al-Qayyim</a> concludes that Caliph Umar put special emphasis regarding his soldiers to practice extensively archery as the caliph wanted to implement the archery tradition according to the teaching of Muhammad to the military of Rashidun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMappaseng2018183-82">[79]</a> Rashidun archers were noted for their sharpshooting skill to aim at the eyes of the enemy, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Anbar" title="Battle of al-Anbar">Battle of al Anbar</a>, where the Rashidun archers shooting the eyes of Sassanid catapult engineer corps, blinding hundreds of engineers and left the siege engine unused during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006275-279-83">[80]</a> Rashidun archers were typically precise and power shooters, akin to Byzantine archers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callinicum" title="Battle of Callinicum">Battle of Callinicum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJandora1986101–113-58">[56]</a> This powerful style allowed Rashidun archers to easily overcome <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> archers who preferred the rapid, showering <a href="/wiki/Panjagan" title="Panjagan">Panjagan</a> archery technique, as the former packed more punch and range than the latter during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJandora1986101–113-58">[56]</a> Another particular case highlighted by Baladhuri regarding account from a grandson of the survivor of Sassanid Army who witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qadisiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Qadisiyya">Battle of Qadisiyya</a> how the Sassanid arrows failed to pierce Rashidun armors or shields, while in return the arrows of Muslim archers able to penetrate <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail coats</a> and double <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> of Sassanid warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoshan2015139-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJandora1986101–113-58">[56]</a> The archers of Rashidun army also recorded for their accuracy, as they can aim the eyes of Sassanid horses with their arrows during <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">Siege of Ctesiphon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tartib_wa_Tahdzib_Al-Kkitab_bidayah_wan_Nihayah-85">[82]</a> James Hardy theorized based on his quote from <a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">John Haldon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romilly_Jenkins" title="Romilly Jenkins">Romilly Jenkins</a>, one of the decisive main factor for the Rashidun historical victory in battle of Yarmuk were due to their superb cavalry archers.<a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Yarmouk:_An_Analysis_of_Byzantine_Military_Failure-86">[83]</a> While James Francis LePree, assistant professor for Medieval History at the City College of New York, wrote that the factor of "unquestionably great cavalry skill of the Arabs' horse archers" during the battle of Yarmuk.<a href="#cite_note-Unquestionably_Arabs_horsemen_archers-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bows">Bows</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bows">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg/220px-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg/330px-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg/440px-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Bow of <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn abi-Waqqas</a> at Medina railway museum</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow#Technical_changes_in_classical_times" title="Composite bow">Composite bow § Technical changes in classical times</a></div> According to an ancient arabic manuscript of archery, Bows used by people of Arabs were locally made in various parts of Arabia; the most typical were the Hijazi bows. There are three types of Hijazi bows: <ul><li>Qadib variant is basically made from single stave of wood</li> <li>Masnu'ah variant are composite bows designed from a stave or two staves divided lengthwise with four composite materials of wood, horn, glue, and sinew</li> <li>Mu'aqabbah variant are bows designed with horn of goats placed in the belly of the bow and sinew placed on the back of the bow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarisElmer20194-5-88">[85]</a></li></ul> Arabs were able to master the art of <a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">Bowery</a> and use it so effectively to even matched the qualities of Byzantines and Persians made. The most famous place for manufacturing bows was Za s r in al-Sham. which became the name renowned Zed bows (al-Kanä t in al-Zas riyyah). The Muslims continued to improve the manufacturing of bows and were able at one point to manufacture sophisticated machines (al Ma'arrah, a large crossbow).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199734-79">[76]</a> According to Latham in his work, Saracen archery, Muslim archers of early era has two types of arrows. The first were shorter darts called Nabl and Nushshab, which were shot using either a crossbow or a bow equipped with arrow guide, while the second type were longer arrows which were shot with standard handbows.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Al-Tabari_Vol._13_The_Conquest_of_Iraq,_Southwestern_Persia,_and_Egypt:_The_Middle_Years_of_'Umar's_Caliphate_A.D._636-642/A.H._15-21;_bow-89">[86]</a> The maximum useful range of the traditional Arabian bow was about 150 meters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry">Cavalry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cavalry">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_cavalry" title="Rashidun cavalry">Rashidun cavalry</a> were highly regarded by the military rulers of early <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, the theocracy and the Caliphates' successor states who gave the cavalry troopers got at least two portions of spoils and booty from the defeated enemies, while regular infantry only received only a single portion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri2005-90">[87]</a> The core of the caliphate's mounted division was an elite unit which early Muslim historians named Tulai'a Mutaharrika (طليعة متحركة), or the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">mobile guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006359-417-91">[88]</a> Initially, the nucleus of the mobile guard was formed from veterans of the cavalry corps under Khalid during the conquest of Iraq. They consisted half of the forces brought by Khalid from Iraq to Syria 4.000 soldiers out of 8.000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006359-417-91">[88]</a> This shock cavalry division played important roles to the victories in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Battle of Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walaja" title="Battle of Walaja">Battle of Walaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Battle of Ajnadayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Battle of Firaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Siege of Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Battle of Hazir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Battle of Iron Bridge</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006359-417-91">[88]</a> Later, the splinter of this cavalry division under <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27qa%27_ibn_Amr_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi">Al-Qa'qa ibn Amr at-Tamimi</a> also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qadisiyyah" title="Battle of al-Qadisiyyah">Battle of al-Qadisiyyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalula" title="Battle of Jalula">Battle of Jalula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">Second siege of Emesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006359-417-91">[88]</a> Modern historians and genealogists concluded that the stocks of early caliphate cavalry army that <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">conquered from the western Maghreb of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Spain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">east of Central Asia</a> are drawn from the stock of fierce <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> who take pride of their well-guarded mares genealogy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon195444-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuttonBagehot1858438;_Kabail,_Nomadic,_pastoral;_Quoting_Pultzky_book_page_386-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneStagerCoogan2018371,_Quoting_[[Richard_Bulliet]]-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazanovWink2012225-95">[92]</a> and called themselves the "People of the lance".<a href="#cite_note-96">[Notes 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horse">Horse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Horse">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatsby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A light gray horse moving at a trot through an arena with all four feet off the ground. The tail is carried high and the neck is arched." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gatsby.jpg/220px-Gatsby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gatsby.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A purebred Arabian stallion, showing dished profile, arched neck, level croup and high-carried tail </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse#Desert_roots" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse § Desert roots</a></div> Caliphate Arabian noble cavalry<a href="#cite_note-98">[Notes 5]</a> mostly rode the legendary <a href="/wiki/Purebred#Purebred_horses" title="Purebred">purebred</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, by fact the quality breeding of horses were held so dearly by the early caliphates who integrated traditions of Islam with their military practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatteZouache201751-59-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-James-101">[96]</a> The phenomenal speed, stamina, <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">animal cognition</a>, along with very well documented pedigrees quality even for modern era standard,<a href="#cite_note-Archer3-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Expert4-103">[98]</a> caused the Rashidun leaders to initiate a formal programs to distinguish them from inferior hybrids with unknown pedigrees including horses recently captured from the defeated Byzantines and Persians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a> Long withstanding periods of Arabian nomadic society closeness with the horses also contributed to fertility of equestrian masters which produced best class horse breed in Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton2006-105">[100]</a> This breed are known as a <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">hot-blooded</a> breed that are known for their competitiveness. Mounts quality was monitored carefully since the beginning of the caliphate. Ibn Hisham recorded in his chronicle the earliest mention of such effort were after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Siege series of Khaybar fotresses</a> the Muslims acquired massive booties of horses. In response Muhammad personally instructed the separation between purebred Arabian and the hybrid-class steeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Hisham2019583-106">[101]</a> This was practiced on a larger scale during the reign of caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>. The caliph instructed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salman_Ibn_Rabi%27ah_al-Bahili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salman Ibn Rabi'ah al-Bahili (page does not exist)">Salman Ibn Rabi'ah al-Bahili</a> to establish systematic military program to maintain the quality of caliphate mounts. Salman enlisted most of the steeds within realm of caliphate to undergo such steps: <ol><li>Recording number and quality of horses available</li> <li>Differences between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse#Historic_development" title="Arabian horse">Arabian purebreed</a> and the hybrid breeds was to be carefully noted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Arabic structural Medical examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippiatrica" title="Hippiatrica">Hippiatrica</a> on each horses in regular basis including isolation and quarantine of sick horses</li> <li>Regular training between horses and their masters to achieve the disciplined communication between them</li> <li>Collective response training of the horses done in general routine</li> <li>Individual response training of the horses on advanced level</li> <li>Endurance and temperament training to perform in crowded and noisy place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Hisham2019583-106">[101]</a></li></ol> At the end of the program, both riders and horses obligated to enlisted in formal competition sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">Diwan al-Jund</a> which consisted into two category: <ol><li>Racing competition to measure the speed and stamina of each hybrids</li> <li>Acrobat competition to measure the ability of the horses for difficult maneuvers during war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a></li></ol> Additionally, the already established cavalry divisions were obliged to undertook simulated combat operation raids during the winter and summer seasons, known as <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Tadrib al-Shawati wa al-Sawd'if</a>, which were intended to maintain the quality of each cavalry forces, while also maintain the pressures towards the Byzantines, Persians, and other caliphate enemies while there is no major military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a> This profound tradition of breeding exaltation even became a basis for scholars of later era such as by Shafi'i jurist, Al-Mawardi, to establish the ruling of regular military share that the owner of noble purebreed Arabian (al‑khayl al‑ʿitāq) should be rewarded a share of booty three times of regular infantry soldiers, while owners of inferior mixed breeds received only twice infantry soldiers' share.