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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Democratic consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalled_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalled_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stalled transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalled_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrid_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hybrid regime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic transition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specific phase in a political system</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization,_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/330px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/495px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg/660px-Number_of_countries_experiencing_autocratization_and_democratization%2C_1900%E2%80%932000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Since <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2010</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_by_country" title="Democratic backsliding by country">number of countries autocratizing</a> (blue) is higher than those <a href="/wiki/Democratizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratizing">democratizing</a> (yellow).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>democratic transition</b> describes a phase in a country's <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> as a result of an ongoing change from an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime to a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> one.<sup id="cite_ref-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassani_Tomini_2019_pp._115–120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassani_Tomini_2019_pp._115–120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is known as <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a>, political changes moving in a democratic direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntington_2009_pp._31–69_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntington_2009_pp._31–69-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">Democratization waves</a> have been linked to sudden shifts in the distribution of power among the great powers, which created openings and incentives to introduce sweeping domestic reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although transitional regimes experience more civil unrest,<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_Savun_2016_pp._745–757_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_Savun_2016_pp._745–757-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crocker_Hampson_Aall_2016_p._156_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_Hampson_Aall_2016_p._156-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they may be considered stable in a transitional phase for decades at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geddes_1999_pp._115–144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geddes_1999_pp._115–144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Törnberg_2018_pp._381–408_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Törnberg_2018_pp._381–408-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> transitional regimes have become the most common form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-MorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorlinoBerg-SchlosserBadie2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brownlee_2009_pp._515–532_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brownlee_2009_pp._515–532-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly analysis of the decorative nature of democratic institutions concludes that the opposite <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> (autocratization), a transition to authoritarianism is the most prevalent basis of modern <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-International_IDEA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_IDEA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caballero-Anthony_2009_p._7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caballero-Anthony_2009_p._7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocratization">Autocratization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Autocratization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autocratization" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratization">Autocratization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_by_country" title="Democratic backsliding by country">Democratic backsliding by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Countries_democratizing_or_autocratizing_substantially_and_significantly_2010%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries autocratizing (red) or <a href="/wiki/Democratizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratizing">democratizing</a> (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020), according to <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Dem Institute</a>. Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <p>Democratic backsliding<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a process of <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Skaaning_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Skaaning-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process typically restricts the space for <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public contest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political participation">political participation</a> in the process of government selection.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Lust-E-2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Lust-E-2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic decline involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and fair elections">free and fair elections</a>, or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic backsliding is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>. </p><p>Proposed causes of democratic backsliding include <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, rampant <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culturally_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturally conservative">culturally conservative</a> reactions to societal changes, <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">personalist</a> politics, and external influence from <a href="/wiki/Great_power_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Great power politics">great power politics</a>. During crises, backsliding can occur when leaders impose autocratic rules during <a href="/wiki/States_of_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="States of emergency">states of emergency</a> that are either disproportionate to the severity of the crisis or remain in place after the situation has improved.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> During the Cold War, democratic backsliding occurred most frequently through <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">coups</a>. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, democratic backsliding has occurred more frequently through the election of personalist leaders or parties who subsequently dismantle democratic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_of_democratization" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave of democratization">third wave of democratization</a> in the late twentieth century, many new, weakly institutionalized democracies were established; these regimes have been most vulnerable to democratic backsliding.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Bermeo-2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Bermeo-2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Rocha_Menocal_29–40-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Third_wave_of_autocratization" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave of autocratization">third wave of autocratization</a> has been ongoing since 2010, when the number of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracies">liberal democracies</a> was at an all-time high.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratisation">Democratisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Democratisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png/330px-Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png/495px-Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png/660px-Global_effect_of_1989-1991_Revolutions.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Map showing democratization of countries after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a>, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratization_Arugay_2021_pp._1–7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratization_Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize grassroots bottom-up processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratization_Schmitz_2004_pp._403–426_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratization_Schmitz_2004_pp._403–426-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratization_Bogaards_2010_pp._475–488_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratization_Bogaards_2010_pp._475–488-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The opposite process is known as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> or autocratization.