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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sites_of_ONERA_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites_of_ONERA_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sites of ONERA facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites_of_ONERA_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scientific departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ONERA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficina_Nacional_d%27Estudios_ya_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Oficina Nacional d'Estudios ya Investigación Aeronáutica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oficina Nacional d'Estudios ya Investigación Aeronáutica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ONERA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d’études et de recherches aérospatiales – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Office national d’études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d’études et de recherches aérospatiales – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Office national d’études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ONERA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ONERA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA" title="ONERA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ONERA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_quan_Nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_H%C3%A0ng_kh%C3%B4ng_v%C3%A0_V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Cơ quan Nghiên cứu Hàng không và Vũ trụ Quốc gia Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ quan Nghiên cứu Hàng không và Vũ trụ Quốc gia Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2007769#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Office_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_et_de_recherches_a%C3%A9rospatiales" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2007769" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ONERA&params=48.712132_N_2.231852_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°42′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°13′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.712132°N 2.231852°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.712132; 2.231852</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French national aerospace research 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ONERA%22">"ONERA"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ONERA%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ONERA%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ONERA%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ONERA%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ONERA%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ONERA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ONERA_logo.svg/220px-ONERA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ONERA_logo.svg/330px-ONERA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ONERA_logo.svg/440px-ONERA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="68" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg/220px-ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg/330px-ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg/440px-ONERA_Modane-Avrieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An ONERA site at <a href="/wiki/Modane" title="Modane">Modane</a>–<a href="/wiki/Avrieux" title="Avrieux">Avrieux</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Research type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Applied</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Field of research</div></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry">Defense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Operating agency</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" title="Minister of the Armed Forces (France)">Minister of the Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onera.fr">onera<wbr />.fr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: National office for aerospace studies and research) or <b>ONERA</b>, dubbed <i>The French Aerospace Lab</i> in English, is the French national <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> research center. Originally founded as the <i>Office National d’Études et de Recherches Aéronautiques</i> (National Office for Aeronautical Studies and Research) in 1946, it was relabeled in 1963. </p><p>It is France's leading research center in aerospace and <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry">defense</a>. It covers all disciplines and technologies in the field. Numerous high-profile French and European aerospace programs have passed through the ONERA since its creation including the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> family of launch vehicles, the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> supersonic airliner, the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage" title="Dassault Mirage">Dassault Mirage</a> family of fighter aircraft and the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Rafale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault Falcon">Dassault Falcon</a> family of business jets, <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale" title="Aérospatiale">Aérospatiale</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> projects, missiles, engines, radars and many more. </p><p>Under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Armed Forces (France)">Ministry of the Armed Forces</a>, it is a public industrial and commercial establishment employing around 2,000 people, the majority of whom are researchers, engineers and technicians, with half of its budget coming from government subsidies. The ONERA has extensive testing and computing resources, including the largest <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> fleet in Europe. The ONERA's chairman is appointed by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the Minister of the Armed Forces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ONERA's historic roots are in the Paris suburb of <a href="/wiki/Meudon" title="Meudon">Meudon</a>, south of Paris. As early as 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Chalais-Meudon" title="Chalais-Meudon">Chalais-Meudon</a> site hosted an aeronautical research center for military aerostats (balloons): Etablissement central de l’aérostation militaire. </p><p>ONERA was created in May 1946 to relaunch aeronautics research, an activity that had gone into hibernation during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the German occupation. Its creation reflected the government's decision to recover the large <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal" title="Ötztal">Ötztal</a>, Austria, in the French administrative zone, and move it to France. Today, ONERA's extensive array of wind tunnels is one of its main assets. ONERA operates a world-class fleet of wind tunnels, the largest in Europe. The S1MA wind tunnel at Modane-Avrieux, developing 88 MW of total power, is Europe's largest transonic wind tunnel (tests at <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 0.05 to Mach 1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chairman and <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> of ONERA is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="French Council of Ministers">French Council of Ministers</a>, acting on a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (France)">Minister of Defense</a>. Since June 2014, the Chairman and CEO is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Sainjon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Sainjon (page does not exist)">Bruno Sainjon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites_of_ONERA_facilities">Sites of ONERA facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sites of ONERA facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ONERA is organized in eight geographic areas. It has about 2,000 employees, with 1,500 engineers and <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a> (including 230 doctoral candidates), as well as support staff. </p><p>Three centers in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France): </p> <ul><li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Palaiseau" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, current headquarters</li> <li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine">Châtillon</a></li> <li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Chalais-Meudon" title="Chalais-Meudon">Meudon</a></li></ul> <p>Two centers in the Midi-Pyrenees region of southwest France: </p> <ul><li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, near the leading aeronautical engineering schools <i>ISAE-Sup’Aéro</i> and ENAC</li> <li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Le_Fauga" title="Le Fauga">Fauga</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauzac,_Haute_Garonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauzac, Haute Garonne (page does not exist)">Mauzac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind tunnels">wind tunnels</a>), south of Toulouse.