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id="toc-Native_weapons_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_weapons_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Native weapons and tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_weapons_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background_to_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_to_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Background to the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquistadors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquistadors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conquistadors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquistadors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conquistadors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conquistadors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_weapons_and_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_weapons_and_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spanish weapons and armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_weapons_and_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Role of the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_Nicaragua,_1519–1523" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_Nicaragua,_1519–1523"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1523</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discovery_of_Nicaragua,_1519–1523-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1523 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_Nicaragua,_1519–1523-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Departure_of_Andrés_Niño_and_Gil_González_Dávila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure_of_Andrés_Niño_and_Gil_González_Dávila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Departure of Andrés Niño and Gil González Dávila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure_of_Andrés_Niño_and_Gil_González_Dávila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_of_the_Pacific_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_of_the_Pacific_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exploration of the Pacific coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_of_the_Pacific_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_inland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_inland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Expedition inland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_inland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Opposition and retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rival_plans,_1523" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rival_plans,_1523"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rival plans, 1523</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rival_plans,_1523-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hernández_de_Córdoba_in_western_Nicaragua,_1523–1525" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hernández_de_Córdoba_in_western_Nicaragua,_1523–1525"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hernández de Córdoba in western Nicaragua, 1523–1525</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hernández_de_Córdoba_in_western_Nicaragua,_1523–1525-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hernández de Córdoba in western Nicaragua, 1523–1525 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hernández_de_Córdoba_in_western_Nicaragua,_1523–1525-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispute_with_Honduras,_1524–1525" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_with_Honduras,_1524–1525"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dispute with Honduras, 1524–1525</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_with_Honduras,_1524–1525-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intrigue_in_Nicaragua,_late_1525" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrigue_in_Nicaragua,_late_1525"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Intrigue in Nicaragua, late 1525</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrigue_in_Nicaragua,_late_1525-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedrarias_Dávila_in_western_Nicaragua,_1526–1529" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedrarias_Dávila_in_western_Nicaragua,_1526–1529"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pedrarias Dávila in western Nicaragua, 1526–1529</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedrarias_Dávila_in_western_Nicaragua,_1526–1529-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Highlands,_1530–1603" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Highlands,_1530–1603"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Central Highlands, 1530–1603</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Highlands,_1530–1603-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fringes_of_empire:_Eastern_Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fringes_of_empire:_Eastern_Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fringes_of_empire:_Eastern_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy of the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Historical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:History of Nicaragua">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History of <span class="fn org label">Nicaragua</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Nicaragua"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Piracy on Lake Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Anacleto Ordóñez">1823 Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Figueroa" title="Bernardo Méndez de Figueroa">18 Years of military rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(President_of_Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Núñez (President of Nicaragua)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn%27s_War" title="Malespín's War">Malespín's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruto_Chamorro" title="Fruto Chamorro">35 Years of conservative rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">Liberal Revolution of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">US occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a> (1961–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="1990 Nicaraguan general election">Post-Sandinista period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2006 Nicaraguan general election">Ortega return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Nicaragua" title="List of years in Nicaragua">Years in Nicaragua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Template:History of Nicaragua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of Nicaragua (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish conquest of Nicaragua</b> was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a></i> and their <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a> allies against the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">natives</a> of the territory now incorporated into the modern <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> republic of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonisation of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before European contact in the early 16th century, Nicaragua was inhabited by a number of indigenous peoples. The west was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> groups such as the Nicarao, the Chorotega, and the Subtiaba. The <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua people</a> closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorotegas" class="extiw" title="es:Chorotegas">Chorotega</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtiaba_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtiaba people (page does not exist)">Subtiaba</a> are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixtecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtecs">Mixtecs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, Mexico due to their shared <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto-Manguean">Otomanguean</a> ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other groups included the <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagalpa people">Matagalpa</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacacho_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacacho people (page does not exist)">Tacacho</a>, both of which mainly inhabited central Nicaragua. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> first entered what is now Nicaragua in 1522, with the permission of <a href="/wiki/Pedrarias_D%C3%A1vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedrarias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a>, but was driven back to his ships by the Chorotega and the Nicarao, and sailed south into what is now Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1524, a new expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> founded the Spanish towns of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a>. The western portions of Nicaragua along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> littoral plain received the brunt of the Spanish activity in the territory for the next three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a century of the conquest, the native inhabitants had been nearly exterminated due to war against the Spanish and their Tlaxcallan allies, disease, and exportation as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_CIA_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nicaragua_CIA_map.gif/220px-Nicaragua_CIA_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Nicaragua_CIA_map.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, covering an area of 129,494 square kilometres (49,998 sq mi) – or 120,254 km<sup>2</sup> (46,430 sq mi) without including the surface area of its two largest lakes. The country is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and to the south by <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>; it is bordered to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merril1993a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merril1993a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicaragua is divided into three broad regions, the Pacific Lowlands in the west, the Central Highlands, and the Caribbean Lowlands in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Newson1982p261_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newson1982p261-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pacific lowlands are largely a coastal plain extending approximately 75 km (47 mi) inland from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. A chain of volcanoes extends from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a> southeast towards <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>; many of them are active. The volcanoes lie along the western edge of a <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> running southeast from the Gulf of Fonseca to the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>, which forms a part of the border with <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>. The two largest lakes in Central America dominate the rift valley: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lake Managua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>. Lake Managua measures 56 by 24 km (35 by 15 mi), and Lake Nicaragua measures 160 by 75 km (99 by 47 mi). The <a href="/wiki/Tipitapa_River" title="Tipitapa River">Tipitapa River</a> flows south out of Lake Managua and into Lake Nicaragua, which empties into the Caribbean via the San Juan River.<sup id="cite_ref-Merril1993a_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merril1993a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Highlands reach altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above mean sea level</a>, and consist of generally east–west running ranges that include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordillera_Dariense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordillera Dariense (page does not exist)">Cordillera Dariense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Dipilto_and_Jalapa_Natural_Reserve" title="Cordillera Dipilto and Jalapa Natural Reserve">Cordillera de Dipilto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Isabelia" title="Cordillera Isabelia">Cordillera Isabella</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huap%C3%AD_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huapí Mountains (page does not exist)">Huapí Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yolaina_Natural_Reserve" title="Yolaina Natural Reserve">Yolaina Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p234-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In central Nicaragua, the temperature varies between 20 and 25 °C (68 and 77 °F); rainfall averages 1,000 to 2,000 mm (39 to 79 in) per year. There is a four-month dry season, with the rain season lasting throughout the rest of the year. Before the conquest, the Central Highlands were covered with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">coniferous forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p234-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coastal plain is classified as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">tropical dry forest</a>, and features fertile volcanic soils. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> lowlands receive higher rainfall; the soils are less fertile, and the region is classified as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salamanca2012p7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salamanca2012p7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicaragua_before_the_conquest">Nicaragua before the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nicaragua before the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> first arrived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> there were three principal indigenous groups living in the western portions of the country; these were the <a href="/wiki/Chorotega_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorotega people">Chorotega</a> (also known as the Mangue),<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1985p38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagalpa people">Matagalpa</a> (also known as Chontal, from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> term for "foreigner").