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aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期发现" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期发现"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 早期发现 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期发现-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分离" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分离"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 分离 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分离-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-之后的用处" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#之后的用处"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 之后的用处 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-之后的用处-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名稱由來" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名稱由來"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 名稱由來 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名稱由來-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自然分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 自然分布 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 生产 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 性质 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关性质子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 化学性质 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 化合物 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化合物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化合物子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-氯化氢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯化氢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 氯化氢 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯化氢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它二元氯化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它二元氯化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 其它二元氯化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其它二元氯化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多氯化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多氯化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 多氯化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多氯化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氯的氟化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯的氟化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 氯的氟化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯的氟化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氯的氧化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯的氧化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 氯的氧化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯的氧化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有机氯化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有机氯化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 有机氯化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有机氯化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 用途 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-用途-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关用途子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-卫生、消毒和防腐" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卫生、消毒和防腐"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 卫生、消毒和防腐 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卫生、消毒和防腐-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对抗腐败" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对抗腐败"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 对抗腐败 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对抗腐败-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公共卫生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公共卫生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 公共卫生 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公共卫生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用作武器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用作武器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 用作武器 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用作武器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第一次世界大战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第一次世界大战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 第一次世界大战 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第一次世界大战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伊拉克" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伊拉克"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 伊拉克 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伊拉克-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叙利亚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叙利亚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 叙利亚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-叙利亚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对人体的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对人体的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 对人体的影响 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对人体的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-危险性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#危险性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 危险性 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-危险性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关危险性子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-危险性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-氯导致的材料开裂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯导致的材料开裂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 氯导致的材料开裂 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯导致的材料开裂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氯-铁火" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氯-铁火"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 氯-铁火 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氯-铁火-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">氯</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。165种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" > 165种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloor" title="Chloor – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chloor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8E%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%95" title="ክሎሪን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሎሪን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरीन – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्लोरीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كلور – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كلور – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كلور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كلور – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cloru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlor" title="Xlor – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xlor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کولور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chluors" title="Chluors – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Chluors" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorina" title="Klorina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Klorina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%80" title="Хлёр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хлёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्लोरीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကလိုရဉ်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကလိုရဉ်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ক্লোরিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লোরিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BE%AD%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚྭ་རླུང་། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚྭ་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hlor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clor" title="Clor – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k_(ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3)" title="Lṳ̆k (nguòng-só) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lṳ̆k (nguòng-só)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1" title="کلۆر – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cloru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorin" title="Clorin – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clorin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކްލޮރިން – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކްލޮރިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χλώριο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χλώριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chlorine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kloro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloor" title="Kloor – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kloor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kloro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cloru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کلر – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloori" title="Kloori – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kloori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlore" title="Chlore – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chlore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloor" title="Kloor – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kloor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B4r" title="Clôr – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Clôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn" title="Clóirín – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóirín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B2rain" title="Clòrain – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clòrain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="ક્લોરિન – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્લોરિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloreen" title="Cloreen – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cloreen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%CC%8Dk" title="Liu̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorine" title="Kolorine – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kolorine" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="כלור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरीन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लोरीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chlorine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B2" title="Klò – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Klò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3r" title="Klór – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Քլոր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Քղոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քղոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloro" title="Chloro – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chloro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kloro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B3r" title="Klór – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E7%B4%A0" title="塩素 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塩素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kliru" title="kliru – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kliru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქლორი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქლორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C9%94r%C9%A9" title="Klɔrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Klɔrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಲೋರಿನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಲೋರಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%86%8C_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="염소 (원소) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염소 (원소)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor%C3%AEn" title="Klorîn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Klorîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorum" title="Chlorum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chlorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kololiini" title="Kololiini – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kololiini" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloear" title="Chloear – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chloear" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloki" title="Koloki – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Koloki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloras" title="Chloras – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chloras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlors" title="Hlors – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hlors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haum%C4%81ota" title="Haumāota – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haumāota" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്ലോറിൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോറിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="नीरजी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नीरजी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကလိုရင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလိုရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरिन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्लोरिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरिन – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्लोरिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloor_(element)" title="Chloor (element) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chloor (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klore" title="Klore – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Klore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B2r" title="Clòr – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hlor" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="କ୍ଲୋରିନ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲୋରିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਲੋਰੀਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲੋਰੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरिन – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्लोरिन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B2r" title="Clòr – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Clòr" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلورین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلورین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="کلورين – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلورين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuluru" title="Kuluru – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuluru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clor" title="Clor – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cloru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लोरिन – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्लोरिन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloru" title="Cloru – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cloru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chlorine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ڪلورين – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪلورين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hlor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ක්ලෝරීන් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ලෝරීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chlorine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chl%C3%B3r" title="Chlór – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chlór" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloriin" title="Koloriin – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koloriin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klori" title="Klori – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorini" title="Klorini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Klorini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குளோரின் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளோரின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="క్లోరిన్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్లోరిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="คลอรีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลอรีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorina" title="Klorina – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Klorina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor" title="Klor – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89" title="خلور گازى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خلور گازى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلورین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلورین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlor" title="Xlor – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xlor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlor" title="Hlor – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hlor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chlor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Klorin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B4re" title="Clôre – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Clôre" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cloro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хлор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8" title="כלאר – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כלאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klor%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Klorínì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Klorínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2m-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Iâm-sò͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâm-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChwenzi" title="IChwenzi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChwenzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q688#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%AF" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%B0%AF" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%B0%AF" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&oldid=84160941" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%B0%AF&id=84160941&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B0%25AF">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B0%25AF">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B0%AF&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chlorine" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q688" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。 (2021年12月1日) 請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%AF" title="Talk:氯">討論</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  此条目页的主題是氯元素的性質。关于氯氣（Cl2）的性質，請見「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%94" title="氯气">氯气</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r77235331">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">氯 17Cl</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show;padding:0; border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted{background-color:#ffffd6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas{background-color:#c0ffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas_predicted{background-color:#ddffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom_predicted{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_no_electron{background-color:#d0d0d0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block{background-color:#ff6699}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block_predicted{background-color:#FBD}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block{background-color:#99ccff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block_predicted{background-color:#CEF}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block{background-color:#ccff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block_predicted{background-color:#DFC}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block{background-color:#90ffb0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a> ↑ 氯 ↓ <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a> ← 氯 → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氩</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg/250px-Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg/375px-Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Chlorine_in_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">氯（Chlorine）·Cl·17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="17族元素">17</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a>·<a href="/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[35.446, 35.457]<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p5 2, 8, 7 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="氯的电子層（2, 8, 7）"><img alt="氯的电子層（2, 8, 7）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_017_Chlorine_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>氯的电子層（2, 8, 7）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡尔·威廉·舍勒</a>（1774年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">分離</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">卡尔·威廉·舍勒（1774年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="气态">气态</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（0 °C, 101.325 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">kPa</a>） 3.2 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8D%87" title="公升">L</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a>時液體密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.5625<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">171.6 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，-101.5 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，-150.7 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">239.11 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，-34.04 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，-29.27 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">臨界點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">416.9 K，7.991 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(Cl2) 6.406 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(Cl2) 20.41 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(Cl2) 33.949 J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>128 </td> <td>139 </td> <td>153 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>197 </td> <td>239 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1 （强<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="酸性">酸性</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3.16（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：1251.2 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：2298 kJ·mol−1 第三：3822 kJ·mol−1 （<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A8" title="电离能表">更多</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">102±4 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="范德华半径">范德华半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">175 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>氯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="正交晶系">正交</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="抗磁性">抗磁性</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）> 10  Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">8.9×10-3  W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">(氯气, 0 °C) 206 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7782-50-5">7782-50-5</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#008000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_chlorine_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox chlorine isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_chlorine_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox chlorine isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_chlorine_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox chlorine isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氯的同位素">氯的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">35Cl </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">75.8% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定</a>，帶18粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">36Cl </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">3.013×105 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.709 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AC-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氬-36（页面不存在）">36Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">1.142 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AB-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硫-36（页面不存在）">36S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">37Cl </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">24.2% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶20粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 氯（英語：Chlorine），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Cl，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为17，属于鹵族（即周期系ⅦA族）。氯是第二輕的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>，处于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>之間，因此氯的非金属性介于它们之间。氯在室溫下是一种有强烈刺激性气味的黃綠色有毒氣體，液化后变为黄色油状液体。它是反應性極強的元素和強<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化劑">氧化劑</a>。氯的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A6%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="電子親和力">電子親和力</a>在所有元素中最高，且是鲍林<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%B2%A0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電負度">電負度</a>中第三高<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a>的元素，僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>和氟。 從遠古時期，人們就知道一种含氯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="氯化鈉">氯化鈉</a>（食用鹽的主要成分）。1630年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氯氣">氯氣</a>在一次偶然的实验中首次被合成出來，但並不被当时的人们認為是一种重要的物質。1774年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡爾·威廉·舍勒</a>寫了一篇關於氯氣的描述，推測它是新元素的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>。1809年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克">约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94" title="路易·雅克·泰纳尔">路易·雅克·泰纳尔</a>認為這种氣體是一种新的化学元素，而这个假设由英国化学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">漢弗里·戴維</a>在1810年证实。他以该种气体的颜色“淡绿色”（古希臘文：χλωρός、羅馬文：khlôros）为之命名。 因為氯很活泼，所以地殼中所有的氯皆以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="氯离子">氯離子</a>化合物的形式存在，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="食鹽">食鹽</a>。氯是含量第二多的鹵素（仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>元素），也是地殼中含量排名第二十多的元素（0.031%）。但這些地殼中氯沉積物與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4" title="海水">海水</a>中氯化物含量相比則相形見絀。 商業生產的氯是通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="電解">電解</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%B9%BD%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="食鹽水">食鹽水</a>而得。家用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="漂白水">漂白剂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒劑">消毒劑</a>以及工業用的一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%95%E5%89%82" title="化学试剂">化學試劑</a>的開發乃是得利於氯的高氧化電位性質。氯廣泛運用于製造消費者產品，包括三分之二的有機化學品像是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯">聚氯乙烯</a>、許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="塑膠">塑膠製品</a>的中間產物和其他沒有包含氯元素的終端產品。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3%E6%B1%A0" title="游泳池">游泳池</a>经常使用含氯化合物以維持水池乾淨和衛生。高濃度的氯元素對生物體來說是極度危險和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="有毒">有毒</a>的，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>曾使用氯氣作為第一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學戰">化學戰</a>劑。 各種生物都需要以氯離子形式存在的氯。其他形式的含氯化合物在生物體中則很少存在，人造的含氯化合物有些具有毒性、有些則無。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="高層大氣物理學">高層大氣</a>中以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%9F%E7%83%83" title="氯氟烃">氯氟烃</a>为代表的含氯有机分子是造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="臭氧層">臭氧層</a>耗損的元凶。<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="嗜中性球">嗜中性球</a>把氯离子氧化成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="次氯酸盐">次氯酸鹽</a>时会產生少量氯元素，其可作為生物體免疫對抗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>的一部分。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> 最常见的氯化合物——氯化钠在古代就已知。考古学家发现的证据表明，早在公元前3000年，人类就已经开始使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="岩盐">岩盐</a>，早在公元前6000年已经开始使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F)" title="卤水 (水域)">卤水</a>。<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>它在食物中的重要性在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a>是众所周知的，有时用作支付罗马将军和军事看守所服务的费用。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期发现">早期发现</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：早期发现">编辑</a>]</div> 约 900年时，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94" title="贾比尔">贾比尔</a>和波斯医师兼炼金术士<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齐">拉齐</a>正在研究<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sal_ammoniac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sal ammoniac（页面不存在）">sal ammoniac</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sal_ammoniac" class="extiw" title="en:sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a>）（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%B5" title="氯化铵">氯化铵</a>），当它与<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitriol（页面不存在）">Vitriol</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitriol" class="extiw" title="en:Vitriol">Vitriol</a>）（各种金属<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="硫酸盐">硫酸盐</a>的水合物）混合时，会产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">氯化氢</a>。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>然而，在这些早期的氯化物实验中，气态产物似乎被丢弃了，在发现它可以用于化学用途之前，氯化氢可能已经被合成了很多次。<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>氯的一个重要的发展是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9F%E8%B4%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拟贾比尔（页面不存在）">拟贾比尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pseudo-Geber" class="extiw" title="en:pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a>）的发现。他把氯化铵和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>混合，得到一种可以溶解金的溶剂，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>。<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>虽然王水是不稳定的混合物，会持续散发含有氯气的烟雾，但它们在之前一直被忽视。直到1630年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" title="扬·巴普蒂斯塔·范·海尔蒙特">扬·巴普蒂斯塔·范·海尔蒙特</a>才发现到它是一种气态物质。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood789-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分离">分离</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：分离">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg/140px-PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg/210px-PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg/280px-PSM_V31_D740_Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡尔·威廉·舍勒</a>，氯的发现者</figcaption></figure> 氯于1774年首次由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡尔·威廉·舍勒</a>研究。这个发现归功于他。<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-krogt-11">[10]</a>他通过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%94%B0" title="二氧化锰">MnO2</a>（以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%94%B0%E7%9F%BF" title="软锰矿">软锰矿</a>的形式）和HCl的反应生成氯气：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood789-8">[8]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {4HCl + MnO2 -> MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>MnO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>MnCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {4HCl + MnO2 -> MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/682c6343e9322fce6ff7999635932c4934d1428b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:41.857ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {4HCl + MnO2 -> MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2}}}"></dd></dl> 舍勒观察到了氯气的一些性质：漂白<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%95%8A" title="石蕊">石蕊</a>，杀死昆虫，黄绿色，气味像<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood792-12">[11]</a>他把氯气称为「脱燃素的盐酸气」，因为它是源于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>的气体。<a href="#cite_note-krogt-11">[10]</a>他未能将氯确认为一种元素。