CINXE.COM

Foraminifera - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Foraminifera - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"36ef60b8-e4e2-46af-843c-49d7c9cfb9fa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Foraminifera","wgTitle":"Foraminifera","wgCurRevisionId":23985472,"wgRevisionId":23985472,"wgArticleId":351487,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Galat CS1: tanggal","Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit","Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat","Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan","Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC","CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)","Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak","Artikel dengan format mikro 'spesies'","Pranala Commons dari Wikidata", "Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Semua filum","Foraminifera","Rhizaria","Amoeboid"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Foraminifera","wgRelevantArticleId":351487,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q107027","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="808"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="539"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="431"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Foraminifera - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Foraminifera rootpage-Foraminifera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Foraminifera" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Foraminifera" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Foraminifera" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Foraminifera" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taksonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taksonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taksonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taksonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reproduksi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Reproduksi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variasi_mode_reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variasi_mode_reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Variasi mode reproduksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variasi_mode_reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tests</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Komposisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komposisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Komposisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komposisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Halus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Halus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teraglutinasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teraglutinasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Teraglutinasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teraglutinasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berkapur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berkapur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Berkapur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berkapur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Silicate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konstruksi_dinding_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konstruksi_dinding_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Konstruksi dinding test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konstruksi_dinding_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sejarah evolusi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_paleontologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_paleontologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aplikasi paleontologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_paleontologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kegunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Foraminifera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 53 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مثقبات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثقبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="منخربات – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منخربات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminiferl%C9%99r" title="Foraminiferlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Foraminiferlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фарамініферы – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фарамініферы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фораминифери – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фораминифери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramin%C3%ADfers" title="Foraminífers – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Foraminífers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADrkono%C5%A1ci" title="Dírkonošci – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dírkonošci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminiferen" title="Foraminiferen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Foraminiferen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τρηματοφόρα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρηματοφόρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifero" title="Foraminifero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Foraminifero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifero" title="Foraminifero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Foraminifero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روزن‌داران – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزن‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huokosel%C3%A4imet" title="Huokoseläimet – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huokoseläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3raiminif%C3%A9ar" title="Fóraiminiféar – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fóraiminiféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramin%C3%ADferos" title="Foraminíferos – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Foraminíferos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חוריריות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוריריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="फोरामिनिफेरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोरामिनिफेरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krednjaci" title="Krednjaci – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krednjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likacsosh%C3%A1z%C3%BAak" title="Likacsosházúak – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Likacsosházúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tungar" title="Götungar – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Götungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%99%AB" title="有孔虫 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有孔虫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფორამინიფერები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფორამინიფერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%B5%EC%B6%A9" title="유공충 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유공충" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramin%C4%ABferas" title="Foraminīferas – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Foraminīferas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poredyr" title="Poredyr – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Poredyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otwornice" title="Otwornice – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otwornice" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramin%C3%ACfer" title="Foraminìfer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Foraminìfer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifer" title="Foraminifer – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Foraminifer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фораминиферы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фораминиферы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krednjaci" title="Krednjaci – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krednjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierkavce" title="Dierkavce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dierkavce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Фораминифере – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фораминифере" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminiferer" title="Foraminiferer – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Foraminiferer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ฟอรามินิเฟอรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอรามินิเฟอรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikliler" title="Delikliler – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Delikliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Форамініфери – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Форамініфери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B9ng_l%E1%BB%97" title="Trùng lỗ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trùng lỗ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Foraminifera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80" title="有孔蟲門 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有孔蟲門" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107027#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Foraminifera" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Foraminifera" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Foraminifera" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;oldid=23985472" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Foraminifera&amp;id=23985472&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FForaminifera"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FForaminifera"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Foraminifera"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Foraminifera&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispesies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q107027" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Foraminifera<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Rentang waktu: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">542–0&#160;<abbr title="juta tahun yang lalu">jtyl</abbr></span><sup id="cite_ref-Parfrey2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parfrey2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Prakambrium" title="Prakambrium">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovisium" title="Ordovisium">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Silur" title="Silur">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Devon_(zaman)" title="Devon (zaman)">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon_(zaman)" title="Karbon (zaman)">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Perem" title="Perem">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Trias" title="Trias">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Jura_(zaman)" title="Jura (zaman)">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Kapur_(zaman)" title="Kapur (zaman)">K</a></div> <span style="font-size:85%; line-height: 1.89em;"><div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Pg</a></div></span> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen"><span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">N</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:36.553846153846px; width:183.44615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:36.553846153846px; width:183.44615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:37.553846153846px; width:181.44615384615px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambrium</a>–Saat ini</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ammonia_tepida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/220px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/330px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/440px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia_tepida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonia tepida (halaman belum tersedia)">Ammonia tepida</a></i> hidup (Rotaliida) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="domain"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(tanpa takson): </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="(tanpa takson)"><a href="/wiki/Supergrup_SAR" title="Supergrup SAR">SAR</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(tanpa takson): </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="(tanpa takson)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filum: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="filum"><a href="/wiki/Retaria" title="Retaria">Retaria</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfilum: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subfilum"><b>Foraminifera</b></div><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_d%27Orbigny" title="Alcide d&#39;Orbigny">d'Orbigny</a>, 1826</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,250,80)">Ordo </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allogromiida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allogromiida (halaman belum tersedia)">Allogromiida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carterina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carterina (halaman belum tersedia)">Carterinida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusulinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusulinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Fusulinida</a> — <i>extinct</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Globigerinida" title="Globigerinida">Globigerinida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Involutinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Involutinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Involutinida</a> — <i>extinct</i><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagenida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagenida (halaman belum tersedia)">Lagenida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miliolida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miliolida (halaman belum tersedia)">Miliolida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Robertinida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotaliida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotaliida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rotaliida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicoloculinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicoloculinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Silicoloculinida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirillinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirillinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Spirillinida</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Textulariida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Textulariida (halaman belum tersedia)">Textulariida</a><br /> <i>incertae sedis</i><br /> &#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Xenophyophorea" title="Xenophyophorea">Xenophyophorea</a><br /> &#160;&#160;&#160;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticulomyxa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reticulomyxa (halaman belum tersedia)">Reticulomyxa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <p><b>Foraminifera</b>, atau disingkat <b>foram</b>, adalah grup besar <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protista</a> <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboid</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Pseudopodia" title="Pseudopodia">pseudopodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemleben_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemleben-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam sains modern, istilah <i>foraminifera</i> digunakan sebagai bentuk tunggal atau jamak dari kelompok ini dan sering kali ditulis dalam <i>lowercase.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cangkang atau kerangka foraminifera merupakan petunjuk dalam pencarian sumber daya minyak, gas alam dan mineral. Pada beberapa genus, cangkang dari foraminifera tersusun dari kitin. Sebagian besar foraminifera hidup di laut, mayoritas hidup di dasar laut (<a href="/wiki/Bentos" title="Bentos">bentos</a>), dan beberapa hidup mengapung di perairan (<a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>). Beberapa diketahui hidup di perairan air tawar, dan beberapa spesies diketahui hidup di terestrial dan telah teridentifikasi melalui analisis molekuler dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosomal_DNA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosomal DNA (halaman belum tersedia)">DNA ribosomal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giere_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giere-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lejzerowicz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lejzerowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera umumnya menghasilkan cangkang (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_(biology)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Test (biology) (halaman belum tersedia)">test</a>) yang dapat terdiri dari satu ruang atau lebih, dan beberapa memiliki struktur yang rumit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennett_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennett-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cangkang ini umumnya terbuat dari kalsium karbonat (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) atau partikel sedimen yang teraglutinasi. Lebih dari 50,000 spesies telah diketahui, dengan 10,000 merupakan spesies yang hidup<sup id="cite_ref-Ald_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ald-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan 40,000 di antaranya merupakan fosil.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Foraminifera umumnya berukuran kurang dari 1&#160;mm, tetapi beberapa memiliki ukuran yang lebih besar. Spesies terbesar dari Foraminifera dapat mencapai ukuran hingga 20&#160;cm.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historis">Historis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Historis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Historis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referensi terawal dari foraminifera diketahui berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotus</a>, yang pada abad ke 5 Sebelum Masehi mencatat foraminifera sebagai pembuat batuan yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Piramida_Agung_Giza" title="Piramida Agung Giza">Piramida Agung Giza</a>. Foraminifera tersebut kini dikenal sebagai salah satu dari genus <i>Nummulites.</i> Pada abad ke-1 Sebelum Masehi, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> juga mencatat foraminifera yang sama dan menduga bahwa foraminifera tersebut merupakan sisa-sisa kacang-kacangan yang ditinggalkan oleh para pekerja yang membangun piramida.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> mengobservasi foraminifera dengan mikroskop dan memberikan deskripsi serta ilustrasi pada bukunya yang diterbitkan tahun 1665, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrographia (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrographia</a></i> </p><blockquote><p><i>I was trying several small and single Magnifying Glasses, and casually viewing a parcel of white Sand, when I perceiv'd one of the grains exactly shap'd and wreath'd like a Shell[...] I view'd it every way with a better Microscope and found it on both sides, and edge-ways, to resemble the Shell of a small Water-Snail with a flat spiral Shell[...]</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Pada tahu 1700, <a href="/wiki/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antony van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> mendeskripsi dan mengilustrasikan cangkang foraminfera sebagai kerang menit; ilustrasinya dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elphidium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elphidium (halaman belum tersedia)">Elphidium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada awalnya, foraminifera diklasifikasikan di dalam genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nautilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilus">Nautilus</a></i>, karena adanya persamaan dengan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Sefalopoda" title="Sefalopoda">sefalopoda</a>. Kemudian pada tahun 1781, diketahui oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Spengler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Spengler (halaman belum tersedia)">Lorenz Spengler</a> bahwa foraminifera memiliki suatu lubang dalam septa, sehingga pada akhirnya dibentuk grup foraminfera.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spengler juga mencatat bahwa septa foraminifera berbentuk melengkung berlawanan dari nautili dan foraminifera tidak memiliki tabung saraf.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1826, <a href="/wiki/Alcide_d%27Orbigny" title="Alcide d&#39;Orbigny">Alcide d'Orbigny</a> mempertimbangkan foraminifera untuk dikelompokkan sebagai sefalopoda. Dengan morfologi foraminifera yang unik, pseudopodia dari foraminifera diinterpretasikan sebagai tentakel dan mencatat tidak adanya bagian kepala pada foraminifera karena telah tereduksi.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia menamakan kelompok foraminifera atau "pembawa lubang" (<i>"hole-bearers"</i>) sebagai anggota dari grup yang memiliki lubang pada bagian antara kompartmen di cangkangnya, berbeda dengan nautili atau ammonites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Robert_Hooke_foraminifera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Robert_Hooke_foraminifera.png/220px-Robert_Hooke_foraminifera.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Robert_Hooke_foraminifera.png 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Ilustrasi paling awal yang diketahui dari cangkang foraminifera yang dipublikasikan oleh Robert Hooke pada tahun 1665 dalam bukunya berjudul Micrographia</figcaption></figure> <p>Sifat protozoa foraminifera pertama kali dikenali oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Dujardin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Dujardin (halaman belum tersedia)">Dujardin</a> pada tahun 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1852, d'Orbigny membuat skema klasifikasi, dengan 72 genus foraminifera yang diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk cangkang (tests). Skema ini menuai kritikan dari para kolega.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1884, monograf yang ditulis oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bowman_Brady&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bowman Brady (halaman belum tersedia)">H.B. Brady</a> mendeskripsikan penemuan foraminifera pada <a href="/wiki/Ekspedisi_Challenger" title="Ekspedisi Challenger">ekspedisi Challenger</a>. Brady menuliskan 10 famili dengan 29 subfamili, dengan sedikit memperhatikan rentang stratigrafi; taksonomi yang disusun Brady menekankan pada gagasan bahwa karakter yang berbeda harus memisahkan kelompok taksonomi, dan dengan demikian genus foraminifera yang teraglutinasi (<i>agglutinated</i>) dan berkapur (<i>calcareous</i>) ditempatkan dalam relasi yang dekat. </p><p>Skema klasifikasi ini tetap ada hingga adanya skema dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Augustine_Cushman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Augustine Cushman (halaman belum tersedia)">Cushman</a> pada akhir 1920an. Cushman melihat komposisi dinding sebagai sifat yang paling penting dalam klasifikasi foraminifera. Klasifikasi Cushman kemudian ditermia secara luas, tetapi juga menuai kritik dari koleganya karena "tidak terdengar biologis". </p><p>Skema Cushman tetap menjadi skema klasifikasi yang dominan hingga munculnya klasifikasi Tappan dan Loeblich pada tahun 1964. Pada klasifikasi ini, foraminifera dikelompokkan dalam kelompok-kelompok yang masih digunakan hingga hari ini, yaitu berdasarkan mikrostruktur dari dinding cangkang.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok-kelompok dalam klasifikasi ini telah mengalami beberapa perpindahan sesuai dengan skema yang berbeda dari klasifikasi tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Sistematika molekular yang digunakan Pawlowski (2013) secara umum telah mengonfirmasi pengelompokkan yang dilakukan Tappan dan Loeblich, dengan beberapa kelompok ditemukan sebagai polifiletik atau parafiletik. Sistematika ini juga mampu mengidentifikasi hubungan tingkat tinggi antara kelompok foraminifera utama.