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiettecatteZouache201751-59-99">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Training">Training</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a>]</div> The technical training method of each horsemen in this cavalry was recorded in al-Fann al-Harbi In- Sadr al-Islam and <a href="/wiki/Tarikh-e-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh-e-Tabari">Tarikh Tabari</a>: <ol><li>Riding horses with saddles</li> <li>Riding horses without saddles</li> <li>Swordfighting without horses</li> <li>Horse charging with stabbing weapons</li> <li>Fighting with swords from the back of a moving horse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> while the horse running</li> <li>Close combat while changing their seat position on the back of moving horse, facing backwards<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-107">[102]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment">Equipment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> Arabian caliphate cavalry wearing heavy armors as according to Eduard Alofs, contrary to the popular beliefs, the Arabian, both the Rashidun cavalry or the cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmid kingdom</a> were not lightly armored scout horsemen. In fact, classic chroniclers such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Tabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, and the Manual of <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a> implied that the Arabian cavalry during the 5th century onwards were well armored heavy mounted troopers, Arabians usually covered their armors with dull-colored coats to prevent the sunburn on their metallic armor caused by hot climate of desert climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> Such Arabian knights were named Mujaffafa by early historians, which according to Martin Hinds were technically "Arabian <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphracts</a>" as they are fully armored both riders and horses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013170-109">[104]</a> The early caliphate armies generally neglected the use of stirrups despite long knowing of stirrups. al-Jahiz commented that the Arabs spurned double iron stirrups as it is viewed as a weakness, while also provided hindrance for skillful riders to maneuver during battles and can be a disadvantage if the rider falls but his legs are stuck in the stirrups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs2014430-443-110">[105]</a> Caliphate horsemen used the following weapons in battle: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> with flying gallop was practiced by the early caliphate regular Arab cavalry from Rashidun era onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs2014429-430-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> Alof theorized "Mubarizun" elite division also used archery in close-combat duels for maximum arrow penetration against opponent armor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs201522-24-112">[107]</a></li> <li>Caliphate horsemen also used thrown <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> as their weapon. <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>, a seasoned Muhajir and early convert, who almost always brought horses during battle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasih2019-113">[108]</a> is recorded to have killed his opponents at least in two occasions during his life. He killed Quraish nobleman Ubaydah ibn Sa'id from <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad clan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>, who was wearing a full set of armor and <a href="/wiki/Aventail" title="Aventail">Aventail</a> that protected his entire body and face. Zubayr hurled his javelin aiming at the unprotected eye of Ubaydah and killed him immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri2005-90">[87]</a> The second occasion is during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a>, Zubayr fought in a duel against a Jewish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Yassir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yassir">Yassir</a> which Zubayr killed with a powerful javelin strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri2005-90">[87]</a> Firsthand witnesses reported that Zubayr brandishing himself across the battlefield during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> while hung two javelins in his back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri2005-90">[87]</a></li> <li>Early caliphate cavalry held their <a href="/wiki/Kontos_(weapon)" title="Kontos (weapon)">lance</a> overhead posture with both hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mubarizun">Mubarizun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mubarizun">edit</a>]</div> A select few apparatus of mounted soldiers who particularly skilled in duel using swords and various weapons were formed a commando unit called known as <a href="/wiki/Mubarizun" title="Mubarizun">Mubarizuns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs2014430-443-110">[105]</a> Their main task was charging with their horses until they find the enemy generals or field officers, in order to kidnap or slay them in close combat, so the enemy will lose their commanding figure amidst of battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle199436-114">[109]</a> Historical reconstructors like <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junkelmann" title="Marcus Junkelmann">Marcus Junkelmann</a> has practiced in <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a> that mounted close combat specialists like Mubarizuns could fight effectively on top of their mounts even without <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs2014430-443-110">[105]</a> This is used by Alofs as an argument to debuff the majority historian beliefs that horsemen cannot fight effectively in close combat if they rode their horse without stirrups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs2014430-443-110">[105]</a> Aside from fighting with swords, lance, or mace, Mubarizuns also possessed a unique ability to use archery in close combat, where Alofs theorized that in mid range about five meters from the adversary, the duelists will exchange his lance with his bow and shoot the enemy from close range to achieve maximum penetration, while the duelist held the lance strapped between right leg and saddle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs201522-24-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahranite_cavalry">Mahranite cavalry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mahranite cavalry">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg/250px-Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg/375px-Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg/500px-Al_Mahrah_in_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Map of contemporary Yemen showing <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">Al Mahrah Governorate</a> from where Mahri tribes hailed.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate#The_military_legacy_of_al-Mahra" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra Sultanate § The military legacy of al-Mahra</a></div> Caliphate cavalry recruited from <a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Al-Mahra tribe</a> were known for their military prowess and skilled horsemen that often won battles with minimal or no casualties at all, which Amr ibn al As in his own words praised them as "peoples who kill without being killed"<a href="#cite_note-116">[Notes 6]</a>. Amr was amazed by these proud warriors for their ruthless fighting skill and efficiency During <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquest</a> where they spearheaded Muslim army during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Battle of Heliopolis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Battle of Nikiou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Siege Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> Their commanders, Abd al-sallam ibn Habira al-Mahri were entrusted by 'Amr ibn al-'As to lead the entire Muslim army during the Arab conquest of north Africa. Abd al-sallam defeated the Byzantine imperial army in Libya, and throughout these campaigns Al-Mahra were awarded much land in Africa as recognition of their bravery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> When Amr established the town of Fustat, he further rewarded Al-Mahri members additional land in Fustat which then became known as Khittat Mahra or the Mahra quarter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> This land was used by the Al-Mahra tribes as a garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> During the turmoil of <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>, more than 600 Mahranites were sent to North Africa to fight Byzantines and the Berber revolts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kharijite_rebels">Kharijite rebels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kharijite rebels">edit</a>]</div> The 8th century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> noted the ferociousness of <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> horsemen, who spent parts of their early career in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> as Rashidun garrison troops during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> before their rebellion against the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1917631-697-77">[74]</a> Al-Jahiz pointed out Kharijites steeds' speed could not intercepted by most rival cavalrymen in the medieval era, save for the <a href="/wiki/Turks_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks (ethnic group)">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> Notable seditionist warriors included <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bajila" title="Bajila">Bajila tribe</a>, who participated in the early conquests of Persia under Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200641-118">[112]</a> Al-Jahiz also added that the Kharijites were feared for their cavalry charge with their lances which could break any defensive line, and almost never lose when pitted against an equal number of opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> Dr. Adam Ali MA, PhD. postulated that Al-Jahiz assessment of the quality Kharijites quality are synonymous with the regular Arab cavalry as general in term of speed and <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">charging maneuver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> Their common ground with the caliphate military was even highlighted further by Professor Jeffrey Kenney, who said the early Kharijites existed in the time of Muhammad, in the form of figure named Dhu'l Khuwaisira at-Tamim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200628-119">[113]</a> one of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a> chieftain who appeared after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> who protested the war spoils distribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200626-120">[114]</a> In fact, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb, a jurist and historian in the 9th century described the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Kharijites</a> as a mirror match which resembles the Arabic caliphate martial tradition, except the loyalty to authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2013510-121">[115]</a> Ibn Nujaym al-Hanafi, <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> scholar said about Kharijites: "... kharijites are a folk possessing strength and zealotry, who revolt against the government due to a self-styled interpretation. They believe that government is upon falsehood, disbelief or disobedience that necessitates it being fought against, and they declare lawful the blood and wealth of the Muslims...”.