<a href="#cite_note-krogt-11">[10]</a> 当时认为酸中一定有氧，所以很多化学家，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="克劳德·贝托莱">克劳德·贝托莱</a>都认为舍勒的「脱燃素的盐酸气」肯定是氧和未知元素muriaticum的化合物。<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-14">[13]</a> 1809年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E7%9B%96-%E5%90%95%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克">约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94" title="路易·雅克·泰纳尔">路易·雅克·泰纳尔</a>尝试分解「脱燃素的盐酸气」。他们把碳和「脱燃素的盐酸气」反应，试图得到muriaticum（和二氧化碳）。<a href="#cite_note-krogt-11">[10]</a>他们没有成功并发表了一份报告，其中他们考虑了「脱燃素的盐酸气」是一种元素的可能性，但没有被说服。<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> 1810年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a>重试了这个实验，并确认这种物质是一种元素，不是化合物。<a href="#cite_note-krogt-11">[10]</a>同年11月15日，他向皇家学会宣布了他的结果。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood789-8">[8]</a>当时，他把这种元素称为chlorine。这个词来源于希腊文χλωρος（chlōros），意为“黄绿色”，即氯气的颜色。<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a>1823年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%AB%98%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="米高·法拉第">迈克尔·法拉第</a>首次取得液氯。<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="之后的用处">之后的用处</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：之后的用处">编辑</a>]</div> 1785年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="克劳德·贝托莱">克劳德·贝托莱</a>发现氯气可以漂白布料。<a href="#cite_note-encyc-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-21">[20]</a>现在的漂白剂都是贝托莱的进一步工作。1789年，他在自己位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%BC%97%E5%B0%94-%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E9%9B%AA%E9%93%81%E9%BE%99%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="雅弗尔-安德烈·雪铁龙站">雅弗尔</a>（现在是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>的一部分）的实验室里，通过氯气通过碳酸钠溶液首次合成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" title="次氯酸鈉">次氯酸钠</a>。反应得到的液体被称为“Eau de Javel”（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%91" title="漂白劑">雅弗尔水</a>），为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" title="次氯酸鈉">次氯酸钠</a>的溶液。这个过程不是很有效，并且人们都在寻求替代生产方法。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Tennant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Tennant（页面不存在）">Charles Tennant</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tennant" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Tennant">Charles Tennant</a>）首先生产了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%99" title="次氯酸钙">次氯酸钙</a>（氯化石灰）溶液，然后是固体次氯酸钙（漂白粉）。<a href="#cite_note-encyc-20">[19]</a>这些化合物产生的氯含量低，并且可以比次氯酸钠更有效地运输。它们仍为稀溶液，因为当经过提纯以消除水时，它会成为一种危险、强大且不稳定的氧化剂。在19世纪末，E. S. Smith 获得了一种次氯酸钠生产方法的专利。这个方法涉及电解<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F)" title="卤水 (水域)">卤水</a>以生产<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>和氯气，然后混合形成次氯酸钠。<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a>这被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A2%B1%E6%B3%95" title="氯碱法">氯碱法</a>，于1892年首次以工业规模引入，现在是大部分氯气和氢氧化钠的来源。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-23">[22]</a>1884年，德国的Chemischen Fabrik Griesheim开发了另一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A2%B1%E6%B3%95" title="氯碱法">氯碱法</a>，并于1888年进入商业生产。<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> 1820年代，早在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的细菌学说（页面不存在）">疾病的细菌学说</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>）建立前，法国最初用溶于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1" title="碱">碱</a>的氯溶液（次氯酸钠和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%99" title="次氯酸钙">次氯酸钙</a>）来作为抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="屍體腐敗">尸体腐败</a>剂和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒剂">消毒剂</a>。这种做法是由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine-Germain_Labarraque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine-Germain Labarraque（页面不存在）">Antoine-Germain Labarraque</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Germain_Labarraque" class="extiw" title="en:Antoine-Germain Labarraque">Antoine-Germain Labarraque</a>）开创的，他改编了贝托莱的“雅弗尔水”漂白剂和其他氯的制备方法。<a href="#cite_note-bouvet-25">[24]</a>自那以后，氯元素在局部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E8%97%A5%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒藥水">消毒</a>（伤口冲洗液等）和公共卫生，尤其是游泳和饮用水方面持续发挥作用。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood792-12">[11]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94" title="伊珀尔">伊珀尔</a>，氯气于1915年4月22日首次被<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國陸軍">德意志帝国陆军</a>用作武器。<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>氯这个武器对盟友的影响是毁灭性的，因为当时的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%AF%92%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="防毒面具">防毒面具</a>难以部署，且没有广泛使用。<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名稱由來">名稱由來</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：名稱由來">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>名稱chlorine來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>khlôros（χλωρóς'，淡<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="綠">綠</a>色）。19世纪70年代，中国化学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%AF%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="徐寿">徐寿</a>将其译为绿气。1933年，化学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E8%B4%9E%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="郑贞文">郑贞文</a>在《化学命名原则》中把这个字改为了“氯”。<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韓文">韓文</a>中，因為氯是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="食鹽">鹽</a>的主要成分之一而稱為「鹽素」（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="日本漢字">日本漢字</a>現在寫作「塩素」）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="自然分布">自然分布</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：自然分布">编辑</a>]</div> 氯气的活性太高，不会在天然中存在。不过氯化物在自然界广泛存在。它是地壳第21多的元素，占了 126 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百萬分率">ppm</a>，大部分以氯化物矿物存在，尤其是从水体蒸发来的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氯化钠">氯化钠</a>。与海水中氯离子的储量相比，所有这些都相形见绌：高浓度的氯离子在一些内海和地下<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F)" title="卤水 (水域)">卤水</a>井中，如犹他州的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%90%E6%B9%96" title="大盐湖">大盐湖</a>和以色列的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7" title="死海">死海</a>可以找到。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood795-31">[30]</a> 自然界中游离状态的氯存在於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣層">大氣層</a>中，是破壞<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="臭氧層">臭氧層</a>的单质之一。氯氣受紫外線分解成兩個氯原子（自由基）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生产">生产</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：生产">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A2%B1%E6%B3%95" title="氯碱法">氯碱法</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="氯气生产">氯气生产</a></div> 实验室中可以通过盐酸和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%94%B0" title="二氧化锰">二氧化锰</a>反应取得少量氯气，但由于这些氯气随时可用，因此很少出现这种需求。在工业上，氯通常是通过电解溶解在水中的氯化钠来生产的。这个方法被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A2%B1%E6%B3%95" title="氯碱法">氯碱法</a>，在 1892年工业化，现在是提供大部分工业氯气的方法。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-23">[22]</a>这个反应也会生成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氢气">氢气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>。这个反应如下：<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>NaCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/234c3ada4ea71c43f8ec6948e73a58a79c01b6ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.735ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH}}}"></dd></dl> 氯化物溶液的电解均按照以下方程式进行： <dl><dd>阴极：2 H2O + 2 e− → H2 + 2 OH−</dd> <dd>阳极：2 Cl− → Cl2 + 2 e−</dd></dl> 在隔膜电解槽电解中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>（或聚合物纤维）隔膜将阴极和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E6%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="阳极">阳极</a>隔开，防止在阳极生成的氯与在阴极生成的氢氧化钠和氢重新混合。<a href="#cite_note-Euro_Chlor3-33">[32]</a>盐水溶液被连续送入阳极室，并通过隔膜流到阴极室，在那里产生<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="腐蚀性">腐蚀性</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1" title="碱">碱</a>并耗掉部分盐水。隔膜法产生的碱是略为不纯的稀碱，但没有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>处理的问题，而且更节能。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood798-23">[22]</a> 隔膜电解槽电解采用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%80%8F%E8%86%9C" title="半透膜">半透膜</a>作为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="離子交換">离子交换</a>剂。饱和的氯化钠（或氯化钾）溶液通过阳极室，以较低的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6" title="浓度">浓度</a>离开。这种方法也能生产非常纯的氢氧化钠（或氢氧化钾），但缺点是需要高浓度的非常纯的盐水。<a href="#cite_note-Euro_Chlor4-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloralkali_membrane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chloralkali_membrane.svg/610px-Chloralkali_membrane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chloralkali_membrane.svg/915px-Chloralkali_membrane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chloralkali_membrane.svg/1220px-Chloralkali_membrane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>用于氯碱法生产的隔膜电解槽</figcaption></figure> 在<a href="/w/index.php?title=Deacon%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deacon法（页面不存在）">Deacon法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon_process" class="extiw" title="en:Deacon process">Deacon process</a>）中，氯化氢被氧气氧化，生成氯气： <dl><dd>4 HCl + O2 → 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> 该反应需要催化剂。正如Deacon介绍的那样，早期的催化剂是基于铜的。现在已转向使用铬基和钌基催化剂。<a href="#cite_note-chlorine-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="性质">性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：性质">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/220px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/330px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/440px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption>在室温下 7.4 巴的压力下液化的氯单质，展示在嵌入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="亚克力">亚克力</a>玻璃的石英安瓿中。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg/220px-Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg/330px-Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg/440px-Die_chemischen_elemente_cl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>−150 °C 下的固态氯</figcaption></figure> 氯是鹵素的第二個元素，在元素週期表中為第17族，因此它的特性與氟、溴和碘很相似，它的大部分特性介於氟與溴之間。氯的電子軌域組態為[Ne]3s23p5，在第三以及最外層軌域的電子有七個，其表現為七個價電子，如同所有的鹵素，氯也比完整的八隅體少了一個電子，因此為很強的氧化劑，會與許多元素反應以使它的外層軌域變得完整。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a>對應於週期表的位置，氯的電負度介於氟與溴之間（氟：3.98、氯：3.16、溴：2.96、碘：2.66），活性比氟低，但比溴活躍，氯和氟相比為較弱的氧化劑，和溴相比則為較強的氧化劑。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a>因為氯的原子半徑介於氟與溴之間，因此氯的許多原子特性延續了碘至溴的趨勢，例如第一游離能、電子親和力、X2的分子解離焓（X為氯、溴、碘）、離子半徑以及X和X之間的鍵長度。（氟因為較小所以較為特異）。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a> 四個較穩定的鹵素皆受分子間凡得瓦爾力的吸引，且凡得瓦爾力的強度會隨著同核雙原子分子電子的數目而增加，因此氯的融點與沸點介於氟與溴之間，氯的融點為−101.0 °C且沸點為−34.0 °C，由於鹵素越往週期表下方分子量越高，氯的熔化熱和氣化熱也介於氟和溴之間，由于雙原子分子結構的原因，它們的氣化熱相當的低（造成較易揮發）。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a>鹵素一族越往下顏色越深，氟是淡黃色氣體，氯是明顯的黃綠色，會有這樣的趨勢是因為鹵素越往週期表下方所吸收的可見光波長增加所致。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a>當電子由最高佔有反鍵結πg分子軌域躍遷至最低反鍵結σu分子軌域時便會形成鹵素的顏色。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-37">[36]</a>這些顏色會在較低溫下退色，因此在−195 °C固態的氯是幾近無色的。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a> 像固態的溴以及碘、固態的氯在斜方晶系的結晶為氯分子的層狀晶格，它的化學鍵距離是198 pm（相當接近氯氣化學鍵的距離199 pm）且在一層中氯分子與分子的距離為332 pm，而層與層之間的距離是382 pm（相較於氯的凡得瓦爾半徑為180 pm），這結構表示氯是很差的導電體，實際上氯的導電度也確實極低而無法測量。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素">同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氯的同位素">氯的同位素</a></div> 氯有兩個穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>：氯-35和氯-37。這兩個同位素是氯在大自然中唯二存在的形式，其中氯-35佔了76%，而氯-37則佔了剩下的24%，這兩個同位素是由恆星經<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃燒過程</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a>而形成<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-38">[37]</a>。雖然核自旋幅度大於1/2會造成非球型核電荷分布，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="共振 (化学)">共振</a>變廣而造成非零值核四極矩與四極性遲緩，但兩個同位素皆有核自旋3/2+，因此可用在核磁共振光譜。其他氯的同位素皆具放射性，且<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>極短而無法存在自然界中，因此，最常用於實驗室的是氯-36（半衰期為3×105年）和氯-38（半衰期為37.2分鐘），氯-36和氯-38可藉由自然界中氯的中子活化而製成。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood800-36">[35]</a> 氯最穩定的放射性同位素為氯-36，比氯-35還輕的同位素主要的衰變模式是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">電子捕獲</a>而變成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>的同位素，比氯-37還重的同位素會經<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {\beta}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {\beta}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ae67c3d3caedc9c832f595aed70011aba7d4d34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {\beta}}}">衰變形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬</a>的同位素，而氯-36會衰變成穩定的硫-36或氬-36。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-39">[38]</a>作為宇宙源放射性同位素核種，氯-36存在於自然界的量與穩定的氯同位素相比，比例約為7× 10−13–1×10−12比1。它是由氬-36接觸宇宙射線中的質子作用後散裂於大氣中而產生。在岩石圈的頂部，氯-36主要是透過氯-35的熱中子活化以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉀的同位素">鉀-39</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3-40" class="mw-redirect" title="鈣-40">鈣-40</a>的散裂所產生。在地底下的環境，鈣-40會抓住<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="緲子">緲子</a>而產生氯-36，此種方式對於產生氯-36變得越來越重要。<a href="#cite_note-Zreda-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化学性质">化学性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：化学性质">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:1em; text-align:center; font-size:10pt; line-height:11pt; width:25%;"> <caption style="margin-bottom: 5px;">卤素键键能 (kJ/mol)<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-37">[36]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>X </th> <th>XX </th> <th>HX </th> <th>BX3 </th> <th>AlX3 </th> <th>CX4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td>159 </td> <td>574 </td> <td>645 </td> <td>582 </td> <td>456 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cl </th> <td>243 </td> <td>428 </td> <td>444 </td> <td>427 </td> <td>327 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Br </th> <td>193 </td> <td>363 </td> <td>368 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td>151 </td> <td>294 </td> <td>272 </td> <td>285 </td> <td>239 </td></tr></tbody></table> 氯的反应性在氟和溴之间，也是反应性最高的元素之一。氯的氧化性比氟弱，但比溴和碘强。这可以从卤素X2/X−的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF" title="标准电极电势">标准电极电势</a>中观察到（F +2.866 V、Cl +1.395 V、Br +1.087 V、I +0.615 V、At约为+0.3 V）。不过，这个趋势不存在于卤素单质的X-X键键强，因为氟原子很小、低极化性、也不能形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BB%B7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="超价分子">超价分子</a>。作为比较，氯的正氧化态很常见，而氟不是这样的。氯化可以得到比溴化和碘化更高的氧化态，但这比氟化得到的氧化态低。氯可以和含有M–M、M–H、M–C键的物质反应，形成M–Cl键。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood804-37">[36]</a> 由于𝐸ᶱ (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72900767">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{border-top:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1/2O2/H2O) = +1.229 V，小于氯的 +1.395 V，因此氯被认为可以氧化水，形成盐酸和氧气。但是，这个反应在动力学不利，且需要考虑气泡<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%94%B5%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="过电位">过电位</a>的效应。因此，氯化物水溶液的电解会产生氯气而不是氧气，对氯气的工业生产非常有用。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood853-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化合物">化合物</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯化合物（页面不存在）">氯化合物</a></div> 氯可以形成多种无机化合物，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯化物">氯化物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="次氯酸盐">次氯酸盐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="亚氯酸盐">亚氯酸盐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="氯酸盐">氯酸盐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="高氯酸盐">高氯酸盐</a>等，也能形成众多有机化合物，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">有机氯化合物</a>包括各种氯代烃（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="三氯甲烷">三氯甲烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF" title="氯苯">氯苯</a>等）、羧酸衍生物<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" title="酰氯">酰氯</a>等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯化氢">氯化氢</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：氯化氢">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">氯化氢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCl_Neutron_powder.