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Taksonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taksonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posisi taksonomi dari Foraminifera telah bervariasi sejak Schultze pada tahun 1854,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang mengacu pada penempatan Foraminiferida sebagai ordo. Loeblich dan Tappan (1992) menempatkan Foraminifera kembali sebagai suatu kelas<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> seperti yang digunakan sekarang. </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; width: 248px; float: right; clear: right; vertical-align: middle"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 1px solid #dedede; padding: 3px"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17572906">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"Monothalamids" (paraphyletic) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagenida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagenida (halaman belum tersedia)">Lagenida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"Monothalamids" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubothalamea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubothalamea (halaman belum tersedia)">Tubothalamea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miliolida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miliolida (halaman belum tersedia)">Miliolida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirillinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirillinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Spirillinida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"Monothalamids" </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xenophyophorea" title="Xenophyophorea">Xenophyophorea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globothalamea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globothalamea (halaman belum tersedia)">Globothalamea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textulariida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Textulariida (halaman belum tersedia)">Textulariida</a>" (paraphyletic) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Robertinida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">&#8239; </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">&#8239; </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotaliida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotaliida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rotaliida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">&#8239; </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 248px; border: 0; padding: 0;">Filogeni berdasarkan Pawlowski et al. 2013. Ordo monothalamid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrorhizida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrorhizida (halaman belum tersedia)">Astrorhizida</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allogromiida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allogromiida (halaman belum tersedia)">Allogromiida</a> merupakan parafiletik. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Foraminifera biasanya dikelompokkan dalam Protozoa,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pada kingdom Protist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bukti kuat dari pengelompokkan ini adalah berdasarkan pada filogenetik molekuler, di mana foraminifera termasuk dalam kelompok utama dalam Protozoa yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebelum diketahui memiliki hubungan evolusioner dengan anggota Rhizaria, Foraminifera secara umum dikelompokkan bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(genus)" title="Amoeba (genus)">amoeboid</a> lain sebagai filum Rhizopodea (atau Sarcodina) dalam kelas Granuloreticulosa. </p><p>Terdapat beberapa permasalahan dalam pengelompokkan Rhizaria, karena kelompok ini sering disebut sebagai "supergroup" dibandingkan tingkatan taksonomi yang sudah ada seperti <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a>. Cavalier-Smith mendefinisikan Rhizaria sebagai infra-kingdom di dalam kingdom Protozoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa taksonomi menempatkan Foraminifera pada suatu filum tersendiri dan setara dengan amoeboid Sarcodina di mana mereka ditempatkan sebelumnya. </p><p>Walaupun belum didukung dengan korelasi morfologi, data molekuler sangat menyarankan bahwa Foraminifera berhubungan dekat dengan Cercozoa dan Radiolaria, keduanya juga termasuk dalam amoeboid yang memiliki cangkang yang kompleks; ketiga kelompok ini membentuk Rhizaria.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, hubungan yang tepat dari foram-foram tersebut dengan kelompok lain dan hubungan satu sama lain belum sepenuhnya jelas. Foraminifera berhubungan dekat dengan amuba testat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi">Anatomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Anatomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anatomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspek paling mencolok dari foraminifera adalah cangkangnya yang keras, yang disebut sebagai <i>test. Test</i> dapat terdiri dari beberapa ruang, dan dapat tersusun dari protein, sedimen, partikel, kalsit, aragonit, atau silika.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun terdapat pula beberapa foraminifera yang tidak memiliki <i>test</i> secara keseluruhan.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak seperti organisme penghasil cangkang yang lain, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">moluska</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">koral</a>, <i>test</i> yang dimiliki foraminifera terletak di dalam <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a>, di dalam <a href="/wiki/Protoplasma" title="Protoplasma">protoplasma</a>, Organel sel foraminifera terletak di dalam kompartmen dari <i>test</i> dan dengan adanya lubang dari <i>test,</i> maka dapat terjadi transfer materi dari pseudopodia ke sel internal dan sebaliknya.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Foraminifera_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foraminifera_scheme.svg/220px-Foraminifera_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foraminifera_scheme.svg/330px-Foraminifera_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foraminifera_scheme.svg/440px-Foraminifera_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Diagram skematik dari foraminifera multilokuler. 1-endoplasma, 2-ektoplasma, 3-ruang(bilik), 4-pori, 5-foramen, 6-vakuola makanan, 7-nukleus, 8-mitokondria, 9-pseudopodia granuretikulosa, 10-granula, 11-apertur primer, 12-partikel makanan, 13-badan Golgi, 14-ribosom</figcaption></figure> <p>Sel foraminifera dibagi menjadi endoplasma granular dan ektoplasma transparan tempat jaring pseudopodial muncul melalui lubang atau melalui banyak perforasi dalam <i>test.</i> Karakteristik dari individu pseudopod yaitu memiliki granula-granula yang kecil dan mengalir di kedua arah.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karakteristik lain yang unik dari foraminifera adalah memiliki <i>granuloreticulose pseudopodia;</i> yaitu pseudopodia yang berbentuk granular pada mikroskop; pseudopodia ini sering melakukan pemanjangan dan dapat terpisah lalu tergabung kembali satu sama lain. <i>Granuloreticulose pseudopodia</i> dapat diperpanjang dan ditarik kembali agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan sel. Pseudopod digunakan untuk lokomosi, penahan, eksresi, pembentukan <i>test</i>, dan penangkapan makanan, yang merupakan organisme kecil seperti diatom atau bakteri.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain dengan <i>test</i>, sel foraminifera juga didukung dengan <a href="/wiki/Sitoskeleton" title="Sitoskeleton">sitoskeleton</a> dari mikrotubulus, yang disusun secara longgar tanpa struktur yang terlihat pada amoeboid lainnya. Foram telah mengembangkan mekanisme seluler khusus untuk merakit dan membongkar mikrotubulus dengan cepat, sehingga memungkinkan pembentukan dan retraksi yang cepat dari pseudopedia yang memanjang.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada bentuk gamont (bentuk seksual), secara umum foraminifera memiliki satu nuklues, sedangkan agamont (bentuk aseksual) cenderung memiliki beberapa nukleus. Pada beberapa spesies, nukleus bersifat dimorfik, dengan nukleus somatik mengandung protein dan RNA tiga kali lebih banyak dibandingkan nukleus generatif. Namun, anatomi dari nukleus foraminifera sangat beragam.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nukleus tidak selalu terbatas di satu ruang pada spesies yang memiliki banyak ruang. Nukleus dapat berbentuk bulat atau memiliki banyak lobus. Umumnya nukleus berdiameter 30-50&#160;µm.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa spesies foraminifera memiliki beberapa vakuola kosong yang besar. Kegunaan dari vakuola ini belum jelas, tetapi diduga berfungsi sebagai reservoir dari nitrat.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitokondria terdistribusi merata di seluruh sel, walaupun pada beberapa spesies mitokondria ini terkonsentrasi di bawah pori-pori dan sektiar tepi eksternal dari sel. Kondisi ini telah dihipotesiskan sebagai bentuk dari adaptasi pada lingkungan dengan kadar oksigen yang rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa spesies dari Xenophyophore telah ditemukan memiliki isotop radioaktif dalam selnya dengan konsentrasi yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan sel eukaryot yang lain. Kegunaakn dari isotop radioaktif yang berkonsentrasi tinggi ini masih belum diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologi">Ekologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Ekologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foraminifera modern umumnya merupakan organisme laut, namun individu foraminifera yang hidup juga telah ditemukan di air payau, sungai<sup id="cite_ref-:8_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan bahkan habitat terestrial.<sup id="cite_ref-Lejzerowicz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lejzerowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar dari spesies foraminifera hidup sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bentos" title="Bentos">bentos</a>, dan 40 morfospesies hidup sebagai plankton.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hasil perhitungan ini bisa saja hanya merepresentasikan sedikit dari diversitas sesungguhnya, karena banyak spesies yang berbeda secara genetik namun tidak dapat dibedakan secara morfologi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera bentos umumnya ditemukan di sedimen berbutir halus, di mana mereka secara aktif berpindah di antara lapisan sedimen; namun banyak juga foraminifera bentos yang ditemukan pada permukaan batu yang keras, menempel pada rumput laut, atau duduk di atas permukaan sedimen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar foraminifera plankton yang ditemukan merupakan Globigerinina, suatu garis keturunan dalam Rotaliida.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, sedikitnya terdapat satu garis keturunan Rotaliid lain yang masih ada, yaitu Neogallitellia, yang kemungkinan secara independen berevolusi sehingga memiliki gaya hidup planktonik.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lebih lanjut, telah diduga bahwa beberapa fosil Jurassic dari foraminifera telah berevolusi secara independen sehingga memiliki gaya hidup planktonik, dan diperkirakan merupakan anggota dari Robertinida.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah foram memiliki alga uniseluler sebagai endosimbion, dari berbagai garis keturunan seperti alga hijau, alga merah, alga coklat, diatom, dan dinoflagelata.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Foraminifera miksotrofik ini sangat umum ditemukan di perairan laut yang memiliki kadar nutrisi yang rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa foram merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptoplasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleptoplasty (halaman belum tersedia)">kleptoplastik</a>, mempertahankan kloroplas dari alga endosimbion yang tertelan untuk melakukan fotosintesis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar foraminifera merupakan heterotrof, mengonsumsi organisme lebih kecil dan senyawa organik; beberapa spesies yang lebih kecil merupakan predator dari fitodetritus, sedangkan beberapa yang lain merupakan predator diatom. Beberapa foram bentos membentuk kista khusus untuk makan, dengan menggunakan pseudopodia untuk membentuk kista secara mandiri di dalam sedimen dan partikel organik.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Foraminifera tertentu memangsa hewan kecil seperti <a href="/wiki/Copepoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepoda">copepod</a> atau cumacean; beberapa foram bahkan memangsa foram lain dengan membuat suatu lubang pada <i>test</i> dari mangsanya.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelompok Xenophyophores diduga memangsa bakteri dengan <i>test</i> mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umumnya dalam kelompok ini juga terdapat foraminifera yang makan dengan menyaring partikel makanan yang tersuspensi di perairan (<i>suspension feeding</i>), dan terdapat beberapa spesies yang mengambil keuntungan dari karbon organik terlarut di perairan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa spesies foram merupakan <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasit</a>, menginfeksi <a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">spons</a>, moluska, koral, atau foraminifera lain. Strategi parasit dari foraminifera dapat bervariasi; beberapa merupakan ektoparasit, menggunakan pseudopodia untuk mencuri makanan dari inang, sementara beberapa menggali melalui cangkang atau dinding tubuh inangnya untuk mekakan jaringan lunaknya.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera merupakan mangsa bagi organisme yang berukuran lebih besar, seperti invertebrata, ikan, burung pantai, dan foraminifera lainnya. Telah diduga bahwa pada beberapa kasus predasi, predator dapat lebih tertarik dengan kalsium dari cangkang foram dibandingkan organisme foram sendiri. Beberapa spesies siput akuatik diketahui memangsa foraminifera secara selektif, bahkan sering kali lebih memilih spesies individu.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera bentos tertentu telah ditemukan mampu bertahan hidup pada kondisi tanpa oksigen selama lebih dari 24 jam, mengindikasikan bahwa mereka mampu melakukan respirasi anaerobik selektif. Kondisi ini diinterpretasikan sebagai suatu adaptasi untuk bertahan hidup pada kondisi perubahan kadar oksigen yang berada di dekat antarmuka air-sedimen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera ditemukan di bagian terdalam dari samudra seperti <a href="/wiki/Palung_Mariana" title="Palung Mariana">Palung Mariana</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Kedalaman_Challenger" title="Kedalaman Challenger">Kedalaman Challenger</a>, bagian terdalam yang diketahui. Pada kedalaman ini, di bawah kedalaman laut di mana laju tersedianya kalsium karbonat lebih lambat dibandingkan laju pelarutannya, sehingga tidak ada kalsium karbonat yang tersedia di kedalaman ini. (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_compensation_depth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonate compensation depth (halaman belum tersedia)">carbonate compensation depth</a>),</i> sehingga kalsium karbonat pada <i>test</i> menjadi larut dalam air karena adnaya tekanan yang ekstrim. Foraminifera yang ditemukan di Kedalaman Challenger tidak memiliki karbonat pada <i>test</i>, tetapi memiliki dua materi organik.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Reproduksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reproduksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Siklus hidup foraminifera secara umum melibatkan pergantian antara generasi <a href="/wiki/Haploid" title="Haploid">haploid</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diploid" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, walaupun sebagian besar keduanya memiliki bentuk yang serupa.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haploid atau gamont awalnya memiliki nukleus tunggal, dan mengalami pembelahan untuk menghasilkan sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Sel_gamet" title="Sel gamet">gamet</a> yang umumnya memiliki dua <a href="/wiki/Flagelum" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagelum">flagela</a>. Diploid atau agamont memiliki lebih dari satu nukleus atau disebut sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multinucleate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Multinucleate (halaman belum tersedia)">multinucleate</a>, dan kemudian melalui peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> terjadi pembelahan untuk menghasilkan gamont baru. Beberapa ronde reproduksi aseksual antara generasi seksual tidak jarang terjadi dalam bentuk bentik.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Foraminifera_life_cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Foraminifera_life_cycle.png/220px-Foraminifera_life_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Foraminifera_life_cycle.png/330px-Foraminifera_life_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Foraminifera_life_cycle.png/440px-Foraminifera_life_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Diagram siklus hidup foraminifera pada umumnya. Diagram ini menunjukan karakteristik pergantian generasi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foraminifera menunjukkan dimorfisme morfologi yang terkait dengan siklus reproduksinya. Gamont, atau bentuk haploid yang bereproduksi secara seksual, merupaakn megalosfer — yaitu prolokulusnya, atau ruang(bilik) pertamanya, berukuran besar secara proporsional. Gamont juga dapat disebut sebagai bentuk A. Gamont walaupun umumnya memiliki prolokulus yang besar, umumnya juga memiliki diameter <i>test</i> yang kecil secara kesulurhan dibandingkan dengan agamont. </p><p>Setelah dewasa, gamont membelah melalui <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> untuk menghasilkan ribuan gamet yang juga merupakan haploid. Semua gamet ini memiliki satu set lengkap organel, dan dikeluarkan dari <i>test</i> ke lingkungan dan meninggalkan <i>test</i> tanpa kerusakan. Gamet tidak terdiferensiasi menjadi sel sperma dan sel telur, dan dua gamet dari suatu spesies umumnya dapat membuahi satu sama lain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png/220px-Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png/330px-Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png/440px-Megalosphere_and_Microsphere.png 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>Morfologi megalosfer dan mikrosfer. Kedua nama tersebut diberikan dari ukuran dan prolokulus, atau disebut juga ruang pertama. Mikrosfer memiliki ukuran keseluruhan yang lebih besar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ketika dua gamet bersatu, mereka membentuk suatu sel diploid, suatu sel multi-nukleus yang dikenal sebagai <i>agamont</i> atau disebut juga sebagai bentuk B. Berbeda dengan agamont, agamont berukuran <i>microspheric</i>, dengan ukuran ruang(bilik) pertamanya secara proporsi berukuran kecil, tetapi secara umum berdiameter lebih besar dengan lebih banyak ruang. Agamont adalah fasa reproduksi aseksual dari foraminifera; setelah mencapai usia dewasa, protoplasma secara menyeluruh mengosongkan <i>test</i> dan membelah sitoplasmanya secara meiosis melalui beberapa fisi untuk membentuk sejumlah keturunan haploid. Keturunan ini kemudian mulai membentuk ruang pertama megalosfer sebelum menyebar. </p><p>Pada beberapa kasus, haploid muda dapat menjadi dewasa dalam bentuk megalosfer yang kemudian bereproduksi secara aseksual untuk membentuk megalosfer yang lain, keturunan haploid. Pada kasus ini, bentuk megalosfer pertama disebut sebagai bentuk schizont atau bentuk A<sub>1</sub>, sementara bentuk kedua disebut sebagai bentuk gamont atau bentuk A<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>Maturasi dan reproduksi terjadi lebih lambat pada air yang lebih sejuk dan lebih dalam; kondisi ini juga menyebabkan forman tumbuh lebih besar. Bentuk A selalu terlihat lebih banyak dibandingkan bentuk B, kemungkinan karena berkurangnya kemungkinan dua gamet bertemu satu sama lain dan berhasil bergabung.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nummulitids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/220px-Nummulitids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/330px-Nummulitids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/440px-Nummulitids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Fosil foraminifera nunmulitid menunjukkan individu mikrosfer (besar) dan megalosfer (kecil), dalam skala mm. <a href="/wiki/Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> dari Uni Emirat Arab. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variasi_mode_reproduksi">Variasi mode reproduksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Variasi mode reproduksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Variasi mode reproduksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat keragaman yang sangat tinggi dari strategi reproduksi pada beberapa kelompok foraminifera yang berbeda. </p><p>Pada spesies unilokuler, masih terdapat bentuk A dan bentuk B. Seperti dalam morfologi mikrosferik dari foram multilokuler, bentuk B yang bereproduksi secara aseksual berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan bentuk A yang bereproduksi secara seksual. </p><p>Foram pada famili Sprillinidae memiliki gamet amoeboid dan tidak berflagela. Aspek lain dari reproduksi pada kelompok ini secara umum serupa dengan kelompok foram lainnya. </p><p><i>Patelilna corrugata</i> yang merupakan spirilinid berkapur memiliki sedikit perbedaan pada strategi reproduksi dibandingkan foraminifera lain. Bentuk B yang bereproduksi secara aseksual menghasilkan kista yang mengelilingi keseluruhan sel; kemudian membelah di dalam kista tersebut dan sel anakan mengkanibal kalsit dari <i>test</i> induk untuk membentuk ruang pertama dari <i>test</i> mereka sendiri. Bentuk A ini, setelah dewasa, berkumpul menjadi kelompok-kelompok hingga sembilan individu; mereka kemudian membentuk kista pelindung di sekitar seluruh kelompok. <a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> terjadi di dalam kista ini, menghasilkan sedikit gamet. Larva bentuk B dihasilkan di dalam kista, setiap inti yang tidak terikat ke sel dikonsumsi sebagai makanan bagi larva yang sedang berkembang. <i>Pattelina</i> pada bentuk A bersifat dioseus, yaitu memiliki bentuk "jantan" dan "betina" yang berbeda, dengan jenis kelamin mengarah pada "plus" dan "minus"; jenis kelamin ini berbeda dalam jumlah nukleus, dengan bentuk "plus" membentuk tiga nukleus dan bentuk "minus" memiliki empat nukleus. Bentuk B lebih besar dibandingkan bentuk A.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tests">Tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Tests" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tests"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Benthic_foraminifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Benthic_foraminifera.jpg/220px-Benthic_foraminifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Benthic_foraminifera.jpg/330px-Benthic_foraminifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Benthic_foraminifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><i>Test</i> foraminifera (sisi ventral)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Test</i> foraminifera berfungsi untuk melindungi organisme di dalamnya. Karena konstruksinya yang umumnya keras dan tahan lama (dibandingkan dengan protista lainnya), <i>test</i> dari foraminifera merupakan sumber utama dari pengetahuan ilmiah tentang kelompok tersebut. </p><p>Pada <i>test</i> terdapat suatu bukaan yang memungkinkan sitoplasma meluas keluar, disebut sebagai apertur.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apertur primer, yang mengarah ke luar, mengambil banyak bentuk yang berbeda pada spesies yang berbeda, termasuk bentuk bulat, bulan sabit, celah, berkerudung, dan radiate (berbentuk bintang), dan dendritik (bercabang). Namun bentuk-bentuk tersebut tidak terbatas hanya pada bentuk-bentuk ini saja. Beberapa foraminifera memiliki apertur "bergigi", bergelang, atau berbibir. Mungkin hanya ada satu apertur primer atau lebih dari satu; ketika terdapat lebih dari satu apertur, mereka dapat terkumpul membentuk klaster atau ekuator. Selain apertur primer, banyak foraminifera memiliki apertur tambahan. Apertur tambahan ini dapat terbentuk sebagai apertur relik (apertur primer sebelumnya dari tahap pertumbuhan) atau sebagai struktur unik. </p><p>Bentuk <i>test</i> memiliki keragaman yang sangat tinggi di antara foraminfera yang berbeda; mereka dapat berbentuk beruang tunggal (unilokuler) atau beruang banyak (multilokuler). Pada bentuk multilokuler, ruang baru ditambahkan ketika organisme bertumbuh. Variasi yang luas dari dari morfologi <i>test</i> ditemukan pada bentuk unilokuler dan multilokuler, antara lain spiral, serial, dan miliolin.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak foraminifera menunjukkan dimorfisme pada <i>test</i> mereka, dengan individu megalosfer dan mikrosfer. Penamaan megalosfer dan mikrosfer ini tidak digunakan mengarah pada ukuran dari organisme utuh; namun mengarah pada ukuran dari ruang pertama, atau disebut sebagai <i>prolokulus.