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nicarao were a <a href="/wiki/Nawat_language" title="Nawat language">Nawat</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> people that had migrated southwards from central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> from the 8th century AD onwards. They broke off from the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> around the early 13th century and settled in pockets of western Nicaragua along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a>, with their heaviest concentration in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rivas_Department" title="Rivas Department">Rivas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chorotega were also a Mesoamerican people that had migrated from Mexico and spoke the <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue language</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtiaba_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtiaba people (page does not exist)">Subtiaba</a> (also known as the Maribio) were another group of Mexican origin, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Subtiaba_language" title="Subtiaba language">Subtiaba language</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacacho_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacacho people (page does not exist)">Tacacho</a> were a small group of unknown origin and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1985p38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Matagalpa were a non-Mesoamerican people of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Area" title="Intermediate Area">Intermediate Area</a>, who spoke a <a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a> language, but belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchoidean</a> cultural region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occupied the Central Highlands,<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p234-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over an area covering the modern <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">departments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boaco_Department" title="Boaco Department">Boaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department" title="Estelí Department">Estelí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinotega_Department" title="Jinotega Department">Jinotega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_Department" title="Matagalpa Department">Matagalpa</a>, southwestern parts of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a>, and neighbouring parts of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Matagalpa were a tribal society organised into different lineages and <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, who engaged in organised intertribal warfare; at the time of Spanish contact they were at war with the Nicarao.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p236-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Nicaragua was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchoidean</a> peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Rama_people" title="Rama people">Rama</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpa</a> peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Mayangna_people" title="Mayangna people">Mayangna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chibchoidean peoples of the interior were culturally related to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> groups, and had developed more complex societies than that of the Miskito, who were of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Nicaragua at the time of contact is estimated at 825,000. The first century after Spanish contact witnessed the demographic collapse of the native populations, resulting principally from exposure to <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> diseases and their exportation as slaves, but also from a combination of war and mistreatment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_weapons_and_tactics">Native weapons and tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Native weapons and tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish described the Matagalpa as being well-organised, with ordered battle-lines. The Nicarao engaged in war with the Matagalpa, probably in order to capture slaves, and prisoners to be offered for <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica#Sacrifice" title="Mesoamerica">human sacrifice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p236-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_to_the_conquest">Background to the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Background to the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/330px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/495px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/660px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Map of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean during the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> discovered the New World for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile_and_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Castile and Leon">Kingdom of Castile and Leon</a> in 1492. Private adventurers thereafter entered into contracts with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish Crown</a> to conquer the newly discovered lands in return for tax revenues and the power to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish founded <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in the 1490s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first decades after the discovery of the new lands, the Spanish colonised the Caribbean and established a centre of operations on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first two decades of the 16th century, the Spanish established their domination over the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and used these as a staging point to launch their campaigns of conquest on the continental mainland of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Hispaniola, the Spanish launched expeditions and campaigns of conquest, reaching <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in 1508, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1509, Cuba in 1511, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, the Spanish established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Antigua_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Santa María la Antigua del Darién">Santa María la Antigua</a> in 1511. In 1513, while exploring westwards, Balboa discovered the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, and in 1519 <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> on the Pacific coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Montoya2015p27_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montoya2015p27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus soon turned to exploring south along the Pacific coast towards South America.<sup id="cite_ref-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish heard rumours of the rich empire of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> on the mainland to the west of their Caribbean island settlements and, in 1519, Hernán Cortés set sail to explore the Mexican coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 1521 the Aztec capital of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> had fallen to the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish conquered a large part of Mexico within three years, extending as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. The newly conquered territory became <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, headed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">viceroy</a> who answered to the Spanish Crown via the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery of the Aztec Empire and its great riches changed the focus of exploration out of Panama from the south to northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various expeditions were then launched northwards involving notable conquistadors such as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> (not to be confused with the conquistador <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">of the same name</a> involved in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquistadors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG/170px-16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG/255px-16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG/340px-16thCentHelmetAllende.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>16th-century Spanish helmet</figcaption></figure> <p>The conquistadors were all volunteers, the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, land grants and provision of native labour.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Spanish were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PoloSifontes86p62_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoloSifontes86p62-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> was a nobleman whose father and grandfather had been influential in the courts of the kings <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV of Castile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Rojas_y_C%C3%B3rdoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel de Rojas y Córdoba (page does not exist)">Gabriel de Rojas</a> was an officer of Dávila who probably travelled from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> with him; he was a younger brother drawn from a notable family that had risen to prominence in the service of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV of Castile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a veteran of the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme" title="Province of Tierra Firme">Tierra Firme</a> (Caribbean South America). After campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> he distinguished himself in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">conquest of Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p80_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p80-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known of the origin of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a>; he was likely to have been a commoner elevated to the nobility as a result of his actions in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> was a professional soldier who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1519.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> was a nobleman from <a href="/wiki/Villanueva_de_Barcarrota" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanueva de Barcarrota">Villanueva de Barcarrota</a>. After Nicaragua, he campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">governor of Cuba</a>, and explored <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Garro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Garro (page does not exist)">Pedro de Garro</a> was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. He brought 43 cavalry and 57 infantry to support Gil González in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and soon passed to Nicaragua to assist Hernández de Córdoba.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p82_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p82-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_weapons_and_armour">Spanish weapons and armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish weapons and armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16th-century Spanish conquistadors were armed with <a href="/wiki/Broadsword" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadsword">broadswords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapier" title="Rapier">rapiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a> and light <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Mounted conquistadors were armed with a 3.7-metre (12 ft) <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a>, that also served as a <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> for infantrymen. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bills</a> were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.7-metre (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> ft) long two-handed version was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows had 60-centimetre (2 ft) arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in the humid tropical climate of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal armour was of limited use in the hot, wet tropical climate. It was heavy and had to be constantly cleaned to prevent rusting; in direct sunlight, metal armour became unbearably hot. <i>Conquistadores</i> often went without metal armour, or only donned it immediately prior to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were quick to adopt quilted cotton armour based upon that used by their native opponents, and commonly combined this with the use of a simple metal <a href="/wiki/War_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="War hat">war hat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">Shields</a> were considered essential by both infantry and cavalry; generally this was a circular target shield, convex in form and fashioned from iron or wood. Rings secured it to the arm and hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Church">Role of the Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role of the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The justification for conquest was explicitly religious. In 1493, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Bulls_of_Donation" title="Bulls of Donation">Bulls of Donation</a> that justified the colonisation of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> for the express purpose of converting the native inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish Crown and the Church insisted that the conquered peoples were human souls meriting legal rights and protection, while some colonists claimed they were subhuman, and a valid resource for forced labour. These opposing viewpoints led to conflict between the authorities in Spain and the colonists on the ground in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was religious participation in the conquest of Nicaragua from the first exploratory expeditions onwards; Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Ag%C3%BCero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Agüero (page does not exist)">Diego de Agüero</a> accompanied <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González</a> on his 1519 expedition, and returned with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> in 1524, with two religious companions.