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors">Factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decolonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png/475px-Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png" decoding="async" width="475" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png/713px-Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png/950px-Descolonizaci%C3%B3n_-_Decolonization.png 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Map of the year each country achieved <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">independence</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> Except for a few absolute monarchies, most post-colonial states are either <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>. These new states had to devise <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a>, and other institutions of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_globalization">Democratic globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratic globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> towards an institutional system of global <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_globalization_Rosow_George_2014_p._2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_globalization_Rosow_George_2014_p._2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its proponents is the British political thinker <a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a>. In the last decade, Held published a dozen books regarding the spread of democracy from territorially defined nation states to a system of <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">global governance</a> that encapsulates the entire world. For some, democratic mundialisation (from the French term mondialisation) is a variant of democratic globalisation stressing the need for the direct election of world leaders and members of global institutions by citizens worldwide; for others, it is just another name for democratic globalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_globalization_Fisher_2016_pp._209–234_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_globalization_Fisher_2016_pp._209–234-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_promotion">Democracy promotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Democracy promotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a>, also referred to as democracy building, can be domestic policy to increase the quality of already existing democracy or a strand of foreign policy adopted by governments and international organizations that seek to support the spread of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as a <a href="/wiki/System_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="System of government">system of government</a>. In practice, it entails consolidating and building democratic institutions</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_consolidation">Democratic consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Democratic consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_consolidation" title="Democratic consolidation">Democratic consolidation</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_consolidation" title="Democratic consolidation">Democratic consolidation</a> is the process by which a new <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> matures, in a way that it becomes unlikely to revert to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> without an external shock, and is regarded as the only available system of government within a country.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_consolidation_Schedler_1998_pp._91–107_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_consolidation_Schedler_1998_pp._91–107-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_consolidation_Encarnacion_Gunther_Diamandourous_Puhle_2000_p=479_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_consolidation_Encarnacion_Gunther_Diamandourous_Puhle_2000_p=479-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A country can be described as consolidated when the current democratic system becomes “the only game in town”,<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_consolidation_Linz_Stepan_1996_pp._14–33_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_consolidation_Linz_Stepan_1996_pp._14–33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning no one in the country is trying to act outside of the set institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case when no significant political group seriously attempts to overthrow the democratic regime, the democratic system is regarded as the most appropriate way to govern by the vast majority of the public, and all political actors are accustomed to the fact that conflicts are resolved through established political and constitutional rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_consolidation_:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_consolidation_:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_consolidation_Cook_Savun_2016_pp._745–757_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_consolidation_Cook_Savun_2016_pp._745–757-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalled_transition">Stalled transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stalled transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_regime">Hybrid regime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hybrid regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a><sup id="cite_ref-terms_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> often created as a result of an incomplete democratic transition from an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime to a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> one (or vice versa).<sup id="cite_ref-transition_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transition-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid regimes are categorized as having a combination of <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repressions</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-transition_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transition-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybrid regimes are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> with abundant natural resources such as <a href="/wiki/Petro-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro-state">petro-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Croissant_Kailitz_Koellner_Wurster_2015_p._212_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Croissant_Kailitz_Koellner_Wurster_2015_p._212-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Zinecker_2009_pp._302–331_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Zinecker_2009_pp._302–331-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these regimes experience civil unrest, they may be relatively stable and tenacious for decades at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-transition_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transition-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a rise in hybrid regimes since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Levitsky_Way_2002_pp._51–65_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Levitsky_Way_2002_pp._51–65-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Department_of_Political_Science_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Department_of_Political_Science-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTI_2022_DEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BTI_2022_DEM.jpg/330px-BTI_2022_DEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BTI_2022_DEM.jpg/495px-BTI_2022_DEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BTI_2022_DEM.jpg/660px-BTI_2022_DEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption> Global trend report <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a> 2022<sup id="cite_ref-BTI_2022a_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTI_2022a-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <p>The democracy indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regimes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Dobratz_2015_p._47_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Dobratz_2015_p._47-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Michie_2014_p._95_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Michie_2014_p._95-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or continuous values.<sup id="cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022a_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022a-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal</a> mechanisms of regime transformation processes. </p> Democracy indices vary in their scope and the weight assigned to different aspects of democracy. These aspects include the breadth and strength of core democratic institutions, the competitiveness and inclusiveness of polyarchy, freedom of expression, governance quality, adherence to democratic norms, co-option of opposition, and other related factors.<a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral system manipulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Freedom_House_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_indices_Freedom_House-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freedom_indices" title="List of freedom indices">List of freedom indices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other names include autocratization, democratic decline,<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de-democratization,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> democratic erosion,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> democratic decay,<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Daly_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Daly-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> democratic recession,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> democratic regression,<sup id="cite_ref-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Democratic_backsliding_Mietzner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and democratic deconsolidation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terms-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terms_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars use a variety of terms to encompass the "grey zones" between full <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a> and full <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Gagné_2015_p._49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Gagné_2015_p.