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(PDF) Great Goddess Theory in Ancient Germanic Studies
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="p-Q_zAlVT-K_bQD_e6gbJbK7iUL6ytVwMdFfTcPI7PG_N7bpFGzWqXBJe7i1gnGZJl9hGPWR98h8p0wdczsujQ" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Great Goddess Theory in Ancient Germanic Studies" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="RMN Newsletter" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph S . 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Great Goddess theory is argued to remain an influence in ancient Germanic studies, particularly in the field’s tendency to identify goddesses as extensions of a single entity.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Joseph S . 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{"work":{"id":40134430,"created_at":"2019-08-20T21:45:58.341-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-14T09:48:08.607-08:00","_data":{"issue":"14","abstract":"The present article discusses a historical tendency among scholars to focus on male-gendered deities in the Germanic corpus, a boom period of goddess studies in the 1990s under the influence of Marija Gimbutas, and the place of Great Goddess theory in the field of ancient Germanic studies today. Great Goddess theory is argued to remain an influence in ancient Germanic studies, particularly in the field’s tendency to identify goddesses as extensions of a single entity.","more_info":"Published in RMN Newsletter 14, 2019: 70-76. University of Helsinki.","page_numbers":"70-76","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"RMN Newsletter"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Great Goddess Theory in Ancient Germanic Studies","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2228650]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":60350042,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Great Goddess Theory in Ancient Germanic Studies”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60350042/mini_magick20190820-11220-1vwvz5f.png?1566368374" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Great Goddess Theory in Ancient Germanic Studies</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2228650" href="https://uga.academia.edu/JosephSHopkins"><img alt="Profile image of Joseph S . Hopkins" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2228650/712156/40336597/s65_joseph.hopkins.jpeg" />Joseph S . Hopkins</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, RMN Newsletter</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 40134430; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=40134430"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The present article discusses a historical tendency among scholars to focus on male-gendered deities in the Germanic corpus, a boom period of goddess studies in the 1990s under the influence of Marija Gimbutas, and the place of Great Goddess theory in the field of ancient Germanic studies today. Great Goddess theory is argued to remain an influence in ancient Germanic studies, particularly in the field’s tendency to identify goddesses as extensions of a single entity.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":60350042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/40134430/Great_Goddess_Theory_in_Ancient_Germanic_Studies"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":60350042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/40134430/Great_Goddess_Theory_in_Ancient_Germanic_Studies"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-premium-marketing"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-premium-marketing"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="premium-banner-content"><div class="left"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><span>Get access to the world's latest research</span></div><div class="right"><div class="card free"><div class="header">Free</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Download one paper at a time</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to bookmarks</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Basic search</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-free"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="card premium"><div class="pill">Recommended</div><div class="header premium">Premium</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get highly curated PDF packages</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact with Mentions</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Access advanced search filters</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Support Academia’s mission</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Create your personal website</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-upgrade","submitText":"Try Premium for $1"}">Try Premium for $1</button></div></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The analysis of this rich mythical imagery tells us much about early humanity's concepts of the cosmos, of humans' relations with nature, and of the complementary roles of male and female.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe - Marija Gimbutas","attachmentId":67525189,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49134597/The_Goddesses_and_Gods_of_Old_Europe_Marija_Gimbutas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49134597/The_Goddesses_and_Gods_of_Old_Europe_Marija_Gimbutas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="98389826" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98389826/Encountering_Goddesses_in_Late_Antiquity_Notes_on_Metamorphoses_of_Mythic_Figures_in_Religious_Storytelling">Encountering Goddesses in Late Antiquity: Notes on Metamorphoses of Mythic Figures in Religious Storytelling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="262370932" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergeRuzer">Serge Ruzer</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="208201" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/ReuvenKiperwasser">Reuven Kiperwasser</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture 17 (2023), 1-13, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The imagined universe of the people of Late Antiquity was heavily populated by gods. Even the broader philosophical trends and monotheistic foundation of Judaism and Christianity had failed to entirely diminish their power. How then did Jews and Christians cope with such a backdrop presence of “other gods”? Earlier research suggested that Jewish attitudes, which found their way into early Christian sources as well, fluctuate between accommodation and rejection. Following analysis of Jewish and Christian Late Antique literary traditions dealing with gods, and more specifically, goddesses, this essay aims to demonstrate that such “fluctuation” resulted – in addition to the extreme positions – in a variety of middle of the road strategies. These strategies point to a keen harmonizing impulse to absorb—via domestication—motifs with mythic religious vitality from the broader cultural repository.