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez_1976,_p._78_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez_1976,_p._78-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first actions performed upon entering an indigenous settlement was to plant a cross on top of the local shrine, to symbolically replace the native religion with the authority of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fathers Contreras and Blas Hernández established the first <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> presence in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_Nicaragua,_1519–1523"><span id="Discovery_of_Nicaragua.2C_1519.E2.80.931523"></span>Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1523</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1523"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish explorers first viewed the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in 1519, sailing up from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanislawski1983p1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanislawski1983p1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> and seized his ships on the Pacific coast of Panama. He put <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Espinosa" title="Gaspar de Espinosa">Gaspar de Espinosa</a> in command of two ships, <i>San Cristóbal</i> and <i>Santa María de la Buena Esperanza</i>, and sent him to scout westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Espinosa disembarked at the <a href="/wiki/Burica_Peninsula" title="Burica Peninsula">Burica Peninsula</a>, on the modern border between <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, to return overland to Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two ships continued along the coast, under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Casta%C3%B1eda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Castañeda (page does not exist)">Juan de Castañeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Hernán Ponce de León">Hernán Ponce de León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They discovered the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya" title="Gulf of Nicoya">Gulf of Nicoya</a>, probably on 18 October of that year, which became the key entry route to Nicaragua for later expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first tentative expedition made landfall at the Gulf of Nicoya, but did not establish a Spanish presence;<sup id="cite_ref-Stanislawski1983p1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanislawski1983p1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were met by a great number of native canoes carrying warriors, with more warriors amassed on the shore making a great display of force. Seeing that there would be fierce opposition, the ships turned back to Panama. The Spanish managed to capture three or four natives, who were taken back with them to learn Spanish and be used as interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_of_Andrés_Niño_and_Gil_González_Dávila"><span id="Departure_of_Andr.C3.A9s_Ni.C3.B1o_and_Gil_Gonz.C3.A1lez_D.C3.A1vila"></span>Departure of Andrés Niño and Gil González Dávila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Departure of Andrés Niño and Gil González Dávila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish Crown issued a license to explore the Pacific coast to <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Andrés Niño</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> in October 1518;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they set out from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in September 1519.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Crown had issued them permission to use <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Balboa's</a> two ships still anchored on the Pacific coast of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> opposed their taking possession, arguing that they were not Balboa's exclusive property. González Dávila and Niño therefore built their own ships on the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Islands" title="Pearl Islands">Pearl Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 January 1522,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the approval of Pedrarias Dávila, who was governor of <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a> (modern Panama), they travelled northwest across <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Isthmus of Rivas</a> into southwestern <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition advanced slowly westwards, only reaching southeastern <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> in October or November 1522.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to damage sustained by their ships, and spoiled water, they decided to split up.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrés Niño repaired the ships and scouted the coast,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Gil González penetrated inland with 100 Spaniards and 400 <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">native auxiliaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met up at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya" title="Gulf of Nicoya">Gulf of Nicoya</a>, where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Casta%C3%B1eda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Castañeda (page does not exist)">Juan de Castañeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Hernán Ponce de León">Hernán Ponce de León</a> had made landfall,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at what is now the port of <a href="/wiki/Puntarenas" title="Puntarenas">Caldera</a>, in Costa Rica. Here they noticed that the natives had cultural traits more in common with the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>. By this time, González was weakened by sickness, and wished to continue by sea, but his men demanded he continue the march with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p54_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p54-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used one of the ships to cross to the western shore of the Gulf of Nicoya, where they were received enthusiastically by the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p56_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p56-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pushed on overland, with 100 Spaniards and 4 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p54_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p54-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_of_the_Pacific_coast">Exploration of the Pacific coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exploration of the Pacific coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> marched overland with his troops, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Andrés Niño</a> left two of his ships behind and sailed onwards with the remaining two.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p55_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p55-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February 1523, Niño put to shore at <a href="/wiki/El_Realejo" title="El Realejo">El Realejo</a>, where Captain Antón Mayor formally took possession of the territory in the name of the Spanish crown, the first Spanish act in the territory of what is now Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met no opposition at that time, and the act was officially recorded by Juan de Almanza, who acted as scribe for the legal documentation. To commemorate this act, they named the place Posesión. Niño sailed onwards, making landfall on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a> on 5 March, giving the gulf its name in honour of Spanish bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p55_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p55-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niño continued onwards as far as the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p56_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p56-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_inland">Expedition inland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expedition inland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, on his march inland, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González</a> heard rumours of a powerful native ruler called <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a>, who commanded many warriors. He was advised not to continue, but decided to march on until he met opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicarao intercepted Gil González outside his capital city,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p57_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p57-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quauhcapolca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quauhcapolca (page does not exist)">Quauhcapolca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Healy1980,2006p21_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy1980,2006p21-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received him in peace. He invited the Spaniards to lodge near the city plaza and the two leaders exchanged gifts; González wrote that he received the equivalent of 15,000 gold <i>castellanos</i>. The Spanish captain gifted Nicarao with silk clothing and many other items brought from Spain. Over the course of the next few days, the Spanish instructed the natives in the basics of Christian religion. He claimed that after this, the natives wished to convert to the new religion, and that just over 9,000 people were baptised in one day, including adults and children of both genders.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p57_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p57-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several days in the Nicarao capital, González learned of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, and he sent a small detachment of soldiers to confirm its existence; he then travelled in person with 15 foot soldiers and 3 mounted soldiers. Among those who went with him to the lakeshore were the expedition's treasurer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cereceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés de Cereceda (page does not exist)">Andrés de Cereceda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Ag%C3%BCero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Agüero (page does not exist)">Diego de Agüero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 1523 they claimed the lake for the Spanish Crown under the name of <i>Mar Dulce</i> ("sweet sea").<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> González sent out a canoe to scout the lake for a short distance, and questioned the natives as to whether it connected with the sea, without receiving any clear response; nonetheless, the Spanish were convinced that the lake must have an outlet to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and that they had discovered a new route across the <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> isthmus.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great many natives came to see the newly arrived Europeans, driven by curiosity about their strange appearance and mode of dress, and horses, which the natives had never seen before.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p61_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p61-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_and_retreat">Opposition and retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition and retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quauhcapolca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quauhcapolca (page does not exist)">Quauhcapolca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> advanced to the indigenous settlement of Coatega,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p61_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p61-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the <a href="/wiki/Mombacho" title="Mombacho">Mombacho</a> volcano,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p63_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p63-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was met by another powerful ruler, <a href="/wiki/Diriang%C3%A9n" title="Diriangén">Diriangén</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Chorotega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diriangén came accompanied by a great many richly adorned followers, and said he had come to the bearded strangers and their animals for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the initial encounter, Diriangén said he would return in three days. He returned on 17 April at midday, arrayed for battle. The Spanish were alerted to the surprise attack by one of the local natives; even so a violent struggle ensued that resulted in the wounding of various Spanish defenders. The use of their small number of horses assisted them, since they struck fear into the enemy. The Chorotega attack was beaten off, and González immediately sent messengers to call back an advance party consisting of friar Agüero accompanied by a number of soldiers, who had been advancing towards Diriangén's territory. The violent opposition of the Chorotega convinced González and his officers to turn back with the gold they had already collected.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They marched back south through <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> territory, by now suspicious of all indigenous activity. They took up a defensive formation, in a compact group with a single mounted soldier on each side. In the main group, 60 of the fittest soldiers went ready for battle, while the wounded travelled with the supplies, gold, and native porters in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p63_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p63-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were met with passively hostile reactions from the natives they passed, until they finally met a number of <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> nobles, who apologised for the hostile reception.