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg/220px-Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg/330px-Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg/440px-Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4447" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Foraminifera miliolid <i>Quinqueloculina</i> dari Laut Utara.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Test</i> sebagai fosil diketahui sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Ediakara" title="Ediakara">Ediacaran</a><sup id="cite_ref-:21_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan banyak sedimen laut yang sebagian besar terdiri dari fosil <i>test</i>. Milsanya, batu gamping yang membuat piramida Mesir tersusun hampir seluruhnya dari Foraminifera bentik nummulitik.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diperkirakan bahwa karang Foraminifera menghasilkan sekitar 43 juta ton kalsium karbonat per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studi genetik telah mengidentifikasi amoeba telanjang <i>Reticulomyxa</i> dan <i>Xenophyophores</i> yang khas sebagai foraminifera tanpa test. Beberapa amoeboid lainnya menghasilkan pseudopodia retikulosa, dan sebelumnya diklasifikasikan dalam foram sebagai Granuloreticulosa, tetapi pengklasifikasian ini tidak lagi dianggap sebagai kelompok alami, dan kini sebagian besar ditempatkan di atnara Cercozoa.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komposisi">Komposisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Komposisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komposisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bentuk dan komposisi dari <i>test</i> merupakan sarana utama untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi foram. Sebagian besar foraminifera memiliki <i>test</i> berkapur, tersusun dari kalsium karbonat.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Test</i> berkapur dapat tersusun dari aragonit atau kalsit bergantung pada spesies; di antara spesies yang memiliki <i>test</i> kalsit, <i>test</i> dapat mengandung fraksi subsitusi magnesium yang tinggi atau rendah. <i>Test</i> tersebut mengandung matriks organik, yang terkadang dapat diperoleh kembali dari sampel fosil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa studi menunjukkan adanya homoplasi dalam jumlah yang tinggi pada foraminifera, dan foraminifera yang teraglutinasi maupun berkapur tidak membentuk pengelompokan monofiletik dalam pohon filogenetik.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halus">Halus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Halus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Halus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada beberapa foram, <i>test</i> dapat tersusun dari materi organik, umumnya merupakan protein tectin. Dinding tectin dapat memiliki partikel sedimen yang melekat secara longgar pada permukaan.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Foram <i>Reticulomyxa</i> secara keseluruhan tidak memiliki <i>test</i>, hanya memiliki dinding membran sel.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Foram dengan dinding organik secara tradisional dikelompokkan sebagai "allogromiids"; akan tetapi, studi genetik telah menemukan bahwa kelompok ini bukan merupakan kelompok alami.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teraglutinasi">Teraglutinasi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Teraglutinasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teraglutinasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foram lain memiliki <i>test</i> yang terbuat dari potongan kecil sedimen yang teraglutinasi dengan protein (kemungkinan berkaitan dengan kolagen), kalsium karbonat, atau iron(III) oksida.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya ketiga bentuk ini dikelompokkan bersama sebagai "astrorhizids" yang beruang tunggal dan textulariids yang beruang banyak. Namun, studi genetik terbaru menunjukkan bahwa "astrorhizids" tidak membuat pengelompokkan yang alami, melainkan membentuk dasar yang luas dari pohon filogenetik foram.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak seperti anggota yang hidup dari globothalamea, foraminifera textulariid memiliki <i>test</i> teraglutinasi; namun butiran dalam <i>test</i> ini disemen dengan semen kalsit. Semen klasit ini terbuat dari butiran nano berbentuk globular yang berukuran kecil (&lt; 100&#160;nm), serupa dengan globothalameans yang lain. <i>Test</i> ini juga dapat memiliki banyak pori, fitur lain yang menyatukan mereka dengan kelompok globothalamea.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg/220px-XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg/330px-XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg/440px-XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Xenophyphore membuat <i>test</i> teraglutinasi terbesar dalam kelompok foraminifera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foraminifera teraglutinasi mungkin selektif mengenai partikel apa yang dapat masuk ke cangkangnya. Beberapa spesies lebih menyukai ukuran dan jenis partikel batuan tertentu; spesies lain lebih menyukai materi biologis tertentu. Spesies tertentu dari foraminifera diketahui memiliki coccolith yang diaglutinasi secara istimewa untuk membentuk <i>test</i> mereka; spesies lain lebih suka menggunakan pelat dari echinodermata, diatom, atau bahkan <i>test</i> foraminifera lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formanifera <i>Spiculosiphon</i> lebih memilih untuk mengaglutinasi silika dari <a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">spikula spons</a> menggunakan semen organik; foraminifera ini menunjukkan selektivitas yang kuat terhadap bentuk, menggunakan spikula yang memanjang pada "tangkai" dan yang pendek pada "batang". Diperkirakan spikula digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengangkat dirinya sendiri dari dasar laut serta untuk memperpanjang jangkuan pseudopodia untuk menangkap mangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Test</i> yang teraglutinasi dari xenophyophores merupakan <i>test</i> terbesar dari foraminifera, dengan diameter mencapai hingga 20&#160;cm. Nama "xenophyophore" memilki arti "pembawa benda asing", mengarah pada sifat mengalutinasi ini. Xenophyophores secara selektif mengambil butiran sedimen antara 63 dan 500&#160;µm, menghindari kerikil besar dan lumpur yang halus; jenis sedimen yang tampaknya menjadi faktorkuat di mana partikel diaglutinasi, karena jenis partikel yang lebih disukai terdiri dari sulfida, oksida, kaca vulkanik, dan terutama <i>test</i> dari foraminifera yang lebih kecil. Xenophyophores dengan diameter berukuran 1.5&#160;cm telah tercatat bersifat telanjang, tanpa <i>test</i> apapun.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berkapur">Berkapur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Berkapur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Berkapur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada foraminifera dengan <i>test</i> berkapur, terdapat beberapa struktur yang berbeda pada kristal kalsit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Miliolid_wall_SEM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Miliolid_wall_SEM.png/220px-Miliolid_wall_SEM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Miliolid_wall_SEM.png/330px-Miliolid_wall_SEM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Miliolid_wall_SEM.png/440px-Miliolid_wall_SEM.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Fotomikrograf dari dinding <i>test</i> miliolid dengan SEM, menunjukkan nanogranular (e) dan lapisan porcelain dengan struktur seperti jarum (p)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dinding dengan porselen ditemukan pada Miliolida. Dinding ini tersusun dari magnesium kalsit yang tinggi yang diatur dengan susunan lapisan kalsit luar dan dalam ("ekstrados" dan "intrados") dan kristal kalsit berbentuk jarum yang diorientasikan secara acak membentuk lapisan tenah yang tebal ("porselen"). Lapisan dalam organik juga ditemukan. Permukaan luar dapat memiliki struktur berlubang, tetapi tidak terperforasi dengan lubang. Miliolid "Cornuspirid" tampaknya tidak memiliki ekstrados.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suatu struktur test "monocrsytaline" secara tradisional telah dideskripsikan untuk Spirillinida. Namun, test tersebut masih kurang dipahami dan masih dijelaskan dengan buruk. Beberapa menduga spirllinid "monocrystaline" yang telah ditemukan sebenarnya memiliki <i>test</i> yang terdiri dari mosaik kristal kecil ketika diamati dengan mikroskop elektron. Pengamatan SEM dari <i>Patellina</i> sp. menunjukkan bahwa test "monocrystalline" yang sejati mungkin memang ada, dan menampilkan pemotongan yang tampak jelas.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Patellina_cleavage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patellina_cleavage.png/220px-Patellina_cleavage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patellina_cleavage.png/330px-Patellina_cleavage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patellina_cleavage.png/440px-Patellina_cleavage.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Fotomikrograf SEM dari <i>Patellina</i> sp. menunjukkan potongan dari <i>test</i> monokristalin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Test Lagenid tersusun dari "bundel serat" yang dapat mencapai panjang puluhan mikrometer; setiap "bundel" terbentuk dari kristal kalsit tunggal, berbentuk segitiga di penampang, dan memiliki pori di tengahnya (dianggap sebagai artefak dari deposisi <i>test</i>). Terdapat juga lapisan organik internal yang melekat pada struktur kerucut dari bundel serat. Karena struktur kristal bervariasi secara signifikan dari foraminifera berkapur, struktur ini diduga merepresentasikan evolusi terpisah dari <i>test</i> berkapur. Proses mineralisasi lagenid yang tepat masih belum diketahui secara pasti.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lagenid_microstructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lagenid_microstructure.png/220px-Lagenid_microstructure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lagenid_microstructure.png/330px-Lagenid_microstructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lagenid_microstructure.png/440px-Lagenid_microstructure.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Fotomikrograf SEM dari dinding <i>test</i> lagenid, menunjukkan struktur berupa kumpulan serat. Lapisan organik dalam dapat dilihat di kanan gambar.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Test</i> rotaliid dideskripsikan sebagai "hialin". Test ini tersusun dari butiran nano magnesium kalsit yang rendah hingga tinggi, diposisikan dengan sumbu C tegak lurus dengan permukaan luar dari <i>test</i>. Selanjutna, butiran nano ini dapat memiliki struktur tingkat yang lebih tinggi, seperti baris, kolom, atau bundel.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dinding <i>test</i> memiliki karakteristik bilamellar (dua lapis) dan berlubang dengan pori kecil. Lapisan luar kalsit dari dinding <i>test</i> disebut sebagai "lamina luar" sedangkan lapisan dalam dari kalsit disebut sebagai "lapisan dalam"; lapisan ini tidak disamakan dengan lapisan dalam organik yang ada di bawah <i>test</i>. Terdapat "lapisan median" yang diapit lamina luar dan lapisan dalam, yaitu suatu lapisan protein yang memisahkan dua lapisan tersebut. Lapisan median cukup bervariasi; bergantung pada spesiesnya, lapisan ini mungkin terdefinisi dengan baik sementara pada spesies ain mungkin tidak tergambar dengan taja,. Beberapa genus dapat mengandung partikel sedimen di dalam lapisan median.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png/220px-Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png/330px-Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png/440px-Rotaliid_test_wall_SEM.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Fotomikrograf SEM menunjukkan persilangan dari dinding rotaliid. Globular nanograin merupakan dinding test dengan dua lapisan. Tanda panah menunjukkan pori-pori.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carterinids, termasuk dalam genera Carterina dan Zaninettia, memiliki struktur kristalin pada <i>test</i> yang unik, yang telah lama memperumit klasifikasi mereka. Test pada genus ini terdiri dari spikula dari magnesium kalsit yang rendah, terikat bersama dengan matriks organik dan mengandung "bleb" bahan organik. Hal ini membuat para peneliti untuk menyimpulkan bahwa test teraglutinasi. Namun, studi tidak dapat menemukan aglutinasi, dan faktanya genus ini telah ditemukan pada substrat buatan di mana partikel sedimen tidak dapat berakumulasi.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebuah studi genetik pada tahun 2014 menemukan carterinid sebagai garis keturunan independen dalam Globothalamea dan mendukung gagasan spikula dihasilkan sebagai spkula yang berbeda bentuk secara konsisten antara spesimen dari Carterina dan Zaninettia yang dikumpulkan dari lokasi yang sama (berbentuk bulat telur pada Carterina, berbentuk bulat-persegi panjang pada Zaninettia).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png/220px-Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png/330px-Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png/440px-Carterina_spiculotesta_wall.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Fotomikrograf SEM dari dinding <i>test</i> carterinid, menunjukkan spikula kalsit yang dihasilkan pada matriks organik.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fusulinid yang sekarang sudah punah secara tradisional dianggap unik karena memiliki test dengan kristal berbutiran kecil (mikrogranular) dan homogen tanpa orientasi tertentu dan hampir tanpa semen. Namun, sebuah studi pada tahun 2017 menemukan bahwa struktur mikrogranular yang seharusnya sebenarnya merupakan hasi dari diagenesis fosil, dan test fusulinid yang tidak berubah malah menjadi struktur hialin. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok ini berafiliasi dengan kelompok Globothalamea.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robertinids memiliki test aragonitik dengan perforasi; test ini mirip dengan test dari rotaliids karena mereka terbentuk dari butiran nano (nanograins), namun, mereka berbeda dalam komposisi dan memiliki domain kolom yang terorganisir dengan baik. Karena foram planktonik paling awal memiliki test aragonitik, telah diduga bahwa test ini dapat merepresentasikan evolusi terpisah dari gaya hidup planktonik Robertinida, dibandingkan berkerabat dekat dengan Globigerinans.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hialin pada test aragonitik juga terdapat di Involutinida.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicate">Silicate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Silicate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Silicate"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satu genus, <i>Miliamellus</i>, memiliki test yang tidak terperforasi yang terbuat dari silika opaline. Bentuk dan struktur test ini serupa dengan miliolid pada umumnya; test tersusun dari lapisan organik internal dan eksternal, serta lapisan silika tengah yang terbuat dari batang yang memanjang. Lapisan silika ini selanjutnya dibagi menjadi subunit luar, tengah, dan dalam; subunit luar dan dalam masing-masing memiliki ketebalan sektiar 0,2 μm dan terdiri dari lembaran batang silika yang subparallel dengan sumbu panjangnya sejajar dengan permukaan test. Subunit tengah memiliki ketebalan sekitar 18 μm dan terdiri dari kisi batang silika tiga dimensi tanpa komponen organik di ruang terbuka. Ultrastruktur berbeda dari miliolid karena batangnya lebih dari dua kali lebih panjang dan rata-rata ketebalannya dua kali lebih tebal, dalam hal ini batang Miliamellus berlubang dan memiliki test tersusun dari silika dan bukan kalsit.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Foraminifera_wall_types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foraminifera_wall_types.png/220px-Foraminifera_wall_types.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foraminifera_wall_types.png/330px-Foraminifera_wall_types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Foraminifera_wall_types.png/440px-Foraminifera_wall_types.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Anatomi dan jenis dari dinding foraminifera.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konstruksi_dinding_test">Konstruksi dinding test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Konstruksi dinding test" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konstruksi dinding test"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketika terdapat test yang dihasilkan, dinding dari test foraminfera dapat berupa nonlamellar atau lamellar. </p><p>Dinding nonlamellar ditemukan di beberapa foraminifera, seperti Carterinida, Spirillinida, dan Miliolida. Pada bentuk ini, dihasilkannya ruang baru tidak berasosiasi dengan deposisi lebih lanjut dari ruang sebelumnya. Karena itu, tidak ada pelapisan lapisan kalsit yang berkaitan pada test.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada foraminifera dengan dinding lamellar, deposisi dari ruang baru disertai dengan pengendapan lapisan di atas ruang yang terbentuk sebelumnya. Lapisan ini mungkin menutupi semua ruang yang sebelumnya, atau dapat menutupi hanya beberapa dari ruang tersebut. Lapisan ini diketahui sebagai lamellae sekunder. </p><p>Foraminifera dengan dinding lamellar selanjutnya dapat dipecah menjadi dinding monolamellar dan dinding bilamellar. Foraminifera monolamellar mengeluarkan dinding test yang terdiri dari lapisan tunggal, sementara foraminifera bilamellar berlapis ganda dengan lapisan median yang organik, terkadang mengandung partikel sedimen. Pada foraminifera bilamellar, lapisan luar disebut sebagai "lamella luar" sedangkan lapisan dalam disebut sebagai "lapisan dalam". Foraminifera monolamellar termasuk Lagenida, sementara foraminifera bilamellar termasuk Rotaliida (termausk subkelompok planktonik utama, Globigerinina).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinding test bilamellar dapat dibagi lagi menjadi dinding yang memiliki penutup septum (lapisan dinding test yang menutupi septum yang disekresi sebelumnya) dan yang tidak memiliki penutup septum. Penutup septum tidak diketahui terdapat di foraminifera selain yang memiliki dinding bilamellar. </p><p>Adanya penutup septum sering kali, walaupun tidak selalu, berasosiasi dengan keberadaan ruang interlokuler. Sesuai dengan namanya, ruang ini merupakan ruang kecil yang terdapat di antara ruang; ruang ini dapat terbuka dan membentuk bagian dari permukaan luar test, atau dapat tertutup untuk membentuk kekosongan. Lapisan yang menutupi ruang hampa dibentuk dari bagian berbeda dari lamellae pada genus yang berbeda, menunjukkan evolusi independen dari ruang interlokuler yang tertutup untuk memperkuat test.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_evolusi">Sejarah evolusi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah evolusi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah evolusi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jam molekuler mengindikasikan bahwa kelompok mahkota dari foraminifera kemungkinan besar telah berevolusi selama Neoproterozoikum, antara 900 dan 650 juta tahun yang lalu; waktu ini konsisten dengan fosil Neoproterozoikum yang berhubungan dekat dengan amoeba filosa. Karena fosil foraminifera belum ditemukan sebelum akhir Zaman Ediacaran, kemungkinan sbeagian besar bentuk Proterozoikum ini tidak memiliki cangkang <i>test</i> yang keras.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karena memiliki <i>test</i> yang tidak termineralisasi, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allogromiida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allogromiida (halaman belum tersedia)">allogromiida</a>" tidak memiliki catatan fosil.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vendozoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vendozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Vendozoan</a> misterius pada periode Ediacaran telah diduga merepresentasikan fosil xenophyophores.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, penemuan sterol C27 yang diubah secara diagenesis dan berkaitan dengan sisa-sisa Dickinsonia menimbulkan keraguan pada identifikasi ini dan menduga bahwa vendozoan itu mungkin merupakan hewan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Peneliti lain telah menduga bahwa jejak fosil <i>Paleodictyon</i> yang sulit dipahami dan kerabatnya mungkin mewakili fosil xenophyophore.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan mencatat kemiripan dari xenophyophore <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occultammina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Occultammina (halaman belum tersedia)">Occultammina</a></i> yang masih ada dengan fosil tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, contoh modern dari <i>Paleodictyon</i> belum mampu memperjelas isu tersebut dan jejak tersebut secara bergantian mewakili liang atau spons kaca.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hal yang mendukung gagasan ini adalah habitat xenophyophores yang serupa dengan habitat yang disimpulkan dari penelitian fosil graphoglyptods; namun, ukuran besar dan keteraturan banyak graphoglyptids serta tidak adanya xenophyae pada fosil tersebut mengindikasikan adanya keraguan pada kemunkinan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sampai tahun 2017 tidak ada fosil xenofiofor yang pasti yang telah ditemukan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera pembawa <i>test</i> memiliki catatan fosil yang baik sepanjang eon Fanerozoikum. Foraminifera paling awal muncul dalam catatan fosil yang mengarah pada akhir dari Ediacaran; di mana foraminifera awal ini semuanya memiliki bentuk test teraglutinasi dan unilokuler. Ini termasuk dalam bentuk seperti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platysolenites&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Platysolenites (halaman belum tersedia)">Platysolenites</a></i> dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirosolenites&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirosolenites (halaman belum tersedia)">Spirosolenites</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera dengan ruang tunggal melanjutkan keanekaragaman selama <a href="/wiki/Kambrium" title="Kambrium">Kambrium</a>. Beberapa bentuk yang biasa ditemukan antara lain Ammodiscus, Glomospira, Psammosphera, dan Turitellela; spesies-spesies ini memiliki <i>test</i> teraglutinasi. Mereka membuat bagian dari Ammodiscina, garis keturunan spirllinid yang masih mengandung bentuk-bentuk modern.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spirilinid kemudian mengembangkan <i>test</i> multilokuer dan mengandung kalsit, dengan bentuk pertama yang muncul selama periode Trias; kelompok tersebut melihat sedikit efek pada keanekaragaman karena <a href="/wiki/Peristiwa_kepunahan_Kapur%E2%80%93Paleogen" title="Peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen">kepunahan K-pg.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera dengan lebih dari satu ruang merupakan spesies teraglutinasi, dan muncul pada catatan fosil selama pertengahan periode Kambrium. Karena preservasi yang buruk, mereka tidak dapat ditempatkan di kelompok foram utama manapun.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Fusulinid_cutaway.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fusulinid_cutaway.gif/220px-Fusulinid_cutaway.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fusulinid_cutaway.gif/330px-Fusulinid_cutaway.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fusulinid_cutaway.gif/440px-Fusulinid_cutaway.gif 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Tampilan dari Fusulinid.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foraminifera dengan dinding berkapur yang paling pertama diketahui adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusulinids&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusulinids (halaman belum tersedia)">Fusulinids</a>, yang muncul pada catatan fosil selama zaman Llandoverian pada awal Silurian. Foraminifera paling awal ini berukuran mikroskopis, melingkar secara planispiral, dan berevolusi; kemudian bentuk selanjutnya mengembangkan keragaman bentuk seperti letikular, bulat, dan mungkin yang paling terkenal, berbentuk beras memanjang. Kemudian spesies dari Fusulinids tumbuh hingga ukuran yang lebih besar, dengan beberapa bentuk mencapai panjang 5&#160;cm; beberapa spesimen mencapai ukuran panjang 14&#160;cm, membuat mereka sebagai foraminifera terbesar yang pernah ada atau sudah punah. Fusulinid adalah garis keturunan paling awal dari foraminifera yang diduga telah berevolusi dengan bersimbiosis bersama organisme fotosintetik. Fosil fusulinid telah ditemukan di semua benua kecuali <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktika</a>; mereka mencapai keanekargaman terbesar selama zaman Visean dari <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>. Kelompok ini secara bertahap menurun dalam keanekaragaman hingga akhirnya punah selama peristiwa kepunahan Permo-Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selama zaman Tournaisian dari Carboniferous, foraminifera Miliolid pertama kali muncul dalam catatan fosil, setelah menyimpang dari spillinid dalam Tubothalamea. Miliolid menderita sekitar 50% korban selama kepunahan Permo-Triassic dan K-Pg tetapi bertahan hingga hari ini. Beberapa fosil miliolid berdiameter hingga 2&#160;cm.