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</li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sumo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sumo (disambiguation)">Sumo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sumai" redirects here. For the place, see <a href="/wiki/Sumay,_Guam" title="Sumay, Guam">Sumay, Guam</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Sumo (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 相撲, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: sumō, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Japanese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ˈsɯmoː]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'striking one another')<a href="#cite_note-Sumo-1">[1]</a> is a form of competitive full-contact <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Rikishi" title="Rikishi">rikishi</a> (wrestler) attempts to force his opponent out of a circular ring (<a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a>) or into touching the ground with any body part other than the soles of his feet (usually by throwing, shoving or pushing him down). <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sumo (相撲)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/300px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/450px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG/600px-Asashoryu_fight_Jan08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="861"></a><div class="infobox-caption">A sumo match (tori-kumi) between yokozuna <a href="/wiki/Asash%C5%8Dry%C5%AB_Akinori" title="Asashōryū Akinori">Asashōryū</a> (left) and komusubi <a href="/wiki/Kotosh%C5%8Dgiku_Kazuhiro" title="Kotoshōgiku Kazuhiro">Kotoshōgiku</a> in January 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">Full contact</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor arts</th><td class="infobox-data">Tegoi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">No, but <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">recognized</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumo.or.jp/En/">www.sumo.or.jp/En/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Sumo</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">International Sumo Federation</a> (Amateur) <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> (Professional)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Japan, mid-17th century (<a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes (Amateur, separate divisions) No (Professional, men only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Grappling sport</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">Mawashi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">Dohyō</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms" title="Glossary of sumo terms">Glossary of sumo terms</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide (Amateur) Japan (Professional)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2001_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2001 World Games">2001</a> (invitational) <a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2005 World Games">2005</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_2022_World_Games" title="Sumo at the 2022 World Games">2022</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sumo</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Sumo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="226"></a><div class="infobox-caption">"Sumo" in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">相撲</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">sumō</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sumo originated in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the only country where it is practised professionally and where it is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Gendai_bud%C5%8D" title="Gendai budō">gendai budō</a>, which refers to modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a>, but the sport has a history spanning many centuries. Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal sumo training stables, known in Japanese as <a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a>, where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict kyara tradition. The lifestyle has a negative effect on their health, with sumo wrestlers having a much lower life expectancy than the average Japanese man. From 2008 to 2016, a number of high-profile <a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_professional_sumo" title="Controversies in professional sumo">controversies and scandals</a> rocked the sumo world, with an associated effect on its reputation and ticket sales. These have also affected the sport's ability to attract recruits.<a href="#cite_note-Decline_in_sumo-4">[4]</a> Despite this setback, sumo's popularity and general attendance has rebounded due to having multiple <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a> (or grand champions) for the first time in a number of years and other high-profile wrestlers grabbing the public's attention.<a href="#cite_note-Sumo_revival-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Antiquity_(pre-1185)">2.1 Antiquity (pre-1185)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185%E2%80%931603)">2.2 Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Edo_period_(1603%E2%80%931867)">2.3 Edo period (1603–1867)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Since_1868">2.4 Since 1868</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rules_and_customs">3 Rules and customs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Professional_sumo">4 Professional sumo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sumo_divisions">4.1 Sumo divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Women_and_sumo">4.2 Women and sumo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Professional_sumo_tournaments">5 Professional sumo tournaments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#A_professional_sumo_bout">5.1 A professional sumo bout</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler">6 Life as a professional sumo wrestler</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Salary_and_payment">7 Salary and payment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Amateur_sumo">8 Amateur sumo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Japan">8.1 Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Outside_of_Japan">8.2 Outside of Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#International_competition">8.3 International competition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Clothing">9 Clothing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Gallery">10 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Citations">12.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading">12.2 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The spoken word sumō goes back to the verb sumau/sumafu, meaning 'compete' or 'fight'. The written word goes back to the expression sumai no sechi (相撲の節), which was a wrestling competition at the imperial court during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. The characters from sumai, or sumō today, mean 'to strike each other'. There are instances of "sumo" alternatively being written with the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> "角力", as in the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>. Here, the first character means 'corner', but serves as a phonetic element as one reading of it is sumi, while the second character means 'force'. Sumō is also a general term for wrestling in Japanese. For example, udezumō (腕相撲, 'arm sumō') means '<a href="/wiki/Arm_wrestling" title="Arm wrestling">arm wrestling</a>', and yubizumō (指相撲, 'finger sumō') means '<a href="/wiki/Finger_pulling" title="Finger pulling">finger wrestling</a>'. The professional sumo observed by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> is called ōzumō (大相撲), or 'grand sumo'. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_(pre-1185)">Antiquity (pre-1185)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity (pre-1185)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shinto_origins_of_sumo" title="Shinto origins of sumo">Shinto origins of sumo</a></div> Prehistoric wall paintings indicate that sumo originated from an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">ritual dance</a> performed in prayer for a good harvest.<a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6">[6]</a> The first mention of sumo can be found in a <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> manuscript dating back to 712, which describes how possession of the Japanese islands was decided in a wrestling match between the <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Takemikazuchi" title="Takemikazuchi">Takemikazuchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takeminakata" title="Takeminakata">Takeminakata</a>. Takemikazuchi was a god of thunder, swordsmanship, and conquest, created from the blood that was shed when <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a> slew the fire-demon <a href="/wiki/Kagu-tsuchi" title="Kagu-tsuchi">Kagu-tsuchi</a>. Takeminakata was a god of water, wind, agriculture and hunting, and a distant descendant of the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a>. When Takemikazuchi sought to conquer the land of <a href="/wiki/Izumo_Province" title="Izumo Province">Izumo</a>, Takeminakata challenged him in hand-to-hand combat. In their melee, Takemikazuchi grappled Takeminakata's arm and crushed it "like a reed", defeating Takeminakata and claiming Izumo.<a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashkenazi-8">[8]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_(%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82)_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/133px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="5179"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 133px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/133px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG" data-width="133" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/200px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG/267px-%E8%88%9F%E5%A1%9A%E5%8F%A4%E5%A2%B3_%28%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%8E%E7%8E%89%E5%B8%82%29_%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F_%E5%9F%B4%E8%BC%AA_%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Haniwa sumo wrestler</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a>, published in 720, dates the first sumo match between mortals to the year 23 BC, when a man named <a href="/wiki/Nomi_no_Sukune" title="Nomi no Sukune">Nomi no Sukune</a> fought against Taima no Kuehaya at the request of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Suinin" title="Emperor Suinin">Emperor Suinin</a> and eventually killed him, making him the mythological ancestor of sumo.<a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kokugakuin-9">[9]</a> According to the Nihon Shoki, Nomi broke a rib of Taima with one kick, and killed him with a kick to the back as well.<a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7">[7]</a> Until the Japanese Middle Ages, this unregulated form of wrestling was often fought to the death of one of the fighters.<a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6">[6]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (300–538), <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">Haniwa</a> of sumo wrestlers were made.