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> González accepted the apology, due to the vulnerability of his forces. They spent the next night in a state of alert upon a hilltop; the next day they continued their retreat in defensive formation, crossing lands abandoned by the Indians until they reached the safety of their ships on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Andrés Niño</a> had returned to the anchorage a few days previously, but all the ships were in poor repair and the Spanish expedition was forced to make the arduous journey back to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in canoes. They arrived back at <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> on 23 June 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p64_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gil González Dávila had discovered <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, met <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a>, and converted thousands of natives to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the 9,000 vassals of <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a>, and 6,000 of <a href="/wiki/Nicoya_Peninsula" title="Nicoya Peninsula">Nicoya</a>; González claimed that the total number of natives baptised by the expedition was 32,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overland expedition had collected a significant quantity of gold from the natives,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amounting to 112,525 gold <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peso" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish peso">pesos</a>, including that which had been collected while crossing <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rival_plans,_1523"><span id="Rival_plans.2C_1523"></span>Rival plans, 1523</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rival plans, 1523"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> planned to return to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> as soon as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p64_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but faced interference from <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City's</a> treasurer, Alonso de la Puente.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedrarias Dávila had learned of their discovery of gold and acted quickly to outfit a new expedition in late 1523. While the two explorers put in a claim to the Spanish Crown of the lands they had discovered, he planned to seize control of the newly discovered territories before the Crown could validate <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">González</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Niño's</a> claims. The new expedition was a private enterprise under royal commission; the participants signed the two-year contract on 22 September 1523, with one third of the spoils to go to Pedrarias Dávila, and one sixth each to auditor Diego Marquez, treasurer Alonso de la Puente, lawyer Juan Rodríguez de Alarconcillo, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a>. Hernández de Córdoba was placed in command.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedrarias Dávila sent one of his captains to Spain to recruit more men, and purchase horses,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> he purchased Andrés Niño's ships, rigging, horses, and other items for 2,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peso" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish peso">pesos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, González planned to return to Nicaragua by exploring a river route from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>, thus avoiding Pedrarias Dávila's jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a> completely.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, he landed further west and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although González expedition was the first to set foot in Nicaragua, Pedrarias Dávila based his own claim upon the earlier discovery of the territory by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Casta%C3%B1eda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Castañeda (page does not exist)">Juan de Castañeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Hernán Ponce de León">Hernán Ponce de León</a>, under his orders.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hernández_de_Córdoba_in_western_Nicaragua,_1523–1525"><span id="Hern.C3.A1ndez_de_C.C3.B3rdoba_in_western_Nicaragua.2C_1523.E2.80.931525"></span>Hernández de Córdoba in western Nicaragua, 1523–1525</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hernández de Córdoba in western Nicaragua, 1523–1525"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg/220px-Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg/330px-Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg/440px-Ruinas_leon_viejo36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Viejo" title="León Viejo">León Viejo</a> ("Old León"), founded by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba in 1524</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a>, under orders of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a>, set out from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in mid-October 1523, probably on 15 October.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition consisted of three or four ships, carrying over 200 men, including officers, foot soldiers, cavalry, and approximately 16 <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His senior officers were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3n_Mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antón Mayor (page does not exist)">Antón Mayor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Alonso_Palomino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Alonso Palomino (page does not exist)">Juan Alonso Palomino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Peralta_(conquistador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso de Peralta (conquistador) (page does not exist)">Alonso de Peralta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_la_Puente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de la Puente (page does not exist)">Francisco de la Puente</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Rojas_y_C%C3%B3rdoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel de Rojas y Córdoba (page does not exist)">Gabriel de Rojas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p80_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p80-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1524, Hernández founded the colonial towns of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded Granada by the indigenous town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalteba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalteba (page does not exist)">Jalteba</a>, and León in the centre of the native province of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imabite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imabite (page does not exist)">Imabite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newson1982p257_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newson1982p257-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no direct accounts of the expedition that founded these first Spanish towns; such accounts would have taken the form of letters sent to Pedrarias Dávila in Panama, where they were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that the natives put up some resistance, but not how many battles were fought, nor where, nor who led indigenous resistance against the Spanish. Hernández is likely to have followed <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila's</a> route from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya" title="Gulf of Nicoya">Gulf of Nicoya</a> to the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition carried parts for a small <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a>, which the Spanish assembled on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brigantine explored the lake, and found that it did indeed flow out to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> via a river, but that the river was too rocky to be navigable, with several waterfalls blocking progress. Nonetheless, the explorers were able to confirm the river's course, and that the land was heavily populated by indigenous groups, and that the terrain was forested. The party sent by Hernández continued overland for 80 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> (approximately 335 km or 208 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before turning back.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez_1976,_p._78_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez_1976,_p._78-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hernández divided his forces into three groups; one division remained under his direct command, one placed under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>, and the other under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_la_Puente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de la Puente (page does not exist)">Francisco de la Puente</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p82_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p82-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1 May 1524, Hernández had advanced as far west as Tezoatega (now known as <a href="/wiki/El_Viejo" title="El Viejo">El Viejo</a>, in the department of <a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, the natives of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_los_Maribios" title="Cordillera de los Maribios">Cordillera de los Maribios</a> mountains, about 5 leagues from <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> (about 21 km or 13 mi), killed a large number of indigenous men and women, dressed themselves in their skins and met the Spanish in battle, but were routed.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of August, Hernández was in the vicinity of León, passing through the native provinces of Imabite and Diriondo. It is likely that León was not actually founded until after this,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but before April 1525, when Hernández sent a letter to Pedrarias Dávila, having already founded León and Granada.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undocumented indigenous resistance is supported by Spanish records showing that as early as 1524, prisoners of war were being shipped to Panama as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_with_Honduras,_1524–1525"><span id="Dispute_with_Honduras.2C_1524.E2.80.931525"></span>Dispute with Honduras, 1524–1525</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dispute with Honduras, 1524–1525"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras#Francisco_Hernández_de_Córdoba's_expedition_from_Nicaragua,_1524" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras § Francisco Hernández de Córdoba's expedition from Nicaragua, 1524</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras#Gabriel_de_Rojas_and_Gonzalo_de_Sandoval_in_Olancho" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras § Gabriel de Rojas and Gonzalo de Sandoval in Olancho</a></div> <p>While establishing a Spanish presence in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Hernández de Córdoba</a> received news of a new Spanish presence to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> had arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Olancho_Department" title="Olancho Department">Olancho Valley</a> (within the modern borders of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurisdictional limits of Nicaragua had not yet been set, and Gil González viewed himself as the rightful governor of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p93_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p93-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hernández sent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_de_Rojas_y_C%C3%B3rdoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel de Rojas y Córdoba (page does not exist)">Gabriel de Rojas</a> to investigate, who was received in peace by González. González instructed Rojas that neither <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Hernández de Córdoba</a> had any rights over Honduras, and that González would not permit them to take any action there. Rojas reported back to Hernández de Córdoba, who immediately dispatched soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> to capture González.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> González caught Hernando de Soto by surprise with a night-time assault, and a number of de Soto's men were killed in the fighting that followed. González succeeded in capturing de Soto, along with 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">pesos</a>. Although he had won the day, González was aware that Hernández de Córdoba was unlikely to let matters rest, and he also received news that a new Spanish expedition had arrived on the north coast of Honduras. Not wishing to be surrounded by hostile Spanish rivals, González set de Soto free and rushed north.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p19_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p19-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As events played out in Honduras, and Gil González lost the initiative, some of his men deserted and marched south to join the forces of Hernández de Córdoba in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p98_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p98-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriel de Rojas remained in <a href="/wiki/Olancho_Department" title="Olancho Department">Olancho</a> into 1525 in a continued attempt to extend Nicaraguan jurisdiction there;<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p18-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was told by native informants of new Spanish arrivals in Honduras,<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p21-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where, in September,<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p102_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p102-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernan Cortés">Hernan Cortés</a>, conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, had arrived to impose his authority. Rojas sent a letter and gifts with messengers, who met <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Sandoval" title="Gonzalo de Sandoval">Gonzalo de Sandoval</a>, then proceeded onwards to Cortés at <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo</a>. Cortés at first responded in a friendly manner to Rojas' overtures.