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Encountering Goddesses in Late Antiquity: Notes on Metamorphoses of Mythic Figures in Religious Storytelling","attachmentId":112568686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98389826/Encountering_Goddesses_in_Late_Antiquity_Notes_on_Metamorphoses_of_Mythic_Figures_in_Religious_Storytelling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98389826/Encountering_Goddesses_in_Late_Antiquity_Notes_on_Metamorphoses_of_Mythic_Figures_in_Religious_Storytelling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37203043" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37203043/A_New_Etymological_Approach_to_the_Study_of_the_Germanic_GOD_GOTT">A New Etymological Approach to the Study of the Germanic GOD/GOTT</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3221493" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AMeskhi">Anna Meskhi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents a comparative study of the Old English (Germanic) word "god" and the Sumero-Kartvelian pair "gud", designating a 'bull' and "guda", meaning 'a skin bag'. The Kartvelian etymon ("guda") explains the peculiarities connected with the recorded or reconstructed forms of the Old English "god", its ties with the Sumerian cognate and demonstrates the semantic shift that occurred in the the exeme.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A New Etymological Approach to the Study of the Germanic GOD/GOTT","attachmentId":57153804,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37203043/A_New_Etymological_Approach_to_the_Study_of_the_Germanic_GOD_GOTT","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37203043/A_New_Etymological_Approach_to_the_Study_of_the_Germanic_GOD_GOTT"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="31260810" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31260810/Titulary_transition_from_the_Third_Intermediate_Late_Period_Gods_Wife_to_Graeco_Roman_female_deities">Titulary transition from the Third Intermediate–Late Period God's Wife to Graeco-Roman female deities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18146734" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/JedRual">Jed Rual</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The titles of God's Wife, God's Hand and Divine Adoratrice are seemingly lost due to the abolishment of the office of God's Wife during the incumbency of Ankhnesneferibre. There is no further evidence to suggest the reinstatement of office, nor the titles Hmt nTr, Drt nTr and dwAt nTr with a mortal occupant. During the Graeco-Roman Period, however, these titles are resurrected, but are instead attributed to the divine. Furthermore, the titles nbty rXyt "Queen of the Rekhyt" (which originates with the Late Period God's Wife), and Hrt "Female Horus" will be examined to further support the thesis. This paper explores the link between the titulary held by the God's Wives during the Third Intermediate–Late Period—Karomama, Shepenwepet I, Amenirdis I, Shepenwepet II, Nitokris, Ankhnesneferibre—and female deities of the Graeco-Roman period, with particular focus on Isis and Hathor. This paper forms the second chapter of my MA thesis titled "Wife of the god, model of the goddess: A structural analysis of the Third Intermediate–Late Period God’s Wife’s influence on Graeco-Roman female deities".</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Titulary transition from the Third Intermediate–Late Period God's Wife to Graeco-Roman female deities","attachmentId":51664532,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31260810/Titulary_transition_from_the_Third_Intermediate_Late_Period_Gods_Wife_to_Graeco_Roman_female_deities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31260810/Titulary_transition_from_the_Third_Intermediate_Late_Period_Gods_Wife_to_Graeco_Roman_female_deities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23208639" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23208639/A_NEW_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GENDER_ATTRIBUTION_OF_THE_GREAT_GODDESS_OF_TEOTIHUACAN">A NEW ANALYSIS OF THE GENDER ATTRIBUTION OF THE " GREAT GODDESS " OF TEOTIHUACAN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="464825" href="https://fullerton.academia.edu/ElisaMandell">Elisa Mandell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study explores the identification and gender attribution of the “Great Goddess” of Teotihuacan through re-examining what purportedly constitutes feminine and masculine in these representations. Recent efforts to reattribute this deity’s gender have not offered satisfactory reinterpretations, but instead reify a binary model of Western ideas of gender. Transcending this binary model, I propose that one of the key figures identified as female—the central figure from the Tepantitla mural at Teotihuacan—can better be said to show characteristics of a mixed gender, a tradition for which there is significant precedence in the Americas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A NEW ANALYSIS OF THE GENDER ATTRIBUTION OF THE \" GREAT GODDESS \" OF TEOTIHUACAN","attachmentId":43697067,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23208639/A_NEW_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GENDER_ATTRIBUTION_OF_THE_GREAT_GODDESS_OF_TEOTIHUACAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23208639/A_NEW_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GENDER_ATTRIBUTION_OF_THE_GREAT_GODDESS_OF_TEOTIHUACAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="47611398" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47611398/Introduction_Goddess_4_pgs_pic_1_pgs_II_V">Introduction Goddess 4 pgs pic 1 pgs II-V</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47775038" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardArtrichard">Richard Artrichard</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction Goddess 4 pgs pic 1 pgs II-V","attachmentId":66610801,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47611398/Introduction_Goddess_4_pgs_pic_1_pgs_II_V","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47611398/Introduction_Goddess_4_pgs_pic_1_pgs_II_V"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5370890" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5370890/The_role_of_Celtic_and_Germanic_women_in_the_ancient_world">The role of Celtic and Germanic women in the ancient world.