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Sterrekunde - Wikipedia

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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="&#039;n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai &#039;n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a 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vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&amp;returnto=Sterrekunde" title="U word aangemoedig om &#039;n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&amp;returnto=Sterrekunde" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&amp;returnto=Sterrekunde" title="U word aangemoedig om &#039;n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&amp;returnto=Sterrekunde" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sterrekunde_as_wetenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterrekunde_as_wetenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sterrekunde as wetenskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterrekunde_as_wetenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kort_geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kort_geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kort geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kort_geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kort geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kort_geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sterrebeelde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterrebeelde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sterrebeelde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterrebeelde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterrekunde_in_die_Oudheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterrekunde_in_die_Oudheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sterrekunde in die Oudheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterrekunde_in_die_Oudheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middeleeue_en_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeleeue_en_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middeleeue en Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middeleeue_en_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twintigste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twintigste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Twintigste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twintigste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertakkings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertakkings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vertakkings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vertakkings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Vertakkings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vertakkings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onderwerpe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onderwerpe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Onderwerpe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onderwerpe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maniere_waarop_inligting_verkry_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maniere_waarop_inligting_verkry_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Maniere waarop inligting verkry word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maniere_waarop_inligting_verkry_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katalogisering_en_sterkaarte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalogisering_en_sterkaarte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Katalogisering en sterkaarte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalogisering_en_sterkaarte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterrekundige_meetinstrumente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterrekundige_meetinstrumente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sterrekundige meetinstrumente</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sterrekundige_meetinstrumente-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Sterrekundige meetinstrumente subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sterrekundige_meetinstrumente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korreksies_by_sterrekundige_metings_en_waarnemings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korreksies_by_sterrekundige_metings_en_waarnemings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Korreksies by sterrekundige metings en waarnemings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korreksies_by_sterrekundige_metings_en_waarnemings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sterrewagte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sterrewagte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sterrewagte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sterrewagte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiosterrekunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiosterrekunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Radiosterrekunde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiosterrekunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radarsterrekunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radarsterrekunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Radarsterrekunde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radarsterrekunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontstaan_van_die_heelal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontstaan_van_die_heelal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ontstaan van die heelal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontstaan_van_die_heelal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyk_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyk_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kyk ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyk_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Eksterne skakels subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Organisasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings:_Formules_en_konstantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings:_Formules_en_konstantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Verwysings: Formules en konstantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings:_Formules_en_konstantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Ander</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sterrekunde</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na &#039;n artikel in &#039;n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 242 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-242" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">242 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AD" title="ሥነ ፈለክ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ፈለክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungolcr%C3%A6ft" title="Tungolcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tungolcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="علم الفلك – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC_%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="فلك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaxpacha_y%C3%A4nakata" title="Alaxpacha yänakata – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alaxpacha yänakata" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آسترونومی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسترونومی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astruonuom%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Astruonuomėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Astruonuomėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_palak" title="Èlmu palak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu palak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलिकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खगोलिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_tawas_langit" title="Kaji tawas langit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji tawas langit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolokalan" title="Dolokalan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dolokalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredoniezh" title="Steredoniezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Одон орон шудалал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон орон шудалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng" title="Tiĕng-ùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئەستێرەناسی – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C3%B4" title="Astronomijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Astronomijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seryddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ai%C9%9B%CC%88ckanhial" title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asm%C3%AAn%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Asmênşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asmênşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomi" title="Astoronomi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Astoronomi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστρονομία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%AE" title="Astronomî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Astronomî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astronoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اخترشناسی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomy" title="Astoronomy – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Astoronomy" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htitiede" title="Tähtitiede – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähtitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs" title="Tähetiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tähetiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwalala" title="Maliwalala – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maliwalala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnufr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Stjørnufrøði – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnufrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4rkunde" title="Stäärkunde – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäärkunde" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alteola%C3%ADocht" title="Réalteolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastronnonmi" title="Lastronnonmi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lastronnonmi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-e%C3%B2las" title="Reul-eòlas – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyjakuaa" title="Mbyjakuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyjakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollageydys" title="Rollageydys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollageydys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-v%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo_h%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Kilo hōkū – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kilo hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסטרונומיה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרונומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taara_vigyan" title="Taara vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Taara vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwonomi" title="Astwonomi – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astwonomi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag%C3%A1szat" title="Csillagászat – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստղագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Ibanees" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="АйламӀилма – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="АйламӀилма" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjörnufræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%93%9A%E1%93%AF%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="天文学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschranami" title="Aschranami – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschranami" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kesyske" title="kesyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kesyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnallunt" title="Tasnallunt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnallunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulloriarsiorneq" title="Ulloriarsiorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ulloriarsiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="តារាវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តារាវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="천문학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فَلکِیات – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَلکِیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AArnas%C3%AE" title="Stêrnasî – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêrnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steronieth" title="Steronieth – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="ЦӀурттал элму – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦӀурттал элму" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabwengula" title="Essomabwengula – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabwengula" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starekunde" title="Starekunde – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starekunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_nz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94" title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ດາລາສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາລາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikintana" title="Haikintana – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Астрономий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Астрономий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81tai_arorangi" title="Tātai arorangi – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tātai arorangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон орон – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одон орон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اساره‌دونی – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره‌دونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuicamatiliztli" title="Ilhuicamatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicamatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steernskunde" title="Steernskunde – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steernskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D" title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutanaledi" title="Thutanaledi – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutanaledi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4htitiedo" title="Tiähtitiedo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähtitiedo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin-hawaa" title="Xin-hawaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xin-hawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomii" title="Estronomii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Estronomii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ACa" title="Astronomìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Astronomìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="تارا پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ستورپوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستورپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur_yachay" title="Quyllur yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexanipen" title="Chexanipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexanipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="खगोलशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खगोलशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrunum%C3%ACa" title="Astrunumìa – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrunumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%90_%D9%81%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علمِ فلڪيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علمِ فلڪيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2tongo" title="Sêndâtongo – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêndâtongo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnaggurt" title="Tasnaggurt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnaggurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%B3mia" title="Astronómia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astronómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saienisi_o_fet%C5%AB" title="Saienisi o fetū – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saienisi o fetū" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvechadenga" title="Zvechadenga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvechadenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiddigmaal" title="Xiddigmaal – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xiddigmaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiernkunde_af_Astronomie" title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimuanga" title="Elimuanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimuanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astr%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F" title="Astrōnōmijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Astrōnōmijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ахтаршиносӣ – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтаршиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาราศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90-%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%BE%E1%89%A5" title="ስነ-ኮኾብ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስነ-ኮኾብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi%C3%BDa" title="Astronomiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astronomiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C9%99" title="Astronomijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Astronomijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomi" title="Estronomi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Estronomi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاسترونومىيە – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاسترونومىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomii" title="Astronomii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Astronomii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thiên văn học – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelav" title="Stelav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stelav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomeye" title="Astronomeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Astronomeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saytubiddiw" title="Saytubiddiw – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Saytubiddiw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAstronomi" title="IAstronomi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IAstronomi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אסטראנאמיע – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטראנאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%B2r%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ìtòràwọ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtòràwọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denhvwnz" title="Denhvwnz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Denhvwnz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staerrekunde" title="Staerrekunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Staerrekunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinkanyezi" title="Izinkanyezi – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Sterrekunde" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Sterrekunde" title="&#039;n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Sterrekunde" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="&#039;n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;oldid=2701878" title="&#039;n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Sterrekunde&amp;id=2701878&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSterrekunde"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSterrekunde"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Sterrekunde"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Sterrekunde&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sterrekunde" hreflang="af"><span>Wikiboeke</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg/250px-Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg/375px-Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg/500px-Moon_Dedal_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Die groot krater Daidalos, wat deur <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> se bemanning gefotografeer is terwyl hulle in 1969 om die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> gewentel het.