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The first historically attested sumo fights were held in 642 at the court of <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Empress Kōgyoku</a> to entertain a Korean legation. In the centuries that followed, the popularity of sumo within the court increased its ceremonial and religious significance. Regular events at the Emperor's court, the sumai no sechie, and the establishment of the first set of rules for sumo fall into the cultural heyday of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Middle_Ages_(1185–1603)">Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese Middle Ages (1185–1603)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the collapse of the Emperor's central authority, sumo lost its importance in the court; during the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, sumo was repurposed from a ceremonial struggle to a form of military combat training among <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kokugakuin-9">[9]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, sumo had fully left the seclusion of the court and became a popular event for the masses, and among the <a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyō</a> it became common to sponsor wrestlers. Sumotori who successfully fought for a daimyō's favor were given generous support and samurai status. <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, a particularly avid fan of the sport, held a tournament of 1,500 wrestlers in February 1578. Because several bouts were to be held simultaneously within Oda Nobunaga's castle, circular arenas were delimited to hasten the proceedings and to maintain the safety of the spectators. This event marks the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a>, which would be developed into its current form up until the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-USADojo-6">[6]</a> The winner of Nobunaga's tournament was given a bow for being victorious and he began dancing to show the war-lord his gratitude.<a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period_(1603–1867)">Edo period (1603–1867)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Edo period (1603–1867)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/220px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4748" data-file-height="2943"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/220px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/330px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png/440px-Sumo-Yokozuna-Shiranui-and-Kimenzan-1869.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 11th Yokozuna, <a href="/wiki/Shiranui_K%C5%8Demon" title="Shiranui Kōemon">Shiranui Kōemon</a> and the 13th Yokozuna, <a href="/wiki/Kimenzan_Tanigor%C5%8D" title="Kimenzan Tanigorō">Kimenzan Tanigorō</a> (1866)</figcaption></figure> Because sumo had become a nuisance due to wild fighting on the streets, particularly in Edo, sumo was temporarily banned in the city during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. In 1684, sumo was permitted to be held for charity events on the property of Shinto shrines, as was common in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>. The first sanctioned tournament took place in the <a href="/wiki/Tomioka_Hachiman_Shrine" title="Tomioka Hachiman Shrine">Tomioka Hachiman Shrine</a> at this time. An official sumo organization was developed, consisting of professional wrestlers at the disposal of the Edo administration. Many elements date from this period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#D" title="Glossary of sumo terms">dohyō-iri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">mawashi</a>. The 18th century brought forth several notable wrestlers such as <a href="/wiki/Raiden_Tameemon" title="Raiden Tameemon">Raiden Tameemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onogawa_Kisabur%C5%8D" title="Onogawa Kisaburō">Onogawa Kisaburō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanikaze_Kajinosuke" title="Tanikaze Kajinosuke">Tanikaze Kajinosuke</a>, the first historical <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Perry (naval officer)">Matthew Perry</a> was shown sumo wrestling during his 1853 expedition to Japan, he found it distasteful and arranged a military showcase to display the merits of Western organization.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1868">Since 1868</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 1868" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/220px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/220px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/330px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg/440px-Wrestling_at_Tokyo_1890s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sumo match in Tokyo <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890s</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868 brought about the end of the feudal system, and with it the wealthy daimyō as sponsors. Due to a new fixation on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, sumo had come to be seen as an embarrassing and backward relic, and internal disputes split the central association. The popularity of sumo was restored when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> organized a tournament in 1884; his example would make sumo a national symbol and contribute to nationalist sentiment following military successes against Korea and China. The Japan Sumo Association reunited on 28 December 1925 and increased the number of annual tournaments from two to four, and then to six in 1958. The length of tournaments was extended from ten to fifteen days in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-fight-library-7">[7]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (c. 1843)"><noscript><img alt="Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (c. 1843)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/368px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1158"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 246px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/368px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png" data-alt="Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (c. 1843)" data-width="246" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/551px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png/735px-Grand-Kanjin-Sumo-Tournament-by-Utagawa-Kunisada-1846.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kanjin Grand Sumo Tournament (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1843)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumo wrestling scene c. 1851"><noscript><img alt="Sumo wrestling scene c. 1851" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/372px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="969"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 248px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/372px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg" data-alt="Sumo wrestling scene c. 1851" data-width="248" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/558px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg/744px-Sumo-Ukiyo-e-Utagawa_Kunisada-1854.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumo wrestling scene <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1851</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somagahana Fuchiemon, c. 1850"><noscript><img alt="Somagahana Fuchiemon, c. 1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/122px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6051" data-file-height="8901"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/122px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg" data-alt="Somagahana Fuchiemon, c. 1850" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/183px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg/245px-Somagahana_Fuchiemon_restored.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Somagahana Fuchiemon, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_(BM_2013,3002.1_105).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American sailors of the Perry Expedition examining a sumo wrestler (1854)"><noscript><img alt="American sailors of the Perry Expedition examining a sumo wrestler (1854)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/424px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="283" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="1127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 283px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/424px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg" data-alt="American sailors of the Perry Expedition examining a sumo wrestler (1854)" data-width="283" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/635px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg/847px-The_Mission_of_Commodore_Perry_to_Japan_in_1854_%28BM_2013%2C3002.1_105%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">American sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> examining a sumo wrestler (1854)</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Rules_and_customs">Rules and customs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rules and customs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/220px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/220px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/330px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg/440px-Azumafuji_vs_Tochinishiki_1953-10-29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azumafuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Azumafuji">Azumafuji</a> defeating <a href="/wiki/Tochinishiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tochinishiki">Tochinishiki</a> via the "overarm throw" (<a href="/wiki/Uwatenage" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwatenage">uwatenage</a>) technique, 1953</figcaption></figure> The elementary principle of sumo is that a match is decided by a fighter first either being forced out of the circular <a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a> (ring) (not necessarily having to touch the ground outside the ring with any part of the body), or touching the ground inside the ring with any part of the body other than the soles of the feet. The wrestlers try to achieve this by pushing, tossing, striking and often by outwitting the opponent.<a href="#cite_note-winning-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a> currently distinguishes 82 <a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">kimarite</a> (winning techniques), some of which come from <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Illegal moves are called <a href="/wiki/Kinjite" title="Kinjite">kinjite</a>, which include strangulation, hair-pulling, bending fingers, gripping the crotch area, kicking, poking eyes, punching and simultaneously striking both the opponent's ears. The most common basic forms are grabbing the opponent by the <a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">mawashi</a> (belt) and then forcing him out, a style called yotsu-zumō (四つ相撲), or pushing the opponent out of the ring without a firm grip, a style called oshi-zumō (押し相撲). The dohyō, which is constructed and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Yobidashi" title="Yobidashi">yobidashi</a>, consists of a raised pedestal on which a circle 4.55 m (14.9 ft) in diameter is delimited by a series of rice-straw bales. In the middle of the circle there are two starting lines (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#S" title="Glossary of sumo terms">shikiri-sen</a>), behind which the wrestlers line up for the tachi-ai, the synchronized charge that initiates the match.