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</button> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maritime_patrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_patrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maritime patrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_patrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_and_airspace_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_and_airspace_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Battlefield and airspace surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_and_airspace_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_military_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_military_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current military applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_military_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current military applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_military_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_China_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_China_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>South China Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_China_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel-Hamas_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel-Hamas_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Israel-Hamas War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-Hamas_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel-Hezbollah_Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel-Hezbollah_Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Israel-Hezbollah Conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-Hezbollah_Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Business aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_civilian_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_civilian_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current civilian applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_civilian_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Ethics_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethics and regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics_and_regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethics and regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicable_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicable_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Applicable law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicable_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="طائرة مراقبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة مراقبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Самалёт-выведнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самалёт-выведнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="هواپیمای تجسسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواپیمای تجسسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_pengawasan" title="Pesawat pengawasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat pengawasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מטוס ריגול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטוס ריגול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvalgybos_orlaivis" title="Žvalgybos orlaivis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvalgybos orlaivis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_pengawasan" title="Pesawat pengawasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat pengawasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E6%B8%AC%E6%A9%9F" title="観測機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="観測機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave_de_vigil%C3%A2ncia" title="Aeronave de vigilância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aeronave de vigilância" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohunsko_letalo" title="Vohunsko letalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vohunsko letalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கண்காணிப்பு வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்காணிப்பு வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zetim_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Gözetim uçağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gözetim uçağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Літак спостереження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літак спостереження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_gi%C3%A1m_s%C3%A1t" title="Máy bay giám sát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy bay giám sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft designed for sustained observation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Compare <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a>, which are sometimes separate models.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg/220px-Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg/330px-Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg/440px-Raf-sentinel-ZJ692-071029-08-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Sentinel" title="Raytheon Sentinel">Raytheon Sentinel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> showing its radar pod</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Surveillance aircraft</b> are <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. They are primarily operated by military forces and government agencies in roles including <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence gathering">intelligence gathering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol" title="Maritime patrol">maritime patrol</a>, battlefield and airspace <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Artillery_spotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery spotting">artillery spotting</a>), and law enforcement. </p><p>Surveillance aircraft usually carry limited defensive armament, if any. They do not require high-performance capability or <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a> characteristics and may be modified civilian aircraft. Surveillance aircraft have also included <a href="/wiki/Tethered_balloon" title="Tethered balloon">moored balloons</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tethered_Aerostat_Radar_System" title="Tethered Aerostat Radar System">TARS</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_World_War_I">Pre World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">History of military ballooning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg/220px-Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg/330px-Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg/440px-Royal_Flying_Corps_observation_balloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> observation balloon on the Western Front, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The French were the first to adopt hydrogen-filled balloons on the battlefield for reconnaissance. In the early 1790s, the French would deploy a hydrogen-filled balloon that held two soldiers: one who possessed a telescope, and the other would relay information to troops on the ground. These balloons did not cross into enemy lines; they were deployed on friendly lines for the purpose of surveillance from a higher point of view. These balloons formed the first air force in 1794, which was referred to as the Compagnie d'Aéronautiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1794, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Aerostatic_Corps" title="French Aerostatic Corps">French Aerostatic Corps</a> balloon <i>L'Entreprenant</i> remained afloat for nine hours. French officers used the balloon to observe the movements of the Austrian Army, dropping notes to the ground for collection by the French Army [2] and also signaled messages using semaphores.