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p21-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon meeting native resistance, Rojas' men began pillaging the district and enslaving the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p18-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés dispatched Sandoval to order Rojas out of the territory, and to release any Indians and their goods that he had seized. Sandoval was under orders to either capture Rojas, or expel him from Honduras, but in the event was unable to do either.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p21-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the two groups were still gathered, Rojas received orders from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Hernández de Córdoba</a> to return to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> to assist him against his rebellious captains.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p22_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p22-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Hernández de Córdoba</a> sent a second expedition into <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, carrying letters to the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo"><i>Audiencia</i> of Santo Domingo</a> and to the Crown, searching for a good location for a port on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast, to provide a link to <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. The expedition was intercepted and captured by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Sandoval" title="Gonzalo de Sandoval">Sandoval</a>, who sent some of the Nicaraguan party back to <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p18-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They informed Cortés of a plan by Hernández de Córdoba to set himself up in Nicaragua independently of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés responded courteously and offered supplies while the expedition was passing through Honduras, but sent letters advising Hernández de Córdoba to remain loyal to Pedrarias Dávila.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p19_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p19-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hernández was able to collect a substantial amount of gold in Nicaragua, collecting more than 100,000 <i>pesos</i> of gold in a single expedition; this was consequently seized by Pedrarias Dávila.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1524, Hernández sent a brigantine back to Panama with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_fifth" title="Royal fifth">Royal fifth</a>, which amounted to 185,000 gold <i>pesos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1525, Spanish power had been consolidated in western Nicaragua, and reinforcements had arrived from <a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%A1,_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Natá, Coclé">Natá</a>, in Panama, which had become a key port of call for shipping between Nicaragua and Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrigue_in_Nicaragua,_late_1525"><span id="Intrigue_in_Nicaragua.2C_late_1525"></span>Intrigue in Nicaragua, late 1525</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Intrigue in Nicaragua, late 1525"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The friendly contacts between <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> were viewed with deep suspicion by those in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> who remained loyal to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>, Francisco de Compañón, and Andrés de Garabito. These officers may also have been motivated by ambition to view Hernández de Córdoba's contact with Cortés as treachery against Pedrarias Dávila.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hernández de Córdoba's position in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was consolidated by his foundation of three colonial towns there, although his contract for conquest specifically limited his license to two years from the day he sailed from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. Hernández de Córdoba's growing claim over the territory may also have caused Pedrarias Dávila to view his contacts with Cortés with deep suspicion, and a threat to Dávila's own claim.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rumours, encouraged by Hernández de Córdoba's enemies, spread quickly in the colony that he was plotting with Cortés.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a dozen supporters of Hernando de Soto and Francisco de Compañón secretly plotted against Hernández de Córdoba; he responded by seizing de Soto and imprisoning him in <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Soto and de Compañón fled Nicaragua with several companions, and took word to Pedrarias Dávila in Panama, arriving there in January 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p110_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p110-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedrarias_Dávila_in_western_Nicaragua,_1526–1529"><span id="Pedrarias_D.C3.A1vila_in_western_Nicaragua.2C_1526.E2.80.931529"></span>Pedrarias Dávila in western Nicaragua, 1526–1529</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pedrarias Dávila in western Nicaragua, 1526–1529"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> set out from <a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%A1,_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Natá, Coclé">Nata</a> by sea with soldiers and artillery, and landed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Chira_Island" title="Chira Island">Chira</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Nicoya" title="Gulf of Nicoya">Gulf of Nicoya</a>, opposite the colonial settlement of Bruselas on the mainland (then within the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, but now in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>). There he established a base of operations, and the indigenous inhabitants received him in peace; from these Dávila learned that <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Hernández de Córdoba</a> had evacuated Bruselas a few days previously.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p110_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p110-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dávila waited in Chira for reinforcements led by <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>, who marched overland from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> with two units of infantry and cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Meléndez1976p111_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meléndez1976p111-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dávila subsequently arrested his wayward lieutenant Hernández de Córdoba and ordered his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1526, Pedrarias Dávila was replaced as governor of <a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla del Oro</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_L%C3%B3pez_de_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego López de Salcedo (page does not exist)">Diego López de Salcedo</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, took advantage of the change in leadership to extend his jurisdiction to include <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. He marched to Nicaragua with 150 men to impose his authority. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> in spring of 1527, and was accepted as governor by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Estete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martín de Estete (page does not exist)">Martín de Estete</a>, Pedraria Dávila's lieutenant there. His poor government soured relations with the colonists, and provoked the restless natives of northern Nicaragua into open revolt against Spanish authority.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_los_R%C3%ADos_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Aguayo" title="Pedro de los Ríos y Gutiérrez de Aguayo">Pedro de los Ríos</a>, the new governor in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, moved into Nicaragua to challenge López de Salcedo, but was rejected by the colonists and was ordered back to Panama by the governor of Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Dávila had vociferously protested to the Spanish crown over his loss of governorship of Castilla del Oro, and in recompense was given the governorship of Nicaragua. López de Salcedo prepared to retreat back to Honduras, but was prevented by Martín de Estete and the Nicaraguan colonists, who now pledged their allegiance to Pedrarias Dávila. López de Salcedo's officials were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p23_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p23-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> became the capital of the Nicaraguan colony, and Dávila transferred there as governor of the province in 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in León in March 1528, and was accepted everywhere as the rightful governor. He immediately imprisoned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_L%C3%B3pez_de_Salcedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego López de Salcedo (page does not exist)">López de Salcedo</a> and held him for almost a year, refusing to allow him to return to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. Eventually his release was negotiated by intermediaries, and he renounced all claims to territory beyond a line from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a> to <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a>. López de Salcedo returned to Honduras as a broken man early in 1529. This agreement settled the jurisdictional disputes between Nicaragua and Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p23_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p23-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> introduced European farming methods and became infamous for his harsh treatment of the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1528 to 1529, friar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Bobadilla_(Mercedarian_friar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Bobadilla (Mercedarian friar) (page does not exist)">Francisco de Bobadilla</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarian Order</a> was very active, and baptised over 50,000 natives among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtiaba_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtiaba people (page does not exist)">Subtiaba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diri%C3%A1_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diriá people (page does not exist)">Diriá</a> (a tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Chorotega_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorotega (language)">Chorotega</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newson1982p257_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newson1982p257-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Highlands,_1530–1603"><span id="Central_Highlands.2C_1530.E2.80.931603"></span>Central Highlands, 1530–1603</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Central Highlands, 1530–1603"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1530, an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagalpa people">Matagalpa</a> tribes launched a concerted attack against the Spanish, with the intention of burning the colonial settlements. In 1533, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> requested reinforcements to pursue the Matagalpa and punish their revolt, in order to discourage neighbouring peoples from allying with them against the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p236-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1543, Francisco de Castañeda founded <a href="/wiki/Ocotal" title="Ocotal">Nueva Segovia</a> in north-central <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, some 30 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> from <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CardozaSánchez2017p56_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardozaSánchez2017p56-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1603, the Spanish had established their dominion over seventeen indigenous settlements in the north-central region that the Spanish named Segovia. The Spanish drafted warriors from these settlements to assist in putting down ongoing indigenous resistance in <a href="/wiki/Olancho_Department" title="Olancho Department">Olancho</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CardozaSánchez2017p57_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardozaSánchez2017p57-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fringes_of_empire:_Eastern_Nicaragua">Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From relatively soon after <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic coast</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> fell under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salamanca2012p8_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salamanca2012p8-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region was inhabited by natives that remained beyond Spanish control, and was known to the Spanish as <a href="/wiki/Tologalpa" title="Tologalpa">Tologalpa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tologalpa is poorly defined in colonial Spanish documentation; <a href="/wiki/Tologalpa" title="Tologalpa">Tololgalpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taguzgalpa" title="Taguzgalpa">Taguzgalpa</a> together comprised an extensive region stretching along the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast eastwards from <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Agu%C3%A1n_River" title="Aguán River">Aguan River</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>, and as far back as the Chontalean Mountain Range (<i>Cordillera de Chontales)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taguzgalpa" title="Taguzgalpa">Taguzgalpa</a> was that part of the region that now falls within the modern borders of Honduras, and <a href="/wiki/Tologalpa" title="Tologalpa">Tologalpa</a> was that part that now falls within Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, together they formed one single Province that was created by a Royal Order of February 10, 1576.