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DCl_Neutron_powder.png/220px-DCl_Neutron_powder.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DCl_Neutron_powder.png/330px-DCl_Neutron_powder.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/DCl_Neutron_powder.png/440px-DCl_Neutron_powder.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>固态氯化氘的结构，含有D···Cl氢键</figcaption></figure> 最简单的氯化合物是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">氯化氢</a>，化学式 HCl, 是工业和实验室中的主要化学品，常温下为气体，溶于水形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>。它可以由氢气在氯气里燃烧而成，也是氯化<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳氢化合物">碳氢化合物</a>产生的副产物。另外一种制备盐酸的方法是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">氯化氢</a>和浓<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8" title="硫酸">硫酸</a>反应：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood809-43">[42]</a> <dl><dd>NaCl + H2SO4 150 °C⟶  NaHSO4 + HCl</dd> <dd>NaCl + NaHSO4 540–600 °C⟶  Na2SO4 + HCl</dd></dl> 在实验室里，氯化氢可以由浓硫酸对盐酸脱水而成。氯化氘，化学式 DCl，可以由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="苯酰氯">苯酰氯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="重水">重水</a> (D2O)反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood809-43">[42]</a> 和除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氟化氢">氟化氢</a>以外的卤化氢一样，常温下的氯化氢是一种无色气体。氯化氢是气体的原因是氢不能和较大的氯原子形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氢键</a>。不过，低温下的氯化氢晶体里有弱氢键。这类似于氟化氢的结构，在温度升高时开始出现无序。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood809-43">[42]</a>盐酸是强酸（pKa = −7），这是由于氢键太弱，防止不了解离而成的。HCl/H2O 系统里有很多 HCl·nH2O 水合物，其中n = 1, 2, 3, 4和 6。在氯化氢和水的 1:1 混合物之后，该系统完全分离成两个独立的液相。盐酸会形成一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%B8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="共沸物">共沸物</a>，沸点 108.58 °C，在100g 溶液里有 20.22 g HCl。比这个更浓的盐酸不能通过蒸馏制备。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood812-44">[43]</a> 不像无水氟化氢，无水氯化氢难以作为溶剂，因为它的沸点低，液态范围小，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="相对电容率">相对电容率</a>低，不会自偶电离成H2Cl+和HCl− 2离子。后者类似于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2%E6%A0%B9" title="氟化氢根">氟化氢根</a>离子（HF− 2），其中氢与氯之间有极弱的氢键，对应的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs+</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E9%93%B5%E7%9B%90" title="季铵盐">NR+ 4</a>（R = <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="甲基">Me</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9F%BA" title="乙基">Et</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%81%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="正丁基">Bun</a>）盐可分离。无水氯化氢是一种弱溶剂，只能溶解像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" title="亚硝酰氯">亚硝酰氯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E9%85%9A" title="苯酚">苯酚</a>这样的小分子，或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E6%A0%BC%E8%83%BD" title="晶格能">晶格能</a>极低的四烷基卤化铵。它可以质子化含有孤对电子或π键的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E7%94%B5%E4%BD%93" title="亲电体">亲电体</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和溶剂反应（页面不存在）">和溶剂反应</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Solvolysis">Solvolysis</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="配体">配体</a>互换反应和氧化反应在氯化氢溶液中广泛存在：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood818-45">[44]</a> <dl><dd>Ph3SnCl + HCl ⟶ Ph2SnCl2 + PhH（和溶剂反应）</dd> <dd>Ph3COH + 3 HCl ⟶ Ph 3C+ HCl− 2 + H3O+Cl−（和溶剂反应）</dd> <dd>Me 4N+ HCl− 2 + BCl3 ⟶ Me 4N+ BCl− 4 + HCl（配体互换）</dd> <dd>PCl3 + Cl2 + HCl ⟶ PCl+ 4HCl− 2（氧化）</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其它二元氯化物">其它二元氯化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：其它二元氯化物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯化物">氯化物</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/220px-Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/330px-Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg/440px-Nickel%28II%29-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>水合<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%95%8D" title="氯化镍">氯化镍</a>，化学式 NiCl2(H2O)6.</figcaption></figure> 几乎所有元素都可以形成二元氯化物。不能形成二元氯化物的原因有三个：极度惰性，难以参与化学反应（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="稀有氣體">惰性气体</a>，会形成极不稳定的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%99" title="二氯化氙">XeCl2</a> 和 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%99" title="四氯化氙">XeCl4</a> 的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙</a>除外）；放射性极强，会在反应前衰变（大部分<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">铋</a>后元素）；以及电负性比氯大（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>），这时形成的化合物不叫氯化物，而是氧化物或氟化物。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-46">[45]</a> 在有可变氧化态的金属中，使用Cl2氯化金属会比使用Br2溴化金属得到的氧化态高。举个例子：钼分别被氯和溴卤化会分别得到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BC" title="五氯化钼">MoCl5</a> 和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BC" title="三溴化钼">MoBr3</a>。氯化物也可以由元素单质或它的氧化物、氢氧化物和碳酸盐和盐酸反应而成，然后在中高温下，通过低压或无水氯化氢气体结合来脱水。制备低<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a>氯化物可以由氢气或金属还原高价氯化物而成。它们也可以通过歧化反应或分解产生：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-46">[45]</a> <dl><dd>EuCl3 + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767">1/2 H2 ⟶ EuCl2 + HCl</dd> <dd>ReCl5 at "bp"⟶  ReCl3 + Cl2</dd> <dd>AuCl3 160 °C⟶  AuCl + Cl2</dd></dl> 大部分碱金属、碱土金属和3族元素，还有处于+2和+3氧化态的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="镧系元素">镧系元素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系元素">锕系元素</a>形成的氯化物是离子型的，而非金属还有氧化态大于+3的金属会形成共价分子型氯化物。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%B6" title="氯化银">氯化银</a>不溶于水，可以用来检测氯离子。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood821-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多氯化合物">多氯化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：多氯化合物">编辑</a>]</div> 虽然氯气是一种强氧化剂，有很高的电离能，在极端条件下它也可以被电离成 Cl+ 2 阳离子。它非常不稳定，只有在低压放电管中产生时才具有其电子带谱的特征。黄色的 Cl+ 3 阳离子比较稳定，可以通过下面的方法产生：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood842-47">[46]</a> <dl><dd>Cl2 + ClF + AsF5 −78 °C⟶  Cl+ 3AsF− 6</dd></dl> 该反应在氧化性溶剂<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%B7" title="五氟化砷">五氟化砷</a>中进行。三氯阴离子，化学式 Cl− 3也是已知的，结构类似<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A2%98%E9%98%B4%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="三碘阴离子">三碘阴离子</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯的氟化物">氯的氟化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：氯的氟化物">编辑</a>]</div> 氯有三种氟化物，都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="反磁性">反磁性</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="互卤化物">互卤化物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-48">[47]</a>一些离子衍生物也是已知的，例如 ClF− 2、ClF− 4、ClF+ 2和 Cl2F+。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood835-49">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="一氟化氯">一氟化氯</a>（ClF）在热力学稳定，可以以 500克钢瓶的形式商购。它是一种无色气体，熔点 −155.6 °C，沸点 −100.1 °C。它可以由氟和氯在 225 °C下直接反应而成，需要和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="三氟化氯">三氟化氯</a>和反应物分离。它的性质大多介于氟和氯之间。它会氟化很多金属和非金属，并放出氯。它也是一种氟氯化试剂，会把<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>氟氯化成碳酰氟氯（化学式 COFCl），在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BE" title="氟化钾">氟化钾</a>催化下和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="六氟丙酮">六氟丙酮</a>（化学式 (CF3)2CO）反应成次氯酸七氟异丙酯，化学式 (CF3)2CFOCl。一氟化氯也会和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%88" title="腈">腈</a> RCN 反应，形成 RCF2NCl2。它也和硫氧化物SO2和SO3反应，分别形成ClSO2F和ClOSO2F。它会和含有–OH 和–NH 基团的物质（像是水和氨）激烈反应。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood824-48">[47]</a> <dl><dd>H2O + 2 ClF ⟶ 2 HF + Cl2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="三氟化氯">三氟化氯</a>（ClF3）是挥发性的无色液体，熔点−76.3 °C ，沸点11.8 °C。它可以由氟气和一氟化氯在200–300 °C下反应而成。它是已知最活泼的物质之一，会与许多在通常情况下被认为具有化学惰性的物质发生反应，像是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>、混凝土和沙。它会和很多有机物和水反应，发生爆炸。它可以点燃很多元素，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">锑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>，还有粉末状的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">钼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">钨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">铑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">铱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>。它和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">钠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">锡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">银</a>反应会形成不透水的氟化物层，可以通过加热去除。当加热时，<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">钯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">铂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="抗腐蚀金属">抗腐蚀金属</a>都会与它反应，连<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="稀有氣體">惰性气体</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>都逃脱不了氟化。<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">镍</a>容器通常用来储存三氟化氯，因为它会形成活性低的氟化镍保护层。它和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="肼">肼</a>反应，形成氟化氢、氯气和氮气，可用于实验火箭发动机，但问题主要源于其极端的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E8%87%AA%E7%87%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="燃料自燃性（页面不存在）">燃料自燃性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" class="extiw" title="en:Hypergolic propellant">Hypergolic_propellant</a>），导致点火没有任何可测量的延迟。今天，三氟化氯主要用于核燃料，把<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>氟化成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%88%BE" title="六氟化鈾">六氟化铀</a>来得到浓缩铀和分离<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">钚</a>。它也是一种氟离子供体或受体，虽然它不会电离成 ClF+ 2 和ClF− 4 离子。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood828-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="五氟化氯">五氟化氯</a>（ClF5）可以由氯和大量<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E6%B0%94" title="氟气">氟气</a>在350 °C和250个大气压下反应而成。它的熔点为−103 °C，沸点为−13.1 °C。它是非常强的氟化剂，但比三氟化氯弱。它和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%B7" title="五氟化砷">五氟化砷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%94%91" title="五氟化锑">五氟化锑</a>反应，形成离子型加合物[ClF4]+[MF6]−（M = As, Sb）。五氟化氯与水剧烈反应：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood832-51">[50]</a> <dl><dd>2 H2O + ClF5 ⟶ 4 HF + FClO2</dd></dl> 产物<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%9F" title="氯酰氟">氯酰氟</a>是五种已知的氟氧化氯之一，其它四种分别是热力学不稳定的FClO、活性不太高的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%9F" title="高氯酰氟">高氯酰氟</a>FClO3、F3ClO和F3ClO2。它们的性质类似于氯的氟化物，也是非常强的氧化剂和氟化剂。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood875-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯的氧化物">氯的氧化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：氯的氧化物">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_dioxide_gas_and_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chlorine_dioxide_gas_and_solution.jpg/220px-Chlorine_dioxide_gas_and_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Chlorine_dioxide_gas_and_solution.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>黄色的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="二氧化氯">二氧化氯</a>（ClO2）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png/220px-Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png/330px-Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png/440px-Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="七氧化二氯">七氧化二氯</a>，化学式Cl2O7，是最稳定的氯的氧化物的结构</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯的氧化物">氯的氧化物</a>尽管不稳定（它们都是吸热化合物），但已得到充分研究。它们很重要，因为它们是在氯氟烃在高层大气中进行光解并导致臭氧层破坏时产生的。它们都不能由氯和氧直接反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="一氧化二氯">一氧化二氯</a> (Cl2O) 是一种棕黄色气体，可以由氯气和黄色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B1%9E" title="氧化汞">氧化汞</a>反应而成。它易溶于水，会和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">次氯酸</a> (HOCl)形成平衡。它是一种有效的漂白剂，可以制备<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="次氯酸盐">次氯酸盐</a>。它在加热、火花或存在氨气时爆炸。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="二氧化氯">二氧化氯</a> (ClO2) 是第一种被发现的氯的氧化物，于 1811年由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a>发现。它是一种顺磁性的黄色液体，有奇数颗电子。由于未配对电子的离域，它不会二聚。它在 −40 °C 以上爆炸，因此用于木浆漂白和水处理的二氧化氯必须是低浓度的。它通常以还原<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="氯酸盐">氯酸盐</a>的方法制备：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <dl><dd>ClO− 3 + Cl− + 2 H+ ⟶ ClO2 + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r72900767">1/2 Cl2 + H2O</dd></dl> 因此，其生产与氯含氧酸的氧化还原反应密切相关。它是一种强氧化剂，会和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="卤化磷">卤化磷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BE" title="硼氢化钾">硼氢化钾</a>反应。它在水中放热溶解，形成深绿色溶液，在黑暗中非常缓慢地分解。不过在光照下，这个溶液会迅速分解成盐酸和氯酸。单独的ClO2分子的光解会产生ClO和ClOO自由基，在室温下会产生氯、氧，还有一些ClO3和Cl2O6。Cl2O3可以通过在−78 °C光解二氧化氯固体而成。它是一种深棕色固体，在0 °C以下爆炸。ClO自由基可通过以下反应，破坏大气中的臭氧：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <dl><dd>Cl• + O3 ⟶ ClO• + O2</dd> <dd>ClO• + O• ⟶ Cl• + O2</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%AF" title="高氯酸氯">高氯酸氯</a> (ClOClO3) 是一种浅黄色液体，稳定性比 ClO2低，在室温下分解成氯、氧和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="六氧化二氯">六氧化二氯</a> (Cl2O6)。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a>高氯酸氯可以看作是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="高氯酸">高氯酸</a> (HOClO3)的氯衍生物，类似于其它含氧酸不稳定的氯衍生物如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%AF" title="硝酸氯">硝酸氯</a>（ClONO2，高反应性和爆炸性）和氟磺酸氯（ClOSO2F，比较稳定，不过还是高反应性和易水解）。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood883-54">[53]</a>六氧化二氯是一种深红色液体，在 −180 °C下为黄色固体。它可以由二氧化氯和氧气反应而成。比起是 ClO3的二聚体，它的结构更像是 [ClO2]+[ClO4]−。它水解成氯酸和高氯酸，而与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氟化氢">氟化氢</a>的反应不完全。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="七氧化二氯">七氧化二氯</a>（Cl2O7）是<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="高氯酸">高氯酸</a>（HClO4）的酸酐，可以由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">磷酸</a>在−10 °C 下对高氯酸进行脱水，并在 −35 °C 和1 mmHg下蒸馏而成。它是一种对冲击敏感的无色油状液体。它是氯的氧化物中反应性最低的，也是唯一一种不会让有机物在室温下着火的氯的氧化物。它可溶于水，形成高氯酸或溶于碱水溶液，形成高氯酸盐。不过，通过弄断其中一个中心Cl–O键，七氧化二氯会爆炸性热分解成 ClO3和ClO4自由基，然后迅速分解成氯气和氧气。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐">氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：氯含氧酸和含氧酸盐">编辑</a>]</div> 氯有四种含氧酸，分别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">次氯酸</a>（HOCl）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="亚氯酸">亚氯酸</a>（HOClO）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="氯酸">氯酸</a>（HOClO2）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="高氯酸">高氯酸</a>（HOClO3） 大多数氯的含氧酸可以通过歧化反应来生产。次氯酸 (HOCl) 具有高反应性且非常不稳定，它的盐——次氯酸盐主要用于漂白和杀菌。它们都是很强的氧化剂，会向无机分子放出一个氧原子。亚氯酸 (HOClO)更不稳定，不能在不分解的情况下分离或浓缩，从二氧化氯水溶液的分解中可知。不过，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="亚氯酸钠">亚氯酸钠</a>是一种稳定的盐，可用于漂白和剥离纺织品，也是一种氧化剂和二氧化氯的前体。氯酸 (HOClO2)是一种强酸，30% 浓度的氯酸在冷水稳定，但加热时会分解成氯和二氧化氯。减压蒸发可以使氯酸进一步浓缩至约 40%，但随后分解为高氯酸、氯气、氧气、水和二氧化氯。最重要的氯酸盐是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="氯酸钠">氯酸钠</a>，多用于制造二氧化氯以漂白纸浆。实验室里，从氯酸盐分解成氯化物和氧气的反应可以用来得到少量的氧气。氯化物和氯酸盐可以归中产生氯气：<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood856-55">[54]</a> <dl><dd>ClO− 3 + 5 Cl− + 6 H+ ⟶ 3 Cl2 + 3 H2O</dd></dl> 高氯酸盐和高氯酸 (HOClO3) 是氯最稳定的含氧化合物。高氯酸和高氯酸盐的水溶液在加热时是强氧化剂，这与它们在室温下大多不活泼的性质形成鲜明对比，因为这些反应出于动力学原因具有高活化能。高氯酸盐是通过氧化电解氯酸钠制成的，而高氯酸可以由<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="高氯酸钠">高氯酸钠</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A1" title="高氯酸钡">高氯酸钡</a>和浓盐酸反应，然后滤去沉淀的氯化物。无水高氯酸是一种无色可流动液体，对震动敏感，与大多数有机化合物接触会爆炸，使<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="碘化氢">碘化氢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亚硫酰氯">亚硫酰氯</a>着火，甚至氧化银和金。虽然高氯酸根是一种很弱的配体，比水还弱，但一些含有ClO− 4 配体的物质是已知的。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood856-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有机氯化合物">有机氯化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：有机氯化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">有机氯化合物</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png/500px-Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png/750px-Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png/1000px-Phosphorus_pentachloride_mechanism.png 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>五氯化磷把羧酸氯化成<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" title="酰氯">酰氯</a>的机理</figcaption></figure> 类似其它碳-卤键， C–Cl 键是一种常见的键，组成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a>核心的一部分。具有该官能团的化合物可视为氯离子的有机衍生物。由于氯 (3.16) 和碳 (2.55) 之间的电负性不同，C-Cl 键中的碳是缺电子的，因此有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E7%94%B5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="亲电性">亲电性</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96" title="氯化">氯化</a>以多种方式改变碳氢化合物的物理性质：有机氯化合物通常比<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>重，这是由于氯的原子量大导致的。