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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Living languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinct_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Extinct languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinct_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sound changes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sound changes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sound_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wolff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Wolff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Formosan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosaanse_tale" title="Formosaanse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Formosaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لغات فورموسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات فورموسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_formosanes" title="Llingües formosanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües formosanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فورموسا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فورموسا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Pormosano" title="Mga tataramon na Pormosano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Pormosano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formoski_jezici" title="Formoski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Formoski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_formozek" title="Yezhoù formozek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù formozek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_formosanes" title="Llengües formosanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües formosanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa-Sprachen" title="Formosa-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Formosa-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwani_keeled" title="Taiwani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taiwani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_formosanas" title="Lenguas formosanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas formosanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formozaj_lingvoj" title="Formozaj lingvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formozaj lingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های فرمزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های فرمزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_formosanes" title="Langues formosanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues formosanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_formosanas" title="Linguas formosanas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas formosanas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2i-v%C3%A2n_n%C3%A0m-t%C3%B3_ng%C3%AE-ngi%C3%A8n" title="Thòi-vân nàm-tó ngî-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòi-vân nàm-tó ngî-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C%EC%A0%9C%EC%96%B4" title="대만제어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만제어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="फ़ोर्मोसी भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोर्मोसी भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvanski_jezici" title="Tajvanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tajvanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Formosano" title="Sasao a Formosano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Formosano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Formosa" title="Rumpun bahasa Formosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Formosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_formosane" title="Lingue formosane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue formosane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Formosa" title="Kulawarga basa Formosa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Formosa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formozos_kalbos" title="Formozos kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Formozos kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_formosan" title="Linguas formosan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas formosan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Формозански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Формозански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_f%C3%B4rm%C3%B4zana" title="Fiteny fôrmôzana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny fôrmôzana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Formosa" title="Bahasa-bahasa Formosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Formosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosaanse_talen" title="Formosaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Formosaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="台湾諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="台湾諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_formosanas" title="Lengas formosanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas formosanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_sowal_no_misatimolay_a_finacadan_i_Taywan" title="O sowal no misatimolay a finacadan i Taywan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="O sowal no misatimolay a finacadan i Taywan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tajwa%C5%84skie" title="Języki tajwańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tajwańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_formosanas" title="Línguas formosanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas formosanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тайваньские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайваньские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosalaiset_kielet" title="Formosalaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Formosalaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian languages spoken by the Taiwanese Aborigines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a> or the constructed Formosan language invented by <a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar" title="George Psalmanazar">George Psalmanazar</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paiwanic languages" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Formosan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">(geographic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese Aborigines</a> (Formosan people)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Formosan</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northwest Formosan</a></li> <li>Western Plains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsouic">Tsouic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fox" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fox">fox</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/300px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/450px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/600px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Families of Formosan languages before Chinese colonization, per <a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999)</a>. Malayo-Polynesian (red) may lie within Eastern Formosan (purple). The white section is unattested; some maps fill it in with Luiyang, Kulon or as generic 'Ketagalan'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Formosan