</figcaption></figure> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; padding:0em; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; width:18em; border-spacing:2px 0px;" cellpadding="0px"><tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.4em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PrirodneNauke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/100px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/150px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/200px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;">Deel van 'n reeks oor <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">Wetenskap</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Formele_wetenskap" title="Formele wetenskap">Formele wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">Wiskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_logika" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;line-height:1.2em; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sosiale_wetenskap" title="Sosiale wetenskap">Sosiale</a> en <a href="/wiki/Geesteswetenskappe" 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height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ingenieurswese" title="Ingenieurswese">Ingenieurswese</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Landbou-ingenieurswese" title="Landbou-ingenieurswese">Landbou</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lugvaartingenieurswese" title="Lugvaartingenieurswese">Lug &amp; ̩Ruimte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biomediese_ingenieurswese" title="Biomediese ingenieurswese">Biomedies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_ingenieurswese" title="Chemiese ingenieurswese">Chemies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Siviele_ingenieurswese" title="Siviele ingenieurswese">Siviel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap">Rekenaar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_ingenieurswese" title="Elektriese ingenieurswese">Elektries</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a 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title="Operasionele navorsing">Operasionele navorsing</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Robotika" title="Robotika">Robotika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sagteware-ingenieurswese" title="Sagteware-ingenieurswese">Sagteware</a> </p><p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesonheidswetenskap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesonheidswetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesonheidswetenskappe</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biologiese_ingenieurswese" title="Biologiese ingenieurswese">Biologiese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tandheelkunde" title="Tandheelkunde">Tandheelkunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologie" title="Epidemiologie">Epidemiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesondheidsorg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesondheidsorg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gesondheidsorg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a 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href="/wiki/Interdissiplinariteit" title="Interdissiplinariteit">Interdissiplinariteit</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_fisika" title="Toegepaste fisika">Toegepaste fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Kunsmatige intelligensie">Kunsmatige intelligensie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bio-etiek" title="Bio-etiek">Bio-etiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bio-inligting&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bio-inligting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bio-inligting</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Biomediese_ingenieurswese" title="Biomediese ingenieurswese">Biomediese ingenieurswese</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biostatistiek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biostatistiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Biostatistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kognitiewe_wetenskap" title="Kognitiewe wetenskap">Kognitiewe wetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarlinguistiek" title="Rekenaarlinguistiek">Rekenaarlinguistiek</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kultuurstudies" title="Kultuurstudies">Kultuurstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kubernetika" title="Kubernetika">Kubernetika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omgewingstudies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Omgewingstudies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Omgewingstudies</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etniese_studies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Etniese studies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etniese studies</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusiesielkunde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusiesielkunde (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusiesielkunde</a><span 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href="/w/index.php?title=Neurale_ingenieurswese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurale ingenieurswese (bladsy bestaan nie)">Neurale ingenieurswese</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Neurowetenskap" title="Neurowetenskap">Neurowetenskap</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Politieke_ekonomie" title="Politieke ekonomie">Politieke ekonomie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies" title="Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies">Wetenskap-en-tegnologiestudies</a><br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/wiki/Semiotiek" title="Semiotiek">Semiotiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosiobiologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosiobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sosiobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Stelselteorie" title="Stelselteorie">Stelselteorie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transdissiplinariteit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Transdissiplinariteit (bladsy bestaan nie)">Transdissiplinariteit</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsbeplanning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsbeplanning (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stadsbeplanning</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike_metode" title="Wetenskaplike metode">Wetenskaplike metode</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedenis_van_wetenskap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geskiedenis van wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis van wetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">Wetenskapsfilosofie</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskapsbeleid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskapsbeleid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskapsbeleid</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randwetenskap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Randwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Randwetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap">Pseudowetenskap</a></b> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wetenskap" title="Sjabloon:Wetenskap"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wetenskap&amp;action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Sterrekunde</b> (ook <b>astronomie</b> genoem, wat "die wette van die sterre" beteken) is 'n <a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">wetenskap</a> wat die waarneming en verduideliking van gebeurtenisse buite die <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">Aarde</a> se <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer" title="Atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a> behels. Die <a href="/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">oorsprong/kosmologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">fisiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemiese</a> eienskappe van <a href="/wiki/Hemelliggaam" title="Hemelliggaam">voorwerpe</a> wat in die hemelruim waargeneem kan word, word bestudeer. Waarnemings sluit die volgende in: <a href="/wiki/Natuurlike_satelliet" title="Natuurlike satelliet">mane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planete" class="mw-redirect" title="Planete">planete</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eksoplanete" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksoplanete">eksoplanete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ster" title="Ster">sterre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newel" title="Newel">newels</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsels</a>. Gebeurtenisse sluit in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gammastraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gammastraal">gammastraaluitbarstings</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Oerknal" title="Oerknal">Oerknal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kosmiese_bestraling" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmiese bestraling">kosmiese agtergrondstraling</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">Kosmologie</a> is 'n onderafdeling van sterrekunde wat fokus op die studie van die oorsprong en <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusie</a> van die heelal (dus, hoe alles begin en ontwikkel het) en behandel verskynsels wat buite die atmosfeer van die aarde voorkom, insluitend supernova-ontploffings, gammastraaluitbarstings, en kosmiese agtergrondstraling. Sterrekunde is een van die min wetenskappe waar amateurs steeds 'n rol speel, veral met die ontdekking en monitering van verskynsels van 'n verbygaande aard, soos <a href="/wiki/Komeet" title="Komeet">komete</a> en <a href="/wiki/Meteoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoor">meteore</a>. </p><p>Sterrekunde moenie met <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a> verwar word nie. Laasgenoemde is 'n versamelnaam vir idees oor die verband tussen die lot van mense en gebeurtenisse op aarde en die stand van die hemelliggame. Al het die twee velde 'n gemeenskaplike oorsprong, verskil hulle baie: Sterrekunde is 'n wetenskap, terwyl astrologie meer as bygeloof met <a href="/wiki/Skynwetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynwetenskap">skynwetenskaplike</a> fundering aangehang word. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sterrekunde_as_wetenskap">Sterrekunde as wetenskap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Sterrekunde as wetenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sterrekunde as wetenskap"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sterrekunde behels die studie van materie in die talle vorme en bewegingspatrone waarin dit in die heelal voorkom. Die meeste inligting word verkry deur <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_straling" title="Elektromagnetiese straling">elektromagnetiese straling</a>, waarvan sigbare lig net ʼn onderafdeling is. Hierdie straling word opgevang en verwerk met behulp van <a href="/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop">teleskope</a>, radioteleskope, spektrograwe en ander sterrekundige instrumente. </p><p>Die ondersoek van die ruimte met behulp van ruimtesondes is net moontlik vir nabygeleë hemelliggame soos die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">maan</a> en die planete. Die moderne sterrekunde is hoofsaaklik gerig op navorsing van die fisiese eienskappe van hemelliggame en van die ruimte (<a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">astrofisika</a>). Dit lewer terselfdertyd ʼn belangrike bydrae tot die fisika omdat die uiterste toestande van die ruimte (baie hoe temperature, geweldige digthede, bykans algehele lugleegtes, ontsaglike magnetiese velde) nooit op aarde voorkom nie. </p><p>Die sterrekunde het ook te doen met die ontstaan en ontwikkelingsprosesse van alle soorte voorwerpe in die heelal, asook met die ontstaan van die heelal self. Die astrofisika het eers in die 20e eeu sedert die ontwikkeling van die tegnieke en beginsels van <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie">spektroskopie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atoomfisika" title="Atoomfisika">atoomfisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kernfisika" title="Kernfisika">kernfisika</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">relatiwiteitsteorie</a> tot sy reg gekom. Sterrekundige navorsing en verwante sake word deur die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Astronomiese_Unie" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasionale Astronomiese Unie">Internasionale Astronomiese Unie</a> (IAU) gekoördineer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kort_geskiedenis">Kort geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Kort geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kort geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sterrekundige studie was oorspronklik om politieke en godsdienstige redes van belang. Die praktiese aspekte het tydsbepaling en navigasie behels. Hiervoor was noukeurige waarnemings van die son, maan en sterre nodig. Op godsdienstige gebied was sterrekunde van belang omdat mense geglo het dat die bewegings en posisies van hemelliggame die gang van sake op aarde beïnvloed het. Die astrologie het hieruit ontwikkel. </p><p>In die vroeë geskiedenis het sterrekunde slegs waarnemings en voorspellings behels van hemelligame wat met die blote oog waargeneem kon word. Die <i>Rigveda</i> verwys na die 27 <a href="/wiki/Sterrebeeld" title="Sterrebeeld">sterrebeelde</a> wat met die beweging van die <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a> verbind word en die 12 sterrebeelde van die <a href="/wiki/Diereriem" title="Diereriem">diereriem</a>. </p><p>Die antieke Grieke het belangrike bydraes gemaak tot sterrekunde, onder meer die definisie van die <a href="/wiki/Magnitude" title="Magnitude">helderheidstelsel</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> bevat 'n aantal stellings oor die posisie van die Aarde in die heelal en die aard van die sterre en planete, waarvan die meeste eerder digterlik as letterlik is. In <a href="/wiki/500" title="500">500</a> n.C. het <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> 'n wiskundige stelsel voorgestel waarvolgens die Aarde om sy eie as draai en die beweging van die planete relatief tot die son oorweeg is. </p><p>Sterrekunde het gestagneer in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, maar het in die <a href="/wiki/Arabiese_w%C3%AAreld" title="Arabiese wêreld">Arabiese wêreld</a> gefloreer waar die belangrike werke van <a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a> in Arabies vertaal is. Laat in die <a href="/wiki/9de_eeu" title="9de eeu">9de eeu</a> het die <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamitiese</a> sterrekundige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farghani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farghani (bladsy bestaan nie)">Al-Farghani</a> (Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani) uitvoerig geskryf oor die beweging van hemelliggame. Sy werk is in die <a href="/wiki/12de_eeu" title="12de eeu">12de eeu</a> na Latyn vertaal. Laat in die <a href="/wiki/10de_eeu" title="10de eeu">10de eeu</a> is 'n baie groot <a href="/wiki/Sterrewag" title="Sterrewag">sterrewag</a> naby <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> deur die sterrekundige Al-Khujandi gebou wat onder meer die skuinste van die aarde se <a href="/wiki/Wentelbaan" title="Wentelbaan">wentelvlak</a> (ekliptika) ten opsigte van die <a href="/wiki/Hemelewenaar" title="Hemelewenaar">hemelewenaar</a> bereken het. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persië</a> het <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> (Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami) talle tabelle opgestel en 'n verandering van die <a href="/wiki/Kalender" title="Kalender">kalender</a> voorgestel wat akkurater was as die <a href="/wiki/Juliaanse_kalender" title="Juliaanse kalender">Juliaanse kalender</a> en byna so akkuraat soos die <a href="/wiki/Gregoriaanse_kalender" title="Gregoriaanse kalender">Gregoriaanse kalender</a>. </p><p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> het <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> 'n heliosentriese model van die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a> voorgestel. Sy werk is deur <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> en <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> uitgebrei, reggestel en verdedig. Galileo het teleskope begin gebruik om sy waarnemings te verbeter. Kepler het die eerste stelsel ontwikkel wat die bewegings van die planete om die Son as middelpunt in korrekte besonderhede beskryf het. </p><p>Kepler was egter nie suksesvol met die ontwikkeling van die toerieë vir sy wette nie. Newton se uitvinding van hemelligaamdinamika en sy swaartekragwet het eindelik die bewegings van die planete verduidelik. Die refleksieteleskoop is toe ook ontdek, wat waarnemings nog verder verbeter het. </p><p>Daar is bevind dat sterre verafgeleë voorwerpe was. Met die ontdekking van <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie">spektroskopie</a> is bewys dat sterre soortgelyk aan ons eie Son is, maar met 'n groot verskeidenheid <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massas</a> en groottes. Die bestaan van ons <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsel</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a>, as 'n aparte groep sterre is eers in die 20ste eeu bewys, saam met die bestaan van ander sterrestelsels. Die uitdying van die heelal soos waargeneem deur die oënskynlike uitwaartse beweging van die meeste sterrestelsels is ook ontdek. Kosmologie het in die 20ste eeu ’n reusevooruitgang beleef met die <a href="/wiki/Oerknal" title="Oerknal">Oerknal</a>-teorie wat sterk ondersteun word deur bewyse in sterrekunde en fisika, soos die <a href="/wiki/Kosmiese_mikrogolfagtergrond" title="Kosmiese mikrogolfagtergrond">kosmiese mikrogolfagtergrond</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hubble_se_wet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble se wet">Hubble se wet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sterrebeelde">Sterrebeelde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Sterrebeelde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sterrebeelde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sterrebeelde, of konstellasies, was aanvanklik net groeperings van helder sterre in die hemelruim. Hoewel die sterre in ʼn groep niks met mekaar te make het nie, is dit 'n gerieflike manier om sterre te identifiseer. Die sterrekundiges van ouds (blykbaar met heelwat verbeelding) het allerhande figure in die stergroeperings gesien en op die manier het die sterrebeelde hul name gekry, Baie daarvan was mitiese figure, soos Orion die Jagter en Aquarius die Waterdraer. </p><p>Die benamings van die sterrebeelde het moontlik nou saamgehang met die astrologie. Sommige sterrebeelde het reeds 4 700 jaar gelede hul name gekry, waarskynlik in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>. Die Babiloniërs het oorspronklik die hemelbol in 12 dele verdeel - die sogenaamde diereriem of Sodiak- en dit na