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such terms include: competitive authoritarianism, semi-authoritarianism, hybrid authoritarianism, electoral authoritarianism, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_autocracy" title="Liberal autocracy">liberal autocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delegative_democracy" title="Delegative democracy">delegative democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">guided democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-democracy">semi-democracy</a>, deficient democracy, <a href="/wiki/Defective_democracy" title="Defective democracy">defective democracy</a>, and hybrid democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Plattner_1969_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Plattner_1969-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_European_Consortium_for_Political_Research_2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_European_Consortium_for_Political_Research_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Urribarri_2011_pp._854–884_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Urribarri_2011_pp._854–884-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Göbel_2011_pp._258–266_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Göbel_2011_pp._258–266-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Tlemcani_2007_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Tlemcani_2007-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Digital_Society_School_2022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Digital_Society_School_2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Zinecker_2009_pp._302–331_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Zinecker_2009_pp._302–331-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Dem-Dec_2017_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Dem-Dec_2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transition-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transition_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transition_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transition_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Some scholars argue that deficient democracies and deficient autocracies can be seen as examples of hybrid regimes, whereas others argue that hybrid regimes combine characteristics of both democratic and autocratic regimes."<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_European_Consortium_for_Political_Research_2019_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_European_Consortium_for_Political_Research_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars also debate if these regimes are in transition or are inherently a stable political system.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Ekman_2009_pp._7–33_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Ekman_2009_pp._7–33-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Baker_2021_p._202_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Baker_2021_p._202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Cambridge_University_Press_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Cambridge_University_Press-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Riaz_2019_pp._9–19_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Riaz_2019_pp._9–19-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Schmotz_2019_pp._521–525_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Schmotz_2019_pp._521–525-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Morlino_2011_pp._48–69_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Morlino_2011_pp._48–69-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_podles_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_podles-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_vedom_sh_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_regime_vedom_sh-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arugay_2021_pp._1–7_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArugay2021" class="citation book cs1">Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". <i>The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1">10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74336-3"><bdi>978-3-319-74336-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240235199">240235199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transitions&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240235199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-74336-3_190-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74336-3&rft.aulast=Arugay&rft.aufirst=Aries+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munck_2001_pp._3425–3428_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunck2001" class="citation book cs1">Munck, G.L. 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[University of Utah, Sage Publications, Inc.]: 475–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1065912909358578">10.1177/1065912909358578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9129">1065-9129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20721505">20721505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154168435">154168435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Measures+of+Democratization%3A+From+Degree+to+Type+to+War&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=475-488&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1065-9129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154168435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20721505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1065912909358578&rft.aulast=Bogaards&rft.aufirst=Matthijs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20721505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democratic_globalization_Rosow_George_2014_p._2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Democratic_globalization_Rosow_George_2014_p._2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosowGeorge2014" class="citation book cs1">Rosow, S.J.; George, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=Kharkiv&rft.pages=62-65%2F164&rft.pub=%D0%A5%D0%93%D0%A3+%D0%9D%D0%A3%D0%90&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%94.+%D0%92.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Sc8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hybrid_regime_vedom_sh-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_vedom_sh_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulmann2014" class="citation news cs1">Schulmann, Ekaterina (15 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2014/08/15/carstvo-imitacii">"Царство политической имитации"</a> [The kingdom of political imitation]. <i>Ведомости</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730095022/https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2014/08/15/carstvo-imitacii">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rNACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Comparing autocracies in the early Twenty-first Century: Volume 1: Unpacking Autocracies - Explaining Similarity and Difference</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-70018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-70018-0"><bdi>978-1-317-70018-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209013939/https://books.google.com/books?id=3rNACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+autocracies+in+the+early+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Volume+1%3A+Unpacking+Autocracies+-+Explaining+Similarity+and+Difference&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-70018-0&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Kailitz%2C+S.&rft.au=Koellner%2C+P.&rft.au=Wurster%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rNACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarothers2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carothers, Christopher (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/705723/summary">"The Surprising Instability of Competitive Authoritarianism"</a>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 129–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2018.0068">10.1353/jod.2018.0068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158234306">158234306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Surprising+Instability+of+Competitive+Authoritarianism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=129-135&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158234306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2018.0068&rft.aulast=Carothers&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F705723%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hybrid_regime_Levitsky_Way_2002_pp._51–65-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hybrid_regime_Levitsky_Way_2002_pp._51–65_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2002). "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism". <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>13</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Competitive+Authoritarianism%3A+Hybrid+Regimes+After+the+Cold+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.utoronto.ca%2Fpublication%2Fcompetitive-authoritarianism-hybrid-regimes-after-the-cold-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTI_2022a-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTI_2022a_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bti-project.org/en/reports/global-dashboard?