<a href="#cite_note-fatwa_Dar_al_Ifta-122">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_engineers">Siege engineers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Siege engineers">edit</a>]</div> The Rashidun caliphate employed siege engines during their military campaigns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catapults">Catapults</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Catapults">edit</a>]</div> Catapults, called Manjaniq, were evident in the history of the early caliphates. There is a long history of the Muslim armies from the battle of Khaybar. Muhammad breached a Jewish fortress with catapults. Later on, <a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Mas%CA%BDud" title="Urwah ibn Masʽud">Urwah ibn Masʽud</a> and Ghaylan ibn Salamah also reportedly travelled to Jurash, near Abha in southwestern of Asir region in order to learn how to construct various Manjaniq catapults and Dabbabah siege ram as the city of Jurash were known for its siege workshops industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Jurais2018-123">[117]</a> Christides highlighted the high learning curves of the Arabs during the early caliphates that they could catch up with more established civilizations such as Byzantine in making complex war machines such as the Manjaniq catapult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides1988321-322-124">[118]</a> In the era of the caliphate, <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapults</a> were used extensively in siege operations whenever the Muslim armies were expected to remain entrenched in one area for a long duration. Examples include Abu Ubaydah and Khalid's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">besieged Damascus</a>, and furious artillery bombardments by <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)#Byzantine_counterattack" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">second siege of Alexandria</a> which immediately caused the Christian garrison to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Kathir2016-125">[119]</a> Another record of such siege engines operations came from <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Sa%27d" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Sa'd">Abdallah ibn Sa'd</a>'s attack on the capital of Makuria, where the catapult engine of Abdallah caused the main cathedral structure of Makuria to crumble, compelling King <a href="/wiki/Qalidurut" title="Qalidurut">Qalidurut</a> to agree to ratify a ceasefire agreement with the former.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaulding1995557-126">[120]</a> The forces of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were also reported to able to quickly construct at least twenty siege engines during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_(636)" title="Battle of Babylon (636)">Second siege of Babylon</a>, despite their relatively short stints in the area after the battle of Qadisiyyah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Kathir2016-125">[119]</a> According to an obscure record from <a href="/wiki/Sebeos" title="Sebeos">Sebeos</a>, Mu'awiyah's fleet which was led by <a href="/wiki/Busr_ibn_Abi_Artat" title="Busr ibn Abi Artat">Bisr ibn abi Artha'ah</a> is also reported to carry unspecified artillery engines that can throw "balls of <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>" within his ships during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">siege of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebeosHoward-JohnstonGreenwood1999L-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_towers">Siege towers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Siege towers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">Siege towers</a> with scaling ladders are named al-Dabbdbah or al-dabr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a> These wooden towers moved on wheels and were several stories tall. They were driven up to the foot of the besieged fortification and then the walls were pierced with a battering ram. <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archers</a> guarded the ram and the soldiers who moved it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013183-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_engines">Other engines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other engines">edit</a>]</div> Regular Muslim infantries also qualified on the battlefield construction and engineering such as when they were able to perfect the art of building pontoon bridges which allowed them to gain the upper hand during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge" title="Battle of the Bridge">Battle of the Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199728-29-129">[123]</a> Their expertise on this field also helped during the last phase of the Siege of Damascus, when the Muslim army built water rafts and dinghies to cross the trench.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199728-29-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregular_conscripts">Irregular conscripts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Irregular conscripts">edit</a>]</div> During the Islamic conquest of Sassanid Persia (633-656), some 12,000 elite <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> soldiers converted to Islam and served later on during the invasion of the empire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (633-638), some 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> Byzantine soldiers under their commander Joachim (later Abdullah Joachim) converted to Islam and served as regular troops in the conquest of both <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. During the conquest of Egypt (641-644), <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> converts to Islam were recruited. During the conquest of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> converts to Islam were recruited as regular troops, who later made the bulk of the Rashidun army and later the Umayyad army in Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Abna'">Al-Abna'</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Al-Abna'">edit</a>]</div> Al-Abnāʾ was the descendants of Sasanian officers and soldiers of Persian and <a href="/wiki/Daylamites" title="Daylamites">Daylam</a> origins who intermarried with local Yemeni Arabs after they taken over Yemen from the Aksumite in the <a href="/wiki/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars" title="Aksumite–Persian wars">Aksumite–Persian wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983226–228-130">[124]</a> The Abnas had been garrisoned in Sanaa and their surrounding Their leaders converted to Islam and were active in the early Muslim conquests. They were gradually absorbed into the local population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983226–228-130">[124]</a> They are considered siege-warfare experts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> However, al-Jahiz outlined al-Abna lacked medieval era standard mobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> Notable figures hailed from al-Abna was <a href="/wiki/Fayruz_al-Daylami" title="Fayruz al-Daylami">Fayruz al-Daylami</a>, hero of caliphate who defended Yemen for a decade during Apostate wars, and <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a>, a prolific <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81w%C4%AB" title="Rāwī">Rāwī</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> who later became a judge during the rule of caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greeks">Greeks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Greeks">edit</a>]</div> Some Greeks joined the caliphate army after they defected from Byzantine army. One example is Joachim, garrison commander of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, who defected along with his 4,000 garrison troops and fought loyally under the caliphate later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006359-417-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian_Asawir">Persian Asawir</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Persian Asawir">edit</a>]</div> As the conquest of Persia progressed, some <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> gentry converted into Islam and joined the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a>; these "<a href="/wiki/Asawira" title="Asawira">Asawira</a>" Al-Jahiz outlined the quality of these Persians, which he identified as Khurasaniyyah, as powerful heavy cavalry with considerable frontal charge power, although they lacked speed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> Al-Jahiz also claims the downside of the Persians was if their charge failed to break the enemy, they tended to give up fighting and were easily routed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a> They continued service under the caliphate until <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Ash%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath">Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath</a>'s rebellion. This heavily armored cavalry crushed by regular Arab cavalry led by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a> which possess more skill and discipline in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dayr_al-Jamajim" title="Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim">Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200067-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004101-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200068–69-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1987706–707-134">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995335-135">[129]</a> As Hawting highlighted the different performance between caliphate cavalry and those of Abd al-Rahman al-Ash'ath's army including those of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> Asawir, that "between the discipline and organisation of the Umayyads and their largely Syrian support and the lack of these qualities among their opponents in spite of, or perhaps rather because of, the more righteous and religious flavour of the opposition" is a recurring pattern in the civil wars of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200068–69-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jats">Jats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Jats">edit</a>]</div> As the territory of caliphate <a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind#Conquest_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">has reached Sindh</a>, there were reports that the local <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a> had converted to Islam and even entered the military service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean1989126-136">[130]</a> A notable local named Ziyad al-Hindi recorded has been entered the service under caliph Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezavi2006-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabic_Christian_levy">Arabic Christian levy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Arabic Christian levy">edit</a>]</div> Chronicler Faraj recorded in his Fann 'Idarat al-Ma'arakah fi al-Islam that for certain situations, caliph Umar allowed a distinct unit which had not yet embraced Islam to be enlisted for military service. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buwaib" title="Battle of Buwaib">Battle of Buwaib</a>, Umar allowed <a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_ibn_Haritha" title="Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha">al-Muthanna ibn Haritha</a> to recruit Arab members of banu Taghlib and banu Nimr who had not yet embraced Islam for his service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak1997109-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_medics">Field medics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Field medics">edit</a>]</div> Since the time of Muhammad, field medic roles were usually filled by wives or female relatives of the soldiers while during the period of Umar he extensively improved this role by changing it to make sure that every force being sent there had a team of medics, judges, and translators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camels">Camels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Camels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dromadaire4478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dromadaire4478.jpg/220px-Dromadaire4478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dromadaire4478.jpg/330px-Dromadaire4478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dromadaire4478.jpg/440px-Dromadaire4478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Arabian camel (dromedary) has a long, curved neck, single hump and hairy throat, shoulders and hump</figcaption></figure> The Rashidun caliphate employed camels in various military roles since they respected the beasts' legendary endurance and were more numerous than horses in the Middle East, especially in dry areas. Extensive use of camels occurred during the initial campaigns of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri2005-90">[87]</a> which continued onwards the existence of Rashidun caliphate and it successor states. The abundant availability of camel herds within caliphate enabled even infantries also mounted with camels during the caliphate military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007104-139">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a> recorded an example that found from long narration of tradition, that a wealthy Arab soldier like <a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Azwar" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar">Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar</a> possessed 1,000 camels even before converting to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-141">[Notes 7]</a> Furthermore, the development of Diwan al-Jund by caliph Umar ensured each caliphate soldiers possessed camels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a> despite their difficult tempers and expensive price. Both the camel riders and infantry of the Caliphate armies are known to have ridden camels during long-march campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> Historians have generally agreed that the early caliphate's rapid conquests were facilitated by their large-scale utilization of <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazanovWink2012225-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuttonBagehot1858438;_quoting_Kuhnen's_book,_1991-142">[135]</a> Rashidun army camels also bore offspring while marching to the battle. Tabari, a firsthand witness of Rashidun vanguard commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqra%27_ibn_Habis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqra' ibn Habis (page does not exist)">Aqra' ibn Habis</a>, recorded that before the Battle of Anbar, the camels belonging to his soldiers were about to gave birth. However, since the Aqra' would not halt the operation, he instructed his soldiers to carry the newborn camels on the rumps of adult camels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari201550-143">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War-camel_breeding">War-camel breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: War-camel breeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_near_Riyadh_River_(3343854799).