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the second half of the 17th century, both regions were together referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquitia</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little is known about the original inhabitants of Mosquitia, beyond that they included the <a href="/wiki/Tolupan" title="Tolupan">Jicaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pech_people" title="Pech people">Paya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg/220px-Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg/330px-Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg/440px-Guatemala_or_United_States_of_Central_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>Map of Central America, showing the Province of Nicaragua, and that of Taguzgalpa, which was later called <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquitia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1508, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Nicuesa" title="Diego de Nicuesa">Diego de Nicuesa</a> was given the governorship of the <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Governorate of Veragua</a>, a region stretching along the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> coast from the <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_River" title="Belén River">Belén River</a> in Panama to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a>, on the current border between <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1534, a license to conquer and colonise the region was issued to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Toledo_(conquistador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipe Gutiérrez y Toledo (conquistador) (page does not exist)">Felipe Gutiérrez y Toledo</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Veragua" title="Veragua">Veragua</a>, who abandoned his plans to settle the area.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1545, governor of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Maldonado" title="Alonso de Maldonado">Alonso de Maldonado</a> wrote to the king of Spain, explaining that <a href="/wiki/Taguzgalpa" title="Taguzgalpa">Taguzgalpa</a> was still beyond Spanish control, and that its inhabitants were a threat to those Spanish living on the borders of the region. In 1562, a new license of conquest was issued to the governor of Honduras, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Ortiz_de_Elgueta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta (page does not exist)">Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta</a>, who sent pilot Andrés Martín to scout the coast from <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras" title="Trujillo, Honduras">Trujillo</a> as far as the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Nicaragua)" title="San Juan River (Nicaragua)">San Juan River</a>. Martín founded the settlement of Elgueta on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Caratasca_Lagoon" title="Caratasca Lagoon">Caratasca Lagoon</a> (in Honduran Taguzgalpa), which was soon moved inland, to vanish from history. Around the same time, conquistador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_D%C3%A1vila_(conquistador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Dávila (conquistador) (page does not exist)">Juan Dávila</a> launched several self-funded expeditions into the interior of <a href="/wiki/Tologalpa" title="Tologalpa">Tologalpa</a>, without success.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1641 or 1652, a shipwrecked <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a>, when surviving Africans intermixed with the indigenous coastal groups. The Miskito Sambu developed strong ties to English colonists that settled in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> from 1655 onwards, and with groups of English colonists that had settled along the Mosquito Coast. They became the dominant coastal group, allying or subjugating other groups in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Kingdom of Guatemala</a> declared itself independent of Spain in 1821, most of Mosquitia was still outside of Spanish control.<sup id="cite_ref-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_of_the_conquest">Legacy of the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy of the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a century of the conquest, the <a href="/wiki/Nicarao_people" title="Nicarao people">Nicarao</a> were effectively eliminated by a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">slave trade</a>, disease, and warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1985p38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that as many as half a million slaves were exported from <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> before 1550, although some of these had originally come from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> had initially recovered a significant amount of gold, Spanish hopes of extracting great quantities of gold from the province proved ephemeral.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p239_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p239-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when sources of gold were found, the collapse of native population levels meant that the Spanish were unable to work the mines. In 1533, the Spanish noted that although gold had been found in Santa María de la Buena Esperanza, about 25 leagues from <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a>, a measles epidemic had killed so many natives that there were none left to extract the ore.<sup id="cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p241_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p241-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 16th century, Nicaragua contained a relatively modest 500 Spanish colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> wrote a number of letters in 1524 describing his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, including a letter to 16th-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a> containing his most complete account of his actions there.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés dedicated the entire 16-chapter Book IV of the Third Part of his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_general_de_las_Indias_(Oviedo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia general de las Indias (Oviedo) (page does not exist)">Historia general de las Indias</a></i> (<i>General History of the Indies</i>) to Nicaragua, which was published in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in 1535. He had himself lived in Nicaragua for a year and a half, from the very end of 1527 through to July 1529. His chronicle includes an account of the discovery of Nicaragua by Gil González Dávila.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronicler <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Herrera_y_Tordesillas" title="Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas">Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas</a> described the first voyage of Gil González Dávila and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Andrés Niño</a> in Chapter 5 of Book IV of his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historia_General_de_los_hechos_de_los_castellanos_en_las_Islas_y_Tierra_Firme_del_Mar_Oce%C3%A1no&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historia General de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceáno (page does not exist)">Historia General de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceáno</a> (General History of the deeds of the Castilians in the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba's</a> foundation of the colonial towns of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> was described in a letter to the king of Spain, written by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> included an account of the discovery of Nicaragua by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Casta%C3%B1eda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Castañeda (page does not exist)">Juan de Castañeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Hernán Ponce de León">Hernán Ponce de León</a> in his <i>Historia de las Indias (History of the Indies)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juan de Castañeda wrote his own account of his voyage of discovery, now contained in the national archives of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was written in 1522.<sup id="cite_ref-Healy1980,2006p21_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy1980,2006p21-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">Spanish conquest of El Salvador</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Spanish <i>legua</i> unit of measurement was equal to 5000 <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units#Vara_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">varas</a></i>. This was approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4.2 km (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All distances in this article are based upon this conversion but are subject to often very approximate estimates given in the sources.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noticonquista.unam.mx/amoxtli/2619/2619">"The Tlaxcalan Memory of the Conquest"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tlaxcalan+Memory+of+the+Conquest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticonquista.unam.mx%2Famoxtli%2F2619%2F2619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinobookreview.com/when-tlaxcalan-natives-went-to-war-in-the-philippines--latino-book-review.html">"When Tlaxcalan Natives Went to War in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Latino Book Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latino+Book+Review&rft.atitle=When+Tlaxcalan+Natives+Went+to+War+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinobookreview.com%2Fwhen-tlaxcalan-natives-went-to-war-in-the-philippines--latino-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nicarao">"Nicarao"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicarao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnicarao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0464">"Diriangén 1496 or 1497–1530s"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diriang%C3%A9n+1496+or+1497%E2%80%931530s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/fruit-and-axes-of-gold-consuming-indigenous-heritages-in-nicaragua/">"Fruit and Axes of Gold Consuming Indigenous Heritages in Nicaragua"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fruit+and+Axes+of+Gold+Consuming+Indigenous+Heritages+in+Nicaragua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevista.drclas.harvard.edu%2Ffruit-and-axes-of-gold-consuming-indigenous-heritages-in-nicaragua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/religion/137_04_01_Testimonios.pdf">"The Testimonies and Origins of the Nicaraos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Testimonies+and+Origins+of+the+Nicaraos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricas.unam.mx%2Fpublicaciones%2Fpublicadigital%2Flibros%2Freligion%2F137_04_01_Testimonios.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nicarao">"Nicarao"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicarao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnicarao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merril1993a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merril1993a_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merril1993a_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Merril 1993a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newson1982p261-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newson1982p261_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newson 1982, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p234-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p234_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salamanca2012p7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salamanca2012p7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salamanca 2012, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler1985p38-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1985p38_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1985, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staten 2010, pp. 14–15. Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1985, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 242. Fonseca Zamora 1998, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p236-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p236_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salamanca 2012, pp. 7, 12, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staten 2010, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman 2000, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nessler 2016, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1996, 2003, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barahona 1991, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deagan 1988, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p10-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p10_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p10_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montoya2015p27-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montoya2015p27_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montoya 2015, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SolórzanoFonseca1992p315_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solórazno Fonseca 1992, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1996, 2003, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Koontz 2002, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo Sifontes 1986, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoloSifontes86p62-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PoloSifontes86p62_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo Sifontes 1986, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mena García 1992, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velasco 1985, pp. 373–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p80-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p80_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p80_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson et al. 1992, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p82-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p82_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p82_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 16, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deagan 2003, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deagan 2003, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez_1976,_p._78-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez_1976,_p._78_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez_1976,_p._78_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sariego 2005, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanislawski1983p1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanislawski1983p1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanislawski1983p1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislawski 1983, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvo Poyato 1988, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 8. Quirós Vargas and Bolaños Arquín 1989, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calvo_Poyato_1988,_p._8_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p53-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p53_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staten 2010, p. 16. Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Meléndez 1976, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Meléndez 1976, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Solórzano Fonseca 1992, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p54-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p54_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p54_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p56-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p56_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p56_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p55-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p55_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p55_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p57-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p57_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p57_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Healy1980,2006p21-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Healy1980,2006p21_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Healy1980,2006p21_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy 1980, 2006, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p61-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p61_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p61_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p63-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p63_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p63_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 61. Staten 2010, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p64-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p64_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p64_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staten2010p16-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staten2010p16_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staten 2010, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newson 1982, p. 257. Stanislawski 1983, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solórzano Fonseca 1992, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976 pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanislawski 1983, pp. 1–2. Meléndez 1976, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976 p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 11. Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976 p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 75–76. Staten 2010, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newson1982p257-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newson1982p257_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newson1982p257_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newson 1982, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowlett 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p18&Leonard2011p19_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 18. Leonard 2011, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p93-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p93_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p19-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p19_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p98-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p98_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p18-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p18_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p21-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p21_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p102-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p102_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarmiento1990,2006p22-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarmiento1990,2006p22_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p19-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p19_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 2001, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 90, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 106-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 108. Staten 2010, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p110-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p110_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p110_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meléndez1976p111-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meléndez1976p111_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p23-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p23_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p23_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CardozaSánchez2017p56-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CardozaSánchez2017p56_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardoza Sánchez 2017, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CardozaSánchez2017p57-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CardozaSánchez2017p57_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardoza Sánchez 2017, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salamanca2012p8-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salamanca2012p8_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salamanca 2012, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Buchard, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRica1914" class="citation book cs1">Rica, Costa (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fN9YAAAAMAAJ&dq=taguzgalpa+nicaragua+costa+rica&pg=RA1-PA11"><i>Costa Rica-Panama Arbitration: Answer of Costa Rica to the Argument of Panama Before the Arbitrator, Hon. Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States, Under the Provisions of the Convention Between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Panama, Concluded March 17, 1910</i></a>. Press of Gibson Brothers, Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica-Panama+Arbitration%3A+Answer+of+Costa+Rica+to+the+Argument+of+Panama+Before+the+Arbitrator%2C+Hon.+Edward+Douglass+White%2C+Chief+Justice+of+the+United+States%2C+Under+the+Provisions+of+the+Convention+Between+the+Republic+of+Costa+Rica+and+the+Republic+of+Panama%2C+Concluded+March+17%2C+1910&rft.pub=Press+of+Gibson+Brothers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Rica&rft.aufirst=Costa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfN9YAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dtaguzgalpa%2Bnicaragua%2Bcosta%2Brica%26pg%3DRA1-PA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GarcíaAñoveros1988p53_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Añoveros 1988, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newson 1982, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p239-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p239_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbarraRojas1994p241-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IbarraRojas1994p241_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 241. Ibarra Rojas 2001, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Healy 1980, 2006, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orellano 1979, pp. 125, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orellano 1979, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 49, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meléndez 1976, pp. 50, 247.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>Barahona, Marvin (1991) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBqY4I1Q0QwC">Evolución histórica de la identidad nacional</a></i> (in Spanish). Tegucialpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99926-28-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/99926-28-11-1">99926-28-11-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24399780">24399780</a>.</li> <li>Calvo Poyato, José (September 1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/research/francisco-hernandez-de-cordoba-y-la-conquista-de-nicaragua/b7c83d88-e77a-43c2-8c34-770a01c66a4a.pdf">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua</a>." <i>Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos</i>. <b>459</b>: 7–16, Madrid, Spain: Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Cardoza Sánchez, Uriel Ramón (June 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.uni.edu.ni/index.php/arquitectura/article/view/153/143">Evolución Urbana y Arquitectónica de la Ciudad de Matagalpa</a>". <i>Revista Arquitectura +</i> Vol. 2, No. 3: 54–61. Managua, Nicaragua: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería de Nicaragua. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2518-2943">2518-2943</a>. Accessed on 2017-11-21. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1966) [1953]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JopnAAAAMAAJ">The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550</a></i>. New York: Octagon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/640057454">640057454</a>.</li> <li>Churchill, Ward (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA433">Genocide of native populations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Basin</a> in Israel W. Charny (ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC">Encyclopedia of Genocide</a></i>. Santa Barabara, California: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-928-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87436-928-2">0-87436-928-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/911775809">911775809</a>.</li> <li>Coe, Michael D.; with Rex Koontz (2002). <i>Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i> (5th ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X">0-500-28346-X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50131575">50131575</a>.</li> <li>Deagan, Kathleen (June 1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800541">The Archaeology of the Spanish Contact Period in the Caribbean</a>". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i> Vol. 2, No. 2: 187–233. Springer. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800541">25800541</a></li> <li>Deagan, Kathleen (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617091">Colonial Origins and Colonial Transformations in Spanish America</a>". <i>Historical Archaeology</i> Vol. 37, No. 4: pp. 3–13 . Society for Historical Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617091">25617091</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2328-1103">2328-1103</a>.</li> <li>Feldman, Lawrence H. (2000). <i>Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2624-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2624-8">0-8223-2624-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254438823">254438823</a>.</li> <li>Fonseca Zamora, Oscar M. (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr-BCqhajtsC&pg=PA36">El espacio histórico de los amerindios de filación chibcha: El área histórica chibchoide</a>" in María Eugenia Bozzoli, Ramiro Barrantes, Dinorah Obando, Mirna Rojas (eds.) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr-BCqhajtsC">Primer Congreso Científico sobre Pueblos Indígenas de Costa Rica y sus fronteras</a>". San José, Costa Rica: UNICEF, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, and Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 36–60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977649740" title="Special:BookSources/978-9977649740">978-9977649740</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Fowler, William R. Jr. (Winter 1985). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis</a>". <i>Ethnohistory</i>. Duke University Press. <b>32</b> (1): 37–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">482092</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478130795">478130795</a>. Retrieved 2017-06-27.</li> <li>García Añoveros, Jesús María (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171321/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4007895.pdf">Presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (la Mosquitia)</a>". <i>Mesoamérica</i>. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, Vermont. <b>9</b>: 47–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0252-9963">0252-9963</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7141215">7141215</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4007895.pdf">the original</a> on 2017-03-27. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>García Buchard, Ethel. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308192514/http://www.ciicla.ucr.ac.cr/revista_intercambio/001_001/005.pdf">Evangelizar a los indios gentiles de la Frontera de Honduras: una ardua tarea (Siglos XVII–XIX)</a></i> (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigación en Identidad y Cultura Latinoamericanas (CIICLA), Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciicla.ucr.ac.cr/revista_intercambio/001_001/005.pdf">the original</a> on 2012-03-08.</li> <li>Grenke, Arthur (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBaGO8Ue2NMC&pg=PA142">God, Greed, and Genocide: The Holocaust Through the Centuries</a></i>. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9767042-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9767042-0-X">0-9767042-0-X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255346071">255346071</a>.</li> <li>Healy, Paul (2006) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1554937">A Brief History of the Culture Subarea</a> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40357">Archaeology of the Rivas Region, Nicaragua</a></i>. pp. 19–34. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-094-7">0-88920-094-7</a>. (Full text via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.)</li> <li>Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia (1994). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726104807/http://biblioteca.museocostarica.go.cr/volumen.aspx?id=3456">Los Matagalpas a principios del siglo XVI: aproximación a las relaciones interétnicas en Nicaragua (1552–1581)</a>". <i>Vínculos</i>. <b>18–19</b> (1–2): 229–243. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0304-3703">0304-3703</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.museocostarica.go.cr/volumen.aspx?id=3456">the original</a> on 2017-07-26. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>.</li> <li>Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAcx6DtZba4C">Fronteras étnicas en la conquista de Nicaragua y Nicoya: Entre la solidaridad y el conflicto 800 d.C.-1544</a></i>. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9977-67-685-2" title="Special:BookSources/9977-67-685-2">9977-67-685-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645912024">645912024</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Leonard, Thomas M. (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=526qA6ckcZ4C">The History of Honduras</a></i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36303-0">978-0-313-36303-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701322740">701322740</a>.}</li> <li>Meléndez, Carlos (1976) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enriquebolanos.org/data/media/book/CCBA_-_SERIE_HISTORICA_-_09_-_Hernandez_de_Co%CC%81rdoba.pdf">Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua</a></i>. Managua, Nicaragua: Editorial San José. Serie histórica 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/538851181">538851181</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Mena García, María del Carmen (1992) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9qselEBMysC">Pedrarias Dávila o "la ira de Dios": una historia olvidada</a></i>. Sevilla, Spain: Universidad de Sevilla. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7405-834-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-7405-834-1">84-7405-834-1</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Merril, Tim (1993a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113225835/http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/20.htm">Geography</a>" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/">Nicaragua: A Country Study</a></i>. Washington, D. C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. Accessed on 2017-07-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/20.htm">the original</a> on 2017-11-13.</li> <li>Montoya, Ramiro (2015). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9brCQAAQBAJ">Crónicas del oro y la plata amerinanos</a></i>. Madrid, Spain: Visión Libros. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-16284-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-16284-31-3">978-84-16284-31-3</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952956657">952956657</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Nessler, Graham T. (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=q2I3CwAAQBAJ">An Islandwide Struggle for Freedom: Revolution, Emancipation, and Reenslavement in Hispaniola 1789–1809</a></i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2687-1">978-1-4696-2687-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945632920">945632920</a>.</li> <li>Newson, Linda (November 1982). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/156458">The Depopulation of Nicaragua in the Sixteenth Century</a>". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>14</b> (2): 253–286. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-216X">0022-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/156458">156458</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4669522494">4669522494</a>. Retrieved 2017-07-04.</li> <li>Olson, James S.; Sam L. Slick; Samuel Freeman; Virginia Garrard Burnett; Fred Koestler (1992) New York Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26413-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26413-9">0-313-26413-9</a>.</li> <li>Orellano, Jorge Eduardo (1979) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661767">Oviedo y la provincia de Nicaragua</a>". Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. 15: 125–129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661767">25661767</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Pohl, John; Hook, Adam (2008) [2001]. <i>The Conquistador 1492–1550</i>. Warrior. 40. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-175-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-175-6">978-1-84176-175-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47726663">47726663</a>.</li> <li>Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). <i>Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82712257">82712257</a>.</li> <li>Quirós Vargas, Claudia; and Margarita Bolaños Arquín (1989) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661952">Una reinterpretación del origen de la dominación colonial española en Costa Rica: 1510–1569</a>". <i>Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos</i>. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. <b>15</b> (1): 29–48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25661952">25661952</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Rowlett, Russ (2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016012340/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.html">Units of Measurement: L</a>". Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</li> <li>Salamanca, Danilo (2012) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726082737/http://www.lamjol.info/index.php/WANI/article/download/870/683">Los dos rostros indígenas de Nicaragua y Centroamérica</a>". <i>Wani</i>, Revista del Caribe Nicaragüense. 65: 6–23. Bluefields, Nicaragua: Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University/Centro de Investigaciones y Documentacion de la Costa Atlántica (BICU/CIDCA). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2308-7862">2308-7862</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamjol.info/index.php/WANI/article/download/870/683">the original</a> on 2017-07-26 <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Sariego, Jesús M. (2005) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu.sv/upload_w/20/file/723/1-Jesus-Sariego.pdf">"Evangelizar y educar" Los jesuitas de la Centroamérica colonial</a>". <i>Estudios Centroamericanos: ECA</i>. Vol. 65, No. 723. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0014-1445">0014-1445</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163277504">163277504</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Sarmiento, José A. (2006) [1990]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyGlZzAEIEC">Historia de Olancho 1524–1877</a></i> (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. Colección CÓDICES (Ciencias Sociales). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99926-33-50-6" title="Special:BookSources/99926-33-50-6">99926-33-50-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/75959569">75959569</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Michael E. (2003) [1996]. <i>The Aztecs</i> (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford,: Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23016-8">978-0-631-23016-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59452395">59452395</a></li> <li>Solórzano Fonseca, Juan Carlos (December 1992). "La búsqueda de oro y la resistencia indígena: campañas de exploración y conquista de Costa Rica, 1502–1610". <i>Mesoamérica</i>. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies. <b>24</b>: 313–364. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0252-9963">0252-9963</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7141215">7141215</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Stanislawski, Dan (May 1983). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kjW1E6ljU4C">The Transformation of Nicaragua 1519–1548</a></i>. Ibero-Americana Volume 54. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09680-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09680-0">0-520-09680-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470870988">470870988</a>.</li> <li>Staten, Clifford L. (2010). <i>The History of Nicaragua</i> Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Santa Barbara, California and Oxford: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36037-4">978-0-313-36037-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855554817">855554817</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>Adams, Richard N. (October 1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007079">The Conquest Tradition of Mesoamerica</a>". <i>The Americas</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>46</b> (2): 119–136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1007079">10.2307/1007079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007079">1007079</a></li> <li>Higgins, Bryan (1994). "Nicaragua". In Gerald Michael Greenfield, ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/23320492/latin-american-urbanization-historical-profiles-of">Latin American Urbanization: Historical Profiles of Major Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122171954/https://www.questia.com/read/23320492/latin-american-urbanization-historical-profiles-of">Archived</a> 2018-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.</li> <li>Lovell, W. George; and Christopher H. Lutz (1992) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765745">The Historical Demography of Colonial Central America</a>". Yearbook (Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers) Vol. 17/18, BENCHMARK 1990 (1991/1992): pp. 127–138. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765745">25765745</a>.</li> <li>Merril, Tim (1993b). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/5.htm">Colonial Period, 1522–1820: The Spanish Conquest</a>" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/">Nicaragua: A Country Study</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. Accessed on 2017-07-07.</li> <li>Pineda, Baron L. (2006) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hj296.4">Nicaragua's Two Coasts</a>" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hj296">Shipwrecked Identities: Navigating Race on Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast</a></i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 21–66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3813-6">978-0-8135-3813-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hj296.4">j.ctt5hj296.4</a>.</li> <li>Sánchez, Consuelo (July 1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40977379">El régimen colonial español en nicaragua</a>". <i>Boletín de Antropología Americana</i>. <b>19</b>: 131–161. Mexico City, Mexico: Pan American Institute of Geography and History. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40977379">40977379</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Velasco, Balbino (1985) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/openview/8f13c3049e4b70f19bdbe8827d710816/1">El conquistador de Nicaragua y Perú Gabriel de Rojas y su testimonio (1548)</a>". <i>Revista de Indias</i>. <b>XLV</b> (176): 373–403. Madrid, Spain: Instituto de Historia, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0034-8341">0034-8341</a>. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicaragua_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicaragua_topics" title="Template talk:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicaragua topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicaragua_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a> <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">v. Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua_(1979%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Nicaragua (1979–1990)">Sandinista period (1979–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Post-Sandinista_period_(1990-)" title="History of Nicaragua">Post-Sandinista period (1990–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nicaragua" title="Geography of Nicaragua">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nicaragua" title="Climate change in Nicaragua">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua" title="Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" title="Category:Nicaragua">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:sky blue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&oldid=1252764567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua&oldid=1252764567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Military history of Nicaragua">Military history of Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_conflicts" title="Category:16th-century conflicts">16th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Spain" title="Category:Wars involving Spain">Wars 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