此外，脂肪族<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">有机氯化合物</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="烷基化">烷基化</a>试剂，因为氯是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%8E%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="离去基团">离去基团</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E7%83%83" title="烷烃">烷烃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E7%83%83" class="mw-redirect" title="芳烃">芳烃</a>可以在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA" title="自由基">自由基</a>下（紫外线照射）被氯化。然而，氯化程度难以控制：该反应不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%80%A7" title="区域选择性">区域选择性</a>的，并且经常合成具有不同氯化程度的各种异构体的混合物。如果产物容易分离，这可能是被允许的。氯代芳烃可以由和氯气的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85-%E5%85%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="傅-克反应">傅-克反应</a>制备而成，催化剂为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯酸">路易斯酸</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-56">[55]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E4%BB%BF%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="卤仿反应">卤仿反应</a>使用氯和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>，也能够从甲基酮和相关化合物中生成卤代烷。氯可以加成到双键或三键上，形成二氯化物和四氯化物。然而，由于氯的费用和反应性，有机氯化合物更常使用氯化氢，或是其它氯化剂，像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="五氯化磷">五氯化磷</a> (PCl5) 和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9A%E7%A0%9C" title="氯化亚砜">氯化亚砜</a> (SOCl2)。使用氯化亚砜在实验室中非常方便，因为反应中所有副产物都是气态的，不必蒸馏出来。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-56">[55]</a> 许多有机氯化合物已从从细菌到人类的天然来源中分离出来。<a href="#cite_note-Gribble-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gribble99-58">[57]</a>有机氯化合物几乎存在于每一类生物分子中，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼">生物碱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%9C%E7%83%AF" title="萜烯">萜烯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%85%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="黄酮类化合物">黄酮类化合物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="类固醇">类固醇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Gribble-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%81%B6%E8%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="二恶英">二恶英</a>在内的有机氯化合物是在森林火灾的高温环境中产生的，并且在比合成二恶英更早发生的闪电燃烧的灰烬中发现了二恶英。<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>此外，人们已从海藻中分离出多种简单的氯代烃，包括二氯甲烷、氯仿和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="四氯化碳">四氯化碳</a>。<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>环境中的大部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="氯甲烷">氯甲烷</a>是由生物分解、森林火灾和火山自然产生的。<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> 一些有机氯化合物对动植物，包括人类都有毒。二恶英是有机物在氯存在下燃烧时产生的，而一些杀虫剂（如<a href="/wiki/DDT" class="mw-redirect" title="DDT">DDT</a>）是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E4%B9%85%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E7%89%A9" title="持久性有機污染物">持久性有机污染物</a>，当它们释放到环境中时会造成危险。举个例子，在 20 世纪中叶被广泛用于控制昆虫的 DDT也在食物链中积累，并导致某些鸟类的繁殖问题（例如蛋壳变薄）。<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%9F%E7%83%83" title="氯氟烃">氯氟烃</a>的 C-Cl 键易于均裂，在高层大气中会产生氯自由基，破坏臭氧层。因此，它已被淘汰。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood844-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途">用途</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：用途">编辑</a>]</div> 氯可以作为一种較便宜的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒劑">消毒劑</a>，一般的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3%E6%B1%A0" title="游泳池">游泳池</a>就常采用它来<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a>。但由於氯氣的水溶性較差、毒性較大、會放出特殊氣味，且容易产生有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="致癌">致癌</a>風險的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%A4%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="三卤甲烷">三鹵甲烷</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">有机氯化合物</a>，故中國、美國等國常改用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="二氧化氯">二氧化氯</a>（ClO2）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA" title="氯胺">氯胺</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7" title="臭氧">臭氧</a>等代替氯氣作為水的消毒劑。 除了用於消毒，氯氣也是一种重要的化工原料，用於制造<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="漂白粉">漂白粉</a>、制造<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E4%BB%A3%E7%83%83" class="mw-redirect" title="氯代烃">氯代烃</a>。也可以用于制造多种<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E8%8D%AF" title="农药">农药</a>、制造<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E4%BB%BF" title="氯仿">氯仿</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82" title="有机溶剂">有机溶剂</a>。此外氯氣還广泛用于造纸、纺织、有机合成、金属冶炼等行业，也有作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="化學武器">化學武器</a>的紀錄：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%A3%E5%BD%88" title="氯氣彈">氯氣彈</a>在1915年由德国陆军首次在军事用途上使用，对比利时境内伊普雷的英法联军，使用此武器，造成重大伤亡及战果。 氯化钠是最常见的氯化合物，是化学工业所需氯的主要来源。大约有 15000 种氯化合物可进行商业交易，包括氯代<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷">甲烷</a>、氯代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%83%B7" title="乙烷">乙烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="氯乙烯">氯乙烯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯">聚氯乙烯</a> (PVC)、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="三氯化铝">三氯化铝</a>等多种化合物。<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">钛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">锆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">铪</a>的氯化物是取得这些元素单质的中间体。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood792-12">[11]</a> 在生产的所有氯单质中，约 63% 用于制造有机化合物，18% 用于制造无机氯化合物。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1997798-64">[63]</a>商业上使用了大约 15000 种氯化合物。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1997793-65">[64]</a>剩下 19% 的氯则用于漂白剂和消毒产品。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood796-66">[65]</a>以产量计，最重要的有机氯化合物是<a href="/wiki/1,2-%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%B7" title="1,2-二氯乙烷">1,2-二氯乙烷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="氯乙烯">氯乙烯</a>，它们都是生产 <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯">PVC</a>的中间体。其它重要的有机氯化合物包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="氯甲烷">氯甲烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="二氯甲烷">二氯甲烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E4%BB%BF" title="氯仿">氯仿</a>、<a href="/wiki/1,1-%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="1,1-二氯乙烯">1,1-二氯乙烯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="三氯乙烯">三氯乙烯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="四氯乙烯">四氯乙烯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AF%E4%B8%99%E5%9F%BA%E6%B0%AF" title="烯丙基氯">烯丙基氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%AF%E4%B8%99%E7%83%B7" title="环氧氯丙烷">环氧氯丙烷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF" title="氯苯">氯苯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF" title="二氯苯">二氯苯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF" title="三氯苯">三氯苯</a>。主要的无机氯化合物包括 <a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BD%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="鹽酸">HCl</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">HClO</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="氯酸钠">NaClO3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="三氯化铝">AlCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="四氯化硅">SiCl4</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%94%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="四氯化锡">SnCl4</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="三氯化磷">PCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7" title="五氯化磷">PCl5</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="磷酰氯">POCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%B7" title="三氯化砷">AsCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%8A%BB" title="三氯化銻">SbCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%94%91" title="五氯化锑">SbCl5</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三氯化铋">BiCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E7%A1%AB" title="二氯化二硫">S2Cl2</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB" title="二氯化硫">SCl2</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9A%E7%A0%9C" title="氯化亚砜">SOCl2</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="三氟化氯">ClF3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%98" title="一氯化碘">ICl</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%98" title="三氯化碘">ICl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9B" title="三氯化钛">TiCl3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9B" title="四氯化钛">TiCl4</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BC" title="五氯化钼">MoCl5</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="三氯化铁">FeCl3</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%94%8C" title="氯化锌">ZnCl2</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood796-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卫生、消毒和防腐">卫生、消毒和防腐</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：卫生、消毒和防腐">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96" title="氯化">氯化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%91" title="漂白劑">漂白剂</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="对抗腐败">对抗腐败</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：对抗腐败">编辑</a>]</div> 在法国（和其他地方一样），<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%85%B8%E7%B7%9A" title="羊腸線">动物的肠</a>可被加工制成乐器的弦、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldbeater%E7%9A%84%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldbeater的皮肤（页面不存在）">Goldbeater的皮肤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbeater%27s_skin" class="extiw" title="en:Goldbeater's skin">Goldbeater's skin</a>）等产品。这是在“肠道工厂”中完成的，是一个很臭和不健康的过程。大约在 1820 年左右，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E6%BF%80%E5%8A%B1%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民族工业激励协会（页面不存在）">民族工业激励协会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27encouragement_pour_l%27industrie_nationale" class="extiw" title="en:Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale">Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale</a>）会对发现一种化学或机械方法来分离动物肠道的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%86%9C" title="腹膜">腹膜</a>而不会导致<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%E8%85%90%E6%95%97" title="屍體腐敗">尸体腐败</a>的人给出奖赏。<a href="#cite_note-nbu-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-knight-68">[67]</a>这个奖赏是由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87-%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安托万-日耳曼·拉巴拉克（页面不存在）">安托万-日耳曼·拉巴拉克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Germain_Labarraque" class="extiw" title="en:Antoine-Germain Labarraque">Antoine-Germain Labarraque</a>），一个 44岁的法国化学家和药剂师得到的。他发现贝托莱的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%91" title="漂白劑">雅弗尔水</a>”不仅破坏了动物组织分解的腐烂气味，而且还延缓了分解。<a href="#cite_note-knight-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-bouvet-25">[24]</a> 拉巴拉克的研究导致“肠道工厂”使用氯化物、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%99" title="次氯酸钙">次氯酸钙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" title="次氯酸鈉">次氯酸钠</a>。人们还发现这些化学品可用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%95%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="厕所">厕所</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a>、市场、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="屠宰场">屠宰场</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解剖剧院（页面不存在）">解剖剧院</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anatomical_theatre" class="extiw" title="en:anatomical theatre">anatomical theatre</a>）和太平间的常规<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a>和除臭。<a href="#cite_note-gedeon-69">[68]</a>这些化合物还在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="医院">医院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%80%E7%96%AB%E7%AB%99" title="检疫站">检疫站</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%89%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="监牢">监牢</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9D%E4%BB%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丝仓（页面不存在）">丝仓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnanery" class="extiw" title="en:Magnanery">Magnanery</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="马厩">马厩</a>、牛棚等方面取得了成功。它们也在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8B%E8%91%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="埋葬">埋葬</a>、<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E8%85%90" class="mw-redirect" title="防腐">防腐</a>、流行病爆发、发烧和牛的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%84%9A%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑脚病（页面不存在）">黑脚病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleg_(disease)" class="extiw" title="en:Blackleg (disease)">Blackleg (disease)</a>）中有益。<a href="#cite_note-nbu-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="公共卫生">公共卫生</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：公共卫生">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg/220px-Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg/330px-Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg/440px-Liquid_Pool_Chlorine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>泳池的氯</figcaption></figure> 1908 年，新泽西州<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%82" title="泽西市">泽西市</a>首次在美国饮用水中应用氯化法。<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>到了 1918 年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" title="美国财政部">美国财政部</a>呼吁对所有饮用水进行氯消毒。氯是目前用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%87%80%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="水净化">水净化</a>（例如在水处理厂）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒剂">消毒剂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E5%8A%91" title="漂白劑">漂白剂</a>中的重要化学品。现在，即使是小水源也经常被氯化。<a href="#cite_note-CRC-72">[71]</a> 氯通常以<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">次氯酸</a>的形式杀死饮用水供应和公共游泳池中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>和其他微生物。在大多数私人游泳池中，不会使用氯本身，而是使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" title="次氯酸鈉">次氯酸钠</a>，由氯和 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>反应而成，或是氯化三聚氰酸盐的固体片剂形成。在游泳池中使用氯的缺点是氯会与人类头发和皮肤中的蛋白质发生反应。与普遍的看法相反，游泳池里独特“氯气味”不是元素氯本身造成的，而是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="一氯胺">一氯胺</a>，一种由游离溶解氯与有机物质中的胺反应产生的化合物造成的。作为水中的消毒剂，氯的对<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>的作用是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>的三倍以上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>的六倍以上。<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>越来越多的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="一氯胺">一氯胺</a>被直接添加到饮用水中以进行消毒，这一过程被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯胺化（页面不存在）">氯胺化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramination" class="extiw" title="en:Chloramination">Chloramination</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-CDC-Chloramination-74">[73]</a> 储存和使用有毒的氯气来进行水处理通常是不切实际的，因此需要使用添加氯的替代方法。这些方法包括使用会在水中放出氯气的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="次氯酸盐">次氯酸盐</a>溶液，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF%E5%BC%82%E6%B0%B0%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="二氯异氰尿酸钠">二氯异氰尿酸钠</a>（二水或无水）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=1,3,5-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF-1,3,5-%E4%B8%89%E5%97%AA-2,4,6-%E4%B8%89%E9%85%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,3,5-三氯-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-三酮（页面不存在）">1,3,5-三氯-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-三酮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trichloro-s-triazinetrione" class="extiw" title="en:trichloro-s-triazinetrione">trichloro-s-triazinetrione</a>）。这些化合物在固态时是稳定的，可以以粉末、颗粒或片剂形式使用。当少量的这些化合物被添加到池水或工业用水系统中时，氯原子会从分子的其余部分水解，形成次氯酸 (HClO)，可作为一般的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%91" title="殺生物劑">杀生物剂</a>，杀死细菌、微生物、藻类等。