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg/280px-Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg/420px-Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg/560px-Camels_near_Riyadh_River_%283343854799%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Arabian Camel herd grazing near the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> River, southeast Diriyah</figcaption></figure> According to classical Muslim sources, caliph Umar acquired some fertile land in Arabia which were deemed fit for large-scale camel breeding to be established as Hima, government-reserved land property used as <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> to raise camels that were being prepared to be sent to the front line for Jihad conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari's_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi's_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari's_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi's_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)-144">[137]</a> Early sources recorded that the Hima of Rabadha and Diriyah produced 4,000 war camels annually during the reign of Umar, while during the reign of Uthman, both Hima lands further expanded until al-Rabadha Hima alone could produce 4,000 war camels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)-62">[60]</a> At the time of Uthman death, there were said to be around 1,000 war camels already prepared in al-Rabadhah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Rashid197888-89_primary_sources_from_Abu_Ali_al-Hajari_book_compilations_(3rd_[[Hijri_year|AH]]),_Abu_Ubaid_al-Bakri_book:_Mu'jam_M_Ista'jam_(5th_AH),_Al-Samhudi_book_Wafa'_al-Wafa'_bi_Akhbar_Dar_al-Mustafa_(6th_AH)-62">[60]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> researchers theorized institution of Hima by caliph Umar, was inspired by the earliest Hima established in Medina during the time of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdllalène202151;_See_Llewellyn;_''The_basis_for_a_Discipline_of_Islamic_environmentally_law'';_page.212-61">[59]</a> Muhammad himself instructed that some of private property at the outskirts of Medina was transformed into Hima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdllalène202151;_see_Gary_Lutfallah;_''A_History_of_Hima_Conservation_system'';_2006-145">[138]</a> Another reason the caliph Umar moved Hima from Medina was the increasing military demand for camels for which the lands near Medina no longer sufficed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdllalène202151;_See_Llewellyn;_''The_basis_for_a_Discipline_of_Islamic_environmentally_law'';_page.212-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_combat">Use in combat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Use in combat">edit</a>]</div> David Nicolle also mentioned the use of distinct camel cavalry during the battle of Qadisiyyah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle1998-146">[139]</a> It is known that horses can be scared by the stench of camels.<a href="#cite_note-Sandiegozoo-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-sandiegozoo-148">[141]</a> Caliphate archers rode camels inside or outside battle, and only dismounted when they were taking position to shoot volleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camel_defensive_lines">Camel defensive lines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Camel defensive lines">edit</a>]</div> According to John Walter Jandora in his Yarmouk reconstruction study, for the open-battle scenario, the abundance of camels brought by the army during their campaigns were used to form a line of camels positioned on the rear of Muslim battle lines, between the infantry lines and the camp perimeter which were positioned behind them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaifuz_Zaman20158–20-57">[55]</a> where reserve troops (al-Saqah), supplies and camp followers were located. Jandora argued it is used as a fail-safe, in case of breaches by enemy cavalry charges, which act as a deterrent that even stopped the powerful charge of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine cataphracts">Byzantine Cataphract</a> due to the beasts' large frames and foul tempers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaifuz_Zaman20158–20-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJandora1986-149">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahranite_camelier_corps">Mahranite camelier corps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mahranite camelier corps">edit</a>]</div> Amr ibn al-As led a ruthless cavalry corps from tribes of Al-Mahra who were famous for their "invincible battle skills on top of their mounts", during the conquests of Egypt and north Africa<a href="#cite_note-150">[Notes 8]</a>. Al-Mahra tribes were experts in camelry and famed for their high-class Mehri camel breed which were renowned for their speed, agility and toughness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camel_corpse_bridge_in_al-Anbar">Camel corpse bridge in al-Anbar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Camel corpse bridge in al-Anbar">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Anbar" title="Battle of al-Anbar">Battle of al-Anbar</a>, Khalid instructed his soldiers to slaughter many sickly camels and throw them into the trench dug by the Persian defenders in front of the wall of Anbar fortress. The heap of dead camels served as a bridge for Khalid cavalry to cross the trench and breach the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-152">[Notes 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_for_transport_and_logistics">Use for transport and logistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Use for transport and logistics">edit</a>]</div> Similar to the infantry, the archer corps of the Rashidun caliphate were mounted during their movements during their marches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> The stamina and strength of camels along with their abundant availability across the caliphate realm by the army enabled their famous fast mass mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle1998-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatzigerWalton2003-153">[144]</a> Even the horsemen preferred riding camels during a march as they wanted to save their steed's energy for battles and raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner1981185-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_as_emergency_rations">Use as emergency rations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Use as emergency rations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></div> Desperate caravaners are known to have consumed camels' urine and to have slaughtered them when their resources were exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon2009211-154">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khalid's_legendary_camels'_desert_crossing">Khalid's legendary camels' desert crossing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Khalid's legendary camels' desert crossing">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s(r.a)_route_to_Syria.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geographical Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn al-Walid's invasion of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG/250px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG/375px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG/500px-Mohammad_adil-Khalid%27s%28r.a%29_route_to_Syria.PNG 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A map showing one of a series of possible itineraries of Khalid's march to Syria from Iraq</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid#March_to_Syria" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid § March to Syria</a></div> Around 634, after the clash at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Battle of Firaz</a> against intercepting Byzantine forces, caliph Abu Bakr immediately instructed Khalid to reinforce the contingents of Abu Ubaydah, Amr ibn al-As, and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan which started to invade Syria. Khalid immediately started his nearly impossible journey with his elite forces after leaving Muthanna ibn Haritha as his deputy in Iraq and instructed his soldiers to make each camel drink as much as possible before they started the six-day nonstop march without resupply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201023-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[Notes 10]</a> In the end, Khalid managed to reach Suwa spring and immediately defeated the Byzantine garrison in <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Syria" title="Arak, Syria">Arak, Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-le_Strange-158">[148]</a> who were surprised by Khalid's force's sudden emergence from the desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkram2006275-279-83">[80]</a> According to Hugh Kennedy, historians across the ages assessed this daring journey with various expressions of amazement. Classical Muslim historians praised the marching force's perseverance as a miracle and work of god, while most western modern historians regard this as solely the genius of Khalid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200792-159">[149]</a> It is Khalid, whose, in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh Kennedy</a>'s opinion, imaginative thinking effected this legendary feat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200792-159">[149]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Moshe Gil</a> calls the march "a feat which has no parallel" and a testament to "Khalid's qualities as an outstanding commander".,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199747–48,_note_50-160">[150]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Laura Veccia Vaglieri</a> and Patricia Crone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone1978928-161">[151]</a> dismissed the adventure of Khalid as never having happened as they thought it logically impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaglieri1965625-162">[152]</a> Nevertheless, military historian Richard G. Davis explained that Khalid imaginatively employed camel supply trains to make this journey possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201023-155">[146]</a> Those well hydrated camels that accompanied his journey were proven before in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ullais" title="Battle of Ullais">Battle of Ullais</a> for such a risky journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatzigerWalton2003-153">[144]</a> Khalid resorted to slaughtering many camels for provisions for his desperate army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201023-155">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_tactics">Strategy and tactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Strategy and tactics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_formation">Field formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Field formation">edit</a>]</div> When the army was on the march, it always halted on Fridays. When on march, the day's march was never allowed to be so long as to exhaust the troops. The stages were selected with reference to the availability of water and other provisions. The advance was led by an advance guard consisting of a regiment or more. Then came the main body of the army, and this was followed by the women and children and the baggage loaded on camels. At the end of the column moved the rear guard. On long marches the horses were led; but if there was any danger of enemy interference on the march, the horses were mounted, and the cavalry thus formed would act either as the advance guard or the rear guard or move wide on a <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a>, depending on the direction from which the greatest danger loomed. When on march the army was divided into: <ul><li>Muqaddima (مقدمة) - "the vanguard"</li> <li>Qalb (قلب) - "the center"</li> <li>Al-khalf (الخلف) - "the rear"</li> <li>Al-mu'akhira (المؤخرة) - "the rear guard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_in_battle">Divisions in battle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Divisions in battle">edit</a>]</div> The army was organized on the <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a> On the battlefield the army was divided into sections. These sections were: <ul><li>Qalb (قلب) - the center</li> <li>Maymana (ميمنه) - the right wing</li> <li>Maysara (ميسرة) - the left wing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a></li></ul> Each section was under a commander and was at a distance of about 150 meters from the others. Every tribal unit had its leader called an arif. In such units, there were commanders for each 10, 100 and 1,000 men, the latter-most corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>. The grouping of regiments to form larger forces was flexible, varying with the situation. Arifs were grouped and each group was under a commander called amir al-ashar and amir al-ashars were under the command of a section commander, who were under the command of the commander in chief, amir al-jaysh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199733-46">[46]</a> Other components of the army were: <ul><li>Rijal (رجال) - infantry</li> <li>Fursan (فرسان) - cavalry</li> <li>Rumat (رماة) - archers</li> <li>Tali'ah (طليعة) - patrols, who monitored enemy movements</li></ul> <ol><li>'Rukban (ركبان) - camel corps</li> <li>'Nuhhab al-mu'an (نهّاب المؤن) - foraging parties, Rukban (ركبان)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavalry_2">Cavalry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cavalry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Mubarizun: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">Mobile guard</a></div> The general strategy of early Muslim cavalry was to utilize their speed to outpace their adversaries. Muslim generals such as Khalid ibn Walid and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas are known to have employed this advantage against both the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid army">Sassanid army</a> and the Byzantine army as the main drawback of the armies of Sassanid Persian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> was their lack of mobility.