<sup id="cite_ref-coulston2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulston2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method of surveillance would eventually be adopted by the Union Army in the Civil War. American inventor Thadeus Low proposed this invention to President Abraham Lincoln, to which a similar idea would be adopted. The Union Army would use balloons that could hold as many as five soldiers, and they would use telegraphs to relay information.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s, a British meteorologist named Douglas Archibald experimented with unmanned surveillance vehicles. Douglas rigged cameras to a kite and used a long cable attached to the kite's string to activate the shutter. This invention would eventually catch the eyes of American Army Corporal William Eddy.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Spanish-American War of 1898, Eddy adopted his own version of Archibald’s kite-mounted camera. Eddy’s kite was responsible for creating the first-ever military aerial surveillance photos.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first aircraft used for surveillance was the <a href="/wiki/Rumpler_Taube" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpler Taube">Rumpler Taube</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when aviators like <a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinn" title="Fred Zinn">Fred Zinn</a> evolved entirely new methods of reconnaissance and photography. The translucent wings of the plane made it very difficult for ground-based observers to detect a Taube at an altitude above 400 m. The French also called this plane "the Invisible Aircraft", and it is sometimes also referred to as the "world's very first stealth plane". German Taube aircraft were able to detect the advancing Russian army during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tannenberg (1914)">Battle of Tannenberg (1914)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aircraft were initially used for reconnaissance missions. The pilots of these initial aircraft would track the movement of enemy troops using photographs. These photos would be used to understand enemy formations and create maps that would eventually be used by <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>. By 1916, these aircraft would assist in the spotting of artillery, and the guidance and coordination of infantry. These aircraft forced enemy troops to camouflage their position to hide from aerial observation.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, surveillance aircraft would be highly valued due to commander’s reliance on their information. However, surveillance aircraft would fly a low, slow, and predictable flight path, and with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial combat</a>, surveillance aircraft were an easy target.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-war, the British built and flew two Fleet Shadower aircraft, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Aircraft_Fleet_Shadower" title="General Aircraft Fleet Shadower">General Aircraft Fleet Shadower</a>, that could follow and observe the enemy fleet at a distance. However, they were made obsolete by the 1940s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne radar">airborne radar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_observation_post" title="Air observation post">Air observation posts</a> were developed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">Light aircraft</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Taylorcraft_Auster" title="Taylorcraft Auster">Auster</a> were used by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> for artillery spotting.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1960s, air observation was generally taken over by light <a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">observation helicopters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spy flights were a source of major contention between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during most of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the difficulty of surveillance in the USSR, US policymakers established the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat this difficulty of surveillance, the US military developed the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U2</a>. This aircraft could fly at altitudes of 70,000 feet to avoid detection from <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> surveillance. The U2 was also equipped with a Hycon 73B camera. This camera was capable of capturing details as small as 2.5 feet wide. In 1962, a U2 captured images that discovered nuclear missiles in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. These photos would initiate what we know as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. </p><p>Aerial Reconnaissance was dangerous: Out of 152 cryptologists who died in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, 64 of them were participating in aerial reconnaissance missions. During the time period of 1945-1977, more than forty reconnaissance aircraft were shot down in the European and Pacific areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US Military</a> originally used standard aircraft like <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29s</a> for reconnaissance missions. Eventually, variants of the aircraft were designed for reconnaissance, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_RC-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed RC-130 Hercules">RC-130</a>. These repurposed aircraft were sometimes referred to as “ferret” aircraft, and intelligence personnel commanding these aircraft were nicknamed “backenders”.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States also performed surveillance using repurposed <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Firebee" title="Ryan Firebee">Ryan Firebee</a> unmanned target drones. Variants of these vehicles, designated the <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Model_147" title="Ryan Model 147">Model 147</a>, could fly for 2500 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1991, the Department of the Navy reported that at least one UAV was airborne at all times during <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Operation Desert Storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War on terror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">global war on terror</a>, the US military developed defenses to surveillance aircraft to combat surveillance use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States military used precision cameras, drones that detect drones, and direct-energy weapons that disrupt control links and GPS navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_patrol">Maritime patrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maritime patrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_(48390102297).