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwood1997860-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiberg2001411-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="用作武器">用作武器</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：用作武器">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：第一次世界大战">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次世界大战的化学武器（页面不存在）">第一次世界大战的化学武器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons in World War I</a>）</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E7%8F%80%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="第二次伊珀尔战役">第二次伊珀尔战役</a>期间，氯气于1915年4月22日首次被德意志帝国陆军用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="化学武器">武器</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEN2015-78">[77]</a>正如士兵们所描述的，它有一种胡椒和凤梨混合的独特气味，也尝到了金属味，刺痛了喉咙和胸部的后部。氯会和肺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="粘膜">粘膜</a>中的水反应，形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>, 对活组织具有破坏性并可能致命。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%AF%92%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="防毒面具">防毒面具</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%82%AD" title="活性炭">活性炭</a>或其他过滤器可以保护人体呼吸系统免受氯气的侵害，这使得氯气的致命性远低于其他化学武器。它是由德国科学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" title="弗里茨·哈伯">弗里茨·哈伯</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="法本公司">法本公司</a>合作开发的，后者开发了排放氯气的方法来对付<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%95%E6%BA%9D" title="壕溝">壕溝</a>里的敌人。<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>首次使用后，双方都使用氯作为化学武器，但很快就被更致命的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B0%94" title="光气">光气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="芥子气">芥子气</a>所取代。<a href="#cite_note-First_World_War-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伊拉克">伊拉克</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：伊拉克">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%94%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克的氯气轰炸（页面不存在）">伊拉克的氯气轰炸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq" class="extiw" title="en:Chlorine bombings in Iraq">Chlorine bombings in Iraq</a>）</div> 2007年，氯气也被用于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安巴尔省的伊拉克战争（页面不存在）">安巴尔省的伊拉克战争</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_in_Anbar_Province" class="extiw" title="en:Iraq War in Anbar Province">Iraq War in Anbar Province</a>），叛乱分子用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AB%E5%87%BB%E7%82%AE" title="迫击炮">迫击炮</a>和氯气罐包装<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="汽车炸弹">汽车炸弹</a>。这次袭击造成两人死亡，超过 350 人患病。其中，大多数死亡是由爆炸的威力造成的，而不是氯的影响，因为有毒气体很容易随着爆炸在大气中分散和稀释。在一些爆炸事件中，一百多名平民因呼吸困难而住院。伊拉克当局加强了氯元素的保卫，这对于向民众提供安全饮用水至关重要。<a href="#cite_note-cnnchlorine-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chlorine_bomb_BBC-82">[81]</a> 据报道，2014年10月23日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰国">伊斯兰国</a>曾在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>的Duluiyah镇使用过氯气。<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>对衣服和土壤样本的实验室分析证实，2015年1月23日，有人在摩苏尔附近的47号公路 Kiske 路口，对库尔德<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E4%BB%80%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC" title="佩什梅格">佩什梅格</a>部队使用了氯气。<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="叙利亚">叙利亚</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：叙利亚">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叙利亚内战中使用的化学武器（页面不存在）">叙利亚内战中使用的化学武器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War">Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War</a>）</div> 叙利亚政府将氯用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="化学武器">化学武器</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E8%A3%9D%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88" title="桶裝炸彈">桶装炸弹</a>和火箭发射。<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a>2016年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87-%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁止化武组织-联合国联合调查机制（页面不存在）">禁止化武组织-联合国联合调查机制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPCW-UN_Joint_Investigative_Mechanism" class="extiw" title="en:OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism">OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism</a>）得出的结论是叙利亚政府在三起单独的袭击中使用氯作为化学武器。<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a>禁化武组织调查和鉴定小组后来的调查得出结论，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="敘利亞阿拉伯空軍">叙利亚阿拉伯空军</a>应对 2017 年和 2018 年的氯气袭击负责。<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对人体的影响">对人体的影响</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：对人体的影响">编辑</a>]</div> 氯是人体所必需的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="常量元素">常量元素</a>之一。其作用有调节细胞外液的容量与渗透压、维持酸碱平衡、参与血液CO2运输等。<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[89]</a>氯離子為代謝作用很重要的物質，胃中鹽酸的生成和細胞幫浦的功能皆需要氯。<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a>飲食中主要的來源是餐桌上的鹽或氯化鈉，血液中過低或高濃度的氯為電解質失調的實例，在沒有其他異常的情況下很少發生低氯血症，它有時與換氣不足有關。<a href="#cite_note-pmid3764530-92">[91]</a>它可能與長期呼吸酸中毒有關。<a href="#cite_note-pmid13611033-93">[92]</a>高氯血症（太多的氯）通常沒有症狀，當有症狀也與高血鈉症很像（太多鈉），血中氯含量的減少會導致腦缺水，症狀通常起因於快速復水後的腦水腫，高氯血症會影響氧氣的運輸。<a href="#cite_note-pmid9760315-94">[93]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>18~49岁成年人的建议摄入量 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>单位：毫克每日 </th> <th>中国<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[89]</a> </th> <th>美国<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>适宜摄入量 （adequate intake；AI） </td> <td>2300 </td> <td>2300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>可耐受最高摄入量 （tolerable upper intake level；UL） </td> <td>不详 </td> <td>3600 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="危险性">危险性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：危险性">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84001320">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox nounderlines" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" rules="all" style="background-color:#f0f0f0; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-color: #aaaaaa; border-style:solid; border:1px; border-collapse:collapse; empty-cells:show; width:305px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:#d6e0dc;">氯 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/200px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/300px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg/400px-Chlorine_liquid_in_an_ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="3442" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">危险性 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%81%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="全球化学品统一分类和标签制度">GHS危险性符号</a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中氧化性物质的标签图案"><img alt="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中氧化性物质的标签图案" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中有毒物质的标签图案"><img alt="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中有毒物质的标签图案" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中对环境有害物质的标签图案"><img alt="《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》（简称“GHS”）中对环境有害物质的标签图案" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%81%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="全球化学品统一分类和标签制度">GHS提示词</a> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GHS%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E" title="GHS危险说明">H-术语</a> </td> <td>H270, H315, H319, H331, H335, H400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GHS%E9%98%B2%E8%8C%83%E8%AF%B4%E6%98%8E" title="GHS防范说明">P-术语</a> </td> <td>P220, P244, P261, P304, P340, P312, P403, P233, P410, P403<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; height: 85px; width: 75px;"> <div style="position: absolute; height: 75px; width: 75px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NFPA_704.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/75px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/113px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/150px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div title="可燃性" style="background: transparent; width: 75px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 3px; font-size: large;">0</div> <div title="健康" style="background: transparent; width: 37.5px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 21px; font-size: large;">3</div> <div title="反應性" style="background: transparent; width: 37.5px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 21px; left: 37.5px; font-size: large;">0</div> <div title="其它危險" style="background: transparent; width: 75px; height: 2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; top: 44px; font-size: small;"> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">若非注明，所有数据均出自<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="标准状态">标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）</a>下。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 氯是一种有毒的气体，会攻击呼吸系统、眼睛和皮肤。<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>它比空气密度大，所以它往往会积聚在通风不良的空间底部。氯是一种强氧化剂，可能与易燃材料发生反应。<a href="#cite_note-msds-cl-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> 通过测量仪器可以检测到 0.2 ppm 的氯气，在 3 ppm时可以嗅到。在 30 ppm 的氯气下会造成咳嗽和呕吐，在 60 ppm下会损害肺部。1000 ppm（0.1%）的氯气在几次呼吸中就可以造成生命危险。<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood792-12">[11]</a>氯气的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E5%88%BB%E5%AF%B9%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立刻对生命和健康造成危险值（页面不存在）">立刻对生命和健康造成危险值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDLH" class="extiw" title="en:IDLH">IDLH</a>）为 10 ppm。<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[99]</a> 呼吸低浓度氯气会加重呼吸系统的负担，暴露在氯气中会刺激眼睛。<a href="#cite_note-tox-101">[100]</a> 氯的危害来自于其强氧化性。当氯气的浓度在 30 ppm以上时，它会和水或体液反应，形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a> (HCl) 和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">次氯酸</a> (HClO)。 当用于水消毒时，氯与水的反应不是人类健康的主要问题。水中存在的其他物质可能会产生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E5%89%AF%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消毒副产物（页面不存在）">消毒副产物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfection_by-product" class="extiw" title="en:Disinfection by-product">Disinfection_by-product</a>），这些副产物会对人类健康产生负面影响。<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> 在美国，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业安全与健康管理局（页面不存在）">职业安全与健康管理局</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>） (OSHA) 把氯气的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%81%E8%AE%B8%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6%E9%99%90%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="允许接触限值（页面不存在）">允许接触限值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/permissible_exposure_limit" class="extiw" title="en:permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>）定在 1 ppm，或是 3 mg/m3。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家职业安全卫生研究所">美国国家职业安全卫生研究所</a>则把<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6%E9%99%90%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推荐接触限值（页面不存在）">推荐接触限值</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/recommended_exposure_limit" class="extiw" title="en:recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a>）定在 0.5 ppm （暴露超过15 分钟）。<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[99]</a> 在家里，当次氯酸盐漂白溶液与某些酸性排水管清洁剂接触产生氯气时，就会发生事故。<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a>次氯酸盐漂白剂（一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%A1%A3" title="洗衣">洗衣</a>添加剂）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>（另一种洗衣添加剂）反应会产生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯胺类（页面不存在）">氯胺类</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chloramines" class="extiw" title="en:chloramines">chloramines</a>），另一类有毒化学品。<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯导致的材料开裂">氯导致的材料开裂</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：氯导致的材料开裂">编辑</a>]</div> 氯广泛用于净化水，特别是饮用水和游泳池用水。由于氯引起的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%94%88%E9%92%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="不锈钢">不锈钢</a>吊杆<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E5%8A%9B%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80%E5%BC%80%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应力腐蚀开裂（页面不存在）">应力腐蚀开裂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" class="extiw" title="en:Stress corrosion cracking">Stress_corrosion_cracking</a>），游泳池天花板发生了几次灾难性的倒塌。<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>也对攻击敏感，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="聚甲醛">聚甲醛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E4%B8%81%E7%83%AF" title="聚丁烯">聚丁烯</a>。这两种材料都用于冷热水家用管道，而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E5%8A%9B%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80%E5%BC%80%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应力腐蚀开裂（页面不存在）">应力腐蚀开裂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" class="extiw" title="en:Stress corrosion cracking">Stress_corrosion_cracking</a>）在 1980 年代和 1990 年代在美国引起了广泛的故障。<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氯-铁火">氯-铁火</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：氯-铁火">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>会和氯在高温下反应。这是一个强放热反应，会产生氯-铁火。<a href="#cite_note-bayerdatasheet2008-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanders2004-109">[108]</a> 氯-铁火在化工厂中是一种风险，其中大部分输送氯气的管道是由钢制成的。<a href="#cite_note-bayerdatasheet2008-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanders2004-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="氯循环">氯循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="氯气中毒">氯气中毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="工業氣體">工业气体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3" title="聚合物降解">聚合物降解</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="还原脱氯（页面不存在）">还原脱氯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_dechlorination" class="extiw" title="en:Reductive dechlorination">Reductive dechlorination</a>）</li></ul> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化学主题</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：註釋">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book">van Helmont, Joannis Baptistae. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5">Opera omnia [All Works]</a>. Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Johann Just Erythropel. 1682 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218003252/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5">存档</a>于2021-12-18） （拉丁语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Joannis+Baptistae&rft.aulast=van+Helmont&rft.btitle=Opera+omnia+%5BAll+Works%5D&rft.date=1682&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Frankfurt-am-Main%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Johann+Just+Erythropel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQy5AAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  From "Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum." (Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 105:</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218003234/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） "Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore." (Take equal parts of saltpeter [i.e., sodium nitrate], vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water [i.e., liquid]. That [distillate] is nothing else than pure volatile salt [i.e., spirit of nitre, nitric acid]. Take four ounces of this [viz, nitric acid], add one ounce of Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride], [place it] in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ([made] from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) [that has been] poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From "De Flatibus" (On gases), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA408#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 408</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218010303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA408#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）: "Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur." (Truly Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride] and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide [note: van Helmont’s identification of the gas is mistaken] or an incondensable gas.) See also: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/johannes-joan-baptista-van-helmont">Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van, Encyclopedia.Com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218003254/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/johannes-joan-baptista-van-helmont">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）: "Others were chlorine gas from the reaction of nitric acid and sal ammoniac; … "</li> <li>Wisniak, Jaime (2009) "Carl Wilhelm Scheele," Revista CENIC Ciencias Químicas, 40 (3): 165–173 ; see p. 168: "Early in the seventeenth century Johannes Baptiste van Helmont (1579-1644) mentioned that when sal marin (sodium chloride) or sal ammoniacus and aqua chrysulca (nitric acid) were mixed together, a flatus incoercible (non-condensable gas) was evolved."