<a href="#cite_note-I._Akram_1970-163">[153]</a> Another remarkable strategy developed by Al-Muthanna and later followed by other Muslim generals was not moving far from the desert so long as there were opposing forces within striking distance of its rear. The idea was to fight the battles close to the desert, with safe escape routes open in case of defeat.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cavalry_usage_during_siege_warfare">Cavalry usage during siege warfare</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cavalry usage during siege warfare">edit</a>]</div> The tactics used by Iyad in his Mesopotamian campaign were similar to those employed by the Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, though in Iyad's case the contemporary accounts reveal his specific modus operandi, particularly in Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013435-165">[155]</a> The operation to capture that city entailed positioning cavalry forces near its entrances, preventing its defenders and residents from leaving or rural refugees from entering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013435-165">[155]</a> Concurrently, the remainder of Iyad's forces cleared the surrounding countryside of supplies and took captives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013435-165">[155]</a> These dual tactics were employed in several other cities in al-Jazira.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013435-165">[155]</a> They proved effective in gaining surrenders from targeted cities running low on supplies and whose satellite villages were trapped by hostile troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013435-165">[155]</a> Ubadah ibn al-Samit, another Rashidun commander, is also recorded to have developed his own distinct strategy which involved the use of cavalry during siege warfare. During a siege, Ubadah would dig a large hole, deep enough to hide a considerable number of horsemen near an enemy garrison, and hid his cavalry there during the night. When the sun rose and the enemy city opened their gates for the civilians in the morning, Ubadah and his hidden cavalry then emerged from the hole and stormed the gates as the unsuspecting enemy could not close the gate before Ubadah's horsemen entered. This strategy was used by Ubadah during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Siege of Laodicea</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaladhuri2011-166">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhadanfarAl-Khaiat2001-167">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Siege of Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaladhuri2011-166">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_and_espionage">Intelligence and espionage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Intelligence and espionage">edit</a>]</div> It was one of the most highly developed departments of the army which proved helpful in most of the campaigns. The <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> (جاسوسية) and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence service">intelligence services</a> were first organised by Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">campaign to Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Kathir2016-125">[119]</a> Later, when he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> front, he organized the <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> department there as well.<a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> As the term of military rulings during Rashidun caliphate were intertwined with Sharia ruling, the concept of espionage also became subject in jurisprudential term, as in the modern era, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_for_Scholarly_Research_and_Ifta" title="Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta">Islamic official committee of Saudi Arabia Scholars</a> also used the practice of az-Zubayr as one of their source of fatawa, such as an act of government to <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">spying</a> any endangering act from <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemy of the state</a>, such as criminal behavior, alleged terrorism, and other illegal conduct, were allowed in Islam jurisprudence.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_scholars_about_espionage-169">[159]</a> The committee based this ruling of espionage by legitimate government from the act of az-Zubayr for spying <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> for their alleged betrayal during the Battle of the Trench on the instruction of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_scholars_about_espionage-169">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_raids_and_expansions">Border raids and expansions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Border raids and expansions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Ghazwah: <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)#Historical_development" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi (warrior) § Historical development</a></div> During the tenure of Khalid ibn al-Walid in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Iraq</a>, he formed Ummal, military units that act as his deputy personnel to govern, watch, and collect <a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> in the occupied areas, or as raiding parties in uncaptured cities or settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Tabari;_Blankinship-170">[160]</a> At one time, Khalid appointed <a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Azwar" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar">Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27qa%27_ibn_Amr_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi">Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr at-Tamimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhiraar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab">Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_ibn_Haritha" title="Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha">al-Muthanna ibn Haritha</a>, Dhiraar ibn Muqrin, and Busr ibn Abi Ruhm as Ummal raiding force to raid Sib, a district located near the city of <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibn_Hubayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr Ibn Hubayrah">Qasr ibn Hubayrah</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Hillah" title="Hillah">Hillah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tabari;_Blankinship-170">[160]</a> These raiding detachment forces made repeated, casual raids until it was subdued.<a href="#cite_note-Tabari;_Blankinship-170">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_organizations_within_the_state_department">Military organizations within the state department</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Military organizations within the state department">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_governorship">Military governorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Military governorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Jund: <a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">Jund</a></div> The caliphs of Rashidun founded an administrative body which was based on military governorship, known as <a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">Jund</a>. Jund were garrisoned in a capital which became the military headquarters named <a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a>. Border military posts' fortifications of Jund were also established and named <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a>. Baladhuri estimates that around 636 AD, the number of caliphate regular soldiers in Basra totalled 80.000.<a href="#cite_note-172">[Notes 11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diwan_al-Jund">Diwan al-Jund</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Diwan al-Jund">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> was the first ruler to organize the army state department in the name of Diwan al-Jund to oversee the needs of soldiers regarding equipment. This reform was introduced in 637 AD. A beginning was made with the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansars</a> and the system was gradually extended to the whole of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and to Muslims of conquered lands. All adults who could be called to war were prepared, and a scale of salaries was fixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a> All registered men were liable for military service. They were divided into two categories, namely: <ol><li>Regular soldiers</li> <li>Muslim civilians who could be enlisted for the compulsory call of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> in case of state emergency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199731-34-104">[99]</a></li></ol> The pay was given in the beginning of the month of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>. The armies of the Caliphs were mostly paid in cash salaries. In contrast to many post-Roman polities in Europe, grants of land, or rights to collect taxes directly from the people within one's grant of land, were of only minor importance. A major consequence of this was that the army directly depended on the state for its subsistence which, in turn, meant that the military had to control the state apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_guard">Capital guard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Capital guard">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Haras and Shurta: <a href="/wiki/Haras_(unit)" title="Haras (unit)">Haras (unit)</a></div> Before the caliphate, the Caliphal guards or Haras and Shurta were volunteers yet consistent practice where at most around fifty persons were enlisted to guard Muhammad wherever he went. In Muhammad's era they were usually those early <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions</a> generally known for martial prowess such as <a href="/wiki/Talhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talhah">Talhah ibn Ubaydillah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Mu%27adh" title="Sa'd ibn Mu'adh">Sa'd ibn Mu'adh</a>, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, <a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDd_ibn_%CA%BDUbadah" title="Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah">Sa'd ibn Ubadah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslamah</a>, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usaid_Bin_Hudair" class="mw-redirect" title="Usaid Bin Hudair">Usayd ibn Hudayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad ibn Aswad</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> However, these units were disbanded after the <a href="/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul" title="Asbab al-Nuzul">Asbabun Nuzul</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dhu_Amarr" title="Raid on Dhu Amarr">Raid on Dhu Amarr</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D11">5:11</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Strauch_2006_472-175">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roles_within_caliphate">Roles within caliphate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Roles within caliphate">edit</a>]</div> Although they seem similar and interchangeable in duty, Haras and Shurta were different. Shurta mainly guarded and policed important state sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Masjid Nabawi</a> Caliphate citadel, the capital district of the Emirate governor, or Sultanate palaces, while also patrolling around the city to maintain law and punish any violations. Meanwhile, Haras served as bodyguards, whether to Muhammad himself, Caliphs, Sultans, Governors, or Amirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlman2015323-176">[165]</a> They were also tasked to assist the regular forces in battle to repel enemy advances toward the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> This role was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">rebellion break out across Arabia</a> after the