<a href="#cite_note-BBOS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The direction of the match is incumbent on the <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a>, a referee who is supported by five <a href="/wiki/Judge_(sumo)" title="Judge (sumo)">shimpan</a> (judges). In some situations, a review of the gyōji's decision may be needed. The shimpan may convene a conference in the middle of the ring, called a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">mono-ii</a>. This is done if the judges decide that the decision over who won the bout needs to be reviewed; for example, if both wrestlers appear to touch the ground or step out of the ring at the same time. In these cases, sometimes video is reviewed to see what happened. Once a decision is made, the chief judge will announce the decision to the spectators and the wrestlers alike. They may order a bout to be restarted, or leave the decision as given by the gyōji. Occasionally the shimpan will overrule the gyōji and give the bout to the other wrestler. On rare occasions the referee or judges may award the win to the wrestler who touched the ground first. This happens if both wrestlers touch the ground at nearly the same time and it is decided that the wrestler who touched the ground second had no chance of winning, his opponent's superior sumo having put him in an irrecoverable position. The losing wrestler is referred to as being <a href="/wiki/Shini-tai" title="Shini-tai">shini-tai</a> ("dead body") in this case.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> The maximum length of a match varies depending on the division. In the top division, the limit is four minutes, although matches usually only last a few seconds. If the match has not yet ended after the allotted time has elapsed, a mizu-iri (<a href="/wiki/Water_stop_(sports)" title="Water stop (sports)">water break</a>) is taken, after which the wrestlers continue the fight from their previous positions. If a winner is still not found after another four minutes, the fight restarts from the tachi-ai after another mizu-iri. If this still does not result in a decision, the outcome is considered a hikiwake (<a href="/wiki/Draw_(tie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw (tie)">draw</a>). This is an extremely rare result, with the last such draw being called in September 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17">[17]</a> A special attraction of sumo is the variety of observed ceremonies and rituals, some of which have been cultivated in connection with the sport and unchanged for centuries. These include the ring-entering ceremonies (dohyō-iri) at the beginning of each tournament day, in which the wrestlers appear in the ring in elaborate <a href="/wiki/Mawashi#Kesh%C5%8D-mawashi" title="Mawashi">kesho-mawashi</a>, but also such details as the tossing of salt into the ring by the wrestlers, which serves as a symbolic cleansing of the ring,<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> and rinsing the mouth with chikara-mizu (力水, power water) before a fight, which is similar to the ritual before entering a Shinto shrine. Additionally, before a match begins the two wrestlers perform and repeat a warm up routine called shikiri. The top division is given four minutes for shikiri, while the second division is given three, after which the timekeeping judge signals to the gyōji that time is up.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> Traditionally, sumo wrestlers are renowned for their great girth and body mass, which is often a winning factor in sumo. No weight divisions are used in professional sumo; a wrestler can sometimes face an opponent twice his own weight. However, with superior technique, smaller wrestlers can control and defeat much larger opponents.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The average weight of top division wrestlers has continued to increase, from 125 kilograms (276 lb) in 1969 to over 150 kilograms (330 lb) by 1991, and was a record 166 kilograms (366 lb) as of January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Professional_sumo">Professional sumo</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Professional sumo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/250px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/250px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/375px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg/500px-Aki_basho_dohy%C5%8D-iri_on_Sept._28_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sumo wrestlers gather in a circle around the <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%8Dji" title="Gyōji">gyōji</a> (referee) in the <a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D-iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohyō-iri">dohyō-iri</a> (ring-entering ceremony) (2014)</figcaption></figure> Professional sumo is organized by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17">[17]</a> The members of the association, called <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#O" title="Glossary of sumo terms">oyakata</a>, are all former wrestlers, and are the only people entitled to train new wrestlers. All professional wrestlers must be a member of a training stable (or <a href="/wiki/Heya_(sumo)" title="Heya (sumo)">heya</a>) run by one of the oyakata, who is the stablemaster for the wrestlers under him. In 2007, 43 training stables hosted 660 wrestlers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> To turn professional, wrestlers must have completed at least nine years of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> and meet minimum height and weight requirements.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> In 1994, the Japanese Sumo Association required that all sumo wrestlers be a minimum 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) in height. This prompted 16-year-old Takeji Harada of Japan (who had failed six previous eligibility tests) to have four separate cosmetic surgeries over a period of 12 months to add an extra 15 cm (6 in) of silicone to his scalp, which created a large, protruding bulge on his head.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In response to this, the JSA stated that they would no longer accept aspiring wrestlers who surgically enhanced their height, citing health concerns.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a> reported that the height requirement was 167 cm (5 ft 6 in), and the weight requirement was 67 kg (148 lb), although they also claimed that a "blind eye" is turned for those "just shy" of the minimums.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2023 the Sumo Association loosened the height and weight requirements, announcing that prospective recruits not meeting the minimums could still enter sumo by passing a <a href="/wiki/Exam#Physical_fitness_tests" title="Exam">physical fitness exam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> All sumo wrestlers take wrestling names called <a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">shikona</a> (四股名), which may or may not be related to their real names. Often, wrestlers have little choice in their names, which are given to them by their stablemasters, or by a supporter or family member who encouraged them into the sport. This is particularly true of foreign-born wrestlers. A wrestler may change his wrestling name during his career, with some changing theirs several times.<a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17">[17]</a> Professional sumo wrestling has a strict hierarchy based on sporting merit. The wrestlers are ranked according to a system that dates back to the Edo period. They are promoted or demoted according to their performance in six official tournaments held throughout the year, which are called <a href="/wiki/Honbasho" title="Honbasho">honbasho</a>. A carefully prepared <a href="/wiki/Banzuke" title="Banzuke">banzuke</a> listing the full hierarchy is published two weeks prior to each sumo tournament.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In addition to the professional tournaments, exhibition competitions are held at regular intervals every year in Japan, and roughly once every two years, the top-ranked wrestlers visit a foreign country for such exhibitions. None of these displays are taken into account in determining a wrestler's future rank. Rank is determined only by performance in grand sumo tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-BBOS-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumo_divisions">Sumo divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sumo divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions" title="Professional sumo divisions">Professional sumo divisions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/170px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="3688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/170px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png" data-width="170" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/255px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png/340px-Yokohama-Sumo-Wrestler-Defeating-a-Foreigner-1861-Ipposai-Yoshifuji.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Foreigner and sumo wrestler, 1861</figcaption></figure> The six divisions in sumo, in descending order of prestige, are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi" title="Makuuchi">makuuchi</a> (幕内) or makunouchi (幕の内).<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> Maximum 42 wrestlers; Further divided into five ranks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#J%C5%ABry%C5%8D" title="Professional sumo divisions">jūryō</a> (十両). Fixed at 28 wrestlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a> (幕下). Fixed at 120 wrestlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a> (三段目). Fixed at 180 wrestlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonidan" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonidan</a> (序二段). About 200 wrestlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a> (序ノ口 or 序の口). Around 50 wrestlers</li></ul> Wrestlers enter sumo in the lowest jonokuchi division and, ability permitting, work their way up to the top division. A broad demarcation in the sumo world can be seen between the wrestlers in the top two divisions known as <a href="/wiki/Sekitori" title="Sekitori">sekitori</a> (関取) and those in the four lower divisions, known commonly by the more generic term <a href="/wiki/Rikishi" title="Rikishi">rikishi</a> (力士). The ranks receive different levels of compensation, privileges, and status.<a href="#cite_note-banzuke-26">[26]</a> The topmost makuuchi division receives the most attention from fans and has the most complex hierarchy. The majority of wrestlers are <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a> (前頭) and are ranked from the highest level 1 down to about 16 or 17. In each rank are two wrestlers; the higher rank is designated as "east" and the lower as "west", so the list goes #1 east, #1 west, #2 east, #2 west, etc.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Above the maegashira are the three champion or titleholder ranks, called the <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Overview" title="Makuuchi">san'yaku</a>, which are only numbered if the number of wrestlers in each rank exceeds two. These are, in ascending order, <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Komusubi" title="Makuuchi">komusubi</a> (小結), <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Sekiwake" title="Makuuchi">sekiwake</a> (関脇), and <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#%C5%8Czeki" title="Makuuchi">ōzeki</a> (大関). At the pinnacle of the ranking system is the rank of <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a> (横綱).