&cb=00000">"Global Dashboard"</a>. <i>BTI 2022</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BTI+2022&rft.atitle=Global+Dashboard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fglobal-dashboard%3F%26cb%3D00000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_indices_Dobratz_2015_p._47-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Dobratz_2015_p._47_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobratz2015" class="citation book cs1">Dobratz, B. A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34529-9"><bdi>978-1-317-34529-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Political+Sociology&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34529-9&rft.aulast=Dobratz&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoK9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_indices_Michie_2014_p._95-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Michie_2014_p._95_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichie2014" class="citation book cs1">Michie, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8"><bdi>978-1-135-93226-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=95-97&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93226-8&rft.aulast=Michie&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dip_IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022a-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022a_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement">"Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. Jun 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Democracy+data%3A+how+do+researchers+measure+democracy%3F&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fdemocracies-measurement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_indices_Our_World_in_Data_2022_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/vdem-electoral-democracy-data">"The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure democracy?"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. 2022-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Fspecial-report%2F2017%2Fbreaking-down-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://connect.apsanet.org/s35/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2023/06/Democracy-and-Autocracy-211_June-2023.pdf">"Democracy and Autocracy, Why do Democracies Develop and Decline", Vol. 21(1) June 2023, Democracy and Autocracy Section, American Political Science Association</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoale1989" class="citation book cs1">Coale, Ansley J. (1989). "Demographic Transition". <i>Social Economics</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 16–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-19806-1_4">10.1007/978-1-349-19806-1_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49529-2"><bdi>978-0-333-49529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demographic+Transition&rft.btitle=Social+Economics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16-23&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-19806-1_4&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49529-2&rft.aulast=Coale&rft.aufirst=Ansley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissantHaynes2015" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, A.; Haynes, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1TLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Twenty Years of Studying Democratization: Vol 1: Democratic Transition and Consolidation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-61900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-61900-0"><bdi>978-1-317-61900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+of+Studying+Democratization%3A+Vol+1%3A+Democratic+Transition+and+Consolidation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-61900-0&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Haynes%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1TLCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinBatesGoldstoneKristensen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, David L.; Bates, Robert; Goldstone, Jack; Kristensen, Ida; O'Halloran, Sharyn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3694234">"Democratic Transitions"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>50</b> (3). [Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]: 551–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2006.00201.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00201.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3694234">3694234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Democratic+Transitions&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=551-569&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3694234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2006.00201.x&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Bates%2C+Robert&rft.au=Goldstone%2C+Jack&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+Ida&rft.au=O%27Halloran%2C+Sharyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3694234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggardKaufman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275430">"Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule"</a>. <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>106</b> (3). [American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]: 495–516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055412000287">10.1017/S0003055412000287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23275430">23275430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28273700">28273700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Inequality+and+Regime+Change%3A+Democratic+Transitions+and+the+Stability+of+Democratic+Rule&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495-516&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28273700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23275430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055412000287&rft.aulast=Haggard&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Robert+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23275430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaser2018" class="citation book cs1">Glaser, E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uwxDwAAQBAJ"><i>Anti-Politics: On the Demonization of Ideology, Authority and the State</i></a>. Watkins Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912248-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912248-12-4"><bdi>978-1-912248-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Politics%3A+On+the+Demonization+of+Ideology%2C+Authority+and+the+State&rft.pub=Watkins+Media&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-912248-12-4&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uwxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington2012" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, S.P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMjyTFG04JYC&pg=PA1961"><i>The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century</i></a>. The Julian J. Rothbaum Distinguished Lecture Series. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8604-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-8604-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-8604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Wave%3A+Democratization+in+the+Late+20th+Century&rft.series=The+Julian+J.+Rothbaum+Distinguished+Lecture+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-8604-7&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMjyTFG04JYC%26pg%3DPA1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk, Dudley (1996). "Demographic Transition Theory". <i>Population Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (3). Informa UK Limited: 361–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0032472031000149536">10.1080/0032472031000149536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4728">0032-4728</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618374">11618374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=Demographic+Transition+Theory&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-387&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0032-4728&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11618374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0032472031000149536&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonerMcFaul2013" class="citation book cs1">Stoner, K.; McFaul, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BYNYiPmyMIC&pg=PP1"><i>Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0877-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-0877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitions+to+Democracy%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0877-4&rft.aulast=Stoner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=McFaul%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BYNYiPmyMIC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+transition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_transition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/democracies-measurement">Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?</a> -<a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Democratic+transition">Democratic Transition publications</a> - <a href="/wiki/Jstor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jstor">Jstor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a 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