death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr immediately revived the organised elite guard unit <a href="/wiki/Haras_(unit)" title="Haras (unit)">al-Ḥaras wa al-Shurṭa</a>, which had earlier been disbanded by Muhammad after the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dhu_Amarr" title="Raid on Dhu Amarr">Raid on Dhu Amarr</a>. Abu Bakr raised these units again to defend Medina as a massive coalition of tribes had gathered around Medina while the main army of Medina had accompanied <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Zayd" title="Usama ibn Zayd">Usama ibn Zayd</a> to conquer the border of northern Arabia and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlman2015323-176">[165]</a> Veteran companions such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Masud">Abdullah ibn Mas'ud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zubair_ibn_al-Awwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubair ibn al-Awwam">Zubair ibn al-Awwam</a> were appointed as commanders of these units before the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari201546-177">[166]</a> This unit defeated the huge rebel tribes gathering during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhu_Qissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zhu Qissa">defense of Medina</a>, by only using transport camels as mounts, since warhorses and trained camels were brought by the main army led by Usama, who was still fighting the Ghassanid in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari201546-177">[166]</a> After Abu Bakr, Haras and Shurta practice of <a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">retinual</a> bodyguards seems absent or minimal during the reign of Umar, Uthman, Ali, and Hasan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlman2015323-176">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> However, after <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiyah</a> ascension he revived this practice drastically after the bloody ends of Umar, Uthman, Ali, and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>. Haras and Shurta broadened the role to not only guard caliph, but also Amirs or military governors which continued onwards of successive caliphates, both Umayyad and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>, and their localized successor states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlman2015323-176">[165]</a> According to the tradition of Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Suyuti</a>, the first person to implement Shurta police forces on the governor level was Amr ibn al-'As.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strength">Strength</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Strength">edit</a>]</div> Shurta bodyguard numbers varied from around 30-50 at the time of Muhammad, or 500-600 at the time of Mu'awiyah. For Umayyad governors such as <a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Qasri" title="Khalid al-Qasri">Khalid al-Qasri</a> even possessed 4,000 members or higher for later era<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> which practically became private armies of each governor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment_2">Equipment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> Shurta during Umayyad usually patrolled on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a> prescribed that Shurta members must ride the best horses and forbade Shurta to ride inferior animals such as mules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> The Shurta often wore heavy armor of Mujaffafa (<a href="/wiki/Scale_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale armor">scale armor</a>) during their duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> According to various early Muslim historians, aside from protecting the sovereign and capital, the Haras unit also acted as security police to maintain the safety of the city where they were assigned. During Umayyad rule they were armed with javelin-sized short spears called Hirba, a mace, along with whips and chains as disciplining weapon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerlman2015323-176">[165]</a> They also usually carried Sayf long swords in order to immediately executes someone on the order of their superiors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> The Shurta during the Umayyad period also carried a weapon called Kafr Kubat, a slingshot-type weapon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashid1983-174">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conduct_and_ethics">Conduct and ethics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Conduct and ethics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic military jurisprudence</a></div> The basic principle in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> for fighting is that other communities should be treated as one's own. Fighting is justified for legitimate <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>, to aid other Muslims and after a violation of the terms of a treaty, but should be stopped if these circumstances cease to exist.<a href="#cite_note-Crone-178">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-180">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[170]</a> During his life, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> gave various injunctions to his forces and adopted practices toward the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">conduct of war</a>. The most important of these were summarized by Muhammad's companion, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, in the form of ten rules for the Rashidun army:<a href="#cite_note-Zuhur-182">[171]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.</blockquote> These injunctions were honored by the second <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, during whose reign (634–644) important <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> took place.<a href="#cite_note-183">[172]</a> In addition, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a>, the caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> stated that Islam does not permit Muslims to stop the supply of water to their enemy.<a href="#cite_note-184">[173]</a> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> attributed to Muhammad himself suggest that he stated the following regarding the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Daly-18-185">[174]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"You are going to enter <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, a land where qirat (a money unit) is used. Be extremely good to them as they have with us close ties and marriage relationships."</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Be Righteous to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> about the Copts."</blockquote> The caliphate army also emphasised discipline. The fourth caliph, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, put an emphasis on the discipline of archers and cavalry, as he disliked unnecessary talks and noisiness during the motion of battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlofs20151-24-108">[103]</a> The major compendium codex of Shafiite scholars ruling, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Umm" title="Kitab al-Umm">Kitab al-Umm</a>, has mentioned regarding the duels of Zubayr, Ali, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslamah</a> against Jewish champions during the siege of Khaybar fortresses as part of Taharruf, or <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a> chapter based on Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie-186">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Arab conquest of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Arab_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Arab Wars">Byzantine-Arab Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Sassanids">Fall of Sassanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">Mobile guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Syria">Muslim conquest of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun caliphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Claude Cahen</a> stated the reinforcements from Medina for Amr ibn al As who were still fighting in Egypt only consisted of soldiers who never <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostated</a> during Ridda Wars<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197634-47">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> classical Hadith scholars expressed their skepticism regarding historical narration of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a> although non narrative historical informations of him was not criticized. al-Hakim (d. 405 AH) wrote: "Sayf is accused of being a heretic. His narrations are abandoned.". Abu Dawud (d. 316 AH) wrote: "Sayf is nothing. He was a liar. Some of his Hadiths were conveyed and the majority of them are denied"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica-52">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> called it "Indian sword" which originated from pre-Islamic Jurhum tribe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander2001200-71">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "People of the lance" as quoted by Elizabeth E. Bacon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon195444-92">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The nobility of the Nomad Arabs were based on tribal militaristic meritocracy and genealogical (both their own and their horses') supremacy, according to Elizabeth E. Bacon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon195444;-97">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The derived narrations from Amr ibn al As seems original text from him which preserved by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a> chains of narrator source<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Baghawi transmit the long narrative chains which came from Dhiraar himself which recorded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabarani" title="Al-Tabarani">Al-Tabarani</a>. However <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> rejected the authenticity of the dialogue contained in the narration, although he did not criticize regarding the case that Dhiraar's possession of thousand camels which came in the background of the dialogue narration.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The derived narrations from Amr ibn al As were attributed to the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a> chains of narrators<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Abd_al-Hakam1922-115">[110]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Salabi and <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Yahya_Blankinship" title="Khalid Yahya Blankinship">Blankinship</a> Notes from primary sources<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalabi527-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari201550-143">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Professor Ross Burns stated in his book, Damascus, A History, that the arduous march of Khalid from Iraq to Syria lasted eighteen days, not six days, as the other historians mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpoCBAgAAQBAJpgPA99_99]-156">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> According to Baladhuri, Muqatila were caliphate troops who received payment, pension, and enrolled in Diwan as members of the regular army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedyBaladhuri2011177-171">[161]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2018/12/the-turks-the-medieval-worlds-most-martial-people/">The Turks: The Medieval World’s Most Martial People</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmc.utoronto.ca/people/directories/all-faculty/adam-ali">Dr. Adam Ali M.A. Phd.</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2018-117">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Britain and the Arabs: Contributors: JB Glubb - author. Publisher: Hodder and Staughton. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1959. Page Number:34 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTeam2018" class="citation web cs1">Team, Editorial (2018-11-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinkafrica.net/rashidun-caliphate/">"The Rashidun Caliphate: international spread of Islam"</a>. Think Africa. Retrieved 2021-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Rashidun+Caliphate%3A+international+spread+of+Islam&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkafrica.net%2Frashidun-caliphate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199718-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Mubarak199718_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFal-Mubarak1997">al-Mubarak 1997</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-PhippsP70-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhippsP70_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhippsP70_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2016" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, William E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474289351" title="Special:BookSources/9781474289351"><bdi>9781474289351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+Jesus%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Prophets+and+Their+Teachings&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474289351&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDR_mDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eACqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Concise History of Islam</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573470" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573470"><bdi>9789382573470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789382573470&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Syed+Saud&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeACqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Mattson" title="Ingrid Mattson">Mattson, Ingrid</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-eUnDh_OWgC&pg=PA185">The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470673492" title="Special:BookSources/9780470673492"><bdi>9780470673492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+Its+History+and+Place+in+Muslim+Life&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780470673492&rft.aulast=Mattson&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-eUnDh_OWgC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner198186-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner198186_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner198186_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner198186_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner198186_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonner1981">Donner 1981</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-seventhyear-8"><a href="#cite_ref-seventhyear_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805184742/http://www.al-islam.org/message/43.htm">"The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ahlul_Bayt_Digital_Islamic_Library_Project" title="Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project">Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/message/43.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Events+of+the+Seventh+Year+of+Migration&rft.pub=Ahlul+Bayt+Digital+Islamic+Library+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fmessage%2F43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Leone Caetani, Annali dell' Islam, vol. 4, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Leone Caetani, Annali dell'Islam, vol. 2, chapter 1, paragraph 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Tabaqat-i Kubra, vol. I, page 360; Tarikh-i Tabari, vol. II, pp. 295, 296; Tarikh-i Kamil, vol. II, page 81 and Biharul Anwar, vol. XX, page 389 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "Kisra", M. Morony, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. V, ed.C.E. Bosworth, E.van Donzel, B. Lewis and C. Pellat, (E.J.Brill, 1980), 185.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA185">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Humphreys1999" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Humphreys, R. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenmemorydes1999hump">Between Memory and Desire</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenmemorydes1999hump/page/180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520214118" title="Special:BookSources/9780520214118"><bdi>9780520214118</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Memory+and+Desire&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=9780520214118&rft.aulast=Stephen+Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweenmemorydes1999hump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabari2015145-153-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabari2015145-153_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabari2015">Tabari 2015</a>, p. 145-153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006844-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006844_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeriBacharach2006844_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeriBacharach2006">Meri & Bacharach 2006</a>, p. 844. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPellat2011">Pellat 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 68–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1">Jafri, S.H.M. 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London: Longman. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+early+development+of+Shia+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridge-studies-in-islamic-civilization-najam-haider-the-origins-of-the-shia-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabri-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Tabri_18-0">^</a> History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Tabari) Vol. 04 The Ancient Kingdoms: pg:183. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisRunyan1990" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Archibald Ross; Runyan, Timothy J. (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIRDbARyWIC&q=Muawiyah%20set%20up%20navy&pg=PA24">European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253205735" title="Special:BookSources/9780253205735"><bdi>9780253205735</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Naval+and+Maritime+History%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=9780253205735&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Ross&rft.au=Runyan%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzIRDbARyWIC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520set%2520up%2520navy%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2005" class="citation book cs1">Kroll, Leonard Michael (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAPc3mYwZpIC&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA123">History of the Jihad: Islam Versus Civilization</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463457303" title="Special:BookSources/9781463457303"><bdi>9781463457303</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jihad%3A+Islam+Versus+Civilization&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.isbn=9781463457303&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAPc3mYwZpIC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2011" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA183">A History of Byzantium</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444359978" title="Special:BookSources/9781444359978"><bdi>9781444359978</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.isbn=9781444359978&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIFJiOCSYc8C%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston2008" class="citation book cs1">Weston, Mark (28 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA61">Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470182574" title="Special:BookSources/9780470182574"><bdi>9780470182574</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+Princes%3A+Saudi+Arabia+from+Muhammad+to+the+Present&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.isbn=9780470182574&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEEFsVYLko4C%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1992" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKFRvUiLEQYC&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA11">The Medieval Siege</a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851153575" title="Special:BookSources/9780851153575"><bdi>9780851153575</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Siege&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9780851153575&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKFRvUiLEQYC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrad1990" class="citation book cs1">Murrad, Mustafa (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=474iHr4bQJUC&q=abdullah+ibn+aamir+khurasan&pg=PA64">Kisah Hidup Utsman ibn Affan citing Tarikh at Thabari and al Bidayah wal Nihayah (71/158)</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9790241374" title="Special:BookSources/978-9790241374"><bdi>978-9790241374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kisah+Hidup+Utsman+ibn+Affan+citing+Tarikh+at+Thabari+and+al+Bidayah+wal+Nihayah+%2871%2F158%29&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9790241374&rft.aulast=Murrad&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D474iHr4bQJUC%26q%3Dabdullah%2Bibn%2Baamir%2Bkhurasan%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a> (Tarikh al-Tabari) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> See: <a href="/wiki/Al-Bidayah_wa_al-Nihayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah">Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah</a> (Tarikh ibn Kathir) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ridpath's Universal History, Merrill & Baker, Vol. 12, New York, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_28-1">b</a> The Muslim Conquest of Persia by A.I. Akram. Ch:17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-597713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-597713-0">0-19-597713-0</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0">^</a> Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, By Kaveh Farrokh, Published by Osprey Publishing, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7">1-84603-108-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony2005" class="citation book cs1">Morony, Michael G. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&q=abdullah%20ibn%20aamir%20persia%20conquest&pg=PA207">Iraq After the Muslim Conquest</a>. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593333157" title="Special:BookSources/9781593333157"><bdi>9781593333157</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+After+the+Muslim+Conquest&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=9781593333157&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhjSiRAwGuEC%26q%3Dabdullah%2520ibn%2520aamir%2520persia%2520conquest%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1968" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, John Andrew (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&q=kirman+mas%27ud&pg=PA117">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521069366" title="Special:BookSources/9780521069366"><bdi>9780521069366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521069366&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26q%3Dkirman%2Bmas%2527ud%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee1977" class="citation book cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VINCAAAAYAAJ&q=Majasha+ibn+Masood">The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History</a>. 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Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, p.45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boundries_Princeton-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Boundries_Princeton_180-0">^</a> Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, p.197 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Douglas M. Johnston, Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p.48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuhur-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuhur_182-0">^</a> Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, Islamic Rulings on Warfare, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-1039-5">1-4289-1039-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Nadvi (2000), pg. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> E<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Mukarram_Ahmed,_Muzaffar_Husain_Syed2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, ed. (2005). "Encyclopaedia of Islam: Introduction to Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-2339-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-2339-7"><bdi>81-261-2339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-261-2339-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly-18-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Daly-18_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Daly2004" class="citation cs2">El Daly, Okasha (2004), Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, p. 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-063-2"><bdi>1-84472-063-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium+%3A+Ancient+Egypt+in+Medieval+Arabic+Writings&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84472-063-2&rft.aulast=El+Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitab_al_Umm_Shafiie_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Idris2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Ibn Idris, Muhammad</a> (2020). Iqbal Santosa, Muhammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq3mDwAAQBAJ">Al-Umm #9: Kitab Induk Fiqih Islam</a> (in Indonesian). Translated by Fuad Syaifuddin Nur. Jagakarsa, Jakarta, Indonesia: Republika Penerbit. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786232790087" title="Special:BookSources/9786232790087"><bdi>9786232790087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Umm+%239%3A+Kitab+Induk+Fiqih+Islam&rft.place=Jagakarsa%2C+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Republika+Penerbit&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786232790087&rft.aulast=Ibn+Idris&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq3mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam of <a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a>, an historian during Rashidun era.