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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون هوبكنسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون هوبكنسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان هاپکینسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان هاپکینسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان هاپکینسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان هاپکینسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون هوبكنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون هوبكنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%97%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ホプキンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ホプキンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Hopkinson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гопкинсон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гопкинсон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British physicist and electrical engineer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the priest (his nephew), see <a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson_(priest)" title="John Hopkinson (priest)">John Hopkinson (priest)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Hopkinson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hopkinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_Hopkinson.jpg/220px-John_Hopkinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/John_Hopkinson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1849-07-27</span>)</span>27 July 1849<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 August 1898<span style="display:none">(1898-08-27)</span> (aged 49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Herens" class="mw-redirect" title="Val d'Herens">Val d'Herens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_effect" title="Hopkinson effect">Hopkinson effect</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit#Hopkinson's_law" title="Magnetic circuit">Hopkinson's law</a><br />Hopkinson's test<br /><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1890)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Hopkinson,</b> FRS, (27 July 1849 – 27 August 1898) was a British <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> and President of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">IEE (now the IET)</a> twice in 1890 and 1896. He invented the three-wire (<a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a>) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> in 1882. He also worked in many areas of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatics</a>, and in 1890 was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, where he was also director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siemens_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siemens Laboratory (page does not exist)">Siemens Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hopkinson%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopkinson's law">Hopkinson's law</a>, the magnetic counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>, is named after him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Hopkinson was born in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, the eldest of 5 children. His father, also called John, was a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineer">mechanical engineer</a>. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Queenwood_College" title="Queenwood College">Queenwood School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a> in Manchester. He won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> in 1867 and graduated in 1871 as <a href="/wiki/Senior_Wrangler" title="Senior Wrangler">Senior Wrangler</a>, having placed first in the demanding <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Mathematical_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Mathematical Tripos">Cambridge Mathematical Tripos</a> examination.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he also studied for and passed the examination for a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. Hopkinson could have followed a purely academic career but instead chose engineering as his vocation. He was a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Apostle">Cambridge Apostle</a>. </p><p>After working first in his father's engineering works, Hopkinson took a position in 1872 as an engineering manager in the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> engineering department of <a href="/wiki/Chance_Brothers" title="Chance Brothers">Chance Brothers and Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smethwick" title="Smethwick">Smethwick</a>. In 1877 Hopkinson was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in recognition of his application of <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> to problems of <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> capacity and residual charge. In 1878 he moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to work as a consulting engineer, focusing particularly on developing his ideas about how to improve the design and efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a>. Hopkinson's most important contribution was his three-wire distribution system, patented in 1882. In 1883 Hopkinson showed mathematically that it was possible to connect two alternating current dynamos in parallel-—a problem that had long bedevilled electrical engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also studied magnetic permeability at high temperature, and discovered what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_effect" title="Hopkinson effect">Hopkinson peak effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Series-parallel_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-parallel control">series-parallel method of electric motor control</a>, for which Hopkinson was granted a British patent in 1881, would prove to be an important advance in the development of electric railways.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied for a US patent in 1892, triggering an <a href="/wiki/Interference_proceeding" title="Interference proceeding">interference proceeding</a> against American inventor <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_M._Hunter" title="Rudolph M. Hunter">Rudolph M Hunter</a>, who had been granted a US patent for the method in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">US Patent Office</a> affirmed Hopkinson's claim to priority of invention, but his British patent expired before the case was resolved, rendering him ineligible for a US patent (his US patent, had one been issued, would have expired concurrently with his British patent).