<a href="#cite_note-banzuke-26">[26]</a> Yokozuna, or grand champions, are generally expected to compete for and to win the top division tournament title on a regular basis, hence the promotion criteria for yokozuna are very strict. In general, an ōzeki must win the championship for two consecutive tournaments or an "equivalent performance" to be considered for promotion to yokozuna.<a href="#cite_note-Sharnoff-17">[17]</a> More than one wrestler can hold the rank of yokozuna at the same time. In antiquity, sumo was solely a Japanese sport. Since the 1900s, however, the number of foreign-born sumo wrestlers has gradually increased. In the beginning of this period, these few foreign wrestlers were listed as Japanese, but particularly since the 1960s, a number of high-profile <a href="/wiki/Rikishi#Foreign-born_rikishi" title="Rikishi">foreign-born wrestlers</a> became well-known, and in more recent years have even come to dominate in the highest ranks. In the 10 years since January 2009, five of the nine wrestlers promoted to ōzeki have been foreign-born,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and a Japanese had not been named yokozuna from 1998 until the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Kisenosato_Yutaka" title="Kisenosato Yutaka">Kisenosato Yutaka</a> in 2017. This and other issues eventually led the Sumo Association to limit the number of foreigners allowed to one in each stable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_sumo">Women and sumo</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women and sumo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sumo" title="Women's sumo">Women's sumo</a></div> Women are not allowed to compete in professional sumo. They are also not allowed to enter the wrestling ring (<a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D" title="Dohyō">dohyō</a>), a tradition stemming from Shinto and Buddhist beliefs that <a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">women are "impure" because of menstrual blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A form of female sumo (女相撲, onnazumo) existed in some parts of Japan before professional sumo was established.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The 2018 film <a href="/wiki/The_Chrysanthemum_and_the_Guillotine" title="The Chrysanthemum and the Guillotine">The Chrysanthemum and the Guillotine</a> depicts female sumo wrestlers at the time of civil unrest following the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Professional_sumo_tournaments">Professional sumo tournaments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional sumo tournaments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honbasho" title="Honbasho">Honbasho</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/330px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/440px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The sumo hall of <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku" title="Ryōgoku">Ryōgoku</a> in Tokyo during the May 2006 tournament</figcaption></figure> Since 1958, six Grand Sumo tournaments or honbasho have been held each year: three at the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan" title="Ryōgoku Kokugikan">Kokugikan</a> in Tokyo (January, May, and September), and one each in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> (March), <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> (July), and <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (November). Until the end of 1984, the Kokugikan was located in <a href="/wiki/Kuramae_Kokugikan" title="Kuramae Kokugikan">Kuramae</a>, Tokyo, but moved in 1985 to the newly built venue at <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku" title="Ryōgoku">Ryōgoku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Each tournament begins on a Sunday and runs for 15 days, ending also on a Sunday, roughly in the middle of the month.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The tournaments are organized in a manner akin to a <a href="/wiki/McMahon_system_tournament" title="McMahon system tournament">McMahon system tournament</a>; each wrestler in the top two divisions (sekitori) has one match per day, while the lower-ranked wrestlers compete in seven bouts, about one every two days. Each day is structured so that the highest-ranked contestants compete at the end of the day. Thus, wrestling starts in the morning with the <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a> wrestlers and ends at around six o'clock in the evening with bouts involving the yokozuna. The wrestler who wins the most matches over the 15 days wins the tournament championship (<a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsh%C5%8D" title="Yūshō">yūshō</a>) for his division. If two wrestlers are tied for the top, they wrestle each other and the winner takes the title. Three-way ties for a championship are rare, at least in the top division. In these cases, the three wrestle each other in pairs with the first to win two in a row take the tournament. More complex systems for championship playoffs involving four or more wrestlers also exist, but these are usually only seen in determining the winner of one of the lower divisions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/170px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/170px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/255px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/340px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sumo <a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">nobori</a> flags in Fukuoka, 2006</figcaption></figure> The matchups for each day of the tournament are determined by the sumo elders who are members of the judging division of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association" title="Japan Sumo Association">Japan Sumo Association</a>. They meet every morning at 11 am and announce the following day's matchups around 12 pm. An exception are the final day 15 matchups, which are announced much later on day 14.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> Each wrestler only competes against a selection of opponents from the same division, though small overlaps can occur between two divisions. The first bouts of a tournament tend to be between wrestlers who are within a few ranks of each other.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> Afterwards, the selection of opponents takes into account a wrestler's prior performance. For example, in the lower divisions, wrestlers with the same record in a tournament are generally matched up with each other and the last matchups often involve undefeated wrestlers competing against each other, even if they are from opposite ends of the division. In the top division, in the last few days, wrestlers with exceptional records often have matches against much more highly ranked opponents, including san'yaku wrestlers, especially if they are still in the running for the top division championship. Similarly, more highly ranked wrestlers with very poor records may find themselves fighting wrestlers much further down the division. For the yokozuna and ōzeki, the first week and a half of the tournament tends to be taken up with bouts against the top <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a>, komusubi, and sekiwake, with the bouts within these ranks being concentrated into the last five days or so of the tournament (depending on the number of top-ranked wrestlers competing). Traditionally, on the final day, the last three bouts of the tournament are between the top six ranked wrestlers, with the top two competing in the final matchup, unless injuries during the tournament prevent this. Certain match-ups are prohibited in regular tournament play. Wrestlers who are from the same training stable cannot compete against each other, nor can wrestlers who are brothers, even if they join different stables. The one exception to this rule is that training stable partners and brothers can face each other in a championship-deciding playoff match. The last day of the tournament is called senshūraku, which literally means "the pleasure of a thousand autumns". This colorful name for the culmination of the tournament echoes the words of the playwright <a href="/wiki/Zeami_Motokiyo" title="Zeami Motokiyo">Zeami</a> to represent the excitement of the decisive bouts and the celebration of the victor. The Emperor's Cup is presented to the wrestler who wins the top-division makuuchi championship. Numerous other (mostly sponsored) prizes are also awarded to him. These prizes are often rather elaborate, ornate gifts, such as giant cups, decorative plates, and statuettes. Others are quite commercial, such as one trophy shaped like a giant Coca-Cola bottle. Promotion and relegation for the next tournament are determined by a wrestler's score over the 15 days. In the top division, the term <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#K" title="Glossary of sumo terms">kachikoshi</a> means a score of 8–7 or better, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">makekoshi</a>, which indicates a score of 7–8 or worse. A wrestler who achieves kachikoshi almost always is promoted further up the ladder, the level of promotion being higher for better scores.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> See the <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi" title="Makuuchi">makuuchi</a> article for more details on promotion and relegation. A top-division wrestler who is not an ōzeki or yokozuna and who finishes the tournament with kachikoshi is also eligible to be considered for one of the three prizes awarded for "technique", "fighting spirit", and defeating the most <a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a> and ōzeki the "outstanding performance" prize. For more information see <a href="/wiki/Sansh%C5%8D_(sumo)" title="Sanshō (sumo)">sanshō</a>. For the list of upper divisions champions since 1909, refer to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament top division champions">list of top division champions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_second_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament second division champions">the list of second division champions</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_professional_sumo_bout">A professional sumo bout</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A professional sumo bout" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/220px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/220px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/330px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg/440px-2006_March_Grand_Sumo_Tournament_in_Osaka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sumo wrestlers at the Grand Tournament in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, March 2006</figcaption></figure> At the initial charge, both wrestlers must jump up from the <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">crouch</a> simultaneously after touching the surface of the ring with two fists at the start of the bout. The referee (gyōji) can restart the bout if this simultaneous touch does not occur.