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Foraminifera_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Foraminifera_hg.jpg/220px-Foraminifera_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Foraminifera_hg.jpg/330px-Foraminifera_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Foraminifera_hg.jpg/440px-Foraminifera_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Fosil <i>test</i> dari foraminifera globigerinian yang hidup planktonik.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fosil Lagenid paling awal yang diketahui muncul selama zaman Moscovian dari Carboniferous. Adanya efek yang kecil dari kepunahan Permo-Triassic atau K-Pg, kelompok ini berdiversifikasi sepanjang waktu. Taksa unilokuler sekunder berevolusi selama masa Jurassic dan Cretaceous. </p><p>Fosil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Involutinid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Involutinid (halaman belum tersedia)">Involutinid</a> terawal muncul selama zaman Permian; garis keturunan ini berdiversifikasi sepanjang periode Mesozoikum dari Eurasia sebelum tampaknya menghilang dari catatan fosil setelah Peristiwa Anoksik Laut Cenomanian-Turonian. Kelompok planisprillinidae yang masih ada telah disebut sebagai involutinida, tetapi hal ini masih menjadi bahan perdebatan.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Robertinida</a> pertama kali muncul pada catatan fosil selama periode Anisian dari Triassic. Kelompok ini memiliki keragaman yang rendah sepanjang sejarah fosilnya, semua perwakilan yang hidup merupakan Robertinidae, yang pertama klai muncul selama Paleosen.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fosil Rotalid yang pertama tidak muncul dalam catatan fosil hingga zaman Pliensbachian dari Jurassic, setelah peristiwa Trias-Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keragaman dari kelompok ini tetap rendah sampai setelah peristiwa Cenomanian-Turonian, setelah itu kelompik ini teramati terdapat diversifikasi yang cepat. Pada kelompok ini, Globigerinina yang bersifat planktonik — kelompok foram pertama yang planktonik — pertama kali muncul setelah Perputaran Toarcian; kelompok ini teramati mengalami kerugain besar selama kepunahan K-Pg dan kepunahan Eosen-Oligosen, tetapi tetap ada dan beragam hingga hari ini.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suatu evolusi tambahan dari gaya hidup planktonik terjadi pada Miosen atau Pliosen, ketika rotaliid Neogallitellia secara independen berevolusi menjadi gaya hidup planktonik.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi_paleontologi">Aplikasi paleontologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi paleontologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi paleontologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foraminifera planktonik yang akan mati terus-menerus menghujani dasar laut dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak, <i>test</i> foraminifera tersebut yang telah termineralisasi terawetkan sebagai fosil dalam sedimen yang terakumulasi. Dimulai pada tahun 1960an dan sebagian besar di bawah naungan Projek Pengeboran Laut Dalam (<i>Deep Sea Drilling</i>), Pengeboran Laut (<i>Ocean Drilling</i>), dan Pengeboran Laut Internasional (<i>International Ocean Drilling Programmes</i>), serta untuk keperluan eksplorasi minyak, teknik pengeboran laut dalam yang canggih telah berhasil membawa inti sedimen yang mengandung fosil Foraminifera.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pasokan yang tidak terbatas secara efektif dari fosil <i>test</i> ini dan model pengatur usia dengan presisi yang relatif tinggi tersedia untuk inti telah menghasilkan catatan fosil Foraminifera planktonik berkualitas tinggi yang berasal dari pertengahan Jurassic, dan menyajikan catatan tak tertandingi untuk pengujian saintis dan dokumentasi proses evolusi.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kualitas luar biasa dari catatan fosil telah memungkinkan gambaran rinci yang mengesankan tentang hubungan antar spesies untuk dikembangkan berdasarkan fosil, dalam banyak kasus kemudian divalidasi secara independen melalui studi genetika molekuler pada spesimen yang masih ada.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg/220px-Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg/330px-Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg/440px-Peneroplid_thin_section_PP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Bagian tipis dari foraminifera peneroplid dari sedimen laguna Holocene di Teluk Rice, Pulau San Salvador, Bahamas. Skala bar 100 mikrometer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Karena beberapa jenis foraminifera tertentu hanya ditemukan di lingkungan tertentu, fosil dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui jenis lingkungan tempat sedimen laut purba diendapkan, kondisi seperti salinitas, kedalaamn, kondisi oksigen, dan kondisi cahaya dapat ditentukan dari preferensi habitat yang berbeda dari berbagai spesies foram. Hal ini memungkinkan pekerja untuk melacak perubahan iklim dan kondisi lingkungan dari waktu ke waktu dengan mengumpulkan informasi terkati keberadaan foraminifera.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada beberapa kasus lain, proporsi relatif dari fosil foraminifera planktonik terhadap foraminifera benthos yang ditemukan di batuan dapat digunakan sebagai proksi untuk kedalaman suatu lokasi tertetnu ketika batuan tersebut diendapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foraminifera memilki aplikasi yang signifikan di bidang biostratigrafi. Karena ukurannya yang kecil dan cangkangnya yang keras, foraminifera dapat dipreservasi dalam jumlah yang besar dengan kualitas preservasi yang tinggi; karena morfologinya yang kompleks, spesies individu menjadi mudah dikenali. Spesies foraminifera dalam catatan fosil memiliki batas jangkauan antara evolusi pertama spesies dan kepunahannya; ahli stratigrafi telah mengerjakan perubahan-perubahan yang berturut-turut dalam kumpulan foram di sebagian besar masa Fanerozoikum. Dengan demikian, kumpulan foraminifera dalam suatu lokasi tertetnu dapat dianalisis dan dibandingkan dengan tanggal kemunculan dan hilangnya yang diketahui untuk mempersempit usia batuan. Hal ini memungkinkan ahli paleontologi untuk menafsirkan usia batuan sedimen ketika penanggalan radiometrik tidak berlaku.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aplikasi foraminifera ini telah ditemukan oleh Alva C. Ellisor pada tahun 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fosil foraminifera bekapur terbentuk dari unsur-unsur yang ditemukan di laut purba tempat mereka hidup. Dengan demikian, foraminifera sangat berguna dalam paleoklimatologi dan paleoseanografi. Foraminifera dapat digunakan sebagai proksi iklim, untuk merekonstruksi iklim masa lalu dengan memeriksa rasio isotop stabil dan dengan melacak kandungan unsur dari cangkangnya, yaitu <i>test</i>. Temperatur global dan volume es dapat diungkapkan oleh isotop oksigen, dan sejarah siklus karbon dan produktivitas samudera dapat diprediksi dengan memeriksa rasio isotop karbon yang stabil<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konsentrasi unsur jejak, seperti <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">lithium</a> (Li),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (B),<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> juga menyimpan banyak informasi tentang siklus suhu global, pelapukan benua, dan peran laut dalam siklus karbon global. Pola geografis yang terlihat dalam catatan fosil foraminifera planktonik juga dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi <a href="/wiki/Arus_air_laut" title="Arus air laut">arus laut</a> purba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Kegunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kegunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Industri_minyak_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Industri minyak bumi">Industri minyak</a> sangat bergantung pada mikrofosil seperti foram untuk menemukan potensi deposit dari hidrokarbon.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ammonia_beccarii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ammonia_beccarii.jpg/220px-Ammonia_beccarii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ammonia_beccarii.jpg/330px-Ammonia_beccarii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ammonia_beccarii.jpg/440px-Ammonia_beccarii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia_beccarii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonia beccarii (halaman belum tersedia)">Ammonia beccarii</a>,</i> foram bentik dari Laut Utara.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foraminifera berguna sebagai penanda biostratigrafi yang berguna, kumpulan foraminiferal yang hidup juga digunakan sebagai bioindikator di lingkungan pesisir, termasuk indikator kesehatan terumbu kerang. Karena kalsium karbonat bersifat rentan terhadap pelarutan dalam kondisi asam, foraminifera dapat sangat terpengaruh oleh perubahan iklim dan <a href="/wiki/Pengasaman_samudera" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengasaman samudera">pengasaman laut.</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg/220px-2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg/330px-2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg/440px-2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Foraminifera <i>Baculogypsina sphaerulata</i> dari Pulau Hatoma, Jepang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foraminifera memiliki banyak kegunaan di <a href="/wiki/Eksplorasi_minyak_bumi" title="Eksplorasi minyak bumi">eksplorasi minyak bumi</a> dan digunakan secara rutin untuk menafsirkan umur dan lingkungan terjadinya proses geologi berupa pengendapan batuan (<i>paleoenvironment</i>) dari lapisan sedimen di sumur minyak.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Fosil foraminifera yang teraglutinasi terkubur dalam di cekungan sedimen dan dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi kematangan termal, yang merupakan faktor kunci untuk pembentukan minyak bumi. <i>Foraminiferal Colouration Index</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (FCI) digunakan untuk menguantifikasi perubahan warna dan mengestimasi temperatur penguburan. Data FCI secara khusus berguna pada tahap awal dari pembentukan minyak bumi (sekitar 100&#160;°C). </p><p>Foraminifera juga dapat digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a> dalam pembuktian beberapa jenis bahan baku batu. Beberapa tipe batu, seperti <a href="/wiki/Gamping" title="Gamping">batu gamping</a>, umumnya ditemukan mengandung foraminifera yang membatu. Jenis dan konsentrasi dari fosil-fosil dalam sampel batu dapat digunakan untuk menyesuaikan sampel tersebut pada sumber yang diketahui memiliki "tanda fosil" yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Parfrey2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parfrey2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218060903/https://www.pnas.org/content/108/33/13624.abstract">"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (33): 13624–13629. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1110633108">10.1073/pnas.1110633108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158185">3158185</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810989">21810989</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/108/33/13624.abstract">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Estimating+the+timing+of+early+eukaryotic+diversification+with+multigene+molecular+clocks&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=33&amp;rft.pages=13624-13629&amp;rft.date=2011-08-16&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3158185&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21810989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1110633108&amp;rft.aulast=Parfrey&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura+Wegener&amp;rft.au=Lahr%2C+Daniel+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Knoll%2C+Andrew+H.&amp;rft.au=Katz%2C+Laura+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F108%2F33%2F13624.abstract&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemleben-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hemleben_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hemleben, C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernplanktonic0000heml"><i>Modern Planktonic Foraminifera</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernplanktonic0000heml/page/363">363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Planktonic+Foraminifera&amp;rft.pages=363&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Hemleben&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernplanktonic0000heml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lipps, JH; Finger, KL; Walker, SE (2011). "What Should We Call the Foraminifera". <i>Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 309–313. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.41.4.309">10.2113/gsjfr.41.4.309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=What+Should+We+Call+the+Foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=309-313&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.41.4.309&amp;rft.aulast=Lipps&amp;rft.aufirst=JH&amp;rft.au=Finger%2C+KL&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+SE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giere-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giere_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Giere, Olav (2009). <i>Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments (2nd ed)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer">Springer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meiobenthology%3A+the+microscopic+motile+fauna+of+aquatic+sediments+%282nd+ed%29.&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.aulast=Giere&amp;rft.aufirst=Olav&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lejzerowicz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lejzerowicz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lejzerowicz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lejzerjowicz, Franck; Pawlowski, Jan; Fraissinet-Tachet, Laurence; Marmeisse, Roland (1). "<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Molecular evidence for widespread occurence of Foraminifera in soils". <i>Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>12</b>: 2518–26. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2010.02225.x">10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02225.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406290">20406290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=%22Molecular+evidence+for+widespread+occurence+of+Foraminifera+in+soils.&amp;rft.chron=1&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=2518-26&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2010.02225.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20406290&amp;rft.aulast=Lejzerjowicz&amp;rft.aufirst=Franck&amp;rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Fraissinet-Tachet%2C+Laurence&amp;rft.au=Marmeisse%2C+Roland&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;issues=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=, &#124;year= / &#124;date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennett-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennett_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kennett, J.P.; Srinivasan, M.S. (1983). <i>Neogene planktonic foraminifera: a phylogenetic atlas</i>. Hutchinson Ross. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-87933-070-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-87933-070-5">978-0-87933-070-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Neogene+planktonic+foraminifera%3A+a+phylogenetic+atlas.&amp;rft.pub=Hutchinson+Ross&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87933-070-5&amp;rft.aulast=Kennett&amp;rft.aufirst=J.P.&amp;rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+M.S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ald-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ald_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ald, S.M.; et al. (2007). "Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists". <i>Syst. Biol</i>. <b>56</b>: 684–689. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150701494127">10.1080/10635150701494127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Syst.+Biol&amp;rft.atitle=Diversity%2C+Nomenclature%2C+and+Taxonomy+of+Protists&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.pages=684-689&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10635150701494127&amp;rft.aulast=Ald&amp;rft.aufirst=S.M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;issues=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawlowski, J., Lejzerowicz, F., &amp; Esling, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolbull.org/content/227/2/93.long">Next-generation environmental diversity surveys of foraminifera: preparing the future</a>. The Biological Bulletin, 227(2), 93-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/">"World Foraminifera Database"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818075255/http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Foraminifera+Database&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Fforaminifera%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Marshall M (3 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18468">"Zoologger: 'Living beach ball' is giant single cell"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015014459/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18468">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Zoologger%3A+%27Living+beach+ball%27+is+giant+single+cell&amp;rft.date=2010-02-03&amp;rft.au=Marshall+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn18468&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/foraminifera/">"Foraminifera"</a>. <i>British Geological Survey</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531221241/https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/foraminifera/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Desember</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.atitle=Foraminifera&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fdiscovering-geology%2Ffossils-and-geological-time%2Fforaminifera%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000817897">"Micrographia, or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses ?with observations and inquiries thereupon /by R. Hooke ... by Hooke, Robert,; Jo. Martyn and Ja. Allestry"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Desember</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive.&amp;rft.atitle=Micrographia%2C+or%2C+Some+physiological+descriptions+of+minute+bodies+made+by+magnifying+glasses+%3Fwith+observations+and+inquiries+thereupon+%2Fby+R.+Hooke+...+by+Hooke%2C+Robert%2C%3B+Jo.+Martyn+and+Ja.+Allestry.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobot31753000817897&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">line feed character di <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;title=</code> pada posisi 154 (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#invisible_char" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sen, Gupta; Barun, K (2003). <i>Modern Foraminifera</i>. Springer Netherlands. hlm.&#160;7–36. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-306-48104-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-306-48104-8">978-0-306-48104-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Foraminifera&amp;rft.pages=7-36&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-306-48104-8&amp;rft.aulast=Sen&amp;rft.aufirst=Gupta&amp;rft.au=Barun%2C+K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boudagher-Fadel, Marcelle K (2018). "Biology and Evolutionary History of Larger Benthic Foraminifera". <i>Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera</i> (edisi ke-2 ed). UCL Press. hlm.&#160;1–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Biology+and+Evolutionary+History+of+Larger+Benthic+Foraminifera&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Geological+Significance+of+Larger+Benthic+Foraminifera&amp;rft.pages=1-44&amp;rft.edition=2+ed&amp;rft.pub=UCL+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.aulast=Boudagher-Fadel&amp;rft.aufirst=Marcelle+K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hansen, HJ (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242127606_On_Lorentz_Spengler_and_a_neotype_for_the_foraminifer_Calcarina_spengleri">"On Lorentz Spengler and a neotype for the foraminifer Calcarina spengleri"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark</i>. <b>29</b>: 191–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Denmark&amp;rft.atitle=On+Lorentz+Spengler+and+a+neotype+for+the+foraminifer+Calcarina+spengleri&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=191-201&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen&amp;rft.aufirst=HJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242127606_On_Lorentz_Spengler_and_a_neotype_for_the_foraminifer_Calcarina_spengleri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">d'Orbigny, Alcide (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28626#page/260/mode/1up">"Tableau Méthodique de la Classe des Céphalopodes"</a>. <i>Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Série 1)</i>. <b>7</b>: 245–314 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209103948/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28626#page/260/mode/1up">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles%2C+Paris+%28S%C3%A9rie+1%29&amp;rft.atitle=Tableau+M%C3%A9thodique+de+la+Classe+des+C%C3%A9phalopodes&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=245-314+-+via+Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&amp;rft.date=1826&amp;rft.aulast=d%27Orbigny&amp;rft.aufirst=Alcide&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F28626%23page%2F260%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria; Tsyzka, Jaroslaw (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377839813000327">"New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: Molecules meet morphology"</a>. <i>Marine Micropaleontology</i>. <b>100</b>: 1–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716051625/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377839813000327">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Micropaleontology&amp;rft.atitle=New+supraordinal+classification+of+Foraminifera%3A+Molecules+meet+morphology.&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.pages=1-10&amp;rft.date=2013-04-01&amp;rft.aulast=Pawlowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.au=Holzmann%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Tsyzka%2C+Jaroslaw&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0377839813000327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Loeblich, Alfred R. (Alfred Richard), 1914-1994. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16575647"><i>Protista 2&#160;: Sarcodina chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida</i></a>. Tappan, Helen Niña, 1917-2004., Geological Society of America. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8137-3003-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8137-3003-1">0-8137-3003-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/16575647">16575647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Protista+2+%3A+Sarcodina+chiefly+%22Thecamoebians%22+and+Foraminiferida&amp;rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&amp;rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16575647&amp;rft.isbn=0-8137-3003-1&amp;rft.au=Loeblich%2C+Alfred+R.+%28Alfred+Richard%29%2C+1914-1994.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F16575647&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41211607"><i>Modern foraminifera</i></a>. Sen Gupta, B. K. (Barun K.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1999. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-412-82430-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-412-82430-2">0-412-82430-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41211607">41211607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723050541/https://www.worldcat.org/title/41211607">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+foraminifera&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht&amp;rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41211607&amp;rft.isbn=0-412-82430-2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41211607&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2004.2705">"Only six kingdoms of life"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>271</b> (1545): 1251–1262. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705">10.1098/rspb.2004.2705</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691724">1691724</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306349">15306349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020162306/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2004.2705">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Only+six+kingdoms+of+life&amp;rft.volume=271&amp;rft.issue=1545&amp;rft.pages=1251-1262&amp;rft.date=2004-06-22&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC1691724&amp;rft.issn=0962-8452&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15306349&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705&amp;rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S093247390470108X">"Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa"</a>. <i>European Journal of Protistology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>39</b> (4): 338–348. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0932-4739-00002">10.1078/0932-4739-00002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320165313/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S093247390470108X">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Protistology&amp;rft.atitle=Protist+phylogeny+and+the+high-level+classification+of+Protozoa&amp;rft.chron=2003-01&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=338-348&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F0932-4739-00002&amp;rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS093247390470108X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225170741/http://tolweb.org/Cercozoa/121187">"Cercozoa"</a>. <i>tolweb.org</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Cercozoa/121187">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=tolweb.org&amp;rft.atitle=Cercozoa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FCercozoa%2F121187&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=browser">"MarBEF Data System - European Register of Marine Species (ERMS)"</a>. <i>www.marbef.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320215424/http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=browser">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.marbef.org&amp;rft.atitle=MarBEF+Data+System+-+European+Register+of+Marine+Species+%28ERMS%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marbef.org%2Fdata%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dbrowser&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003031806/http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/TAXONOMY">"TAXONOMY - Foraminifera"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2011-10-03. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&amp;rft.atitle=TAXONOMY+-+Foraminifera&amp;rft.date=2011-10-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl%2Findex.php%2FTAXONOMY&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Charman, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127225520/http://www6.plymouth.ac.uk/files/extranet/docs/ssb/quattestenv.pdf">"Testate amoebae as environmental indicators"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geography at Plymouth</i>. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geography+at+Plymouth&amp;rft.atitle=Testate+amoebae+as+environmental+indicators&amp;rft.aulast=Charman&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.plymouth.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2Fextranet%2Fdocs%2Fssb%2Fquattestenv.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pawlowski, Jan; Bolivar, Ignacio; Fahrni, Jose F.; Vargas, Colomban De; Bowser, Samuel S. (1999-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x">"Molecular Evidence That Reticulomyxa Filosa Is A Freshwater Naked Foraminifer"</a>. <i>The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>46</b> (6): 612–617. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-5234">1066-5234</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723050540/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+Evidence+That+Reticulomyxa+Filosa+Is+A+Freshwater+Naked+Foraminifer&amp;rft.chron=1999-11&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=612-617&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x&amp;rft.issn=1066-5234&amp;rft.aulast=Pawlowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft.au=Bolivar%2C+Ignacio&amp;rft.au=Fahrni%2C+Jose+F.&amp;rft.au=Vargas%2C+Colomban+De&amp;rft.au=Bowser%2C+Samuel+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saraswati, Pratul Kumar; Srinivasan, M. S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14574-7_6"><i>Micropaleontology</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cham: Springer International Publishing. hlm.&#160;81–119. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14574-7_6">10.1007/978-3-319-14574-7_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-319-14573-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-319-14573-0">978-3-319-14573-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723050538/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-14574-7_6">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Micropaleontology&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.pages=81-119&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14574-7_6&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-14573-0&amp;rft.aulast=Saraswati&amp;rft.aufirst=Pratul+Kumar&amp;rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-14574-7_6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Broadhead, Thomas W. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=33hOAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Foraminifera: Notes for a Short Course Organized by M.A. Buzas and B.K. Sen Gupta</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Tennessee, Department of Geological Sciences. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-910249-05-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-910249-05-8">978-0-910249-05-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723050550/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=33hOAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Foraminifera%3A+Notes+for+a+Short+Course+Organized+by+M.A.+Buzas+and+B.K.+Sen+Gupta&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee%2C+Department+of+Geological+Sciences&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-910249-05-8&amp;rft.aulast=Broadhead&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D33hOAQAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hemleben, Christoph; Spindler, Michael; Anderson, O. Roger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=NaHOmAEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>Modern Planktonic Foraminifera</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-96815-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-540-96815-3">978-3-540-96815-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051038/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=NaHOmAEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Planktonic+Foraminifera&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-96815-3&amp;rft.aulast=Hemleben&amp;rft.aufirst=Christoph&amp;rft.au=Spindler%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+O.+Roger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNaHOmAEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Grell, K. G. (1979-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/9/1/1-13/77527">"Cytogenetic systems and evolution in foraminifera"</a>. <i>The Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>9</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.9.1.1">10.2113/gsjfr.9.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1191">0096-1191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308054858/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/9/1/1-13/77527">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Cytogenetic+systems+and+evolution+in+foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-13&amp;rft.date=1979-01-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.9.1.1&amp;rft.issn=0096-1191&amp;rft.aulast=Grell&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fjfr%2Farticle%2F9%2F1%2F1-13%2F77527&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">LeKieffre, Charlotte; Bernhard, Joan M.; Mabilleau, Guillaume; Filipsson, Helena L.; Meibom, Anders; Geslin, Emmanuelle (2018-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839817300415">"An overview of cellular ultrastructure in benthic foraminifera: New observations of rotalid species in the context of existing literature"</a>. <i>Marine Micropaleontology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>138</b>: 12–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marmicro.2017.10.005">10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.10.005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024021357/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839817300415">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Micropaleontology&amp;rft.atitle=An+overview+of+cellular+ultrastructure+in+benthic+foraminifera%3A+New+observations+of+rotalid+species+in+the+context+of+existing+literature&amp;rft.chron=2018-01&amp;rft.volume=138&amp;rft.pages=12-32&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marmicro.2017.10.005&amp;rft.aulast=LeKieffre&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlotte&amp;rft.au=Bernhard%2C+Joan+M.&amp;rft.au=Mabilleau%2C+Guillaume&amp;rft.au=Filipsson%2C+Helena+L.&amp;rft.au=Meibom%2C+Anders&amp;rft.au=Geslin%2C+Emmanuelle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0377839817300415&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Domanov, M. M. (2015-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0016702915070034">"Natural 226Ra and 232Th radionuclides in xenophyophores of the Pacific Ocean"</a>. <i>Geochemistry International</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>53</b> (7): 664–669. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0016702915070034">10.1134/S0016702915070034</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7029">0016-7029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051044/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016702915070034">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geochemistry+International&amp;rft.atitle=Natural+226Ra+and+232Th+radionuclides+in+xenophyophores+of+the+Pacific+Ocean&amp;rft.chron=2015-07&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=664-669&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS0016702915070034&amp;rft.issn=0016-7029&amp;rft.aulast=Domanov&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1134%2FS0016702915070034&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kucera, Michal; Darling, Kate F. (2002-04-15). Gröcke, D. R.; Kucera, M., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2001.0962">"Cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera: their effect on palaeoceanographic reconstructions"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>360</b> (1793): 695–718. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2001.0962">10.1098/rsta.2001.0962</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X">1364-503X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615224219/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2001.0962">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Cryptic+species+of+planktonic+foraminifera%3A+their+effect+on+palaeoceanographic+reconstructions&amp;rft.volume=360&amp;rft.issue=1793&amp;rft.pages=695-718&amp;rft.date=2002-04-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2001.0962&amp;rft.issn=1364-503X&amp;rft.aulast=Kucera&amp;rft.aufirst=Michal&amp;rft.au=Darling%2C+Kate+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2001.0962&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ujiié, Yurika; Kimoto, Katsunori; Pawlowski, Jan (2008-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839808001163">"Molecular evidence for an independent origin of modern triserial planktonic foraminifera from benthic ancestors"</a>. <i>Marine Micropaleontology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>69</b> (3-4): 334–340. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marmicro.2008.09.003">10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.09.003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618172957/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839808001163">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Micropaleontology&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+an+independent+origin+of+modern+triserial+planktonic+foraminifera+from+benthic+ancestors&amp;rft.chron=2008-12&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.issue=3-4&amp;rft.pages=334-340&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marmicro.2008.09.003&amp;rft.aulast=Ujii%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Yurika&amp;rft.au=Kimoto%2C+Katsunori&amp;rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Jan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0377839808001163&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Özdikmen, Hüseyin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munisentzool.org/yayin/vol4/issue2/MEZVol4No2.pdf">"Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Munis Entomology &amp; Zoology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 233–256. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015111120/https://www.munisentzool.org/yayin/vol4/issue2/MEZVol4No2.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Munis+Entomology+%26+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Substitute+names+for+some+unicellular+animal+taxa+%28Protozoa%29&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=233-256&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.aulast=%C3%96zdikmen&amp;rft.aufirst=H%C3%BCseyin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.munisentzool.org%2Fyayin%2Fvol4%2Fissue2%2FMEZVol4No2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dubicka, Zofia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app005642018.html">"Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera"</a>. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i>. <b>64</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00564.2018">10.4202/app.00564.2018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019144947/https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app005642018.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&amp;rft.atitle=Chamber+arrangement+versus+wall+structure+in+the+high-rank+phylogenetic+classification+of+Foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4202%2Fapp.00564.2018&amp;rft.aulast=Dubicka&amp;rft.aufirst=Zofia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farticle%2Fitem%2Fapp005642018.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marshall, K. C. (2013-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=QvvlBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=%22The+symbiont-bearing+foraminifera+are+particularly+common+in+nutrient-poor+oceanic+waters%22&amp;hl=no&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj24brB_sviAhXJ4KYKHfuvAB0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20symbiont-bearing%20foraminifera%20are%20particularly%20common%20in%20nutrient-poor%20oceanic%20waters%22&amp;f=false"><i>Advances in Microbial Ecology</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Springer Science &amp; Business Media. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4684-7612-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4684-7612-5">978-1-4684-7612-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051044/https://books.google.no/books?id=QvvlBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=%22The+symbiont-bearing+foraminifera+are+particularly+common+in+nutrient-poor+oceanic+waters%22&amp;hl=no&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj24brB_sviAhXJ4KYKHfuvAB0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22The%20symbiont-bearing%20foraminifera%20are%20particularly%20common%20in%20nutrient-poor%20oceanic%20waters%22&amp;f=false">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advances+in+Microbial+Ecology&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2013-11-11&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4684-7612-5&amp;rft.aulast=Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvvlBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22%26dq%3D%2522The%2Bsymbiont-bearing%2Bforaminifera%2Bare%2Bparticularly%2Bcommon%2Bin%2Bnutrient-poor%2Boceanic%2Bwaters%2522%26hl%3Dno%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwj24brB_sviAhXJ4KYKHfuvAB0Q6AEIKTAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522The%2520symbiont-bearing%2520foraminifera%2520are%2520particularly%2520common%2520in%2520nutrient-poor%2520oceanic%2520waters%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernhard, Joan M; Bowser, Samuel S (1999-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825299000173">"Benthic foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>46</b> (1-4): 149–165. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2899%2900017-3">10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00017-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620023254/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825299000173">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Benthic+foraminifera+of+dysoxic+sediments%3A+chloroplast+sequestration+and+functional+morphology&amp;rft.chron=1999-05&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1-4&amp;rft.pages=149-165&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2899%2900017-3&amp;rft.aulast=Bernhard&amp;rft.aufirst=Joan+M&amp;rft.au=Bowser%2C+Samuel+S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012825299000173&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Goldstein, Susan T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_3"><i>Modern Foraminifera</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. hlm.&#160;37–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_3">10.1007/0-306-48104-9_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-82430-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-82430-2">978-0-412-82430-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051554/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_3">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Foraminifera&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht&amp;rft.pages=37-55&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_3&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-412-82430-2&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Laureillard, J; Méjanelle, L; Sibuet, M (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v270/p129-140/">"Use of lipids to study the trophic ecology of deep-sea xenophyophores"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>270</b>: 129–140. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps270129">10.3354/meps270129</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0171-8630">0171-8630</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220073658/https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v270/p129-140/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+lipids+to+study+the+trophic+ecology+of+deep-sea+xenophyophores&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.pages=129-140&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps270129&amp;rft.issn=0171-8630&amp;rft.aulast=Laureillard&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=M%C3%A9janelle%2C+L&amp;rft.au=Sibuet%2C+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Fabstracts%2Fmeps%2Fv270%2Fp129-140%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Culver, Stephen J.; Lipps, Jere H. (2003). Kelley, Patricia H.; Kowalewski, Michał; Hansen, Thor A., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_2"><i>Predator—Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record</i></a>. Boston, MA: Springer US. hlm.&#160;7–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0161-9_2">10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4613-4947-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4613-4947-1">978-1-4613-4947-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051558/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_2">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Predator%E2%80%94Prey+Interactions+in+the+Fossil+Record&amp;rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&amp;rft.pages=7-32&amp;rft.pub=Springer+US&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0161-9_2&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4613-4947-1&amp;rft.aulast=Culver&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&amp;rft.au=Lipps%2C+Jere+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0161-9_2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moodley, L.; Hess, C. (1992-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1542410">"Tolerance of Infaunal Benthic Foraminifera for Low and High Oxygen Concentrations"</a>. <i>The Biological Bulletin</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>183</b> (1): 94–98. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1542410">10.2307/1542410</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3185">0006-3185</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709020648/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/1542410">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Biological+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Tolerance+of+Infaunal+Benthic+Foraminifera+for+Low+and+High+Oxygen+Concentrations&amp;rft.chron=1992-08&amp;rft.volume=183&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=94-98&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1542410&amp;rft.issn=0006-3185&amp;rft.aulast=Moodley&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Hess%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F1542410&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gooday, A. J.; Todo, Y.; Uematsu, K.; Kitazato, H. (2008-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00393.x">"New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>153</b> (3): 399–423. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00393.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00393.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051551/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00393.x">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.atitle=New+organic-walled+Foraminifera+%28Protista%29+from+the+ocean%27s+deepest+point%2C+the+Challenger+Deep+%28western+Pacific+Ocean%29&amp;rft.chron=2008-07&amp;rft.volume=153&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=399-423&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00393.x&amp;rft.aulast=Gooday&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Todo%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Uematsu%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Kitazato%2C+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2008.00393.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moore, R.C.; Lalicker, A.G.; Fischer, C.G. (1952). "Ch 2 Foraminifera and Radiolaria". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.107910"><i>Invertebrate Fossils</i></a>. McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ch+2+Foraminifera+and+Radiolaria&amp;rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Fossils&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=R.C.&amp;rft.au=Lalicker%2C+A.G.&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+C.G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.107910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haynes, J.R. (18 Juni 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=y5ewCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=foraminifera+john+r+haynes&amp;pg=PP7&amp;redir_esc=y#v=snippet&amp;q=foraminifera%20john%20r%20haynes&amp;f=false"><i>Foraminifera</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-349-05397-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-349-05397-1">978-1-349-05397-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051555/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=y5ewCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=foraminifera+john+r+haynes&amp;pg=PP7&amp;redir_esc=y#v=snippet&amp;q=foraminifera%20john%20r%20haynes&amp;f=false">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Foraminifera&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1981-06-18&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-349-05397-1&amp;rft.aulast=Haynes&amp;rft.aufirst=J.R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5ewCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dforaminifera%2Bjohn%2Br%2Bhaynes%26pg%3DPP7%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dforaminifera%2520john%2520r%2520haynes%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lana, C.C; Sen Gupta, B.K (2001-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839800000505">"Cretaceous Carterina (Foraminifera)"</a>. <i>Marine Micropaleontology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>41</b> (1-2): 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-8398%2800%2900050-5">10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00050-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806192811/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377839800000505">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Micropaleontology&amp;rft.atitle=Cretaceous+Carterina+%28Foraminifera%29&amp;rft.chron=2001-02&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=97-102&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-8398%2800%2900050-5&amp;rft.aulast=Lana&amp;rft.aufirst=C.C&amp;rft.au=Sen+Gupta%2C+B.K&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0377839800000505&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kontorovich, A.E.; Varlamov, A.I.; Grazhdankin, D.V.; Karlova, G.A.; Klets, A.G.; Kontorovich, V.A.; Saraev, S.V.; Terleev, A.A.; Belyaev, S.Yu. (2008-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S106879710800206X">"A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)"</a>. <i>Russian Geology and Geophysics</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>49</b> (12): 932–939. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rgg.2008.06.012">10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804174224/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S106879710800206X">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Russian+Geology+and+Geophysics&amp;rft.atitle=A+section+of+Vendian+in+the+east+of+West+Siberian+Plate+%28based+on+data+from+the+Borehole+Vostok+3%29&amp;rft.chron=2008-12&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=932-939&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rgg.2008.06.012&amp;rft.aulast=Kontorovich&amp;rft.aufirst=A.E.&amp;rft.au=Varlamov%2C+A.I.&amp;rft.au=Grazhdankin%2C+D.V.&amp;rft.au=Karlova%2C+G.A.&amp;rft.au=Klets%2C+A.G.&amp;rft.au=Kontorovich%2C+V.A.&amp;rft.au=Saraev%2C+S.V.&amp;rft.au=Terleev%2C+A.A.&amp;rft.au=Belyaev%2C+S.Yu.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS106879710800206X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Postgraduate Unit of Micropalaeontology, University College London (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html">"Foraminifera"</a>. <i>various</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314173705/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=various&amp;rft.atitle=Foraminifera&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Postgraduate+Unit+of+Micropalaeontology&amp;rft.aufirst=University+College+London&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2FGeolSci%2Fmicropal%2Fforam.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Langer, M. R.; Silk, M. T.; Lipps, J. H. (1997-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/27/4/271-277/76741">"Global ocean carbonate and carbon dioxide production; the role of reef Foraminifera"</a>. <i>The Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>27</b> (4): 271–277. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.27.4.271">10.2113/gsjfr.27.4.271</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1191">0096-1191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311105906/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/27/4/271-277/76741">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Global+ocean+carbonate+and+carbon+dioxide+production%3B+the+role+of+reef+Foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=271-277&amp;rft.date=1997-10-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.27.4.271&amp;rft.issn=0096-1191&amp;rft.aulast=Langer&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.au=Silk%2C+M.+T.&amp;rft.au=Lipps%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fjfr%2Farticle%2F27%2F4%2F271-277%2F76741&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Farmer, Mark A.; Andersen, Robert A.; Anderson, O. Roger; Barta, John R.; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brugerolle, Guy; Fensome, Robert A. (2005-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">"The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists"</a>. <i>The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>52</b> (5): 399–451. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-5234">1066-5234</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051553/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=The+New+Higher+Level+Classification+of+Eukaryotes+with+Emphasis+on+the+Taxonomy+of+Protists&amp;rft.chron=2005-10&amp;rft.volume=52&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=399-451&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x&amp;rft.issn=1066-5234&amp;rft.aulast=Adl&amp;rft.aufirst=Sina+M.&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.+B.&amp;rft.au=Farmer%2C+Mark+A.&amp;rft.au=Andersen%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+O.+Roger&amp;rft.au=Barta%2C+John+R.&amp;rft.au=Bowser%2C+Samuel+S.&amp;rft.au=Brugerolle%2C+Guy&amp;rft.au=Fensome%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maldonado, Manuel; López-Acosta, María; Sitjà, Cèlia; Aguilar, Ricardo; García, Silvia; Vacelet, Jean (2013-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3669.4.9">"A giant foraminifer that converges to the feeding strategy of carnivorous sponges: Spiculosiphon oceana sp. nov. (Foraminifera, Astrorhizida)"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>3669</b> (4): 571. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3669.4.9">10.11646/zootaxa.3669.4.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420015633/https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3669.4.9">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&amp;rft.atitle=A+giant+foraminifer+that+converges+to+the+feeding+strategy+of+carnivorous+sponges%3A+Spiculosiphon+oceana+sp.+nov.+%28Foraminifera%2C+Astrorhizida%29&amp;rft.volume=3669&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=571&amp;rft.date=2013-06-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3669.4.9&amp;rft.issn=1175-5334&amp;rft.aulast=Maldonado&amp;rft.aufirst=Manuel&amp;rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Acosta%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&amp;rft.au=Sitj%C3%A0%2C+C%C3%A8lia&amp;rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Ricardo&amp;rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Silvia&amp;rft.au=Vacelet%2C+Jean&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FZootaxa%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fzootaxa.3669.4.9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomsen, E.; Rasmussen, T. L. (2008-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/38/3/193-214/77118">"COCCOLITH-AGGLUTINATING FORAMINIFERA FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS AND HOW THEY CONSTRUCTED THEIR TESTS"</a>. <i>The Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>38</b> (3): 193–214. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.38.3.193">10.2113/gsjfr.38.3.193</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1191">0096-1191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723051554/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cushmanfoundation/jfr/article-abstract/38/3/193/77118/COCCOLITH-AGGLUTINATING-FORAMINIFERA-FROM-THE?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=COCCOLITH-AGGLUTINATING+FORAMINIFERA+FROM+THE+EARLY+CRETACEOUS+AND+HOW+THEY+CONSTRUCTED+THEIR+TESTS&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=193-214&amp;rft.date=2008-07-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.38.3.193&amp;rft.issn=0096-1191&amp;rft.aulast=Thomsen&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+T.+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fjfr%2Farticle%2F38%2F3%2F193-214%2F77118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Levin, Lisa A.; Thomas, Cynthia L. (1988-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0198014988901227">"The ecology of xenophyophores (Protista) on eastern Pacific seamounts"</a>. <i>Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>35</b> (12): 2003–2027. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0198-0149%2888%2990122-7">10.1016/0198-0149(88)90122-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411091058/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0198014988901227">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+Part+A.+Oceanographic+Research+Papers&amp;rft.atitle=The+ecology+of+xenophyophores+%28Protista%29+on+eastern+Pacific+seamounts&amp;rft.chron=1988-12&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=2003-2027&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0198-0149%2888%2990122-7&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa+A.&amp;rft.au=Thomas%2C+Cynthia+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0198014988901227&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jain, Sreepat (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-81-322-3962-8_9"><i>Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). New Delhi: Springer India. hlm.&#160;171–192. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-3962-8_9">10.1007/978-81-322-3962-8_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-322-3960-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-322-3960-4">978-81-322-3960-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052052/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-3962-8_9">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Invertebrate+Palaeontology&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pages=171-192&amp;rft.pub=Springer+India&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-81-322-3962-8_9&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-322-3960-4&amp;rft.aulast=Jain&amp;rft.aufirst=Sreepat&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-81-322-3962-8_9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dubicka, Zofia; Owocki, Krzysztof; Gloc, Michał (2018-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cushmanfoundation/jfr/article/48/2/142/530573/Micro-and-Nanostructures-of-Calcareous">"Micro- and Nanostructures of Calcareous Foraminiferal Tests: Insight from Representatives of Miliolida, Rotaliida and Lagenida"</a>. <i>Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>48</b> (2): 142–155. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.48.2.142">10.2113/gsjfr.48.2.142</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1191">0096-1191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052053/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cushmanfoundation/jfr/article-abstract/48/2/142/530573/Micro-and-Nanostructures-of-Calcareous?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Micro-+and+Nanostructures+of+Calcareous+Foraminiferal+Tests%3A+Insight+from+Representatives+of+Miliolida%2C+Rotaliida+and+Lagenida&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=142-155&amp;rft.date=2018-04-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.48.2.142&amp;rft.issn=0096-1191&amp;rft.aulast=Dubicka&amp;rft.aufirst=Zofia&amp;rft.au=Owocki%2C+Krzysztof&amp;rft.au=Gloc%2C+Micha%C5%82&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcushmanfoundation%2Fjfr%2Farticle%2F48%2F2%2F142%2F530573%2FMicro-and-Nanostructures-of-Calcareous&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hansen, Hans Jørgen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_4"><i>Modern Foraminifera</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. hlm.&#160;57–70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_4">10.1007/0-306-48104-9_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-412-82430-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-412-82430-2">978-0-412-82430-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052052/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_4">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Foraminifera&amp;rft.place=Dordrecht&amp;rft.pages=57-70&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_4&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-412-82430-2&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans+J%C3%B8rgen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F0-306-48104-9_4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Machado, Altair J.; Barros, Facelucia (2013-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/18730/">"The occurrence of Carterina spiculotesta (Carter, 1877) on an artificial substrate"</a>. <i>Check List</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 813. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15560%2F9.4.813">10.15560/9.4.813</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1809-127X">1809-127X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022022626/https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/18730/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Check+List&amp;rft.atitle=The+occurrence+of+Carterina+spiculotesta+%28Carter%2C+1877%29+on+an+artificial+substrate&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=813&amp;rft.date=2013-08-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15560%2F9.4.813&amp;rft.issn=1809-127X&amp;rft.aulast=Machado&amp;rft.aufirst=Altair+J.&amp;rft.au=Barros%2C+Facelucia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchecklist.pensoft.net%2Farticle%2F18730%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pawlowski, J.; Holzmann, M.; Debenay, J.-P. (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jfr/article/44/4/440-450/77366">"MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF CARTERINA SPICULOTESTA AND RELATED SPECIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA"</a>. <i>The Journal of Foraminiferal Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>44</b> (4): 440–450. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsjfr.44.4.440">10.2113/gsjfr.44.4.440</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-1191">0096-1191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052053/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/cushmanfoundation/jfr/article-abstract/44/4/440/77366/MOLECULAR-PHYLOGENY-OF-CARTERINA-SPICULOTESTA-AND?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Foraminiferal+Research&amp;rft.atitle=MOLECULAR+PHYLOGENY+OF+CARTERINA+SPICULOTESTA+AND+RELATED+SPECIES+FROM+NEW+CALEDONIA&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=440-450&amp;rft.date=2014-10-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsjfr.44.4.440&amp;rft.issn=0096-1191&amp;rft.aulast=Pawlowski&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Holzmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Debenay%2C+J.-P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fjfr%2Farticle%2F44%2F4%2F440-450%2F77366&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dubicka, Zofia; Gorzelak, Przemysław (2017-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-15666-1">"Unlocking the biomineralization style and affinity of Paleozoic fusulinid foraminifera"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>7</b> (1): 15218. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-15666-1">10.1038/s41598-017-15666-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5680253">5680253</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29123221">29123221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424134313/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-15666-1">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Unlocking+the+biomineralization+style+and+affinity+of+Paleozoic+fusulinid+foraminifera&amp;rft.chron=2017-12&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=15218&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5680253&amp;rft.issn=2045-2322&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29123221&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-15666-1&amp;rft.aulast=Dubicka&amp;rft.aufirst=Zofia&amp;rft.au=Gorzelak%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-017-15666-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resig, J; Lowenstam, H; Echols, R; Weiner, S (1980). "An extant opaline foraminifer: test ultrastructure, mineralogy, and taxonomy". <i>Special Publications of the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research</i>. <b>19</b>: 205–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pawlowski, J.; Holzmann, M.; Berney, C.; Fahrni, J.; Gooday, A. J.; Cedhagen, T.; Habura, A.; Bowser, S. S. (2003-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2035132100">"The evolution of early Foraminifera"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>100</b> (20): 11494–11498. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2035132100">10.1073/pnas.2035132100</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208786">208786</a>&#8239;<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504394">14504394</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052055/https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2035132100">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+early+Foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=11494-11498&amp;rft.date=2003-09-30&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC208786&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14504394&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2035132100&amp;rft.aulast=Pawlowski&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Holzmann%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Berney%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Fahrni%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Gooday%2C+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Cedhagen%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Habura%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Bowser%2C+S.+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2035132100&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Groussin, Mathieu; Pawlowski, Jan; Yang, Ziheng (2011-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790311002752">"Bayesian relaxed clock estimation of divergence times in foraminifera"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>61</b> (1): 157–166. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.06.008">10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.008</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121055250/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790311002752">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Bayesian+relaxed+clock+estimation+of+divergence+times+in+foraminifera&amp;rft.chron=2011-10&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=157-166&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.06.008&amp;rft.aulast=Groussin&amp;rft.aufirst=Mathieu&amp;rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Ziheng&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1055790311002752&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seilacher, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/SP286.28">"The nature of vendobionts"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>286</b> (1): 387–397. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.28">10.1144/SP286.28</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8719">0305-8719</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052104/https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP286.28">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&amp;rft.atitle=The+nature+of+vendobionts&amp;rft.volume=286&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=387-397&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP286.28&amp;rft.issn=0305-8719&amp;rft.aulast=Seilacher&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp.lyellcollection.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1144%2FSP286.28&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (2018-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat7228">"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals"</a>. <i>Science</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>361</b> (6408): 1246–1249. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7228">10.1126/science.aat7228</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+steroids+establish+the+Ediacaran+fossil+Dickinsonia+as+one+of+the+earliest+animals&amp;rft.volume=361&amp;rft.issue=6408&amp;rft.pages=1246-1249&amp;rft.date=2018-09-21&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7228&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Bobrovskiy&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilya&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Janet+M.&amp;rft.au=Ivantsov%2C+Andrey&amp;rft.au=Nettersheim%2C+Benjamin+J.&amp;rft.au=Hallmann%2C+Christian&amp;rft.au=Brocks%2C+Jochen+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7228&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Swinbanks, D. D. (1982-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.218.4567.47">"Piaeodicton: The Traces of Infaunal Xenophyophores?"</a>. <i>Science</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>218</b> (4567): 47–49. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.218.4567.47">10.1126/science.218.4567.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052556/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.218.4567.47">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Piaeodicton%3A+The+Traces+of+Infaunal+Xenophyophores%3F&amp;rft.volume=218&amp;rft.issue=4567&amp;rft.pages=47-49&amp;rft.date=1982-10-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.218.4567.47&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Swinbanks&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.218.4567.47&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Levin, Lisa A. (1994-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/palaios/article/9/1/32-41/100347">"Paleoecology and Ecology of Xenophyophores"</a>. <i>PALAIOS</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3515076">10.2307/3515076</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052558/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/palaios/article-abstract/9/1/32/100347/Paleoecology-and-ecology-of-xenophyophores?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&amp;rft.atitle=Paleoecology+and+Ecology+of+Xenophyophores&amp;rft.chron=1994-02&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=32&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3515076&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fpalaios%2Farticle%2F9%2F1%2F32-41%2F100347&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rona, Peter A.; Seilacher, Adolf; de Vargas, Colomban; Gooday, Andrew J.; Bernhard, Joan M.; Bowser, Sam; Vetriani, Costantino; Wirsen, Carl O.; Mullineaux, Lauren (2009-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064509001799">"Paleodictyon nodosum: A living fossil on the deep-sea floor"</a>. <i>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>56</b> (19-20): 1700–1712. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2009.05.015">10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619172001/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064509001799">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+Part+II%3A+Topical+Studies+in+Oceanography&amp;rft.atitle=Paleodictyon+nodosum%3A+A+living+fossil+on+the+deep-sea+floor&amp;rft.chron=2009-09&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=19-20&amp;rft.pages=1700-1712&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2009.05.015&amp;rft.aulast=Rona&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&amp;rft.au=Seilacher%2C+Adolf&amp;rft.au=de+Vargas%2C+Colomban&amp;rft.au=Gooday%2C+Andrew+J.&amp;rft.au=Bernhard%2C+Joan+M.&amp;rft.au=Bowser%2C+Sam&amp;rft.au=Vetriani%2C+Costantino&amp;rft.au=Wirsen%2C+Carl+O.&amp;rft.au=Mullineaux%2C+Lauren&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0967064509001799&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gooday, Andrew J; Holzmann, Maria; Caulle, Clémence; Goineau, Aurélie; Kamenskaya, Olga; Weber, Alexandra A.-T.; Pawlowski, Jan (2017-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320716304633">"Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>207</b>: 106–116. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2017.01.006">10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218093854/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320716304633">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Giant+protists+%28xenophyophores%2C+Foraminifera%29+are+exceptionally+diverse+in+parts+of+the+abyssal+eastern+Pacific+licensed+for+polymetallic+nodule+exploration&amp;rft.chron=2017-03&amp;rft.volume=207&amp;rft.pages=106-116&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2017.01.006&amp;rft.aulast=Gooday&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+J&amp;rft.au=Holzmann%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Caulle%2C+Cl%C3%A9mence&amp;rft.au=Goineau%2C+Aur%C3%A9lie&amp;rft.au=Kamenskaya%2C+Olga&amp;rft.au=Weber%2C+Alexandra+A.-T.