</li></ul> <p>Three other centers: </p> <ul><li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, northern France (formerly the Lille Fluid Mechanics Institute)</li> <li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Salon_de_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon de Provence">Salon de Provence</a>, southern France, on the site of the <i>Ecole de l’air</i> flying school</li> <li>ONERA <a href="/wiki/Modane" title="Modane">Modane-Avrieux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind tunnels">wind tunnels</a>), in the Savoy region of southeast France.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_departments">Scientific departments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ONERA is organized in four scientific branches: <a href="/wiki/Fluid_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid Mechanics">Fluid Mechanics</a> and Energetics; Materials and Structures; <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>; and Information Processing and Systems. Wind tunnel testing is managed in the GMT (Grands Moyens Techniques) department. Aerospace prospective depends on a specific department. </p><p>The <i>Direction Technique et des Programmes</i> (<i>DTP</i>) comprises the following departments:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>DAAA - Aérodynamique, aéroélasticité, acoustique.</i></li> <li><i>DEMR - Électromagnétisme et radar.</i></li> <li><i>DMAS - Matériaux et structures.</i></li> <li><i>DMPE - Multi-physique pour l'énergétique.</i></li> <li><i>DOTA - Optique et techniques associées.</i></li> <li><i>DPHY - Physique, instrumentation, environnement, espace.</i></li> <li><i>DTIS - Traitement de l'information et systèmes.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> in the United States, ONERA is not an agency for space science and exploration. However, it carries out a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> for <a href="/wiki/Space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agencies">space agencies</a>, both <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), as well as for the French defense agency, <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_l%27armement" title="Direction générale de l'armement">DGA</a> (Direction générale de l’armement). ONERA also independently conducts its own long-term research to anticipate <a href="/wiki/Future_technology" title="Future technology">future technology</a> needs. It focuses on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> for concrete applications on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, the design of launchers and new defense technologies, such as drones or <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial systems (UAS)</a>. </p><p>ONERA also uses its research and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> capabilities to support both French and European industry. ONERA has contributed to a number of landmark aerospace and defense programs in recent decades, including <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafale">Rafale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dassault Falcon">Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage" title="Dassault Mirage">Mirage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rockets">Rockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onera-family.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Onera-family.gif/220px-Onera-family.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Onera-family.gif/330px-Onera-family.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Onera-family.gif/440px-Onera-family.gif 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The Onera sounding rocket family</figcaption></figure> <p>Various rockets have been developed through ONERA, some of which are listed below: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(rocket)" title="Daniel (rocket)">Daniel</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antar%C3%A8s_(OPd-56-39-22D)" title="Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)">Antarès</a><sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice_(rocket)" title="Bérénice (rocket)">Bérénice</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seprunion7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seprunion7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tib%C3%A8re" title="Tibère">Tibère</a><sup id="cite_ref-:04_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacite_(rocket)" title="Tacite (rocket)">Tacite</a><sup id="cite_ref-:05_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_(rocket)" title="Titus (rocket)">Titus</a><sup id="cite_ref-:06_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:34_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEX_(sounding_rocket)" title="LEX (sounding rocket)">LEX</a><sup id="cite_ref-:25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_partnerships">Commercial partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ONERA's customer-partners include <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snecma" class="mw-redirect" title="Snecma">Snecma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbomeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbomeca">Turbomeca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagem">Sagem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Aviation" title="Dassault Aviation">Dassault Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a> and other major industry players. Innovative small businesses are also encouraged to call on the expertise of ONERA's scientists and engineers, and to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a> opportunities. The company <a href="/wiki/Tefal" title="Tefal">Tefal</a> was created by two ONERA <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a>, the inventors of the “<a href="/wiki/Non-stick_surface" title="Non-stick surface">non-stick</a> pan”. These products were produced and sold by Tefal S.A., which was subsequently acquired by <a href="/wiki/Groupe_SEB" title="Groupe SEB">Groupe SEB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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(2009). Hybrid Rocket Propulsion Development and Application. Progress in Astronautics.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkninskiKopaczKaniewskiSobczak2021" class="citation journal cs1">Okninski, Adam; Kopacz, Wioleta; Kaniewski, Damian; Sobczak, Kamil (2021-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fpc.2021.11.015">"Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited - propellant solutions and challenges"</a>. <i>FirePhysChem</i>. Progress in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">260–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FPhCh...1..260O">2021FPhCh...1..260O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fpc.2021.11.015">10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2667-1344">2667-1344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FirePhysChem&rft.atitle=Hybrid+rocket+propulsion+technology+for+space+transportation+revisited+-+propellant+solutions+and+challenges&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=2667-1344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fpc.2021.11.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021FPhCh...1..260O&rft.aulast=Okninski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Kopacz%2C+Wioleta&rft.au=Kaniewski%2C+Damian&rft.au=Sobczak%2C+Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.fpc.2021.11.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AONERA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_space_program" title="French space program">French space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Valley" title="Aerospace Valley">Aerospace Valley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONERA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onera.fr/en/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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