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> Upon completion of the bout, the referee must immediately designate his decision by pointing his <a href="/wiki/Gunbai" title="Gunbai">gunbai</a> or war-fan towards the winning side. The winning technique (<a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">kimarite</a>) used by the winner would then be announced to the audience. The wrestlers then return to their starting positions and bow to each other before retiring. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sumo.webm/300px-seek%3D9-Sumo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Sumo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sumo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sumo.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumo.webm/Sumo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Sumo fight at the Kokugikan in Tokyo, Japan, September 2014</figcaption></figure> The referee's decision is not final and may be disputed by the five <a href="/wiki/Judge_(sumo)" title="Judge (sumo)">judges</a> seated around the ring. If this happens, they meet in the center of the ring to hold a mono-ii (a talk about things). After reaching a consensus, they can uphold or reverse the referee's decision or order a rematch, known as a <a href="/wiki/Torinaoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Torinaoshi">torinaoshi</a>. A winning wrestler in the top division may receive additional prize money in envelopes from the referee if the matchup has been sponsored. If a yokozuna is defeated by a lower-ranked wrestler, it is common and expected for audience members to throw their seat cushions into the ring (and onto the wrestlers), though this practice is technically prohibited. In contrast to the time in bout preparation, bouts are typically very short, usually less than a minute (most of the time only a few seconds). Extremely rarely, a bout can go on for several minutes. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Life_as_a_professional_sumo_wrestler">Life as a professional sumo wrestler</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life as a professional sumo wrestler" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumoworkout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/220px-Sumoworkout.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/220px-Sumoworkout.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/330px-Sumoworkout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sumoworkout.JPG/440px-Sumoworkout.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Young low-ranking sumo wrestlers at the <a href="/wiki/Tomozuna_stable" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomozuna stable">Tomozuna Stable</a> in Tokyo end their daily workout routine with a footwork drill (1998)</figcaption></figure> A professional sumo wrestler leads a highly regimented way of life. The Sumo Association prescribes the behavior of its wrestlers in some detail. For example, the association prohibits wrestlers from driving cars, although this is partly out of necessity as many wrestlers are too big to fit behind a steering wheel.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Breaking the rules can result in fines and/or suspension for both the offending wrestler and his stablemaster. On entering sumo, they are expected to grow their hair long to form a topknot, or <a href="/wiki/Chonmage" title="Chonmage">chonmage</a>, similar to the samurai hairstyles of the Edo period. Furthermore, they are expected to wear the chonmage and traditional Japanese dress when in public, allowing them to be identified immediately as wrestlers. The type and quality of the dress depends on the wrestler's rank. Rikishi in <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonidan" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonidan</a> and below are allowed to wear only a thin cotton robe called a <a href="/wiki/Yukata" title="Yukata">yukata</a>, even in winter. Furthermore, when outside, they must wear a form of wooden sandal called <a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">geta</a>. Wrestlers in the <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a> divisions can wear a form of traditional short overcoat over their yukata and are allowed to wear straw sandals, called <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zōri">zōri</a>. The higher-ranked <a href="/wiki/Sekitori" title="Sekitori">sekitori</a> can wear silk robes of their own choice, and the quality of the garb is significantly improved. They also are expected to wear a more elaborate form of topknot called an ōichō (big <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">ginkgo</a> leaf) on formal occasions. Similar distinctions are made in stable life. The junior wrestlers must get up earliest, around 5 am, for training, whereas the sekitori may start around 7 am. When the sekitori are training, the junior wrestlers may have chores to do, such as assisting in cooking lunch, cleaning, and preparing baths, holding a sekitori's towel, or wiping the sweat from him. The ranking hierarchy is preserved for the order of precedence in bathing after training, and in eating lunch. Wrestlers are not normally allowed to eat breakfast and are expected to have a <a href="/wiki/Siesta" title="Siesta">siesta</a>-like nap after a large lunch.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> The most common type of lunch served is the traditional sumo meal of <a href="/wiki/Chankonabe" title="Chankonabe">chankonabe</a>, which consists of a simmering stew of various meat and vegetables cooked at the table, and usually eaten with rice.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> This regimen of no breakfast and a large lunch followed by a sleep is intended to help wrestlers put on a lot of weight so as to compete more effectively. Sumo wrestlers also drink large amounts of beer.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36">[36]</a> In the afternoon, the junior wrestlers again usually have cleaning or other chores, while their sekitori counterparts may relax, or deal with work issues related to their fan clubs. Younger wrestlers also attend classes, although their education differs from the typical curriculum of their non-sumo peers. In the evening, sekitori may go out with their sponsors, while the junior wrestlers generally stay at home in the stable, unless they are to accompany the stablemaster or a sekitori as his tsukebito (manservant) when he is out. Becoming a tsukebito for a senior member of the stable is a typical duty. A sekitori has a number of tsukebito, depending on the size of the stable or in some cases depending on the size of the sekitori. The junior wrestlers are given the most mundane tasks such as cleaning the stable, running errands, and even washing or massaging the exceptionally large sekitori while only the senior tsukebito accompany the sekitori when he goes out. The sekitori are given their own room in the stable, or may live in their own apartments, as do married wrestlers; the junior wrestlers sleep in communal dormitories. Thus, the world of the sumo wrestler is split broadly between the junior wrestlers, who serve, and the sekitori, who are served. Life is especially harsh for recruits, to whom the worst jobs tend to be allocated, and the dropout rate at this stage is high. The negative health effects of the sumo lifestyle can become apparent later in life. Sumo wrestlers have a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 65,<a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36">[36]</a> which is about 15 years shorter than that of the average Japanese male, as the diet and sport take a toll on the wrestler's body. Those having a higher body mass are at greater risk of death.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-LetterToEditor-38">[38]</a> Many develop <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, and they are prone to heart attacks due to the enormous amount of body mass and fat that they accumulate. The excessive intake of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcohol</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">liver problems</a> and the stress on their joints due to their excess weight can cause <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36">[36]</a> The repeated blows to the head sumo wrestlers take can also cause <a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">long-term cognitive issues</a>, similar to those seen in boxers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the 21st century the standards of weight gain became less strict to try and increase the health of the wrestlers.<a href="#cite_note-DiscoverBecoming-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Salary_and_payment">Salary and payment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Salary and payment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit">[update]</a>, the monthly salary figures (in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a>) for the top two divisions were:<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YokozunaJmills74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/220px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/220px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/330px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/YokozunaJmills74.jpg/440px-YokozunaJmills74.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Yokozuna Asashōryū performing the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D-iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohyō-iri">dohyō-iri</a> of his rank (September 2003)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Yokozuna" title="Makuuchi">yokozuna</a>: ¥3 million, about US$26,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#%C5%8Czeki" title="Makuuchi">ōzeki</a>: ¥2.5 million, about US$22,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Overview" title="Makuuchi">san'yaku</a>: ¥1.8 million, about US$16,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuuchi#Maegashira" title="Makuuchi">maegashira</a>: ¥1.4 million, about US$12,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#J%C5%ABry%C5%8D" title="Professional sumo divisions">jūryō</a>: ¥1.1 million, about US$9,500</li></ul> Wrestlers lower than the second-highest division, who are considered trainees, receive only a fairly small allowance instead of a salary. In addition to the basic salary, sekitori wrestlers also receive additional bonus income, called <a href="/wiki/Mochiky%C5%ABkin" title="Mochikyūkin">mochikyūkin</a>, six times a year (once every tournament, or basho) based on the cumulative performance in their career to date. This bonus increases every time the wrestler scores a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#K" title="Glossary of sumo terms">kachikoshi</a> (with larger kachikoshi giving larger raises). Special increases in this bonus are also awarded for winning the top division championship (with an extra large increase for a "perfect" championship victory with no losses or zenshō-yūshō), and also for scoring a gold star or <a href="/wiki/Kinboshi" title="Kinboshi">kinboshi</a> (an upset of a yokozuna by a maegashira). San'yaku wrestlers also receive a relatively small additional tournament allowance, depending on their rank, and yokozuna receive an additional allowance every second tournament, associated with the making of a new tsuna belt worn in their ring entering ceremony. Also, prize money is given to the winner of each divisional championship, which increases from ¥100,000 for a <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Jonokuchi" title="Professional sumo divisions">jonokuchi</a> victory up to ¥10 million for winning the top division. In addition to prizes for a championship, wrestlers in the top division giving an exceptional performance in the eyes of a judging panel can also receive one or more of three special prizes (the <a href="/wiki/Sansh%C5%8D_(sumo)" title="Sanshō (sumo)">sanshō</a>), which are worth ¥2 million each.