nabygeleë sterrebeelde vernoem. In 270 v.C. het die skrywer Aratos 'n lang gedig geskryf waarin 48 sterrebeelde volledig beskryf is. </p><p>Tot die <a href="/wiki/17de_eeu" title="17de eeu">17e eeu</a> is min sterrebeelde tot die oorspronklike 48, wat feitlik almal in die <a href="/wiki/Noordelike_Halfrond" title="Noordelike Halfrond">Noordelike Halfrond</a> was, bygevoeg. Die Fransman Lacaille het van 1751 af sterrekundige waarnemings aan die Kaap gedoen en 13 nuwe beelde in die suidelike sterrehemel benoem. Hy het ook die enorme beeld Argo (Skip) onderverdeel in Carina (Kiel), Pyxis (Kompas), Puppis (Agterstewe) en Vela (Seil). Hy het ʼn klein sterrebeeldjie Mons Mensae (Tafelberg) genoem, maar deesdae staan dit net as Mensa (Tafel) bekend. In 1928 is die hemelbol, in opdrag van die Internasionale Astronomiese Unie, in 88 sterrebeelde ingedeel. Die ou indelings is sover moontlik behou, maar die grense loop loodreg of ewewydig met die deklinasiesirkels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sterrekunde_in_die_Oudheid">Sterrekunde in die Oudheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Sterrekunde in die Oudheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sterrekunde in die Oudheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Chinese was 8 eeue v.C. reeds met waarnemings van verduisterings besig. Sedert die 2e eeu v.C. word daar in hul geskrifte melding gemaak van komete, planete, novas, sonvlekke, ensovoorts. Die <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> van 1054 n.C. is deur die Chinese waargeneem, maar daar is geen verwysing daarna in enige Westerse geskrifte gevind nie. In sommige lande is spesiale tempels en bouwerke opgerig om die sterre te bestudeer. Die konstruksie van Stonehenge, in Brittanje, het 24 eeue v.C. begin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> bestaan uit konsentriese rye van enorme klippilare en dit is blykbaar as 'n "kalender" gebruik, asook om verduisterings te voorspel. Soortgelyke kleiner konstruksies is ook in ander lande gebou: Woodhenge in die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">VSA</a> en die druïdiese suile (menhirs) in <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a>. Die oorsprong van die Westerse sterrekunde lê vermoedelik in die gebied tussen die Eufraat en die Tigris (Mesopotamië), waar koning Hammoerabi in die 18e eeu v.C. ʼn uitgestrekte ryk met Babilon as hoofstad tot stand gebring het. </p><p>Die beweging van hemelliggame het ʼn belangrike rol in die Babiloniërs se godsdiens gespeel en sterrekundige waarnemings is op kleitablette, waarvan talle bewaar gebly het, aangeteken. Die bewegings van die son en maan was so noukeurig bereken dat akkurate voorspellings van verduisterings gemaak kon word. In Egipte is studies van die son en maan se bewegings waarskynlik al in <a href="/wiki/3000_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="3000 v.C.">3000 v.C</a>. gedoen, hoofsaaklik om 'n kalender op te stel. Dit was belangrik omdat die jaarlikse oorstroming van die <a href="/wiki/Nylrivier" title="Nylrivier">Nyl</a>, waarvan die landbou afhanklik was, bepaal moes word. </p><p>Die Grieke se sterrekundige benadering was hoofsaaklik teoreties. Bespiegelings oor die aard en wese van die kosmos was van groter belang as wetenskaplike waarnemings. Pythagoras (500 v.C.) was die eerste persoon wat met die konsep van 'n bolvormige aarde vorendag gekom het. Philolaus van Tarente, 'n leerling van <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, het voorgestel dat die aarde om ʼn sentrale son beweeg, maar in die 2e eeu v.C. het <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaeus</a> (skrywer van die beroemde <i>Almagest</i>) verklaar dat die aarde die middelpunt van die heelal is en dat alle hemelliggame daarom beweeg. </p><p>Hierdie siening is eeue lank aanvaar, tot Copernicus dit in die <a href="/wiki/16de_eeu_v.C." title="16de eeu v.C.">16e eeu</a> bevraagteken het. Ongeveer 2 eeue v.C. het Eratosthenes op 'n vernuftige manier die omtrek van die aarde baie akkuraat bepaal. Hipparchos het in dieselfde tyd die eerste sterkatalogus saamgestel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middeleeue_en_Renaissance">Middeleeue en Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Middeleeue en Renaissance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Middeleeue en Renaissance"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> was daar in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> geen of min belangstelling in die sterrekunde. Die Mayas van <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Amerika" title="Sentraal-Amerika">Sentraal-Amerika</a> het in die tyd merkwaardige vooruitgang gemaak op die gebied van kalenders en tydsberekening. Die Arabiere het ook in omstreeks die 8e eeu in die sterrekunde begin belang stel en talle ou Griekse en Persiese geskrifte vertaal. Hoewel hulle nie veel meer tot die sterrekunde bygedra het nie, was hulle 'n belangrike skakel tussen die sterrekundige kennis van die ou beskawings en die oplewing in Europa na die Middeleeue. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> is gekenmerk deur 'n nuwe benadering: eksperimentele werk en waarnemings het teoretiese bespiegelings vervang. Dit was nogtans moeilik om van eeue-oue konsepte ontslae te raak en <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Copernicus" title="Nicolaas Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (1473-1543) se <i>De Revolutionibus</i> (1543), waarin hy verklaar het dat die aarde en planete om die son beweeg, is met minagting en vyandigheid begroet. <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> (1546-1601), ʼn Deense sterrekundige, het Copernicus se stellings aanvaar. </p><p>Hy het sy eie sterrewag by Uranienborg gebou en met behulp van eenvoudige instrumente baie noukeurige waarnemings gedoen. In 1572 het hy die <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> -uitbarsting in die konstellasie van Cassiopeia waargeneem. Sy werk het 'n omvattende studie van die sonnestelsel en die akkurate posisiebepaling van 777 sterre behels. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (1571-1630) het voortgebou op Brahe se werk en 3 wette oor die bewegings van planete om die son geformuleer. </p><p>Hy het onder meer bepaal dat die planeetbane nie rond is nie maar wel ellipties. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (1564-1642) was die eerste persoon wat die sterre met behulp van 'n <a href="/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop">teleskoop</a> bestudeer het. Na eksperimente met vallende en rollende voorwerpe (Stevin en Galilei) het dit duidelik geword dat daar 'n verband tussen swaartekrag en die bewegings van die planete bestaan. Ongeveer 'n halfeeu later het Newton die gravitasiewette geformuleer. </p><p>Die uitvinding van die teleskoop (vroeë 17e eeu) was een van die grootste deurbrake in die sterrekunde. Copernicus se stellings kon onomstootlik bewys word en ontdekkings in die hemelruim het mekaar vinnig opgevolg. Nuwe planeetmane en planete is ontdek (Uranus, 1781; <a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a>, 1846; <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, 1930) en die bestaan van dubbelsterre en veranderlike sterre. die wederkerende aard van sommige komete (Halley), die aard van newels en die bestaan van buitegalaktiese sterrestelsels, pulsars en kwasars is ontdek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twintigste_eeu">Twintigste eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Twintigste eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Twintigste eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In die eerste helfte van die 20e eeu het tegnieke soos fotometrie, termometrie, atoom- en molekulêre spektroskopie dit moontlik gemaak om die fisiese eienskappe van die planete en die son te bepaal. In <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> het Hertzsprung die fisiese verskille tussen reusesterre en dwergsterre ontdek. Bethe en Von Weizsécker het in 1939 aangetoon dat die groot hoeveelhede energie wat deur sterre vrygestel word, van kernsmelting (waterstof in helium) afkomstig is. </p><p>In 1956 het Fowler beweer dat die swaar elemente in die massiefste sterre gevorm en deur <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>-ontploffings in die ruimte versprei word. Hartman het in 1904 aanduidings van groot hoeveelhede materie (interstellêre materie) tussen die sterre gevind en in die dertigerjare, toe 'n beter begrip van interstellêre absorpsie verkry is, kon 'n meer realistiese konsep van die grootte van die Melkwegstelsel gevorm word. In 1912 het Henrietta Leavitt ontdek dat die veranderlike sterre (Cepheïede) se flitsperiodes verband hou met hul helderheid. </p><p>Omdat die intensiteit van lig met die kwadraat van die afstand verminder, het hierdie waardevolle ontdekking sterrekundiges in staat gestel om die afstande van die Cepheïede te bepaal, en daarmee ook die afstande na ander sterre en selfs sterrestelsels. In <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> het Hertzsprung vasgestel dat die <a href="/wiki/Klein_Magellaanse_Wolk" title="Klein Magellaanse Wolk">Klein Magellaanse Wolk</a> buite die Melkwegstelsel geleë en dus 'n afsonderlike sterrestelsel is. In die twintigerjare het Hubble die afstande na 'n paar "newels" gemeet en ontdek dat dit nie newels is nie, maar buitegalaktiese sterrestelsels. </p><p>Terselfdertyd het hy gevind dat die sterrestelsels met hoe snelhede van ons en van mekaar af wegbeweeg. Hierdie ontdekkings het aanleiding gegee tot die oerontploffingsteorie (<a href="/wiki/Oerknal" title="Oerknal">Oerknal</a>) oor die ontstaan van die heelal. Na die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> het meer gesofistikeerde tegnieke beskikbaar geword om elektromagnetiese straling buite die sigbare deel van die spektrum op te vang en te meet. Die sterrekunde het begin vertak in radio-, infrarooi-, ultraviolet-, X-straal- en gamma-sterrekunde. </p><p>Die eerste radiobron in die hemelruim is toevallig in 1931 deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Jansky&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Jansky (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karl