languages</b> are a geographic grouping comprising the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples of Taiwan</a>, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>. They do not form a single subfamily of Austronesian but rather up to nine separate primary subfamilies. The <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples#Indigenous_ethnic_groups_recognized_by_Taiwan" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples recognized by the government</a> are about 2.3% of the island's population. However, only 35% speak their ancestral language, due to centuries of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the approximately 26 languages of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples, at least ten are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, another four (perhaps five) are <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">moribund</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zeit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all others are to some degree endangered. They are <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aboriginal languages of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> have great significance in <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> since, in all likelihood, Taiwan is the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Homeland" title="Austronesian languages">place of origin of the entire Austronesian language family</a>. According to American linguist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a>, the Formosan languages form nine of the ten principal branches of the family,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the one remaining principal branch, <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a>, contains nearly 1,200 Austronesian languages found outside Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some other linguists disagree with some details of Blust's analysis, a broad consensus has coalesced around the conclusion that the Austronesian languages originated in Taiwan,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the theory has been strengthened by recent studies in human population genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></div> <p>All Formosan languages are slowly being replaced by the culturally dominant <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a>. In recent decades the Taiwan government started an aboriginal reappreciation program that included the reintroduction of Formosan <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first languages</a> in Taiwanese schools. However, the results of this initiative have been disappointing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, in order to help with the preservation of the languages of the indigenous people of Taiwan, the council established a <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Formosan_languages" title="Writing systems of Formosan languages">Romanized writing system</a> for all of Taiwan's aboriginal languages. The council has also helped with classes and language certification programs for members of the indigenous community and the non-Formosan Taiwanese to help the conservation movement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Classification" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § Classification</a></div> <p>Formosan languages form nine distinct branches of the Austronesian language family (with all other Malayo-Polynesian languages forming the tenth branch of the Austronesian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_languages">List of languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is often difficult to decide where to draw the boundary between a language and a dialect, causing some minor disagreement among scholars regarding the inventory of Formosan languages. There is even more uncertainty regarding possible extinct or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> Formosan peoples. Frequently cited examples of Formosan languages are given below,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the list should not be considered exhaustive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_languages">Living languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Living languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-3_codes" title="List of ISO 639-3 codes">Code</a></th> <th>No. of<br />dialects</th> <th>Dialects</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ami" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ami">ami</a></td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>'Amisay a Pangcah, Siwkolan, Pasawalian, Farangaw, Palidaw</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tay" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tay">tay</a></td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>Squliq, Skikun, Ts'ole', Ci'uli, Mayrinax, Plngawan</td> <td>high dialect diversity, sometimes considered separate languages </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bnn" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bnn">bnn</a></td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>Takitudu, Takibakha, Takivatan, Takbanuaz, Isbukun</td> <td>high dialect diversity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xnb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xnb">xnb</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>moribund </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ckv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ckv">ckv</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>listed in some sources<sup id="cite_ref-zeit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as moribund, though further analysis may show otherwise<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiTsuchida2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiTsuchida2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pwn" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pwn">pwn</a></td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>Eastern, Northern, Central, Southern</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pyu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pyu">pyu</a></td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>Puyuma, Katratripul, Ulivelivek, Kasavakan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dru" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dru">dru</a></td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>Ngudradrekay, Taromak Drekay, Teldreka, Thakongadavane, 'Oponoho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sxr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sxr">sxr</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>moribund </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xsy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xsy">xsy</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:szy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:szy">szy</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:trv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:trv">trv</a></td> <td align="center">3</td> <td>Tgdaya, Toda, (Truku)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ssf" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ssf">ssf</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>moribund </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:trv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:trv">trv</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tsu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tsu">tsu</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami/Tao</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tao" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tao">tao</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>also called Tao. Linguistically, not a member of the "Formosan languages", but a <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> language. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Although <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a> is geographically in Taiwan, it is not classified as Formosan in linguistics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinct_languages">Extinct languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extinct languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-3_codes" title="List of ISO 639-3 codes">Code</a></th> <th>No. of<br />dialects</th> <th>Dialects</th> <th>Extinction date & notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:byq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:byq">byq</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>Mid-20th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bzg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bzg">bzg</a></td> <td align="center">3?</td> <td>Babuza, Takoas, Favorlang (?).</td> <td>Late 19th century. Ongoing revival efforts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:uon" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:uon">uon</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>Mid-20th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pzh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pzh">pzh</a></td> <td align="center">2</td> <td>Pazeh, Kaxabu</td> <td>2010. Ongoing revival efforts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Ketagalan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kae" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kae">kae</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>Mid-20th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ppu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ppu">ppu</a></td> <td align="center">2?</td> <td>Papora, Hoanya (?).</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:fos" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:fos">fos</a></td> <td align="center">2?</td> <td>Siraya, Makatao (?).</td> <td>Late 19th century. Ongoing revival efforts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tvx" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tvx">tvx</a></td> <td align="center">1</td> <td></td> <td>Late 19th century. Ongoing revival efforts. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs typically are not inflected for person or number, but do inflect for tense, mood, voice and aspect. Formosan languages are unusual in their use of the <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">symmetrical voice</a>, in which a noun is marked with the <a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">direct case</a> while the verb affix indicates its role in the sentence. This can be seen as a generalisation of the active and passive voices, and is considered a unique <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a>. Furthermore, adverbs are not a unique category of words, but are instead expressed by <a href="/wiki/Coverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coverbs">coverbs</a>. </p><p>Nouns are not marked for number and do not have grammatical gender. Noun cases are typically marked by particles rather than inflecting the word itself. </p><p>In terms of word order, most Formosan languages display verb-initial word order—VSO (verb-subject-object) or VOS (verb-object-subject)—with the exception of some <a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pazih_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazih language">Pazih</a>, possibly from influence from Chinese. </p><p>Li (1998) lists the <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word orders</a> of several Formosan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rukai: VSO, VOS</li> <li>Tsou: VOS</li> <li>Bunun: VSO</li> <li>Atayal: VSO, VOS</li> <li>Saisiyat: VS, SVO</li> <li>Pazih: VOS, SVO</li> <li>Thao: VSO, SVO</li> <li>Amis: VOS, VSO</li> <li>Kavalan: VOS</li> <li>Puyuma: VSO</li> <li>Paiwan: VSO, VOS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_changes">Sound changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sound changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanan <a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> is the Formosan language with the largest number of phonemes with 23 consonants and 4 vowels containing length contrast, while <a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a> have the fewest phonemes with 13 consonants and 4 vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolff">Wolff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wolff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below list the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> reflexes of individual languages given by Wolff (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PAn reflexes in Northwest Formosan languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Austronesian </th> <th>Pazih </th> <th>Saisiat </th> <th>Thao </th> <th>Atayalic </th></tr> <tr> <th>*p </th> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <th>*t </th> <td>t, s </td> <td>t, s, ʃ </td> <td>t, θ </td> <td>t, c (s) </td></tr> <tr> <th>*c </th> <td>z [dz] </td> <td>h </td> <td>t </td> <td>x, h </td></tr> <tr> <th>*k </th> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <th>*q </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>q </td> <td>q, ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*b </th> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>f </td> <td>b- </td></tr> <tr> <th>*d </th> <td>d </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <th>*j </th> <td>d </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <th>*g </th> <td>k-, -z- [dz], -t </td> <td>k-, -z- [ð], -z [ð] </td> <td>k-, -ð-, -ð </td> <td>k-<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɣ </th> <td>x </td> <td>l [ḷ] (> Ø in Tonghœʔ) </td> <td>ɬ </td> <td>ɣ, r, Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>*m </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <th>*n </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ŋ </th> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*s </th> <td>s </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <th>*h </th> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>*l </th> <td>r </td> <td>l [ḷ] (> Ø in Tonghœʔ) </td> <td>r </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɬ </th> <td>l </td> <td>ɬ </td> <td>ð </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <th>*w </th> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th>*y </th> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PAn reflexes in non-Northwest Formosan languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Austronesian </th> <th>Saaroa </th> <th>Kanakanavu </th> <th>Rukai </th> <th>Bunun </th> <th>Amis </th> <th>Kavalan </th> <th>Puyuma </th> <th>Paiwan </th></tr> <tr> <th>*p </th> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <th>*t </th> <td>t, c </td> <td>t, c </td> <td>t, c </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t, ʈ </td> <td>tj [č], ts [c] </td></tr> <tr> <th>*c </th> <td>s, Ø </td> <td>c </td> <td>θ, s, Ø </td> <td>c ([s] in Central & South) </td> <td>c </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <th>*k </th> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k, q </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <th>*q </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>q (x in Ishbukun) </td> <td>ɦ </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>ɦ </td> <td>q </td></tr> <tr> <th>*b </th> <td>v </td> <td>v [β] </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>f </td> <td>b </td> <td>v [β] </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <th>*d </th> <td>s </td> <td>c </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>d </td> <td>r </td> <td>z </td> <td>d, z </td> <td>dj [j], z </td></tr> <tr> <th>*j </th> <td>s </td> <td>c </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>r </td> <td>z </td> <td>d, z </td> <td>dj [j], z </td></tr> <tr> <th>*g </th> <td>k-, -ɬ- </td> <td>k-, -l-, -l </td> <td>g </td> <td>k-, -Ø-, -Ø </td> <td>k-, -n-, -n </td> <td>k-, -n-, -n </td> <td>h-, -d-, -d </td> <td>g-, -d-, -d </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɣ </th> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r, Ø </td> <td>l </td> <td>l [ḷ] </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td>r </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>*m </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <th>*n </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ŋ </th> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*s </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <th>*h </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>h </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>*l </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø, l </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>h-, -Ø-, -Ø </td> <td>l [ḷ] </td> <td>r, ɣ </td> <td>l [ḷ] </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɬ </th> <td>ɬ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ɬ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ɬ </td> <td>n </td> <td>ɬ </td> <td>ɬ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*w </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th>*y </th> <td>ɬ </td> <td>l </td> <td>ð </td> <td>ð </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PAn reflexes in Malayo-Polynesian languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Austronesian </th> <th>Tagalog </th> <th>Chamorro </th> <th>Malay </th> <th>Old Javanese </th></tr> <tr> <th>*p </th> <td>p </td> <td>f </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <th>*t </th> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <th>*c </th> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <th>*k </th> <td>k </td> <td>h </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <th>*q </th> <td>ʔ </td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>*b </th> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td>b, -p </td> <td>b, w </td></tr> <tr> <th>*d </th> <td>d-, -l-, -d </td> <td>h </td> <td>d, -t </td> <td>ḍ, r </td></tr> <tr> <th>*j </th> <td>d-, -l-, -d </td> <td>ch </td> <td>j, -t </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <th>*g </th> <td>k-, -l-, -d </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>d-, -r-, -r </td> <td>g-, -r-, -r </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɣ </th> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>r </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>*m </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <th>*n </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ŋ </th> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>*s </th> <td>h </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>*h </th> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <th>*l </th> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ɬ </th> <td>n </td> <td>ñ, n, l </td> <td>l-/ñ-, -ñ-/-n-, -n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <th>*w </th> <td>w </td> <td>w </td> <td>Ø, w </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <th>*y </th> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blust">Blust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists reflexes of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> *j in various Formosan languages (Blust 2009:572). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of Proto-Austronesian *j </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Reflex </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tsou </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanakanavu </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saaroa </td> <td>ɬ (-ɬ- only) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Puyuma </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paiwan </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bunun </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atayal </td> <td>r (in Squliq), g (sporadic), s (sporadic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sediq </td> <td>y (-y- only), c (-c only) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pazeh </td> <td>z ([dz]) (-z- only), d (-d only) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saisiyat </td> <td>z ([ð]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thao </td> <td>z ([ð]) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amis </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kavalan </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siraya </td> <td>n </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following table lists reflexes of Proto-Austronesian *ʀ in various Formosan languages (Blust 2009:582). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of Proto-Austronesian *ʀ </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Reflex </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paiwan </td> <td>Ø </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bunun </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kavalan </td> <td>ʀ (contrastive uvular rhotic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Basay </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amis </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atayal </td> <td>g; r (before /i/) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sediq </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pazeh </td> <td>x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taokas </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thao </td> <td>lh (voiceless lateral) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saisiyat </td> <td>L (retroflex flap) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bashiic (extra-Formosan) </td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> patterns include (Blust 2009:604-605): </p> <ul><li><b>*b, *d</b> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> <ul><li>*b > f, *d > c, r in Tsou</li> <li>*b > v, *d > d in Puyuma</li> <li>*b > v, *d > d, r in Paiwan</li> <li>*b > b, *d > r in Saisiyat</li> <li>*b > f, *d > s in Thao</li> <li>*b > v, *d > r in Yami (extra-Formosan)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distributions">Distributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_Distribution_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Formosan languages"><img alt="The Formosan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Formosan_Distribution_01.png/135px-Formosan_Distribution_01.