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Individual top division matches can also be sponsored by companies, with the resulting prize money called kenshōkin.<a href="#cite_note-NHKQA-16">[16]</a> For bouts involving yokozuna and ōzeki, the number of sponsors can be quite large, whereas for lower-ranked matchups, no bout sponsors may be active at all unless one of the wrestlers is particularly popular, or unless a company has a policy of sponsoring all his matchups. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit">[update]</a>, a single sponsorship cost ¥70,000, with ¥60,000 going to the winner of the bout and ¥10,000 deducted by the Japan Sumo Association for costs and fees.<a href="#cite_note-kensho-44">[44]</a> Immediately after the match, the winner receives an envelope from the referee with half of his share of the sponsorship, while the other half is put in a fund for his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-kensho-44">[44]</a> No prize money is awarded for bouts decided by a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#F" title="Glossary of sumo terms">fusenshō</a> or forfeit victory. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Amateur_sumo">Amateur sumo</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amateur sumo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian-sumists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/220px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/220px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/330px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bulgarian-sumists.jpg/440px-Bulgarian-sumists.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bulgarian amateurs – on the right is the national coach Hristo Hristov. (2011)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sumo is also practised as an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur sport</a> in Japan, with participants in college, high school, grade school or company workers on <a href="/wiki/Works_team" title="Works team">works teams</a>. Open amateur tournaments are also held. The sport at this level is stripped of most of the ceremony. Most new entries into professional sumo are junior high school graduates with little to no previous experience,<a href="#cite_note-uni2019-45">[45]</a> but the number of wrestlers with a collegiate background in the sport has been increasing over the past few decades.<a href="#cite_note-uni2020-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition" title="The New York Times International Edition">The International Herald Tribune</a> reported on this trend in November 1999, when more than a third of the wrestlers in the top two divisions were university graduates.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sport_Science_University" title="Nippon Sport Science University">Nippon Sport Science University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihon_University" title="Nihon University">Nihon University</a> are the colleges that have produced the most professional sumo wrestlers.<a href="#cite_note-uni2019-45">[45]</a> The latter produced <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Wajima" title="Hiroshi Wajima">Hiroshi Wajima</a>, who in 1973 became the first, and remains the only, wrestler with a collegiate background to attain the rank of yokozuna.<a href="#cite_note-uni2020-46">[46]</a> The most successful amateur wrestlers (usually college champions) are allowed to enter professional sumo at <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Makushita" title="Professional sumo divisions">makushita</a> (third division) or <a href="/wiki/Professional_sumo_divisions#Sandanme" title="Professional sumo divisions">sandanme</a> (fourth division) rather than from the very bottom of the ladder. These ranks are called <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#M" title="Glossary of sumo terms">makushita tsukedashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#S" title="Glossary of sumo terms">sandanme tsukedashi</a>, and are currently equivalent to makushita 10, makushita 15, or sandanme 100 depending on the level of amateur success achieved. All amateur athletes entering the professional ranks must be under 23 to satisfy the entry, except those who qualify for makushita tsukedashi or sandanme tsukedashi, who may be up to 25. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_of_Japan">Outside of Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outside of Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Amateur sumo clubs are gaining in popularity in the United States, with competitions regularly being held in major cities across the country. The US Sumo Open, for example, was held in the Los Angeles Convention Center in 2007 with an audience of 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The sport has long been popular on the West Coast and in Hawaii, where it has played a part in the festivals of the Japanese ethnic communities. Now, however, the sport has grown beyond the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> and athletes come from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and sporting backgrounds. Amateur sumo is particularly strong in Europe. Many athletes come to the sport from a background in <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a> sports such as <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>. Some Eastern European athletes have been successful enough to be scouted into professional sumo in Japan, much like their Japanese amateur counterparts. The most notable of these to date is the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Koto%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Katsunori" title="Kotoōshū Katsunori">Kotoōshū</a>, who is the highest-ranking foreign wrestler who was formerly an amateur sumo athlete. Brazil is another center of amateur sumo, introduced by Japanese immigrants who arrived during the first half of the twentieth century. The first Brazilian sumo tournament was held in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> Sumo took root in immigrant centers in southern Brazil, especially São Paulo, which is now home to the only purpose-built sumo training facility outside Japan.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a> Beginning in the 1990s, Brazilian sumo organizations made an effort to interest Brazilians without Japanese ancestry in the sport, and by the mid-2000s an estimated 70% of participants came from outside the Japanese-Brazilian community.<a href="#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> Brazil is also a center for women's sumo.<a href="#cite_note-:1-50">[50]</a> A small number of Brazilian wrestlers have made the transition to professional sumo in Japan, including <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8D_G%C5%8D" title="Ryūkō Gō">Ryūkō Gō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaisei_Ichir%C5%8D" title="Kaisei Ichirō">Kaisei Ichirō</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_competition">International competition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International competition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">International Sumo Federation</a> (IFS) was established in 1992 to encourage the sport's development worldwide, including holding international championships like the <a href="/wiki/Sumo_World_Championships" title="Sumo World Championships">Sumo World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Sumo_Championships" title="European Sumo Championships">European Sumo Championships</a>. A key aim of the federation is to have sumo recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sport</a>. Accordingly, amateur tournaments are divided into weight classes (men: lightweight up to 85 kg (187 lb), middleweight up to 115 kg (254 lb), heavyweight over 115 kg (254 lb), and openweight (unrestricted entry), and include competitions for female wrestlers (lightweight up to 65 kg (143 lb), middleweight up to 80 kg (180 lb), heavyweight over 80 kg (180 lb), and openweight). Sumo was a feature of the <a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a>, an Olympics-recognized event for non-Olympic sports, from 2001 until 2022; it was removed from future World Games programs due to poor sportsmanship and organization.<a href="#cite_note-egypt_sumo_poor_sportsmanship_world_games_2022-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It has additionally been a feature of the <a href="/wiki/World_Combat_Games" title="World Combat Games">World Combat Games</a> since their inception in 2010. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clothing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mawashi" title="Mawashi">Mawashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chonmage" title="Chonmage">Chonmage</a></div> Sumo wrestlers wear mawashi, a 30-foot-long belt, that they tie in knots in the back.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They have an official thickness and strength requirement. During matches, the wrestler will grab onto the other wrestler's mawashi and use it to help them and make moves during a match.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> The mawashi they wear practicing versus in a tournament is essentially the same except for the material. The different mawashi that the wrestlers wear differentiate their rank. Top rated wrestlers wear different colors of silk mawashi during tournament, while lower rated wrestlers are limited to just black cotton.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> Their hair is put in a topknot, and wax is used to get the hair to stay in shape. Wax is applied to sumo wrestlers' hair daily by sumo hairdressers (<a href="/wiki/Tokoyama" title="Tokoyama">tokoyama</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> The topknot is a type of samurai hairstyle which was once popular in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> The topknot is hard for some foreigners' hair because their hair is not as coarse and straight as Japanese hair. Once a wrestler joins a stable, he is required to grow out his hair in order to form a topknot.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> Outside of tournaments and practices, in daily life, sumo wrestlers are required to wear traditional Japanese clothes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-58">[58]</a> They must wear these traditional clothes all the time in public. What they can wear in public is also determined by rank. Lower rated wrestlers must wear a <a href="/wiki/Yukata" title="Yukata">yukata</a> at all times, even in winter, where higher rated wrestlers have more choice in what they wear.