</li> <li>Earliest records of Maghazi (historical records regarding Islamic conquests) of Muhammad by <a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'in</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Aban_ibn_Uthman" title="Aban ibn Uthman">Aban ibn Uthman</a></li> <li>Recorded narrations of Maghazi <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri#Influence_on_hadith_and_maghazi-sirah_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">classifications</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a></li> <li>historical manuscript compilations about Hima (war-camel breeding grounds) (3rd AH) authored by Abu Ali al-Hajari</li> <li>Mu'jam M Ista'jam (5th AH), an early caliphate history about war camel breeding authored by Abu Ubaid al-Bakri</li> <li>Wafa' al-Wafa' bi Akhbar Dar al-Mustafa (6th AH), an early caliphate historical manuscript mentioning Hima breeding grounds Al-Samhudi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Sahih Bukhari</a> Chapter 57: Book of Jihad, regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> Chapter 19: KITAB AL-JIHAD WA'L-SIYAR (The Book of Jihad And Expedition), regarding ethics and conduct during wartime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulugh_al-Maram" title="Bulugh al-Maram">Bulugh al-Maram</a> Chapter 10. The book of Jihad. treatise regarding basis of military conducts and treatise attributed to <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiʽite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a>.</li> <li>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (Biography of the prophet of Allah) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masabih_al-Sunnah" title="Masabih al-Sunnah">Masabih al-Sunnah</a> contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests, including those directly involved in the conquest. Authored by <a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sirah_al-Nabawiyyah_(Ibn_Hisham)" title="Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)">Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah</a> (The Life of the Prophet)', an edited recension by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Isḥāq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk), more commonly known as Tarikh al-Tabari (تاريخ الطبري) or Tarikh-i Tabari or The History of al-Tabari (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: تاریخ طبری)</li> <li>Historical excerpts from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Zubaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi">Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi</a>, scholar and historian from the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li>Kitāb al-Furūsiyya wa 'l-Bayṭara ("Book of Horsemanship and Hippiatry"), regarding horsemanship and proficiency in handling all types of weapons, and bravery, by Ibn Akhī Ḥizām (ابن أخي حزام)</li> <li>Al-Furūsiyya (Equestrian martial exercise) of four basic principles of horsemanship, archery, cavalry charging, and swordsmanship, authored by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" title="Futuh al-Buldan">Futuh al-Buldan</a>, The Conquest of (the) countries, a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri</a> of Abbasid-era Baghdad</li> <li>Futūḥ mișr wa akhbārahā (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فتح مصر و أخبارها, Conquest of Egypt and some account of it, i.e. of the country) authored by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya#List_of_Furusiyyah_treatises" title="Furusiyya">Kitāb al-Furūsiyya wa-al-Bayṭarah</a>, regarding military tactics around cavalry, Hippiatry, and archery warfare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns") by al-Waqidi</li> <li>Kitāb aṭ-Tabaqāt al-Kabīr (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> The Book of the Major Classes), eight-volume work contains the lives of Muhammad, his Companions and Helpers, including those who fought at the Battle of Badr as a special class, and of the following generation, the Followers, who received their traditions from the Companions, authored by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usd_al-ghabah_fi_marifat_al-Sa%E1%B8%A5abah" title="Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah">Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah</a> (The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions), biographies of Muhammad and 7,554 of his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon</a>, a military handbook of the late 6th century, attributed to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a></li> <li>Social commentary regarding military and social developments during the times of caliphates found in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz_bibliography" title="Al-Jahiz bibliography">books</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a></li> <li>Arab archery, a translated classical treatise of traditional Arabic archery written by an unknown author</li> <li>A History of Heraclius, historical accounts regarding the events of mid to late 7th century with full biblical allegory, written by <a href="/wiki/Sebeos" title="Sebeos">Sebeos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashidun_army&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-jabbar2013" class="citation book cs1">Abdul-jabbar, Suhaib (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/32866/17348&usg=AOvVaw2ssS21dPEFtYJOeOxi9mVU">The predicate objective of the combined ten books - Comprehensive</a> (Arabic ed.). modern comprehensive library. p. 370. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+predicate+objective+of+the+combined+ten+books+-+Comprehensive&rft.pages=370&rft.edition=Arabic&rft.pub=modern+comprehensive+library&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Abdul-jabbar&rft.aufirst=Suhaib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F32866%2F17348%26usg%3DAOvVaw2ssS21dPEFtYJOeOxi9mVU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdil2002" class="citation book cs1">Adil, Hajjah Amina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31tscfPF4tkC">Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy</a>. ISCA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930409118" title="Special:BookSources/9781930409118"><bdi>9781930409118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%2C+the+Messenger+of+Islam%3A+His+Life+%26+Prophecy&rft.pub=ISCA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781930409118&rft.aulast=Adil&rft.aufirst=Hajjah+Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31tscfPF4tkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkram2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agha_Ibrahim_Akram" title="Agha Ibrahim Akram">Akram, Agha Ibrahim</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzVtAAAAMAAJ&q=mobile%20guard%20khalid">The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns</a>. Mr. Books. pp. 359–417. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+Allah+Khalid+Bin+Al-Waleed%2C+His+Life+and+Campaigns&rft.pages=359-417&rft.pub=Mr.+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Akram&rft.aufirst=Agha+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzVtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmobile%2520guard%2520khalid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Mubarak1997" class="citation thesis cs1">al-Mubarak, Malik Abdulazeez (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/id/eprint/794">Warfare in early Islam</a> (PhD). University of Glasgow. p. 18. 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Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0">The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</a>. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81585-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81585-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatarabconques00kenn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCH5e8smjggC">The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State</a>. 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Brill. p. 624–626. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C5%ABmat+al-Djandal&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=624-626&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DD%25C5%25ABmat%2Bal-Djandal%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1917" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, C.T. Harley (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189369">"Jahiz of Basra to Al-Fath Ibn Khaqan on the "Exploits of the Turks and the Army of the Khalifate in General""</a>. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 631–697. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189369">25189369</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Jahiz+of+Basra+to+Al-Fath+Ibn+Khaqan+on+the+%22Exploits+of+the+Turks+and+the+Army+of+the+Khalifate+in+General%22&rft.pages=631-697&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=C.T.+Harley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Wellhausen, Julius</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp">The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall</a>. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752790641">752790641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Kingdom+and+Its+Fall&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752790641&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabkingdomandit029490mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakeri1995" class="citation book cs1">Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&q=false">Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3447036524" title="Special:BookSources/3447036524"><bdi>3447036524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanid+Soldiers+in+Early+Muslim+Society%3A+The+Origins+of+%27Ayy%C4%81r%C4%81n+and+Futuwwa&rft.pages=1-391&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3447036524&rft.aulast=Zakeri&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfYnu5F20coC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaky1961" class="citation book cs1">Zaky, A. 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Gladius I. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Islamic+Swords+and+Armour&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Gladius+I&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Zaky&rft.aufirst=A.+Rahman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgladius.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fgladius%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F211%2F213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashidun+army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Bilad_al-Sham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Template:Districts of Bilad al-Sham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Template talk:Districts of Bilad al-Sham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Bilad al-Sham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Bilad_al-Sham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jund" title="Jund">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Early Abbasid Period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Awasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Awasim">Jund al-'Awasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Later Abbasid Period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharat" title="Al-Sharat">Jund ash-Sharah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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1,\n [\"CITEREFMutawalliRahmanKamil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatzigerWalton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;shea2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhipps2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPramono2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasheed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashid1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezavi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaifuz_Zaman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalabi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiettecatteZouache2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebeosHoward-JohnstonGreenwood1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoshan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpaulding1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Humphreys1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyedAkhtarUsmani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaglieri1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahya1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYahya_BlankinshipIbn_Jarir_at-Tabari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakeri1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaky1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Asqalani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Mubarak1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-_Qadri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal_Shafi\u0026#039;i2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Shamil_as-SulamiIbn_Kathir2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Eco-behavioral_adaptations\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AH\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Apostate Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Byzantine-Arab Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Campaigns of Khalid ibn Walid\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Wars of Caliph Umar\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 76,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Rashidun Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Details\"] = 4,\n [\"Districts of Islamic Syria\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 3,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox military unit\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 225,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Arab Kingdom and its Fall\"] = 1,\n [\"The History of al-Tabari\"] = 1,\n [\"The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates\"] = 1,\n [\"Trans\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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