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Formosan_Distribution_01.png/202px-Formosan_Distribution_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Formosan_Distribution_01.png/270px-Formosan_Distribution_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Formosan languages</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Formosan languages, per Blust (1999)"><img alt="The Formosan languages, per Blust (1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Formosan_languages.png/148px-Formosan_languages.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Formosan_languages.png/222px-Formosan_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Formosan_languages.png/296px-Formosan_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Formosan languages, per Blust (1999)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_2005.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Formosan languages, per Li (2008)"><img alt="The Formosan languages, per Li (2008)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/148px-Formosan_languages_2005.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/222px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/296px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Formosan languages, per Li (2008)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_2008.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Formosan languages, per the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2008)."><img alt="The Formosan languages, per the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2008)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Formosan_languages_2008.png/148px-Formosan_languages_2008.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Formosan_languages_2008.png/222px-Formosan_languages_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Formosan_languages_2008.png/296px-Formosan_languages_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Formosan languages, per the <i>Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</i> (Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2008).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_2009.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Formosan languages, per Ross (2009)"><img alt="The Formosan languages, per Ross (2009)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Formosan_languages_2009.png/148px-Formosan_languages_2009.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Formosan_languages_2009.png/222px-Formosan_languages_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Formosan_languages_2009.png/296px-Formosan_languages_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Formosan languages, per Ross (2009)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information">Information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li (2001) lists the geographical homelands for the following Formosan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a>: southwestern parts of central Taiwan; <a href="/wiki/Yushan_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushan (mountain)">Yushan</a> (oral traditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a>: somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Tatu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatu River">Tatu River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachia_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachia River">Tachia River</a> not far from the coast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a>: <a href="/wiki/Choshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Choshui">Choshui</a> River</li> <li>Qauqaut: mid-stream of Takiri River (Liwuhsi in Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chianan_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chianan Plain">Chianan Plains</a></li> <li>Makatau: <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_City" title="Pingtung City">Pingtung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Nantou" title="Xinyi, Nantou">Hsinyi</a> (信義鄉) in <a href="/wiki/Nantou_County" title="Nantou County">Nantou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ailiao_River" title="Ailiao River">Ailiao River</a>, near the foot of the mountains</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cognate_sets_for_Formosan_languages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Cognate sets for Formosan languages">Cognate sets for Formosan languages</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan#Indigenous_Taiwanese" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics of indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Formosan_languages" title="Writing systems of Formosan languages">Writing systems of Formosan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronouns#Formosan_languages" title="Austronesian personal pronouns">Personal pronoun systems of Formosan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossilized_affixes_in_Austronesian_languages" title="Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages">Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou language</a> for an example of the unusual phonotactics of the Formosan languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinckan_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinckan Manuscripts">Sinckan Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166350">"Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>3</b> (8): e247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030247">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166350">1166350</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15984912">15984912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Traces+of+Archaic+Mitochondrial+Lineages+Persist+in+Austronesian-Speaking+Formosan+Populations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e247&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1166350%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15984912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030247&rft.aulast=Trejaut&rft.aufirst=Jean+A&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Loo%2C+Jun+Hun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chien+Liang&rft.au=He%2C+Chun+Lin&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Chia+Jung&rft.au=Li%2C+Zheng+Yuan&rft.au=Lin%2C+Marie&rft.au=Penny%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1166350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuteson2003" class="citation report cs1">Huteson, Greg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905141336/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2003/silesr2003-012.pdf">Sociolinguistic Survey Report for the Tona and Maga Dialects of the Rukai Language</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/2003/silesr2003-012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+Report+for+the+Tona+and+Maga+Dialects+of+the+Rukai+Language&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Huteson&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsilesr%2F2003%2Fsilesr2003-012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2010" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Jenny W. (2010-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021424/http://www.galdu.org/web/?odas=4584&giella1=eng">"Aboriginal Language Classes Open to Public"</a>. <i>Focus Taiwan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galdu.org/web/?odas=4584&giella1=eng">the original</a> on 2014-11-29 – via