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4475282" href="https://une-au.academia.edu/BeckiVanDenBoom">Becki VandenBoom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The role that women performed in Iron Age Celtic societies was most likely similar to that of other societies in the past as daughters, wives, mothers and priestesses. The idea that Celtic women could also be queens and leaders of war bands, might not come as a surprise to modern historians, but to the Greek and Roman men who witnessed and recorded the exploits of these women it was considered abnormal for them to act publically and autonomously. The primary source documents from historians Gaius Julius Caesar and Publius Cornelius Tacitus will provide the majority of literary evidence for this study, with supporting evidence from the works of Strabo, Plutarch, Polybius, Cassius Dio and Diodorus Siculus also considered. In addition to the literary evidence, Celtic, Roman and Germanic art and archaeology of the Iron Age will be consulted to provide to support or refute the claims of ancient writers where available. Throughout this study recourse will be made to Boudicca of the Iceni as the ancient sources provide a record of her performing most of the roles assessed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of Celtic and Germanic women in the ancient world.","attachmentId":32516986,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5370890/The_role_of_Celtic_and_Germanic_women_in_the_ancient_world","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5370890/The_role_of_Celtic_and_Germanic_women_in_the_ancient_world"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="43589631" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43589631/Whence_the_Goddesses_A_Source_Book">Whence the Goddesses: A Source Book</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21375" href="https://chavez-ucla.academia.edu/MiriamRobbinsDexter">Miriam Robbins Dexter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Whence the Goddesses: A Source Book, 1990</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book is a source book in two ways. It traces the sources of early historic Indo-European (Greco-Roman, Indic, Iranian, Germanic, Lithuanian, Latvian, Slavic, Irish, and Welsh) goddesses and heroines, beginning with Neolithic iconography and continuing through the iconography of Near Eastern goddesses and texts dating from the third through the first millennia BCE. It is found that Neolithic European bird and snake iconography, as well as iconography, functions, and epithets, are given to many Indo-European female figures. The other way in which this is a source book is that the author has translated texts from all of these cultures, so that the reader may have primary sources for all of these female figures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Whence the Goddesses: A Source Book","attachmentId":63894601,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43589631/Whence_the_Goddesses_A_Source_Book","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43589631/Whence_the_Goddesses_A_Source_Book"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="459195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/459195/A_Feminist_Boomerang_The_Great_Goddess_of_Greek_Prehistory">A Feminist Boomerang: The Great Goddess of Greek Prehistory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="312265" href="https://umich.academia.edu/LaurenTalalay">Lauren Talalay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gender & History, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Feminist Boomerang: The Great Goddess of Greek Prehistory","attachmentId":2780462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/459195/A_Feminist_Boomerang_The_Great_Goddess_of_Greek_Prehistory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/459195/A_Feminist_Boomerang_The_Great_Goddess_of_Greek_Prehistory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60350042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60350042,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_60350042" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="104535592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104535592/Goddesses_in_Myth_History_and_Culture">Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="214088194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MagoBooks">Mago Books</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Textbook, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture","attachmentId":104238471,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104535592/Goddesses_in_Myth_History_and_Culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104535592/Goddesses_in_Myth_History_and_Culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13418117" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13418117/Ferlut_A_2016_Goddesses_as_Consorts_of_the_Healing_Gods_in_Gallia_Belgica_and_the_Germaniae_Forms_of_Cult_and_Ritual_Practices_Open_Library_of_Humanities_2_1_e5_pp_1_26_DOI_http_dx_doi_org_10_16995_olh_43">Ferlut, A 2016 Goddesses as Consorts of the Healing Gods in Gallia Belgica and the Germaniae: Forms of Cult and Ritual Practices. Open Library of Humanities, 2(1): e5, pp. 1–26, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/olh.43</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9922936" href="https://xn--universit-lyon3-jnb.academia.edu/AudreyFerlut">Audrey Ferlut</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ferlut, A 2016 Goddesses as Consorts of the Healing Gods in Gallia Belgica and the Germaniae: Forms of Cult and Ritual Practices. Open Library of Humanities, 2(1): e5, pp. 1–26, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/olh.43","attachmentId":43211829,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13418117/Ferlut_A_2016_Goddesses_as_Consorts_of_the_Healing_Gods_in_Gallia_Belgica_and_the_Germaniae_Forms_of_Cult_and_Ritual_Practices_Open_Library_of_Humanities_2_1_e5_pp_1_26_DOI_http_dx_doi_org_10_16995_olh_43","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13418117/Ferlut_A_2016_Goddesses_as_Consorts_of_the_Healing_Gods_in_Gallia_Belgica_and_the_Germaniae_Forms_of_Cult_and_Ritual_Practices_Open_Library_of_Humanities_2_1_e5_pp_1_26_DOI_http_dx_doi_org_10_16995_olh_43"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Woman of Words: Pagan Ol'ga in the Mirror of Germanic Europe","attachmentId":65826070,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45262123/A_Woman_of_Words_Pagan_Olga_in_the_Mirror_of_Germanic_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45262123/A_Woman_of_Words_Pagan_Olga_in_the_Mirror_of_Germanic_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="127241207" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127241207/Feminine_Characterization_of_the_God">Feminine Characterization of the God</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="267945" href="https://hakkari.academia.edu/ibrahimbor">ibrahim bor</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Feminine Characterization of the God , 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminine Characterization of the God","attachmentId":121003903,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127241207/Feminine_Characterization_of_the_God","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 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