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg/220px-EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg/330px-EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg/440px-EGVA_-_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon_-_US_Navy_-_169329_PD-329_%2848390102297%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5855" data-file-height="3899" /></a><figcaption>A US Navy <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">P-8 Poseidon</a> on take off</figcaption></figure><p>The main components of maritime surveillance consist of sightings from ship captains and aircraft pilots. However, due to the radar horizon, surveillance aircraft are preferred as they can identify targets hundreds of miles further than vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this today is the Coast Guard’s use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) to improve their capabilities while reducing the risk for service members. Currently, the Coast Guard has roughly 250 drone certified officers across the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main uses of UASs within maritime activities are search and rescue operations and responding to different environmental disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Coast Guard’s use of unmanned drones specifically led them to creating an “Unmanned Systems Strategic Plan.” This plan would expand the use of current aerial surveillance systems to new challenges such as drug trafficking surveillance, migrant interdiction, and ice operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regards to environmental tasks, UASs will be expanded to address marine safety, fishing activity, and navigational uses.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Coast Guard outlines the future of aerial surveillance in maritime patrol as improving current UAS systems, integrating improved sensors and AI/ML, and creating more organized command and control plans/operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol aircraft</a> are typically large, slow machines capable of flying continuously for many hours, with a wide range of sensors. Such aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/Hawker-Siddeley_Nimrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod">Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Breguet_Atlantique" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet Atlantique">Breguet Atlantique</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">Lockheed P-2 Neptune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">Lockheed P-3 Orion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lockheed_CP-140_Aurora" title="Lockheed CP-140 Aurora">CP-140 Aurora</a>. Smaller ship-launched <a href="/wiki/Observation_seaplane" title="Observation seaplane">observation seaplanes</a> were used from World War I through World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are being increasingly deployed by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In August 2023, a Congressional Research Service to members of Congress described the multiple uses of these aircraft, including general surveillance and intelligence or evidence gathering. Unmanned surveillance drones can also be used to identify the locations of suspects who may be hiding or analyze the physical layout of a room before officers enter. Furthermore, unmanned surveillance drones can be used by law enforcement to light up large areas where it may be dark and difficult for officers to use traditional means of illumination. There are a few federal laws that apple to the use of unmanned surveillance systems, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) currently only has 2 options for the use of this technology by law enforcement. The first is that they can only operate them under 400 feet and need to maintain visual of the aircraft. Second, operators of the aircraft need to receive specific license and certifications to operate them. In response to the few and vague laws, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) has created policies to regulate the use and deployment of these drones domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">Predator</a> UAVs have been used by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">US for border patrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battlefield_and_airspace_surveillance">Battlefield and airspace surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battlefield and airspace surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne early warning and control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_ground_surveillance" title="Airborne ground surveillance">Airborne ground surveillance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_military_applications">Current military applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current military applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Hawk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Global_Hawk_1.jpg/220px-Global_Hawk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Global_Hawk_1.jpg/330px-Global_Hawk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Global_Hawk_1.jpg/440px-Global_Hawk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk">RQ-4 Global Hawk</a> is a high-altitude, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">remotely-piloted</a> surveillance <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAV</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned Aerial Vehicle">Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)</a> surveillance aircraft have been "deployed or are under development in many countries, including Israel, Iran, the UK, the United States, Canada, China, India, South Africa and Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most air forces around the world lack dedicated surveillance planes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several countries adapt aircraft for electronic intelligence (<a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a>) gathering. The <a href="/wiki/Beech_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech Aircraft">Beech</a> <a href="/wiki/C-12_Huron" class="mw-redirect" title="C-12 Huron">RC-12 Super King Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">RC-135 Rivet Joint</a> are examples of this activity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unmanned surveillance UAVs include both airships—such as <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sentinel" title="Sky Sentinel">Sky Sentinel</a><sup id="cite_ref-gm201306112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gm201306112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and HiSentinel 80<sup id="cite_ref-tt20102_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt20102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and airplanes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_China_Sea">South China Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South China Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States military has flown reconnaissance flights, called sensitive reconnaissance operations (SRO) by the U.S. Air Force, to monitor expansionist developments by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People’s Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in the Indo-Pacific region for decades; however, recent operations in the region have focused on monitoring movements by the People’s Republic of China. More than ten different aircraft are used for SRO missions in the theater, including manned aircraft USAF <a href="/wiki/Boeing_RC-135" title="Boeing RC-135">RC-135 Rivet Joint</a> and U-2 Dragon Lady, and the unmanned aircraft <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk">RQ-4 Global Hawk</a>. Reconnaissance missions are capable of changing course within minutes to monitor activity and therefore used for reconnaissance missions more often than satellites, which can take hours or days to change position and are vulnerable to anti-satellite weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small unmanned drones have been used by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukrainian military</a> to identify enemy units and navigate artillery fire for safer and more efficient attacks on Russian targets, record propaganda videos of ambushes for posting on social media, and document alleged Russian war crimes and damages. Class I and III drone systems, classified by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> as those of less than 150 kilograms and more than 600 kilograms, respectively, have been the most frequently used in the region. Turkish <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a> military drones have often been utilized by Ukraine in both reconnaissance and strike missions, and both Ukrainian and Russian militaries have used hobby drones donated to them by civilians, such as <a href="/wiki/DJI_Mavic" title="DJI Mavic">DJI Mavic</a> mini drones, to conduct surveillance and strikes on enemy troops.