</li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">ISSN 1365-3075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&CountryID=19&Formula=&GasID=13&UNNumber=&EquivGasID=3&PressionBox=&VolLiquideBox=&MasseLiquideBox=&VolGasBox=&MasseGasBox=&RD20=29&RD9=8&RD6=64&RD4=2&RD3=22&RD8=27&RD2=20&RD18=41&RD7=18&RD13=71&RD16=35&RD12=31&RD19=34&RD24=62&RD25=77&RD26=78&RD28=81&RD29=82">Chlorine</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160809190327/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&CountryID=19&Formula=&GasID=13&UNNumber=&EquivGasID=3&PressionBox=&VolLiquideBox=&MasseLiquideBox=&VolGasBox=&MasseGasBox=&RD20=29&RD9=8&RD6=64&RD4=2&RD3=22&RD8=27&RD2=20&RD18=41&RD7=18&RD13=71&RD16=35&RD12=31&RD19=34&RD24=62&RD25=77&RD26=78&RD28=81&RD29=82">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Gas Encyclopaedia, Air Liquide </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120112012253/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, in <cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation">Lide, D. R. (编), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86th, Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-8493-0486-5">ISBN 0-8493-0486-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Lide%2C+D.+R.&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=86th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430145935/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/">The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania</a>. [2008-07-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/weller/">原始内容</a>存档于April 30, 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.btitle=The+earliest+salt+production+in+the+world%3A+an+early+Neolithic+exploitation+in+Poiana+Slatinei-Lunca%2C+Romania&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2FProjGall%2Fweller%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" class="extiw" title="en:Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a>. Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale（页面不存在）">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" class="extiw" title="en:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a>）. 1942–1943. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783487091150" title="Special:网络书源/9783487091150">ISBN 9783487091150</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/468740510">OCLC 468740510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam.+I.+Le+corpus+des+%C3%A9crits+j%C3%A2biriens.+II.+J%C3%A2bir+et+la+science+grecque&rft.date=1942%2F1943&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783487091150&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EInstitut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EInstitut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468740510&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  vol. II, pp. 41–42; <cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Multhauf" class="extiw" title="en:Robert P. Multhauf">Multhauf, Robert P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofchemist0000robe">The Origins of Chemistry</a>. London: Oldbourne. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft.aulast=Multhauf&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oldbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofchemist0000robe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  pp. 141-142. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulthauf1966">Multhauf 1966</a>，p. 142, note 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266">Vitriol in the History of Chemistry</a>. Chemické listy. 2002, 96 (12): 997–1005 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218003227/http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266">存档</a>于2021-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Vitriol+in+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.au=Norris%2C+John+A.&rft.aufirst=Vladim%C3%ADr&rft.aulast=Karpenko&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Chemick%C3%A9+listy&rft.pages=997-1005&rft.volume=96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemicke-listy.cz%2Fojs3%2Findex.php%2Fchemicke-listy%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2266&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  p. 1002. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood789-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood789_8-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood789_8-1">8.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood789_8-2">8.2</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 789–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Scheele, Carl Wilhelm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=99">Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper [On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties]</a>. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy]. 1774, 35: 89–116, 177–194 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423132126/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=99">存档</a>于2020-04-23） （瑞典语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Om+Brunsten%2C+eller+Magnesia%2C+och+dess+Egenskaper&rft.aufirst=Carl+Wilhelm&rft.aulast=Scheele&rft.date=1774&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kongliga+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Handlingar+%5BProceedings+of+the+Royal+Scientific+Academy%5D&rft.pages=89-116%2C+177-194&rft.volume=35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015039452910%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D99&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=103">In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paper</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218003341/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=103">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (Brunsten) was heated: "6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter’s hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809) (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924012394379;view=1up;seq=9">pp. 5–10.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218003427/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924012394379;view=1up;seq=9">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-krogt-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krogt_11-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krogt_11-1">10.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krogt_11-2">10.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krogt_11-3">10.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krogt_11-4">10.4</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123003013/http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cl">17 Chlorine</a>. Elements.vanderkrogt.net. [2008-09-12]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cl">原始内容</a>存档于2010-01-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.btitle=17+Chlorine&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Elements.vanderkrogt.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DCl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood792-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood792_12-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood792_12-1">11.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood792_12-2">11.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood792_12-3">11.3</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 792–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ihde, Aaron John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34KwmkU4LG0C&pg=PA158">The development of modern chemistry</a>. Courier Dover Publications. 1984: 158 [2021-06-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-64235-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-64235-2">ISBN 978-0-486-64235-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530085603/https://books.google.com/books?id=34KwmkU4LG0C&pg=PA158%2F">存档</a>于2020-05-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Ihde%2C+Aaron+John&rft.btitle=The+development+of+modern+chemistry&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-64235-2&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34KwmkU4LG0C%26pg%3DPA158&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_14-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elvira_Weeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Elvira Weeks（页面不存在）">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>. The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 1932, 9 (11): 1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1915W">Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1915W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1915">doi:10.1021/ed009p1915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+XVII.+The+halogen+family&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.date=1932&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=1915&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1915W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1915&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gay-Lussac; Thenard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA295">Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809. [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]</a>. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 1809, 2: 295–358 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212222254/http://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA295">存档</a>于2014-02-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Extrait+des+m%C3%A9moires+lus+%C3%A0+l%27Institut+national%2C+depuis+le+7+mars+1808+jusqu%27au+27+f%C3%A9vrier+1809.&rft.au=Gay-Lussac&rft.au=Thenard&rft.date=1809&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+Physique+et+de+Chimie+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27Arcueil&rft.pages=295-358&rft.volume=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnJKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  See: § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–358. From pp. 357–358: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/thenard.html">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080725061430/http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/thenard.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davy, Humphry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564297;view=1up;seq=15">The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1811, 101: 1–35 [2021-06-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1811RSPT..101....1D">Bibcode:1811RSPT..101....1D</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1811.0001">doi:10.1098/rstl.1811.0001</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423032814/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564297;view=1up;seq=15">存档</a>于2020-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=The+Bakerian+Lecture.+On+some+of+the+combinations+of+oxymuriatic+gas+and+oxygene%2C+and+on+the+chemical+relations+of+these+principles%2C+to+inflammable+bodies&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.date=1811&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.pages=1-35&rft.volume=101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015034564297%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D15&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1811RSPT..101....1D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1811.0001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Davy named chlorine on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564297;view=1up;seq=46">p. 32:</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211218003415/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564297;view=1up;seq=46">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） "After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties — its colour, and to call it Chlorine, or Chloric gas.* *From χλωρος." </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Faraday, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564487;view=1up;seq=244">On fluid chlorine</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1823, 113: 160–164 [2021-06-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1823RSPT..113..160F">Bibcode:1823RSPT..113..160F</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1823.0016">doi:10.1098/rstl.1823.0016</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423053126/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034564487;view=1up;seq=244">存档</a>于2020-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=On+fluid+chlorine&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Faraday&rft.date=1823&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.pages=160-164&rft.volume=113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015034564487%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D244&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1823RSPT..113..160F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1823.0016&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Chodos, Alan (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615142343/http://aps.org/publications/apsnews/200108/history.cfm">This Month in Physics History September 4, 1821 and August 29, 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetism</a>. American Physical Society. [2010-05-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200108/history.cfm">原始内容</a>存档于June 15, 2010）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Chodos%2C+Alan&rft.btitle=This+Month+in+Physics+History+September+4%2C+1821+and+August+29%2C+1831%3A+Faraday+and+Electromagnetism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F200108%2Fhistory.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web">O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100220051522/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Faraday.html">Michael Faraday</a>. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. [2010-05-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Faraday.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Michael+Faraday&rft.au=O%27Connor+J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson+E.+F.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St+Andrews%2C+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FFaraday.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_20-0">19.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_20-1">19.1</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524111017/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html">Bleaching</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica 9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902). [2012-05-02]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Bleaching&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th+Edition+%281875%29+and+10th+Edition+%281902%29&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1902encyclopedia.com%2FB%2FBLE%2Fbleaching.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_21-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Aspin, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/24">The Cotton Industry</a>. Shire Publications Ltd. 1981: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-85263-545-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-85263-545-2">ISBN 978-0-85263-545-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85263-545-2&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Paul May. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/bleach/bleachh.htm">Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)</a>. University of Bristol. [13 December 2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213230407/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/bleach/bleachh.htm">存档</a>于13 December 2016）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Paul+May&rft.btitle=Bleach+%28Sodium+Hypochlorite%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fmotm%2Fbleach%2Fbleachh.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood798-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_23-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_23-1">22.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood798_23-2">22.2</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 798 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Almqvist, Ebbe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI0fTJhydh4C&q=Chlorine-Alkali+Griesheim+1884&pg=PA220">History of Industrial Gases</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2003: 220 [2021-06-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-306-47277-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-306-47277-0">ISBN 978-0-306-47277-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218003546/https://books.google.com/books?id=OI0fTJhydh4C&q=Chlorine-Alkali+Griesheim+1884&pg=PA220">存档</a>于2021-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Ebbe&rft.aulast=Almqvist&rft.btitle=History+of+Industrial+Gases&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47277-0&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI0fTJhydh4C%26q%3DChlorine-Alkali%2BGriesheim%2B1884%26pg%3DPA220&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bouvet-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bouvet_25-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bouvet_25-1">24.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bouvet, Maurice. Les grands pharmaciens: Labarraque (1777–1850) [The great pharmacists: Labarraque (1777–1850)]. Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie. 1950, 38 (128): 97–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fpharm.1950.8662">doi:10.3406/pharm.1950.8662</a> （法语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.atitle=Les+grands+pharmaciens%3A+Labarraque+%281777%E2%80%931850%29&rft.au=Bouvet%2C+Maurice&rft.date=1950&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=128&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+de+la+Pharmacie&rft.pages=97-107&rft.volume=38&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fpharm.1950.8662&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221140939/http://www.drcordas.com/education/weaponsmassd/Chlorine.pdf">Chlorine – History</a> (PDF). 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Wiley-VCH. 2004: 148 [2021-06-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-30800-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-30800-2">ISBN 978-3-527-30800-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614085047/https://books.google.com/books?id=cEmq232h1zcC&pg=PA148%2F">存档</a>于2020-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Bertolini%2C+Luca&rft.au=Elsener%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Pedeferri%2C+Pietro&rft.au=Polder%2C+Rob+B.&rft.btitle=Corrosion+of+steel+in+concrete%3A+prevention%2C+diagnosis%2C+repair&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30800-2&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEmq232h1zcC%26pg%3DPA148&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lewis, P.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFm8rKotSaUC&pg=PA19">Polymer Product Failure</a>. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. 1 January 2000: 19– [2011-04-30]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85957-192-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85957-192-7">ISBN 978-1-85957-192-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510041524/http://books.google.com/books?id=SFm8rKotSaUC&pg=PA19">存档</a>于10 May 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Lewis%2C+P.R.&rft.btitle=Polymer+Product+Failure&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85957-192-7&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=iSmithers+Rapra+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFm8rKotSaUC%26pg%3DPA19&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bayerdatasheet2008-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bayerdatasheet2008_108-0">107.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bayerdatasheet2008_108-1">107.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915114003/https://tecci.bayer.de/io-tra-pro/emea/de/docId-2857612/Chlorine.pdf">Chlorine: Product Datasheet</a> (PDF). Bayer MaterialScience AG. 2008-04-21 [2013-12-17]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tecci.bayer.de/io-tra-pro/emea/de/docId-2857612/Chlorine.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于September 15, 2012）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.btitle=Chlorine%3A+Product+Datasheet&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bayer+MaterialScience+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftecci.bayer.de%2Fio-tra-pro%2Femea%2Fde%2FdocId-2857612%2FChlorine.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders2004-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanders2004_109-0">108.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanders2004_109-1">108.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Sanders, Roy E. Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case Histories, 3rd Revised edition. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. 2004: 92. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7506-7749-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7506-7749-3">ISBN 978-0-7506-7749-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.btitle=Chemical+Process+Safety%3A+Learning+from+Case+Histories%2C+3rd+Revised+edition&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-7749-3&rft.pages=92&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw,_Alan1997" class="citation book">Greenwood, Norman N; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the Elements 2. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-08-037941-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-08-037941-9">ISBN 0-08-037941-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft.aufirst=Norman+N&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-08-037941-9&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWibergWiberg,_NilsHollemanArnold_Frederick2001" class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman; Arnold Frederick. Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-12-352651-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-12-352651-5">ISBN 0-12-352651-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B0%AF&rft.au=Arnold+Frederick&rft.au=Holleman&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-352651-5&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素氯在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/17.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Cl.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 氯</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/017.htm">氯</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素氯在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cl">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cl/index.html">WebElements.com – 氯</a>（英文）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry（页面不存在）">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" class="extiw" title="en:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a>）: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607045216/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=36">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518141937/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-b01-brine.htm">Electrolytic production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429205421/http://www.amazingrust.com/Experiments/how_to/Liquid_Cl2.html">Production and liquefaction of chlorine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706020039/http://oceana.org/chlorine">Chlorine Production Using Mercury, Environmental Considerations and Alternatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029202733/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/20.html">National Pollutant Inventory – Chlorine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chlorine/">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Chlorine Page</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120729080731/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/chlorine/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chlorineinstitute.org/">Chlorine Institute</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120827050648/http://www.chlorineinstitute.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – Trade association representing the chlorine industry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurochlor.org/">Chlorine Online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120918035252/http://www.eurochlor.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – the web portal of Eurochlor – the business association of the European chlor-alkali industry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="元素周期表（卤素）" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Template:17族元素"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Template talk:17族元素"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:17族元素"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表（卤素）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">卤素</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="相關項目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0號元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="扩展元素周期表">扩展元素周期表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="同位素列表">同位素列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">地球的地殼元素豐度列表</a></li> <li><a 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9B%99%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="Template talk:雙原子分子"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9B%99%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:雙原子分子"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="以雙原子分子形式存在的元素單質" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="双原子分子">雙原子分子</a>形式存在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化学元素">元素</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="單質">單質</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A3" title="氫氣">氫氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3" title="氮氣">氮氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E6%B0%94" title="氟气">氟气</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E6%B0%94" title="氯气">氯气</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%BA%B4" title="双原子溴">溴氣</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%98" title="双原子碘">碘氣</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">罕见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93" title="氦二聚体">氦二聚体</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%8B%B0" title="二鋰">二鋰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%B3" title="双原子碳">双原子碳</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93" title="氖二聚体">氖二聚体</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二鈉（页面不存在）">二鈉</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium" class="extiw" title="fr:Disodium">Disodium</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A3%B7" title="二磷">二磷</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A1%AB" title="二硫">二硫</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A9%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氩二聚体（页面不存在）">氩二聚体</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A8re_d%27argon" class="extiw" title="fr:Dimère d'argon">Dimère d'argon</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%87%8D%E9%94%AE" title="六重键">铬</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%93%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二铷（页面不存在）">二铷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dirubidium" class="extiw" title="en:dirubidium">dirubidium</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%BC%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钼二聚体（页面不存在）">钼二聚体</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimolybd%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="fr:Dimolybdène">Dimolybdène</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%87%8D%E9%94%AE" title="六重键">钨</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%87%8D%E9%94%AE" title="六重键">铀</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">奇異</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="雙電子偶素">雙電子偶素</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0" title="电子偶素">Ps2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="无机氯化合物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Template:无机氯化合物"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Template talk:无机氯化合物"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:无机氯化合物"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="无机氯化合物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">无机<a class="mw-selflink selflink">氯</a>化合物</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">氯化物和酸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%AF" title="硝酸氯">ClNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氯化氢">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯化物">Cl−</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氯化物">其它</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="次氯酸">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="次氯酸盐">ClO-</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A1%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="Template:次氯酸盐">其它</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="亚氯酸">HClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="亚氯酸盐">ClO2-</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="Template:亚氯酸盐">其它</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="氯酸">HClO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="氯酸盐">ClO3−</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="Template:氯酸盐">其它</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8" title="高氯酸">HClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="高氯酸盐">ClO4−</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:高氯酸盐">其它</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯的氧化物">氧化物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="一氧化二氯">Cl2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="一氧化氯">ClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="二氧化二氯">Cl2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="三氧化二氯">Cl2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="二氧化氯">ClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="四氧化氯">ClO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%AF" title="高氯酸氯">Cl2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="五氧化二氯">Cl2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="六氧化二氯">Cl2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AF" title="七氧化二氯">Cl2O7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="氯的氟化物">氟化物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="一氟化氯">ClF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="三氟化氯">ClF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="五氟化氯">ClF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%B0%9F%E5%90%88%E6%B0%AF(VII)%F0%AC%AD%A9%E7%9B%90" title="六氟合氯(VII)𬭩盐">ClF6+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">氟氧化物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AF" title="三氟氧化氯">ClOF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%9F" title="氯酰氟">ClFO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%9F" title="高氯酰氟">ClFO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%AF%E9%85%B8%E6%B0%9F" title="高氯酸氟">FClO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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