galdu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Language+Classes+Open+to+Public&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Jenny+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galdu.org%2Fweb%2F%3Fodas%3D4584%26giella1%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuánzhùmínzú_yǔyán_yánjiū_fāzhǎn_zhōngxīn2018" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán yánjiū fāzhǎn zhōngxīn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilrdc.tw/achievement/106_write/pdf/106%E5%B9%B4%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A-%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%88.pdf">Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán shūxiě xìtǒng jiànyì xiūzhèng bǎnběn bàogào <bdi lang="zh">原住民族語言書寫系統建議修正版本報告</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report) (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Yu%C3%A1nzh%C3%B9m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+y%C7%94y%C3%A1n+sh%C5%ABxi%C4%9B+x%C3%ACt%C7%92ng+ji%C3%A0ny%C3%AC+xi%C5%ABzh%C3%A8ng+b%C7%8Enb%C4%9Bn+b%C3%A0og%C3%A0o+%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%BB%BA%E8%AD%B0%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Yu%C3%A1nzh%C3%B9m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+y%C7%94y%C3%A1n+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+f%C4%81zh%C7%8En+zh%C5%8Dngx%C4%ABn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filrdc.tw%2Fachievement%2F106_write%2Fpdf%2F106%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BD%258F%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%2597%258F%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E6%259B%25B8%25E5%25AF%25AB%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2599%259F%25E7%25B3%25BB%25E7%25B5%25B1%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E8%25AD%25B0%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E7%2589%2588%25E6%259C%25AC%25E5%25A0%25B1%25E5%2591%258A-%25E7%25B6%25B2%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E7%2589%2588.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiTsuchida2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiTsuchida2006_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiTsuchida2006">Li & Tsuchida (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (1998). "Táiwān nándǎo yǔyán 台灣南島語言 [The Austronesian Languages of Taiwan]." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2004). <i>Selected Papers on Formosan Languages</i>. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2009">Blust (2009)</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2010" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, John U. (2010). <i>Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Austronesian+Phonology+with+Glossary&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+Southeast+Asia+Program+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are several outcomes of *g as onset or coda of the final syllable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808011144/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/j2001_1_15_4392.pdf">"The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Languages and Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 271–278. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/j2001_1_15_4392.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+the+Formosan+Aborigines+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jen-kuei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2FFiles%2FLL%2FDocments%2FJournals%2Fj2001_1_15_4392.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2009" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert A. (2009). <i>The Austronesian languages</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-602-0"><bdi>978-0-85883-602-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/320478203">320478203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+and+Asian+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F320478203&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-602-0&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blundell, David (2009), <i>Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, Prehistory</i>. Taipei, Taiwan: SMC Publishing</li> <li>Happart, G., & Hedhurst, W. H. (1840). <i>Dictionary of the Favorlang dialect of the Formosan language</i>. Batavia: printed at Parapattan.</li> <li>Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). "Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. <i>Selected Papers on Formosan Languages</i>, vol. 2. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Leslie_Mackay" title="George Leslie Mackay">Mackay, G. L.</a> (1893). <i>Chinese Romanized Dictionary of the Formosan Vernacular</i>. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47246037">47246037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Romanized+Dictionary+of+the+Formosan+Vernacular&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47246037&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormosan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tsuchida, S. (2003). <i>Kanakanavu texts (Austronesian Formosan)</i>. [Osaka?: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim].</li> <li>Zeitoun, E. (2002). <i>Nominalization in Formosan languages</i>. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formosan_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006062613/http://www.joao-roiz.jp/OGV/">Ogawa's Vocabulary of Formosan Dialects 小川尚義 (臺灣蕃語蒐録)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502112916/http://formosan.sinica.edu.tw/formosan/en/intro.htm">Academia Sinica's Formosan Language Archive project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514210436/http://tmnall.iweb.bsu.edu/default.htm">Linguistics and Formosan Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw">Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> – "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.klokah.tw/">Zú yǔ E lèyuán 族語E樂園</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> – Educational site maintained by Taiwan's Council of Indigenous Peoples <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.klokah.tw/en">T.A.I.W.A.N. – Taiwan-Austronesion Indigenous Words and Narrations</a> – English counterpart of Zú yǔ E lèyuán</li></ul></li> <li>Map: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703012805/http://www.ecai.org/area/areateamexamples/austronesia/images/aust2.pdf"><i>Formosan Languages and Yami</i></a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formosan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formosan_languages" title="Template:Formosan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formosan_languages" title="Template talk:Formosan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formosan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formosan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formosan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formosan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ami</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kavalanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Ketagalan</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sirayaic_languages" title="Sirayaic languages">Sirayaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> (Truku)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora-Hoanya</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh–Kaxabu</a> <ul><li>Pazeh †</li> <li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> 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