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel-Hamas_War">Israel-Hamas War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel-Hamas War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States military had flown MQ-9 Reapers, unmanned aerial vehicles capable of more than 20 consecutive hours of flight, over the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> for at least a month after the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">surprise attack on Israel by Hamas on October 7, 2023</a>. According to the U.S. Defense Department, flights collected surveillance with the purpose of locating hostages taken by Hamas during the surprise attack on Israel and finding signs of life, but did not aid Israeli military ground operations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British military also carried out flights over Gaza to locate hostages initially using unarmed <a href="/wiki/Shadow_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow R1">Shadow R1</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2024, the Israeli military conducted hundreds of flight hours and almost 100 sorties in Gaza using the Oron reconnaissance aircraft, previously used as a business jet and upgraded to include advanced sensors and defense systems.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel-Hezbollah_Conflict">Israel-Hezbollah Conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Israel-Hezbollah Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 18, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> released drone footage capturing sensitive sites in northern Israel, including military complexes and naval bases around Haifa. This action showcased areas such as the Rafael Military Industries Complex and various naval facilities. Hezbollah's campaign aims to intimidate and threaten Israel by displaying its surveillance capabilities and asserting its ability to penetrate Israeli defenses. This act highlights Hezbollah's growing technological and operational threats against Israel's security.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_aircraft">Business aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Business aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With smaller equipment, long-range <a href="/wiki/Business_aircraft" title="Business aircraft">business aircraft</a> can be modified in surveillance aircraft to perform specialized missions cost-effectively, from ground surveillance to maritime patrol:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the 99,500 lb (45,100 kg), 6,000 nmi <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Global_6000" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Global 6000">Bombardier Global 6000</a> is the platform for the USAF <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman E-11">Northrop Grumman E-11</a>A Battlefield Airborne Communications Node, the radar-carrying ground-surveillance <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Sentinel" title="Raytheon Sentinel">Raytheon Sentinel</a> for the <a href="/wiki/UK_Royal_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Royal Air Force">UK Royal Air Force</a>, and Saab's <a href="/wiki/GlobalEye" title="GlobalEye">GlobalEye</a> AEW&C carrying its <a href="/wiki/Erieye" title="Erieye">Erieye</a> AESA radar as UK's <a href="/wiki/Marshall_ADG" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall ADG">Marshall ADG</a> basis for <a href="/wiki/Elint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elint">Elint</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sigint" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigint">Sigint</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>; it is also the base for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab AB</a> Swordfish MPA and the USAF <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/JSTARS#Future" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTARS">J-Stars Recap</a> battlefield-surveillance program, while <a href="/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries" title="Israel Aerospace Industries">IAI</a>'s ELI-3360 <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">MPA</a> is based on the Global 5000;</li> <li>The 91,000 lb (41,000 kg), 6,750 nmi <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G550" title="Gulfstream G550">Gulfstream G550</a> was selected for the <a href="/wiki/IAI_EL/W-2085" class="mw-redirect" title="IAI EL/W-2085">IAI EL/W-2085</a> Conformal Airborne Early Warning <a href="/wiki/AESA_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="AESA radar">AESA radar</a> for Italy, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (which also has IAI Sigint G550s) while <a href="/wiki/L3_Technologies" title="L3 Technologies">L3 Technologies</a> transfers the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_EA-37B_Compass_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfstream EA-37B Compass Call">Compass Call</a> electronic-attack system to the G550 CAEW-based EC-37B, like the NC-37B range-support aircraft, and will modify others for Australia's <abbr title="Airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare">AISREW</abbr> program, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a> proposes the G550 for the J-Stars Recap;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Aviation" title="Dassault Aviation">Dassault Aviation</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_900" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 900">Falcon 900</a> MPA and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 2000">Falcon 2000</a> Maritime Multirole Aircraft for France (which delayed its Avsimar requirement), South Korea and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard" title="Japan Coast Guard">Japan Coast Guard</a> with a mission system developed with L3 and <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a> delivered several <a href="/wiki/EMB-145" class="mw-redirect" title="EMB-145">EMB-145s</a> as a platform for <a href="/wiki/AEW%26C" class="mw-redirect" title="AEW&C">AEW&C</a>, MPA and multi-<a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air_350" class="mw-redirect" title="Beechcraft King Air 350">Beechcraft King Air 350</a>ER is a platform for <a href="/wiki/Intelligence,_surveillance_and_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance">ISR</a> versions, including L3's Spyder II and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada Corp.">Sierra Nevada Corp.