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkinson twice held the office of President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. During his second term, Hopkinson proposed that the Institution should make available the technical knowledge of electrical engineers for the defence of the country. In 1897 the Volunteer Corps of Electrical Engineers was formed and Hopkinson became major in command of the corps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_legacy">Personal life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson,_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_John_Hopkinson%2C_Free_School_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_699093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque at Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 August 1898, Hopkinson and three of his six children, John Gustave, Alice and Lina Evelyn, were killed in a mountaineering accident on the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Dent_de_Veisivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Dent de Veisivi">Petite Dent de Veisivi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27H%C3%A9rens" title="Val d'Hérens">Val d'Hérens</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pennine_Alps" title="Pennine Alps">Pennine Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a memorial to John Hopkinson and his son, the 1899 extension to the Engineering Laboratory in the <a href="/wiki/New_Museums_Site" title="New Museums Site">New Museums Site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> was named after him. A plaque commemorating this is fixed to the wall in <a href="/wiki/Free_School_Lane" title="Free School Lane">Free School Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hopkinson_and_Imperial_Chemical_Industries_Professor_of_Applied_Thermodynamics" title="Hopkinson and Imperial Chemical Industries Professor of Applied Thermodynamics">Hopkinson and Imperial Chemical Industries Professorship of Applied Thermodynamics</a> is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a memorial sundial to Alice Hopkinson in the gardens of Newnham College, Cambridge from which she had recently graduated; the Lina Evelyn Hopkinson Scholarship is awarded to pupils at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_High_School" title="Wimbledon High School">Wimbledon High School</a> for English Literature. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> the Electro-technical Laboratory (1912) in Coupland Street was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His sons <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Hopkinson" title="Bertram Hopkinson">Bertram</a> and Cecil, wife Evelyn and daughter Ellen (married <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alfred Ewing">James Alfred Ewing</a> in 1912) are buried in the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge">Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge</a>; the rest of the family are interred in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">Polyphase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_collector#Rigid_collectors" title="Bow collector">Rigid collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Hopkinson" title="Bertram Hopkinson">Bertram Hopkinson</a>, his son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hopkinson" title="Alfred Hopkinson">Alfred Hopkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopkinson" title="Edward Hopkinson">Edward Hopkinson</a>, his younger brothers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Hopkinson" title="Austin Hopkinson">Austin Hopkinson</a>, his nephew</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>: <i>Hopkinson, John</i> by T. H. Beare</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADHPKN867J" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HPKN867J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Hopkinson, John (HPKN867J)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hopkinson%2C+John+%28HPKN867J%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHPKN867J%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originalpaperson00hopkrich">Original papers on dynamo machinery and allied subjects (London, Whittaker, 1893)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson1884" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkinson, J. (1884). "The theory of alternating currents, particularly in reference to two alternate-current machines connected to the same circuit". <i>Journal of the Society of Telegraph-Engineers and Electricians</i>. <b>13</b> (54): 496–515. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fjste-3.1884.0048">10.1049/jste-3.1884.0048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Telegraph-Engineers+and+Electricians&rft.atitle=The+theory+of+alternating+currents%2C+particularly+in+reference+to+two+alternate-current+machines+connected+to+the+same+circuit&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=496-515&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fjste-3.1884.0048&rft.aulast=Hopkinson&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson,_J.1889" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkinson, J. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1889.0014">"Magnetic and Other Physical Properties of Iron at a High Temperature"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A</i>. <b>180</b>: 443–465. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1889RSPTA.180..443H">1889RSPTA.180..443H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1889.0014">10.1098/rsta.1889.0014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90545">90545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+A&rft.atitle=Magnetic+and+Other+Physical+Properties+of+Iron+at+a+High+Temperature&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=443-465&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1889.0014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1889RSPTA.180..443H&rft.au=Hopkinson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsta.1889.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Great Britain Patent 2989 of 1881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US385055">US 385055</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=385055&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hopkinson v. Hunter</i> (74 O.G., 653). United States Patent Office (1897). <i>Decisions of the commissioner of patents and of the United States courts in patent and trade-mark and copyright cases</i>. <b>1896</b>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glacieradventure.weebly.com/the-unfortunate-hopkinson-family.html">"The Unfortunate Hopkinson Family"</a>. <i>Mr Boyd's Glacier Adventures</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mr+Boyd%27s+Glacier+Adventures&rft.atitle=The+Unfortunate+Hopkinson+Family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglacieradventure.weebly.com%2Fthe-unfortunate-hopkinson-family.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Hopkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030426033602/http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/hopkinson.html">John Hopkinson biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/1950-1975/prof_thermo.html">Cambridge University - 125 Years of Engineering Excellence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Book of Manchester and Salford</i>. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons, 1929; p. 73</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hopkinson, Mary & Ewing, Irene, <i>Lady</i> (eds.) (1948) <i>John and Alice Hopkinson 1824-1910</i>. London: Farmer & Sons, printers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hopkinson,_John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hopkinson, John">Hopkinson, John</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hopkinson%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Hopkinson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hopkinson%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Hopkinson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Hopkinson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hopkinson%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Hopkinson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221849-1898%22%20AND%20Hopkinson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Hopkinson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/noflash/1875-1900/hopkinson_john.html">John Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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