<a href="#cite_note-:4-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Initial full squat with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese"><noscript><img alt="Initial full squat with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/87px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/87px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg" data-alt="Initial full squat with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/131px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg/175px-Sumo_May09_Tochinoshin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Initial <a href="/wiki/Full_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Full squat">full squat</a> with heels up, Sonkyo (蹲踞) in Japanese</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumo-Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partial squat before engaging"><noscript><img alt="Partial squat before engaging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/120px-Sumo-Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/120px-Sumo-Japan.jpg" data-alt="Partial squat before engaging" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/180px-Sumo-Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sumo-Japan.jpg/240px-Sumo-Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Partial_squat" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial squat">Partial squat</a> before engaging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/120px--Yumitori_shiki.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="116" data-mwtitle="Yumitori_shiki.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/Yumitori_shiki.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="320" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Yumitori_shiki.ogv/Yumitori_shiki.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yumitori-shiki</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reproduced, Utagawa Hiroshige's Sumo at Sumida River esplanade"><noscript><img alt="Reproduced, Utagawa Hiroshige's Sumo at Sumida River esplanade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/102px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/102px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png" data-alt="Reproduced, Utagawa Hiroshige's Sumo at Sumida River esplanade" data-width="102" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/153px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png/205px-Reproduce_of_Sumo_by_Hiroshige.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reproduced, <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Hiroshige" class="mw-redirect" title="Utagawa Hiroshige">Utagawa Hiroshige</a>'s Sumo at <a href="/wiki/Sumida_River" title="Sumida River">Sumida River</a> <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_in_professional_sumo" title="Controversies in professional sumo">Controversies in professional sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms" title="Glossary of sumo terms">Glossary of sumo terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarite" title="Kimarite">Kimarite</a>, list of winning moves in sumo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_sumo_wrestlers" title="List of active sumo wrestlers">List of active sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers" title="List of past sumo wrestlers">List of past sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_stables" title="List of sumo stables">List of sumo stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_record_holders" title="List of sumo record holders">List of sumo record holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_second_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament second division champions">List of sumo tournament second division champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_champions" title="List of sumo tournament top division champions">List of sumo tournament top division champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_video_games" title="List of sumo video games">List of sumo video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_sumo" title="List of years in sumo">List of years in sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yokozuna" title="List of yokozuna">List of yokozuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sumo_wrestlers" title="Lists of sumo wrestlers">Lists of sumo wrestlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naki_Sumo_Crying_Baby_Festival" title="Naki Sumo Crying Baby Festival">Naki Sumo Crying Baby Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot-sumo" title="Robot-sumo">Robot-sumo</a>, robot competition inspired by sumo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sumo-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Sumo_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/sumo-sport">"Sumo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609130647/https://www.britannica.com/sports/sumo-sport">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020. 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Retrieved August 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SumoDB+Ozeki+promotion+search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumodb.sumogames.de%2FQuery.aspx%3Fshow_form%3D0%26sum_range%3D1%26form1_rank%3DS%26form1_m%3Don%26form2_rank%3DO%26offset%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2018" class="citation news cs1">Yoshida, Reiji (April 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/30/national/social-issues/banning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition/">"Banning women from the sumo ring: centuries-old tradition, straight-up sexism or something more complex?"</a>. The Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516214756/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/04/30/national/social-issues/banning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Banning+women+from+the+sumo+ring%3A+centuries-old+tradition%2C+straight-up+sexism+or+something+more+complex%3F&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Reiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2F30%2Fnational%2Fsocial-issues%2Fbanning-women-sumo-ring-sexism-centuries-old-cultural-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathade" class="citation web cs1">Pathade, Mahesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kheliyad.com/2019/10/sumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-2.html">"women sumo wrestling restrictions"</a>. Kheliyad. Retrieved March 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kheliyad&rft.atitle=women+sumo+wrestling+restrictions&rft.aulast=Pathade&rft.aufirst=Mahesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kheliyad.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fsumo-wrestling-heavyweight-japan-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/female-medics-rushed-help-man-055747808.html">"Female Medics Rushed to Help a Man Who Collapsed on a Sumo Ring. They Were Promptly Told to Leave"</a>. news.yahoo.com. 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The tournament that was to start on the following day was postponed to start on Monday, January 9 and finish on Monday, January 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeales2017" class="citation news cs1">Seales, Rebecca (December 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42178483">"Inside the scandal-hit world of sumo"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925195036/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42178483">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2018. 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September 14, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807211606/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/09/14/sumo/sumo-101-topknot/#.XdhQkZNKhAZ">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sportsrec&rft.atitle=The+Topknot&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fsports%2F2018%2F09%2F14%2Fsumo%2Fsumo-101-topknot%2F%23.XdhQkZNKhAZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidejapantours.com/blog/2014/09/16/11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling/">"Things You Didn't Know About Sumo Wrestlers"</a>. September 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195548/https://www.insidejapantours.com/blog/2014/09/16/11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Sumo+Wrestlers&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidejapantours.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F09%2F16%2F11-amazing-things-you-probably-never-knew-about-sumo-wrestling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsNewton1989" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Andy; Newton, Clyde (1989). Sumo. London, UK: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600563561" title="Special:BookSources/0600563561"><bdi>0600563561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0600563561&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Newton%2C+Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2010" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, David (2010). Sumo: A Thinking Fan's Guide to Japan's National Sport. North Clarendon, Vermont, USA: Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8053-1087-8"><bdi>978-4-8053-1087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Thinking+Fan%27s+Guide+to+Japan%27s+National+Sport&rft.place=North+Clarendon%2C+Vermont%2C+USA&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-4-8053-1087-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickford1994" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, Lawrence (1994). Sumo And The Woodblock Print Masters. Tokyo, New York: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770017529" title="Special:BookSources/4770017529"><bdi>4770017529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+And+The+Woodblock+Print+Masters&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4770017529&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckingham1997" class="citation book cs1">Buckingham, Dorothea M. (1997). The Essential Guide to Sumo. Honolulu, USA: Bess Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880188805" title="Special:BookSources/1880188805"><bdi>1880188805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Guide+to+Sumo&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+USA&rft.pub=Bess+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1880188805&rft.aulast=Buckingham&rft.aufirst=Dorothea+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuylerSimmons1989" class="citation book cs1">Cuyler, P.L.; Simmons, Doreen (1989). Sumo From Rite to Sport. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834802031" title="Special:BookSources/0834802031"><bdi>0834802031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+From+Rite+to+Sport&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0834802031&rft.aulast=Cuyler&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Mina (1997). The Big Book of Sumo. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880656280" title="Special:BookSources/1880656280"><bdi>1880656280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+Sumo&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1880656280&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIto2017" class="citation book cs1">Ito, Katsuharu (2017). The Perfect Guide To Sumo, in Japanese and English. Translated by Shapiro, David. Kyoto, Japan: Seigensha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-86152-632-9"><bdi>978-4-86152-632-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Guide+To+Sumo%2C+in+Japanese+and+English&rft.place=Kyoto%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Seigensha&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-4-86152-632-9&rft.aulast=Ito&rft.aufirst=Katsuharu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick1969" class="citation book cs1">Kenrick, Douglas M. (1969). The Book of Sumo: Sport, Spectacle, and Ritual. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/083480039X" title="Special:BookSources/083480039X"><bdi>083480039X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sumo%3A+Sport%2C+Spectacle%2C+and+Ritual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=083480039X&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2000" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Clyde (2000). Dynamic Sumo. New York and Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770025084" title="Special:BookSources/4770025084"><bdi>4770025084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Sumo&rft.place=New+York+and+Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4770025084&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatmore1991" class="citation book cs1">Patmore, Angela (1991). The Giants of Sumo. London, UK: Macdonald Queen Anne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0356181200" title="Special:BookSources/0356181200"><bdi>0356181200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giants+of+Sumo&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Macdonald+Queen+Anne+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0356181200&rft.aulast=Patmore&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPHP_InstituteKitade1998" class="citation book cs1">PHP Institute; Kitade, Seigoro, eds. (1998). Grand Sumo Fully Illustrated. Translated by Iwabuchi, Deborah. Tokyo: Yohan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-89684-251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-89684-251-7"><bdi>978-4-89684-251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Sumo+Fully+Illustrated&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Yohan+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-4-89684-251-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacket1986" class="citation book cs1">Sacket, Joel (1986). Rikishi The Men of Sumo. text by Wes Benson. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0834802147" title="Special:BookSources/0834802147"><bdi>0834802147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rikishi+The+Men+of+Sumo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0834802147&rft.aulast=Sacket&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent1959" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, John A. (1959). Sumo The Sport and The Tradition. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804810842" title="Special:BookSources/0804810842"><bdi>0804810842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+The+Sport+and+The+Tradition&rft.place=Rutland%2C+Vt.&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0804810842&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling1984" class="citation book cs1">Schilling, Mark (1984). Sumo: A Fan's Guide. Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0725-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-7890-0725-1"><bdi>4-7890-0725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Fan%27s+Guide&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=4-7890-0725-1&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1995" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, David (1995). Sumo: A Pocket Guide. Rutland, Vermont, USA & Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-2014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-2014-7"><bdi>0-8048-2014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo%3A+A+Pocket+Guide&rft.place=Rutland%2C+Vermont%2C+USA+%26+Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8048-2014-7&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharnoff1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharnoff, Lora (1993) [1st pub. 1989]. Grand Sumo: The Living Sport and Tradition (2nd ed.). New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-0283-X"><bdi>0-8348-0283-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Sumo%3A+The+Living+Sport+and+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8348-0283-X&rft.aulast=Sharnoff&rft.aufirst=Lora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSports_Watching_Association_(Japan)Kakuma1994" class="citation book cs1">Sports Watching Association (Japan); Kakuma, Tsutomu, eds. (1994). Sumo Watching. Translated by Iwabuchi, Deborah. New York: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4896842367" title="Special:BookSources/4896842367"><bdi>4896842367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumo+Watching&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4896842367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakamiyamaWheeler1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takamiyama_Daigor%C5%8D" title="Takamiyama Daigorō">Takamiyama, Daigoro</a>; Wheeler, John (1973). Takamiyama The World of Sumo. Tokyo, New York: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870111957" title="Special:BookSources/0870111957"><bdi>0870111957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Takamiyama+The+World+of+Sumo&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0870111957&rft.aulast=Takamiyama&rft.aufirst=Daigoro&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaki2017" class="citation book cs1">Yamaki, Hideo (2017). Discover Sumo: Stories From Yobidashi Hideo. Translated by Newton, Clyde. Tokyo: Gendai Shokan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4768457986" title="Special:BookSources/978-4768457986"><bdi>978-4768457986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Sumo%3A+Stories+From+Yobidashi+Hideo&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Gendai+Shokan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-4768457986&rft.aulast=Yamaki&rft.aufirst=Hideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASumo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Professional_sumo" class="extiw" title="commons:Professional sumo">Professional sumo</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sumo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sumo">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sumo.or.jp/En/">Nihon Sumo Kyokai Official Grand Sumo Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/tv/sumo/">Live-Stream and Video-on-Demand from Grand Sumo Tournament on NHK Japan (english)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223143125/http://www.scgroup.com/sumo/faq/">Sumo FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumodb.sumogames.de">Searchable Sumo Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumotalk.com">Sumo News and Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&oldid=1257238530">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumo&oldid=1257238530</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Sumo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 23:02 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="سومو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سومو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D6%85_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF)" title="Սումօ (մարտարուեստ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սումօ (մարտարուեստ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="সুমো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুমো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siong-phok" title="Siong-phok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siong-phok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="སུ་མོ་སྦེ་ག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུ་མོ་སྦེ་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_hrvanje" title="Sumo hrvanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumo hrvanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B3" title="Sumó – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sumó" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C5%8D" title="Sumō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Σούμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumoo" title="Sumoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sumoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="سومو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سومو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo-gl%C3%ADming" title="Sumo-glíming – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sumo-glíming" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBmo" title="Sûmo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûmo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAm%C3%B3" title="Súmó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súmó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8" title="스모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B8" title="Սումո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սումո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सूमो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूमो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_hrvanje" title="Sumo hrvanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumo hrvanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_(luktado)" title="Sumo (luktado) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sumo (luktado)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95" title="סומו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="სუმო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუმო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_(colluctatio)" title="Sumo (colluctatio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sumo (colluctatio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szum%C3%B3" title="Szumó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szumó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="സുമോ ഗുസ്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുമോ ഗുസ്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सुमो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुमो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D" title="სუმო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუმო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сүмо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүмо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဆူမို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူမို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B" title="सुमो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुमो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumobryting" title="Sumobryting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sumobryting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC" title="ស៊ូម៉ូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស៊ូម៉ូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B4" title="Sumô – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sumô" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சுமோ மற்போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமோ மற்போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సుమో యోధులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుమో యోధులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ซูโม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูโม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Сумо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сумо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%85%D9%88" title="سۇمو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇمو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%C3%B4" title="Sumô – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sumô" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sumo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%91" title="相扑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="相扑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2" title="相撲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相撲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 23:02 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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