</a>'s Scorpion and as the <a href="/wiki/MC-12W" class="mw-redirect" title="MC-12W">MC-12W</a> for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_civilian_applications">Current civilian applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current civilian applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Drones</a> are increasingly used in conservation work to complete tasks such as mapping <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>, tracking wildlife, and enforcing environmental laws by catching <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal loggers</a> or poachers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_protests">Monitoring protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monitoring protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveillance drones, helicopters, and airplanes were deployed over 15 cities during the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">2020 George Floyd protests</a>. Unmanned aircraft were used to track the movements of protestors and to provide aerial views of violent acts and arson. The recorded video was sent to a digital network that could be accessed by various federal agencies and local law enforcement for use in criminal investigations. However, the National Air Security Operations Center stated the drones flew at a height that made it impossible to identify individuals or license plates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_patrol">Border patrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Border patrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveillance aircraft have recently been used to patrol maritime borders that are much longer than land borders and typically have less personnel. The <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has recently used it to monitor their southern border in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. They gather intelligence including illegal crossings, search and rescue operations, smuggling, and fishing. <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> has also deployed drones to monitor irregular maritime activity and to find children lost on the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_and_regulations">Ethics and regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethics and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2014 survey from the Pew Center showed that pluralities or majorities of people in 39 of 44 countries oppose American drone strikes in the Middle East. Only in Israel, Kenya, and the USA do at least half of the public support American drone strikes. Additionally, following the Edward Snowden incident, concern within the US is only increasing regarding the government respecting people’s privacy and civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the use of surveillance drones domestically in the US, the public tends to consider the benefits of this kind of surveillance versus the risks to individual privacy. Findings from an ethical analysis suggest people understand the benefits UAVs contribute to protecting the public while at the same time poses a risk to individual safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report from 2014 found 70%-73% of U.S. adults believed government use of surveillance drones was “excessive” and “violates personal privacy.” Subsequently, only 39% believed it “increased public safety” and only 10% believed it was “necessary” for surveillance. Furthermore, the public is more opposed to surveillance drones being in the hands of private individuals and businesses, rather than the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicable_law">Applicable law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Applicable law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S., case law holds that airborne surveillance does not violate privacy rights protected under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment of the Constitution</a>, so long as unmanned aircraft systems are not in "general public use".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of widespread use of such systems justifies individuals' reasonable expectations of privacy again this type of surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union, Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> 2000 provides that people have a right of privacy and Article 8 protects the right to one's individual personal data. Under these provisions, aerial surveillance of public spaces would be lawful but surveillance of one's private home be subject to administrative oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act</a> (RIPA) of 2000 applies to air surveillance in the United Kingdom. RIPA prohibits large-scale and generalized surveillance, and RIPA authorization is required for individualized surveillance of private residences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Altitude_Long_Endurance" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Altitude Long Endurance">High-Altitude Long Endurance</a> aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MikroKopter" title="MikroKopter">MikroKopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_air_vehicle" title="Micro air vehicle">Micro air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-area_motion_imagery" title="Wide-area motion imagery">Wide-area motion imagery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Surveillance aircraft">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/aerial-surveillance-spy-devices">"How Nations Have Spied from the Sky"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=How+Nations+Have+Spied+from+the+Sky&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Faerial-surveillance-spy-devices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurveillance+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coulston2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coulston2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Coulston Gillispie, <i>Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years</i>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/air-war/aerial-reconnaissance/">"Air War - Aerial Reconnaissance"</a>. <i>Canada and the First World War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(July 2016). "The Domestic Use of Drones: An Ethical Analysis of Surveillance Issues". <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>76</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpuar.12506">10.1111/puar.12506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3352">0033-3352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=The+Domestic+Use+of+Drones%3A+An+Ethical+Analysis+of+Surveillance+Issues&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E659&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpuar.12506&rft.issn=0033-3352&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft.au=Bowman%2C+James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurveillance+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Holland_Michel2019" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Holland Michel (2019). <i>Eyes In The Sky: The Secret Rise of Gorgon Stare and How It Will Watch Us All</i>. Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544972001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544972001"><bdi>978-0544972001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyes+In+The+Sky%3A+The+Secret+Rise+of+Gorgon+Stare+and+How+It+Will+Watch+Us+All&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0544972001&rft.au=Arthur+Holland+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurveillance+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveillance_aircraft&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>US Centennial of Flight Commission: "Military Use of Balloons During the Napoleonic Era". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727103144/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/Napoleon's_wars/LTA3.htm">Retrieved April 1, 2007</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/spies-in-the-skies">Maps of FBI and DHS surveillance flights over the United States in 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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and control</a> (AEW&C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronaval">Aeronaval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalised_aircraft" title="Navalised aircraft">Navalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_aircraft" title="Counter-insurgency aircraft">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">Gunship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">Heavy bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">Light bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium 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