&amp;rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+Jan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0006320716304633&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">McIlroy, Duncan; Green, O. R.; Brasier, M. D. (2001-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/002411601300068170">"Palaeobiology and evolution of the earliest agglutinated Foraminifera: Platysolenites, Spirosolenites and related forms"</a>. <i>Lethaia</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>34</b> (1): 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F002411601300068170">10.1080/002411601300068170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052557/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002411601300068170">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Lethaia&amp;rft.atitle=Palaeobiology+and+evolution+of+the+earliest+agglutinated+Foraminifera%3A+Platysolenites%2C+Spirosolenites+and+related+forms&amp;rft.chron=2001-03&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=13-29&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F002411601300068170&amp;rft.aulast=McIlroy&amp;rft.aufirst=Duncan&amp;rft.au=Green%2C+O.+R.&amp;rft.au=Brasier%2C+M.+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1080%2F002411601300068170&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Scott, D. B. (2003-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/micropal/article/49/2/109-126/125201">"Foraminifera from the Cambrian of Nova Scotia: The oldest multichambered foraminifera"</a>. <i>Micropaleontology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>49</b> (2): 109–126. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2F49.2.109">10.2113/49.2.109</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-2803">0026-2803</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052559/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/micropress/micropal/article-abstract/49/2/109/125201/Foraminifera-from-the-Cambrian-of-Nova-Scotia-The?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Micropaleontology&amp;rft.atitle=Foraminifera+from+the+Cambrian+of+Nova+Scotia%3A+The+oldest+multichambered+foraminifera&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=109-126&amp;rft.date=2003-06-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2F49.2.109&amp;rft.issn=0026-2803&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fmicropal%2Farticle%2F49%2F2%2F109-126%2F125201&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tappan, Helen; Loeblich, Alfred R. (1988). "Foraminiferal Evolution, Diversification, and Extinction". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>62</b> (5): 695–714. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geokansas.ku.edu/fusulinids">"Fusulinids | GeoKansas"</a>. <i>geokansas.ku.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810080423/https://geokansas.ku.edu/fusulinids">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=geokansas.ku.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Fusulinids+%7C+GeoKansas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeokansas.ku.edu%2Ffusulinids&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Czaplewski, John J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/navigator/#/b191337c">"PBDB Navigator"</a>. <i>paleobiodb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624075624/https://paleobiodb.org/navigator/#/b191337c">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=paleobiodb.org&amp;rft.atitle=PBDB+Navigator&amp;rft.aulast=Czaplewski&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fnavigator%2F%23%2Fb191337c&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gräfe, K.U. (2005). "Benthic foraminifers and palaeoenvironment in the Lower and Middle Jurassic of the Western Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Northern Spain)". <i>Journal of Iberian Geology</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 217–233. S2CID 55664447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pearson, Paul (1998-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature28135">"The glorious fossil record"</a>. <i>Nature</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris): 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature28135">10.1038/nature28135</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723052558/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature28135">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=The+glorious+fossil+record&amp;rft.pages=1-3&amp;rft.date=1998-11-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature28135&amp;rft.issn=1476-4687&amp;rft.aulast=Pearson&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature28135&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal bioinformatics and biology insights, Using the Multiple Analysis Approach to Reconstruct Phylogenetic Relationships among Planktonic Foraminifera from Highly Divergent and Length-polymorphic SSU rDNA Sequences</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gebhardt, Holger (1997-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667196900476">"Cenomanian to Turonian foraminifera from Ashaka (NE Nigeria): quantitative analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation"</a>. <i>Cretaceous Research</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>18</b> (1): 17–36. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fcres.1996.0047">10.1006/cres.1996.0047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328023310/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667196900476">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Cenomanian+to+Turonian+foraminifera+from+Ashaka+%28NE+Nigeria%29%3A+quantitative+analysis+and+palaeoenvironmental+interpretation&amp;rft.chron=1997-02&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=17-36&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fcres.1996.0047&amp;rft.aulast=Gebhardt&amp;rft.aufirst=Holger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0195667196900476&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Báldi, Katalin; Benkovics, László; Sztanó, Orsolya (2002-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s005310100226">"Badenian (Middle Miocene) basin development in SW Hungary: subsidence history based on quantitative paleobathymetry of foraminifera"</a>. <i>International Journal of Earth Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>91</b> (3): 490–504. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs005310100226">10.1007/s005310100226</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1437-3254">1437-3254</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723053059/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s005310100226">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Badenian+%28Middle+Miocene%29+basin+development+in+SW+Hungary%3A+subsidence+history+based+on+quantitative+paleobathymetry+of+foraminifera&amp;rft.chron=2002-05&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=490-504&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs005310100226&amp;rft.issn=1437-3254&amp;rft.aulast=B%C3%A1ldi&amp;rft.aufirst=Katalin&amp;rft.au=Benkovics%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&amp;rft.au=Sztan%C3%B3%2C+Orsolya&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs005310100226&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Australia, c\=AU\;o\=Australia Government\;ou\=Geoscience (2014-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/disciplines/biostratigraphy">"Biostratigraphy"</a>. <i>www.ga.gov.au</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323114049/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/disciplines/biostratigraphy">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ga.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=Biostratigraphy&amp;rft.date=2014-05-15&amp;rft.aulast=Australia&amp;rft.aufirst=c%5C%3DAU%5C%3Bo%5C%3DAustralia+Government%5C%3Bou%5C%3DGeoscience&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fscientific-topics%2Fdisciplines%2Fbiostratigraphy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cushman, Joseph A.; Ellisor, Alva C. (1 January 1945). "The Foraminiferal Fauna of the Anahuac Formation". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 545–572. JSTOR 1299203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zachos, J. (2001-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1059412">"Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>292</b> (5517): 686–693. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059412">10.1126/science.1059412</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723053104/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1059412">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Trends%2C+Rhythms%2C+and+Aberrations+in+Global+Climate+65+Ma+to+Present&amp;rft.volume=292&amp;rft.issue=5517&amp;rft.pages=686-693&amp;rft.date=2001-04-27&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059412&amp;rft.aulast=Zachos&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059412&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Branson, Oscar; Redfern, Simon A.T.; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Sadekov, Aleksey; Langer, Gerald; Kimoto, Katsunori; Elderfield, Henry (2013-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X13005487">"The coordination of Mg in foraminiferal calcite"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>383</b>: 134–141. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.09.037">10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.037</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130003421/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X13005487">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=The+coordination+of+Mg+in+foraminiferal+calcite&amp;rft.chron=2013-12&amp;rft.volume=383&amp;rft.pages=134-141&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2013.09.037&amp;rft.aulast=Branson&amp;rft.aufirst=Oscar&amp;rft.au=Redfern%2C+Simon+A.T.&amp;rft.au=Tyliszczak%2C+Tolek&amp;rft.au=Sadekov%2C+Aleksey&amp;rft.au=Langer%2C+Gerald&amp;rft.au=Kimoto%2C+Katsunori&amp;rft.au=Elderfield%2C+Henry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012821X13005487&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Misra, S.; Froelich, P. N. (2012-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1214697">"Lithium Isotope History of Cenozoic Seawater: Changes in Silicate Weathering and Reverse Weathering"</a>. <i>Science</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>335</b> (6070): 818–823. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1214697">10.1126/science.1214697</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723053106/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1214697">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Lithium+Isotope+History+of+Cenozoic+Seawater%3A+Changes+in+Silicate+Weathering+and+Reverse+Weathering&amp;rft.volume=335&amp;rft.issue=6070&amp;rft.pages=818-823&amp;rft.date=2012-02-17&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1214697&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Misra&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Froelich%2C+P.+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1214697&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hemming, N.G.; Hanson, G.N. (1992-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016703792901518">"Boron isotopic composition and concentration in modern marine carbonates"</a>. <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>56</b> (1): 537–543. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2892%2990151-8">10.1016/0016-7037(92)90151-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618030314/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016703792901518">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Boron+isotopic+composition+and+concentration+in+modern+marine+carbonates&amp;rft.chron=1992-01&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=537-543&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2892%2990151-8&amp;rft.aulast=Hemming&amp;rft.aufirst=N.G.&amp;rft.au=Hanson%2C+G.N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0016703792901518&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boardman, R.S.; Cheetham, A. H.; Rowell, A.J (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fossilinvertebra0000unse"><i>Fossil Invertebrates</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0865423022" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0865423022">978-0865423022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fossil+Invertebrates.&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0865423022&amp;rft.aulast=Boardman&amp;rft.aufirst=R.S.&amp;rft.au=Cheetham%2C+A.+H.&amp;rft.au=Rowell%2C+A.J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffossilinvertebra0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jones, R.W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/micropalaeontolo0000jone"><i>Micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-854091-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-854091-5">978-0-19-854091-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Micropalaeontology+in+petroleum+exploration&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon+Press.&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-854091-5&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=R.W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicropalaeontolo0000jone&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeil, D.H.; Issler, D.R.; Snowdon, L.R. (1996). <i>Colour Alteration, Thermal Maturity, and Burial Diagenesis in Fossil Foraminifers</i>. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. <b>499</b>. Geological Survey of Canada. ISBN <bdi>978-0-660-16451-9</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Young, Jeremy R.; Cook, Samantha R.; Fulford, Michael G.; Lott, Graham K. (2008-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440308000599">"The application of microfossils in assessing the provenance of chalk used in the manufacture of Roman mosaics at Silchester"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>35</b> (8): 2415–2422. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.03.010">10.1016/j.jas.2008.03.010</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112858/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440308000599">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+application+of+microfossils+in+assessing+the+provenance+of+chalk+used+in+the+manufacture+of+Roman+mosaics+at+Silchester&amp;rft.chron=2008-08&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2415-2422&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2008.03.010&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian+P.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+Jeremy+R.&amp;rft.au=Cook%2C+Samantha+R.&amp;rft.au=Fulford%2C+Michael+G.&amp;rft.au=Lott%2C+Graham+K.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0305440308000599&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AForaminifera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" class="extiw" title="commons:Foraminifera"><b><i>Foraminifera</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/index.html">The University of California Museum of Paleontology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106164456/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu./index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-01-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. website has an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html">Introduction to the Foraminifera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006074803/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-10-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Researchers at the University of South Florida developed a system <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marine.usf.edu/reefslab/foramcd/html_files/titlepage.htm">using foraminifera for monitoring coral reef environments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115180644/http://www.marine.usf.edu/reefslab/foramcd/html_files/titlepage.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-01-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>University College London's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html">micropaleontology site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704111939/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-07-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. has an overview of foraminifera, including many high-quality <a href="/wiki/SEM" class="mw-redirect" title="SEM">SEMs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html">Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621210842/http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/CG2006_M02/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-06-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. is the Lukas Hottinger's glossary published in the OA e-journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html">"Carnets de Géologie - Notebooks on Geology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629094050/http://paleopolis.rediris.es/cg/uk-index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-06-29 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/frame02.htm">Information on Foraminifera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810004729/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/frame02.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-08-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Martin Langer's Micropaleontology Page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/BFhandout.htm">Benthic foraminifera information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803125712/http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/BFhandout.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-08-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. from the 2005 Urbino Summer School of Paleoclimatology</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowserlab.org/starsand.html">star*sand project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620040556/http://www.bowserlab.org/starsand.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-06-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starcentral.mbl.edu/mv/portal.php?pagetitle=index">micro*scope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213132/http://starcentral.mbl.edu/mv/portal.php?pagetitle=index">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-06-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.) is a cooperative database of information about foraminifera</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdb2.museum.tohoku.ac.jp/e-foram/">3D models</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317133100/http://webdb2.museum.tohoku.ac.jp/e-foram/">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-03-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. of forams, generated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-ray_tomography&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ray tomography (halaman belum tersedia)">X-ray tomography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronos.org">CHRONOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981205122129/http://www.chronos.org/">Diarsipkan</a> 1998-12-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. has <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=res_foram">several foraminifera resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115112221/http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=res_foram">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-11-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., including a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=res_taxondb">taxon search page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512035435/http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=res_taxondb">Diarsipkan</a> 2006-05-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=micropaleo">micro-paleo section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328221949/http://portal.chronos.org/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=micropaleo">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-03-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/Main_Page">eForams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213034749/http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/Main_Page">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-12-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. is a web site focused on foraminifera and modeling of foraminiferal shells</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu">Foraminifera Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107162900/https://foraminifera.eu/">Diarsipkan</a> 2023-01-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Illustrated catalog of recent and fossil Foraminifera by genus and locality</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Klasifikasi_Eukariota" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eukaryota" title="Templat:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Eukaryota" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Eukaryota&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Klasifikasi_Eukariota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Klasifikasi <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_arkea" title="Templat:Klasifikasi arkea">Arkea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_bakteri" title="Templat:Klasifikasi bakteri">Bakteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eukaryota" title="Templat:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Plantae_sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Plantae sensu lato">Tumbuhan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hacrobia" title="Templat:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Heterokontophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Heterokontophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterokontophyta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Alveolata" title="Templat:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Rhizaria" title="Templat:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Excavata" title="Templat:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Amoebozoa" title="Templat:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Animalia" title="Templat:Animalia">Hewan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Fungi" title="Templat:Fungi">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amorphea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amoebozoa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubulinea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubulinea (halaman belum tersedia)">Tubulinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">Eumycetozoa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Variosea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Variosea (halaman belum tersedia)">Variosea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archamoebea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Archamoebea (halaman belum tersedia)">Archamoebea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutosea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutosea (halaman belum tersedia)">Cutosea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holomycota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" title="Cristidiscoidea">Rotosphaerida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunicaraptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunicaraptor (halaman belum tersedia)">Tunicaraptor</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bicellum" title="Bicellum">Bicellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichthyosporea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichthyosporea (halaman belum tersedia)">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluriformea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluriformea (halaman belum tersedia)">Pluriformea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasterea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasterea (halaman belum tersedia)">Filasterea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanoflagellata">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Provora (halaman belum tersedia)">Provora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centroplasthelida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centroplasthelida (halaman belum tersedia)">Centroplasthelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telonemia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Telonemia (halaman belum tersedia)">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Supergrup_SAR" title="Supergrup SAR">SAR</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foraminifera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colponemida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Colponemida (halaman belum tersedia)">Colponemida</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ciliata" title="Ciliata">Ciliophora</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80); vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colpodellida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Colpodellida (halaman belum tersedia)">Colpodellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkinsozoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkinsozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Perkinsozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopila" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platysulcus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Platysulcus (halaman belum tersedia)">Platysulcus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigyra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigyra (halaman belum tersedia)">Bigyra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicosoecea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicosoecea (halaman belum tersedia)">Bicosoecida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Placidozoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Placidozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Placidozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagenista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagenista (halaman belum tersedia)">Sagenista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Developea (halaman belum tersedia)">Developea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirsoniales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirsoniales (halaman belum tersedia)">Pirsoniales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyphochytriomycetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyphochytriomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Hyphochytriomycetes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" title="Oomycetes">Oomycetes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinophryida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinophryida (halaman belum tersedia)">Actinophryida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;CAM&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)">Pan-Cryptista</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microheliella&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Microheliella (halaman belum tersedia)">Microheliella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptista&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptista (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palpitomonas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palpitomonas (halaman belum tersedia)">Palpitomonas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katablepharida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Katablepharida (halaman belum tersedia)">Katablepharida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Tumbuhan">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodelphidia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodelphidia (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhodelphidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viridiplantae(tumbuhan_sensu_lato)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Plant#Alternative_concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant">tumbuhan <i>sensu lato</i></a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasinodermophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasinodermophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Streptophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorokybus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorokybus (halaman belum tersedia)">Chlorokybus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesostigma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesostigma (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klebsormidiophyceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klebsormidiophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charophyceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coleochaetophyceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coleochaetophyceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavates</a>*</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discoba (halaman belum tersedia)">Discoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakobida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakobida (halaman belum tersedia)">Jakobida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsukubamonas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsukubamonas (halaman belum tersedia)">Tsukubamonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discicristata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discicristata (halaman belum tersedia)">Discicristata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterolobosea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterolobosea (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterolobosea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barthelona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barthelona (halaman belum tersedia)">Barthelona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeramoebae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeramoebae (halaman belum tersedia)">Anaeramoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeromonada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeromonada (halaman belum tersedia)">Anaeromonada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fornicata&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fornicata (halaman belum tersedia)">Fornicata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabasalia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabasalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Parabasalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawimonada&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawimonada (halaman belum tersedia)">Malawimonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawimonadidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawimonadidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Malawimonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imasidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imasidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Imasidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chert_Gunflint&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chert Gunflint (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiota Gunflint</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Chitinozoa" title="Chitinozoa">Chitinozoa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteora_sporadica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteora sporadica (halaman belum tersedia)">Meteora sporadica</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hemimastigophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemimastigophora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemimastigophora (halaman belum tersedia)">Hemimastigophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spironemidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spironemidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Spironemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spironematellidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spironematellidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Spironematellidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadida (halaman belum tersedia)">Ancyromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Ancyromonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planomonadidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Planomonadidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Planomonadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRuMs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CRuMs (halaman belum tersedia)">CRuMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collodictyonidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Collodictyonidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Collodictyonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mantamonadida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mantamonadida (halaman belum tersedia)">Mantamonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigifilida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigifilida (halaman belum tersedia)">Rigifilida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹<a href="/wiki/Kingdom" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom">Kingdom</a> tradisional dikecualikan dari <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protista</a></li> <li>*kelompok <a href="/wiki/Parafiletik" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafiletik">parafiletik</a></li> <li><b>tebal</b> menandai kelompok dengan lebih dari 1000 spesies</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rhizaria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; border: 2px solid red; error:colour;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Rhizaria" title="Templat:Rhizaria"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Rhizaria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Rhizaria (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Rhizaria&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhizaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_arkea" title="Templat:Klasifikasi arkea">Arkea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_bakteri" title="Templat:Klasifikasi bakteri">Bakteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eukaryota" title="Templat:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Plantae_sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Plantae sensu lato">Tumbuhan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hacrobia" title="Templat:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Heterokontophyta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Heterokontophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterokontophyta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Alveolata" title="Templat:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Rhizaria" title="Templat:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Excavata" title="Templat:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Amoebozoa" title="Templat:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Animalia" title="Templat:Animalia">Hewan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Fungi" title="Templat:Fungi">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Filosa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monadofilosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monadofilosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Monadofilosa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imbricatea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imbricatea (halaman belum tersedia)">Imbricatea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglyphida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglyphida (halaman belum tersedia)">Euglyphida</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyphoderiidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyphoderiidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyphoderiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglyphidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglyphidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Euglyphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulinellidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulinellidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Paulinellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinematidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinematidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Trinematidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumatomonadida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaumatomonadida (halaman belum tersedia)">Thaumatomonadida</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaumatomastigidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaumatomastigidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Thaumatomastigidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thecofilosea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thecofilosea (halaman belum tersedia)">Thecofilosea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryomonad&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryomonad (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryomonad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebriidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebriidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Ebriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaeodarea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaeodarea (halaman belum tersedia)">Phaeodarea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tectofilosid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tectofilosid (halaman belum tersedia)">Tectofilosid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptodifflugia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptodifflugia (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptodifflugia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spongomonadea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spongomonadea (halaman belum tersedia)">Spongomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spongomonas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spongomonas (halaman belum tersedia)">Spongomonas</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhipidodendron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhipidodendron (halaman belum tersedia)">Rhipidodendron</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcomonadea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcomonadea (halaman belum tersedia)">Sarcomonadea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercomonadida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercomonadida (halaman belum tersedia)">Cercomonadida</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercomonadidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercomonadidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Cercomonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heteromitidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heteromitidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Heteromitidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sainouridae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sainouridae (halaman belum tersedia)">Sainouridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticulofilosa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reticulofilosa (halaman belum tersedia)">Reticulofilosa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granofilosea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Granofilosea (halaman belum tersedia)">Granofilosea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limnophilida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Limnophilida (halaman belum tersedia)">Limnophilida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucodictyida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucodictyida (halaman belum tersedia)">Leucodictyida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliomorphida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliomorphida (halaman belum tersedia)">Heliomorphida</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliomorpha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliomorpha (halaman belum tersedia)">Heliomorphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmothoracida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmothoracida (halaman belum tersedia)">Desmothoracida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosphaerida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnosphaerida (halaman belum tersedia)">Gymnosphaerida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachnea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorarachnea (halaman belum tersedia)">Chlorarachnea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorarachnion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorarachnion (halaman belum tersedia)">Chlorarachnion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnochlora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnochlora (halaman belum tersedia)">Gymnochlora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotharella&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotharella (halaman belum tersedia)">Lotharella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptochlora&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptochlora (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptochlora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigelowiella&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigelowiella (halaman belum tersedia)">Bigelowiella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteomyxidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteomyxidea (halaman belum tersedia)">Proteomyxidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticulosida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reticulosida (halaman belum tersedia)">Reticulosida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anconchulida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anconchulida (halaman belum tersedia)">Anconchulida</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vampyrellidae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vampyrellidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Vampyrellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudosporida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudosporida (halaman belum tersedia)">Pseudosporida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phytomyxea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytomyxea (halaman belum tersedia)">Phytomyxea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagomyxida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagomyxida (halaman belum tersedia)">Phagomyxida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmodiophorida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmodiophorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Plasmodiophorida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromiidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromiidea (halaman belum tersedia)">Gromiidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromida (halaman belum tersedia)">Gromida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascetosporea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascetosporea (halaman belum tersedia)">Ascetosporea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplosporida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplosporida (halaman belum tersedia)">Haplosporida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramyxida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramyxida (halaman belum tersedia)">Paramyxida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claustrosporida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Claustrosporida (halaman belum tersedia)">Claustrosporida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradinida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Paradinida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaria" title="Retaria">Retaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foraminifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allogromiida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allogromiida (halaman belum tersedia)">Allogromiida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miliolid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miliolid (halaman belum tersedia)">Miliolid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textulariida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Textulariida (halaman belum tersedia)">Textulariida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycystine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polycystine (halaman belum tersedia)">Polycystinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acantharea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acantharea (halaman belum tersedia)">Acantharea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sticholonche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sticholonche (halaman belum tersedia)">Taxopodida</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sticholonche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sticholonche (halaman belum tersedia)">Sticholonche</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107027" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q107027">Q107027</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id94421">94421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4888">4888</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&amp;taxon_no=288974">288974</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8376456">8376456</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/348288">348288</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=257">257</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=29178">29178</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/cb1eeacf-c3d2-4a72-9eed-a67948e5abe9">cb1eeacf-c3d2-4a72-9eed-a67948e5abe9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=1410">1410</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐plzvl Cached time: 20241124031440 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.084 seconds Real time usage: 2.294 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 23859/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 547187/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 20283/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 27/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 197545/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.976/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6326280/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 11/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1944.790 1 -total 61.21% 1190.483 36 Templat:Navbox 34.93% 679.247 1 Templat:Reflist 28.60% 556.141 1 Templat:Taxobox 25.98% 505.250 1 Templat:Taxobox/core 18.72% 364.013 51 Templat:Cite_journal 16.53% 321.463 1 Templat:Fossil_range 15.42% 299.978 1 Templat:Fanerozoik_200px 15.28% 297.229 1 Templat:Eukaryota 13.67% 265.900 11 Templat:Rentang_fosil/baris --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key idwiki:pcache:idhash:351487-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124031440 and revision id 23985472. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;oldid=23985472">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;oldid=23985472</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_filum" title="Kategori:Semua filum">Semua filum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Foraminifera" title="Kategori:Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rhizaria" title="Kategori:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Amoeboid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Amoeboid (halaman belum tersedia)">Amoeboid</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_karakter_tidak_terlihat" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat">Galat CS1: karakter tidak terlihat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_format_mikro_%27spesies%27" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan format mikro &#039;spesies&#039;">Artikel dengan format mikro 'spesies'</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_Commons_dari_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala Commons dari Wikidata">Pranala Commons dari Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 10 Agustus 2023, pukul 03.00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foraminifera&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-68pwz","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.084","walltime":"2.294","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23859,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":547187,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20283,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":197545,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":11,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1944.790 1 -total"," 61.21% 1190.483 36 Templat:Navbox"," 34.93% 679.247 1 Templat:Reflist"," 28.60% 556.141 1 Templat:Taxobox"," 25.98% 505.250 1 Templat:Taxobox/core"," 18.72% 364.013 51 Templat:Cite_journal"," 16.53% 321.463 1 Templat:Fossil_range"," 15.42% 299.978 1 Templat:Fanerozoik_200px"," 15.28% 297.229 1 Templat:Eukaryota"," 13.67% 265.900 11 Templat:Rentang_fosil/baris"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.976","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6326280,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-plzvl","timestamp":"20241124031440","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Foraminifera","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foraminifera","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q107027","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q107027","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-02-07T06:59:45Z","dateModified":"2023-08-10T03:00:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/Ammonia_tepida.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10