Jansky</a> in die rigting van die Melkweg se middelpunt ontdek. In die jare daarna is talle meer gevind. Sommige het geblyk buitegalaktiese sterrestelsels en <a href="/wiki/Kwasar" title="Kwasar">kwasars</a> (1960) te wees, ander was pulsars (1967). Die son en <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> straal ook radiogolwe uit. Radarsterrekunde (baie kort radiogolwe) is gebruik om die afstande na die nabygeleë planete akkuraat te meet. </p><p>Infrarooi-sterrekunde word gebruik om die temperature van hemelliggame te bepaal. X- en gammastrale, wat inligting verskaf oor die enorme hoeveelhede energie wat in die heelal vrykom, word deur instrumente in satelliete opgevang, omdat die meeste van die uiters kort golwe nie deur die aarde se <a href="/wiki/Aarde_se_atmosfeer" title="Aarde se atmosfeer">atmosfeer</a> kan dring nie. Vanweë lugbesoedeling word dit al hoe moeiliker om sterrekundige waarnemings van die aarde af te doen. Om hierdie rede word sterrewagte deesdae op afgeleë plekke opgerig. Ruimteteleskope kan egter baie meer inligting inwin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertakkings">Vertakkings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Vertakkings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vertakkings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professionele sterrekunde word dikwels verdeel in kosmologie en astrofisika. Laasgenoemde het te doen met die begip dat die Aarde en alle hemelliggame uit dieselfde skeikundige <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-redirect" title="Element">elemente</a> bestaan en dieselfde natuurwette oral in die ruimte geld. </p><p>Toe sterrekunde nog in sy kinderskoene was, in die tyd van die <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Grieke</a> en ander antieke beskawings, het sterrekunde hoofsaaklik bestaan uit sterremeetkunde, waar die posisies van sterre en planete aan die hemelruim gemeet is. Later, met die werk van <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> en <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>, is die weg gebaan vir hemelmeganika, die wiskundige voorspelling van die bewegings van die hemelliggame onder die invloed van <a href="/wiki/Swaartekrag" title="Swaartekrag">swaartekrag</a>, veral die voorwerpe in ons <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">Sonnestelsel</a>. </p><p>Van die begin van die 20ste eeu af is professionele sterrekunde dikwels verdeel in waarnemende sterrekunde en teoretiese astrofisika. Eersgenoemde is meestal gemoeid met die insameling en verwerking van data en laasgenoemde met die meetbare implikasies van fisikamodelle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onderwerpe">Onderwerpe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Onderwerpe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Onderwerpe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/375px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/500px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>’n <a href="/wiki/Gravitasielens" title="Gravitasielens">Gravitasielenseffek</a>. Die foto wys verskeie blou, lusvormige voorwerpe wat verwronge beelde van sterrestelsel is wat deur die tros geel sterrestelsels naby die foto se middel veroorsaak word.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die studievelde kan ook verdeel word volgens die onderwerp wat bestudeer word: </p> <ul><li>Sterremeetkunde: die studie van die ligging van <a href="/wiki/Hemelliggaam" title="Hemelliggaam">hemelliggame</a> en die verandering daarvan. Dit definieer die <a href="/wiki/Lugko%C3%B6rdinaatstelsel" title="Lugkoördinaatstelsel">koördinaatstelsel</a> en die bewegingsleer van voorwerpe in die heelal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika">Astrofisika</a> (fisiese sterrekunde): die studie van die fisika van die heelal, insluitende die fisiese eienskappe (<a href="/wiki/Ligsterkte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligsterkte">ligsterkte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">digtheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemiese samestelling</a>) van voorwerpe.</li> <li>Kosmogonie: die studie van die oorsprong van die heelal en sy <a href="/wiki/Evolusie" title="Evolusie">evolusie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmologiese_argument" title="Kosmologiese argument">Kosmologie</a>: die studie van die struktuur, ontstaan, algemene geskiedenis en toekoms van die heelal.</li> <li>Evolusie: die studie van die vorming van hemelliggame en die veranderings wat hulle ondergaan.</li> <li>Sterstelselkunde: die studie van die struktuur en onderdele van die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> en ander <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsels</a>.</li> <li>Planetêre wetenskap: die studie van die <a href="/wiki/Planeet" title="Planeet">planete</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Sonnestelsel" title="Sonnestelsel">sonnestelsel</a>.</li> <li>Astrobiologie: die studie van die oorsprong en ewolusie van biologiese stelsels in die heelal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maniere_waarop_inligting_verkry_word">Maniere waarop inligting verkry word</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Maniere waarop inligting verkry word" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Maniere waarop inligting verkry word"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sterrekunde word <a href="/wiki/Inligting" title="Inligting">inligting</a> hoofsaaklik verkry deur die waarneming en ontleding van <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_straling" title="Elektromagnetiese straling">elektromagnetiese straling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmiese_straling" title="Kosmiese straling">kosmiese straling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoor">meteore</a> en dalk in die toekoms <a href="/wiki/Swaartekrag" title="Swaartekrag">swaartekraggolwe</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DSS51_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSS51_front.jpg/200px-DSS51_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSS51_front.jpg/300px-DSS51_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSS51_front.jpg/400px-DSS51_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3229" data-file-height="4306" /></a><figcaption>Die DSS 51 26&#160;m radioteleskoop by die <a href="/wiki/Hartebeesthoek_Radioteleskoop" title="Hartebeesthoek Radioteleskoop">Hartebeesthoek</a> Radio-astronomie Sterrewag, 65&#160;km noordwes van Johannesburg af.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n Tradisionele verdeling van sterrekunde volgens die deel van die <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiese spektrum">elektromagnetiese spektrum</a> wat waargeneem word, is: </p> <ul><li>Optiese sterrekunde, die tegnieke wat gebruik word om <a href="/wiki/Lig" title="Lig">lig</a> te bespeur van <a href="/wiki/Golflengte" title="Golflengte">golflengtes</a> wat die blote oog kan sien (omtrent 400-800&#160;nm). Die mees algemene apparaat is die <a href="/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop">teleskoop</a> met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektroniese_kamera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektroniese kamera (bladsy bestaan nie)">elektroniese kameras</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrograaf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrograaf (bladsy bestaan nie)">spektrograwe</a>.</li> <li>Infrarooisterrekunde, wat gemoeid is met die waarneming van infrarooistraling (golflengtes korter as dié van rooi lig). Die mees algemene apparaat is die teleskoop wat aangepas is vir infrarooilig. Ruimteteleskope word ook gebruik om die elektromagnetiese steurings van die atmosfeer uit te skakel.</li> <li>Radiosterrekunde is die waarneming van hemelliggame se uitgestraalde radiogolwe. Die ontvangers is soortgelyk aan dié wat gebruik word vir radio-uitsendings.</li> <li>Hoë-energie-sterrekunde: Die studie van hemelliggame wat hoë-energie-elektromagnetiese golwe vrystel. Dit sluit <a href="/wiki/X-strale" class="mw-redirect" title="X-strale">X-strale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gammastraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gammastraal">gammastrale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultravioletstrale</a>, neutrino's en kosmiese straling in.</li></ul> <p>Optiese en radiosterrekunde kan beoefen word met aardgebaseerde <a href="/wiki/Sterrewag" title="Sterrewag">sterrewagte</a> omdat die Aarde se atmosfeer liggolflengtes deurlaat. Infrarooilig word sterk deur <a href="/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp">waterdamp</a> geabsorbeer, daarom moet infrarooisterrewagte op hoë en droë plekke of in die ruimte geleë wees. Ook X-strale, gammastrale en UV-strale word deur die atmosfeer beïnvloed sodat daardie waarnemings vanaf ballonne, ruimtesterrewagte of satelliete soos <a href="/wiki/Swift" title="Swift">Swift</a> gedoen moet word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Katalogisering_en_sterkaarte">Katalogisering en sterkaarte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Katalogisering en sterkaarte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Katalogisering en sterkaarte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die vinnig toenemende kennis van die sterrekunde gedurende die afgelope paar eeue het katalogisering genoodsaak. In 1603 het <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bayer" title="Johann Bayer">Johann Bayer</a> 'n stelsel aan die hand gedoen waarvolgens die helderste ster in elke sterrebeeld die Griekse letter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03B1;<!-- α --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> kry. <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> is byvoorbeeld <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03B1;<!-- α --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> Canis Majoris (Groot Hond). Die tweede helderste ster in die Groot Hond is dan <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03B2;<!-- β --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> Canis Majoris, ensovoorts. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Flamsteed" title="John Flamsteed">John Flamsteed</a> se katalogus (1725) word die sterre in elke sterrebeeld volgens hul posisie, van wes na oos in die hemelsfeer, genommer, by voorbeeld 61 Cygni, 62 Cygni, ensovoorts. Sterre wat nie in hierdie twee katalogusse voorkom nie, kry kodeletters uit ander katalogusse, byvoorbeeld die van <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Hevelius</a> (1690), Bode (1801) of Gould (1879): 10 H. Cancri, 149 B. Geminorum of 252 G. Aquarii. </p><p>Die Bonner Durchmusterungkatalogus, BD (1859- 1862), bevat 324 000 sterre en die Cordoba Durchmusterungkatalogus, CD (1929), het 'n lys van 580 000 sterre. Hierdie twee katalogusse, gebaseer op visuele waarnemings, dek die noordelike en die suidelike hemelsfere. Die Henry Draper-katalogus, HD, bevat die posisies, helderhede en spektraaltipes van 225 300 sterre. Die fotografiese atlas van die hemelruim is in 1914 deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Adams&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Adams (bladsy bestaan nie)">Franklin Adams</a> opgestel en bevat 206 sterkaarte. </p><p>Een van die jongste katalogusse is die SAO Sterkatalogus van die Smithsonian-Astrofisiese Sterrewag in die VSA. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Vehrenberg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Vehrenberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hans Vehrenberg</a> se atlas (1962-1964) is onder amateursterrekundiges baie gewild. Dit bevat sterkaarte van die hele hemelsfeer en sluit voorwerpe tot by die 15e magnitude in. 'n Ster kan dus verskillende nommers hê, afhangende van die klassifikasie wat gebruik word. Antares is dus a Scorpii, 21 Scorpii, ZC 2366, HD 1484 78, SAO 184415, ensovoorts. </p><p>Dubbelsterre verskyn in spesiale katalogusse, soos die ADS (<i>Aitken Double Stars</i>). Die helderste komponent van 'n dubbelster kry die letter A, die volgende een 'n B (of C, as daar meer is), byvoorbeeld Sirius A en Sirius B. Veranderlike sterre word geklassifiseer deur letters van R af voor die van die sterrebeeld te plaas. Na Z word dubbelletters vanaf RR tot ZZ gebruik en dan weer vanaf AA tot QZ. Voorbeelde: SS Cygni, BQ Orionis. Indien nog meer veranderlike sterre in 'n sterrebeeld ontdek word, word die letters V en ʼn nommer gebruik: V449 Cygni. </p><p>Novas word op dieselfde manier geklassifiseer: Nova Herculis 1934 is DQ Herculis. Sterrehope, newels en sterrestelsels (wat oorspronklik as newels beskou is) word op 'n paar maniere geklassifiseer. Een daarvan is die letter M en 'n nommer uit Messier (1784) se katalogus. M42 is die Orion newel en die Andromeda-sterrestelsel is M31. Dit kan ook deur die letters NGC (<i>New general</i> <i>catalogue of nebulae and clusters of</i> <i>stars</i> deur Dreyer, 1888) of IC (Index catalogue) en 'n nommer aangedui word. Andromeda is dus ook NGC224. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sterrekundige_meetinstrumente">Sterrekundige meetinstrumente</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Sterrekundige meetinstrumente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sterrekundige meetinstrumente"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sterrekundige instrumente is instrumente waarmee die elektromagnetiese straling van hemelliggame opgevang en geanaliseer word. Die 3 instrumente wat vir die snelle vooruitgang van sterrekunde in die afgelope paar eeue verantwoordelik is, is die teleskoop, die <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie">spektroskoop</a>, waarmee sterlig geanaliseer word, en die fotografiese plaat, waarmee permanente, akkurate rekords van die sterrehemel gemaak word. Tot onlangs kon net die sigbare gedeelte van die straling waargeneem word, maar met die moderne instrumente kan die kort golwe (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-straal" title="X-straal">X-straal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gammaflits" title="Gammaflits">gamma</a>) en die langer golwe (infrarooi, radar, radio) ook opgevang word. </p><p>Die posisie (rigting) van ʼn voorwerp, die intensiteit van die golflengtes wat dit uitstraal, en enige veranderings in albei, kan direk gemeet word. In die Oudheid was slegs instrumente beskikbaar wat posisies kon meet. Die enigste manier waarop tyd gemeet kon word, was met die skaduweewyser, 'n vertikale stok waarvan die skaduwee se lengte en rigting die uur en die tyd van die jaar aangedui het. Eenvoudige instrumente, soos die astrolabium en kwadrant, is gebruik om hoeke en hoogtes mee te meet. </p><p>In die 17e eeu het die uitvinding van die slingerhorlosie dit moontlik gemaak om tyd akkuraat te meet. Die sekstant en oktant het in die 18e eeu hul verskyning gemaak en van die tweede helfte van die 19e eeu af het spektroskopie, fotografie en fotometrie totaal nuwe gebiede in die sterrekunde geopen. Fotografie maak dit moontlik om hemelliggame wat te dof is vir die blote oog, deur 'n teleskoop te registreer. Dikwels moet tydopnames, wat soms 'n paar nagte lank duur, van baie dowwe voorwerpe gemaak word. </p><p>Die helderheid van 'n ster word gemeet deur 'n fotografiese plaat met ʼn <a href="/wiki/Fotometer" title="Fotometer">fotometer</a> af te tas. Uit die lesings van die fotometer kan die helderheid van die afsonderlike sterre afgelei word. Die grondslag van spektrumanalise is in <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a> deur Fraunhofer gelê toe hy Newton se eksperiment van sonstrale deur 'n glasprisma herhaal het. Hy het talle donker lyntjies in die spektrum van sonlig ontdek maar kon hul aanwesigheid nie verklaar nie. </p><p>'n Halfeeu later het Kirchhoff ontdek dat die lyne veroorsaak word deur die elemente wat tussen die ligbron en die waarnemer aanwesig is. 'n Spektroskoop, wat saam met ʼn teleskoop gebruik word, is 'n instrument waarmee golflengtes van 300 nm (ultraviolet) tot 1 000 nm (infrarooi) visueel geanaliseer word (1 000000 nm= 1 cm). 'n Spektrograaf registreer die spektrum van ʼn ligbron op 'n fotografiese plaat of op 'n beeldbuis. Die spektrum van uiters warm vaste stowwe en gasse by hoë druk is deurlopend ('n hele reeks golflengtes). </p><p>'n Lynspektrum word deur gasse by baie hoe temperature maar lae druk veroorsaak. Elke lyn dui 'n bepaalde golflengte aan, kenmerkend vir die element aanwesig in die gas. 'n Bandspektrum word verkry wanneer die lyne baie dig op mekaar gepak is. 'n Absorpsiespektrum bestaan uit donker lyne - 'n aanduiding dat sekere golflengtes deur materie tussen die ligbron en die waarnemer geabsorbeer is. &#160;Die spektrum van 'n ster dui die chemiese samestelling van sy atmosfeer aan, asook sy temperatuur, die grootte en rigting van sy radiale snelheid (doppler-verskuiwing) en sy rotasiesnelheid. </p><p>Die spektroskopie het ook lig gewerp op die probleem van die aard van newels. Alle ligvlekke is altyd as gas newels beskou, maar die teleskope waste swak om die afsonderlike sterre van buitegalaktiese sterrestelsels, wat soos newels vertoon het, te onderskei. Omdat sterrestelsels 'n deurlopende spektrum gee, terwyl gasnewels se spektra emissielyne vertoon, is dit maklik om hulle te onderskei. Die uitvinding van die teleskoop in die vroeë 17e eeu was een van die grootste deurbrake in die sterrekunde. </p><p>Miljoene voorwerpe wat te dof of te ver vir die blote oog was, asook klein besonderhede op naderliggende hemelliggame, kon toe waargeneem word. In 1917 is 'n 2,5-m- reflektorteleskoop by die Mount Wilsonsterrewag in die VSA opgerig. Daar is 'n hele paar groot teleskope in die VSA, onder meer die 5,08-m reflektor by <a href="/wiki/Palomar-sterrewag" title="Palomar-sterrewag">Palomar</a> (1950) en die 3- m-teleskoop by die Lick-sterrewag (1959). Die grootste teleskoop ter wêreld is die 6-m-reflektor van die <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasiese gebergte</a>. </p><p>Enorme veelvuldige spieël modelle wat uit 6 spieëls van 10 m elk bestaan, word vir die toekoms beplan. Die grootste infrarooiteleskoop (3,8 m), wat spesiaal ontwerp is om infrarooistraling op te vang, is by die Mauna Kea-sterrewag in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> opgerig. <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>, 'n hoë, uitgebrande vulkaan, se atmosfeer is baie droog en skoon en dit is ideaal vir sterrekundige waarnemings. Omdat die kort golwe van die elektromagnetiese spektrum nie deur die osoonlaag bo in die aarde se atmosfeer kan dring nie, kan gamma-, X- en ultraviolet strale net deur teleskope en meetinstrumente in satelliete opgevang word. Sedert 1977 het <a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a> (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 'n reeks HEAO-satelliete (High Energy Astronomy Observatory) in 'n baan om die aarde geplaas. </p><p>Die eerste een het 1 500 X-straalbronne in die ruimte ontdek. Die sterkste X-straalbron in die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> is Scorpius X-1. Die derde satelliet se taak was om kosmiese en gammastrale te bestudeer. 'n Groot ruimteteleskoop met ʼn spieël van 2.4 m in deursnee kan voorwerpe wat 50 keer dowwer is as die wat met teleskope op aarde waargeneem word, opspoor. Dit beteken dat sterrekundiges 7 keer verder kan sien, en die volume van die ruimte wat waargeneem word, is 350 keer groter. </p><p>Radioteleskope vang strale met golflengtes tussen 'n paar millimeter en 20 tot 30 mop. Hulle word gebruik om die rigting, intensiteit en intensiteitsveranderings van radiogolwe (byvoorbeeld van pulsars) te bepaal. Radioteleskope lyk soos enorme skottels. Die grootste radioteleskoop is die 300-m-skottel by Arecibo in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Rico">Porto Rico</a>, wat in ʼn natuurlike kom in die berge ingebou is. Die meeste sterrekundige meetinstrumente werk deesdae outomaties en die sterrekundiges se taak is om die groot hoeveelhede inligting le interpreteer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korreksies_by_sterrekundige_metings_en_waarnemings">Korreksies by sterrekundige metings en waarnemings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Korreksies by sterrekundige metings en waarnemings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Korreksies by sterrekundige metings en waarnemings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die straling afkomstig van hemelliggame word deur die digtheidsveranderings in die aarde se atmosfeer gebuig (<a href="/wiki/Ligbreking" title="Ligbreking">refraksie</a>). As ʼn voorwerp, soos 'n ster, reg bokant ʼn waarnemer is (<a href="/wiki/Senit" title="Senit">senit</a>), is daar min refraksie omdat die liggolwe loodreg op die atmosfeer inval. Op die horison is die refraksie tot 36 boogminute. Refraksietabelle gee die mate van refraksie aan vir verskillende posisies tussen die senit en die horison. Turbulensie in die atmosfeer veroorsaak ook vonkeling (ʼn gedurige verandering in helderheid), asook 'n effense verandering in posisie. </p><p>Dit bemoeilik akkurate fotografiese opnames. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstinksie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstinksie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ekstinksie</a> van lig beteken die afname in 'n voorwerp se helderheid vanweë die absorpsie en verstrooiing van liggolwe in die atmosfeer. Hoe nader aan die horison, hoe groter die mate van ekstinksie, omdat die ligstrale 'n langer afstand deur die atmosfeer moet trek. Afgesien van die korreksie wat hiervoor gemaak moet word, word ʼn korreksie van 0,23 magnitude aangebring vir die helderheid soos dit buite die atmosfeer waargeneem sal word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sterrewagte">Sterrewagte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Sterrewagte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sterrewagte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die sterre betower die mensdom al duisende jare. Sterrekundige geskrifte uit die vroegste eeue het behoue gebly, asook tempels en monumente waarvan die struktuur en ligging daarop dui dat dit vir sterrekundige waarnemings gebruik is. Bouwerk aan <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittanje">Brittanje</a> het ongeveer 24 eeue v.C. begin. Massiewe klippilare is in konsentriese sirkels opgerig en die hele konstruksie is klaarblyklik vir sterrekundige waarnemings en voorspellings van verduisterings gebruik. </p><p>Oeloeg Beg, die kleinseun van die Mongoolse veroweraar <a href="/wiki/Timoer_Lenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Timoer Lenk">Timoer Lenk</a>, het in die begin van die <a href="/wiki/15de_eeu" title="15de eeu">15e eeu</a> 'n sterrewag by Samarkand laat oprig. Die oudste Europese sterrewag is die Vatikaansterrewag (Rome), wat in 1580 in opdrag van <a href="/wiki/Pous_Gregorius_XIII" title="Pous Gregorius XIII">pous Gregorius XIII</a> gebou is. Waarnemings om die destydse kalender aan te pas, is van hierdie sterrewag af gedoen. Die sterrekundige Tycho Brahe het in 1576 met die bou van sy eie sterrewag, Uranienborg, begin. Brahe het baie klem gelê op die noodsaaklikheid van wetenskaplike waarnemings en eksperimente en het sy sterrewag van die beste beskikbare instrumente voorsien. </p><p>In die 17e eeu, na die uitvinding van die teleskoop, is talle klein sterrewagte in Europa gebou. Sommige van hulle was aan universiteite verbonde. Die beroemde Greenwich-sterrewag in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> is in 1675 opgerig. Gedurende die 18e en die 19e eeu is groot sterrewagte in die meeste Westerse lande gebou, byvoorbeeld die Sydney-sterrewag in <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a> (1786), die Harvard-sterrewag in die VSA (1839) en die Poelkowo-sterrewag in die USSR. In 1829 het die Britse regering ook die Koninklike Sterrewag in Kaapstad geopen. </p><p>Die sterrewag is sedertdien na 'n plek buite Londen verskuif. Die oorspronklike terrein was presies op die 0° lengtelyn, van waar alle lengtelyne gemeet word, geleë. Mount Wilson, naby <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in die VSA, is in 1904 opgerig. Die waarnemings wat deur sy 2,54 -m-reflektorteleskoop gedoen is, was die eerste bewyse van die aard van sterrestelsels (voorheen is hulle as newels beskou) en die eerste aanduiding van die ontsaglike grootte van die heelal. </p><p>Mount Palomar in <a href="/wiki/Kaliforni%C3%AB" title="Kalifornië">Kalifornië</a> (VSA) en Mount Wilson word ook die Hale-sterrewagte genoem, na die sterrekundige George Hale, onder wie se leiding hulle opgerig is. Mount Palomar (gebou in 1928) se 5-m-reflektorteleskoop was tot in 1976 die grootste teleskoop ter wêreld. Die grootste teleskoop vandag behoort aan die USSR. Dit het ʼn enorme reflektor met 'n deursnee van 6 m en 'n massa van 70 ton wat in 1976 in 'n sterrewag in die Kaukasiese gebergte geïnstalleer is Die teleskoop is so sterk dat 'n kersvlam op 'n afstand van 24 000 km waargeneem kan word. Die grootste enkeleenheid-radioteleskoop is by die Arecibo-sterrewag in Porto Rico geleë. Dit is 'n skottel met 'n deursnee van 300 m wat in 'n natuurlike kom in die berge ingebou is. </p><p>Die teleskoop word vir radio- en radarsterrekunde gebruik. Sterrewagte word deesdae sover moontlik op afgeleë plekke of hoë berge opgerig om lugbesoedeling en ander steurings te vermy. Die hoogste sterrewag is die Mauna Kea-sterrewag op 'n uitgedoofde vulkaan in Hawaii. Dit le 4 205 m bo seevlak. Die Cerro Tololo Inter-american- sterrewag (2 200 m) is in die Andesgebergte in Chili geleë. Verskeie sterrewagte is gedurende die afgelope eeu in Suid-Afrika opgerig: Boyden (<a href="/wiki/Maselspoort" title="Maselspoort">Maselspoort</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lamont-Hussey-sterrewag" title="Lamont-Hussey-sterrewag">Lamont-Hussey</a> (Bloemfontein), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redcliffe-sterrewag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Redcliffe-sterrewag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Redcliffe-sterrewag</a> (Pretoria), Union, wat later Republiek geword het (<a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>), die Natal-sterrewag (Durban), ensovoorts. </p><p>Sommige is deur buitelandse universiteite of institute opgerig en later weer gesluit. In 1972 is 'n ooreenkoms deur die <a href="/wiki/WNNR" class="mw-redirect" title="WNNR">WNNR</a> en die SRC (Science Research Council) van Brittanje aangegaan om gesamentlike sterrekundige navorsing te onderneem. <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> is gekies as sent rum van die SAAO, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suid-Afrikaanse_Astronomiese_Observatorium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suid-Afrikaanse Astronomiese Observatorium (bladsy bestaan nie)">Suid-Afrikaanse Astronomiese Observatorium</a>, en in <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> is 'n groot sterrewag by die dorp in gebruik geneem. Een van die teleskope, ʼn reflektor met 'n deursnee van 1,85 m, is die grootste in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Die weersomstandighede van Sutherland is ideaal vir sterrekundige waarnemings: dit is ver van stede se lig en besoedeling geleë, daar is geen radiosteurings nie en die getal onbewolkte dae per jaar is besonder hoog. </p><p>Hartebeesthoek naby Pretoria het 'n radioteleskoop. Van hier af word onder meer satellietopsporing gedoen. Deur die eeue het die doel van sterrewagte oorgeskakel van die praktiese (posisiebepalings van hemelliggame vir navigasie en tyd- meting) na 'n wetenskaplike studie van die sterre. 'n Sekere mate van spesialisering het ook by die verskillende sterrewagte ontstaan. By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jodrell_Bank&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jodrell Bank (bladsy bestaan nie)">Jodrell Bank</a> (Brittanje) word byvoorbeeld navorsing gedoen om die aard van verafgeleë radiobronne te bepaal. </p><p>Die studie van veranderlike sterre is een van die hoofrigtings van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutherland-sterrewag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutherland-sterrewag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sutherland-sterrewag</a>. Sterrewagte bly in verbinding met mekaar, sodat nuwe inligting so gou moontlik uitgeruil kan word. Hulle is ook internasionaal van karakter omdat instrumente van 'n sterrewag dikwels deur sterrekundiges van ander lande vir 'n sekere tydperk "bespreek" kan word. In 1909 is die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Sterrekundige_Vereniging" title="Internasionale Sterrekundige Vereniging">Internasionale Astronomiese Uni</a>e (IAU) gestig om alle sake rakende die sterrekunde te koordineer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiosterrekunde">Radiosterrekunde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Radiosterrekunde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Radiosterrekunde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die radiosterrekunde is 'n betreklik nuwe vertakking van die sterrekunde. Dit behels die ontleding van elektromagnetiese straling in golflengtes wat wissel tussen 'n paar millimeter en 20 tot 30 m, met behulp van radioteleskope. Die bestaan van radiobronne in die ruimte is in <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a> toevallig deur Karl Jansky, 'n Amerikaanse radioingenieur, ontdek. Jansky het swak, gereelde seine opgevang en gevind dat hulle uit die rigting van die Melkweg se middelpunt kom. Reber, 'n radio-amateur, het Jansky se werk voortgesit en in 1942 het hy die eerste "radiokaart" van die lugruim gepubliseer. </p><p>Daar was 4 gebiede van waar sterk radiostraling gekom het: die Melkwegmiddelpunt en die konstellasies Cygnus, Cassiopeia en Puppis. Intussen het Hey die radiostraling vanaf die son ontdek. In 1944 het Van de Hulst beweer dat die neutrale waterstofgas in die ruimte radiogolwe met 'n golflengte van 21 cm moet uitstraal, maar dit is eers in 1951 deur Ewen en Purcell opgespoor. Die Australiërs Kerr en Hindemann het ook 21-cm-straling van albei <a href="/wiki/Magellaanse_Wolke" title="Magellaanse Wolke">Magellaanse Wolke</a> opgevang. </p><p>Na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het radio-interferometrie vinnig ontwikkel. Die tegniek maak dit moontlik om radiobronne in besonderhede te bestudeer en hul posisies noukeurig te bepaal. In 1951 het Baade en Minkowski 2 sterk radiobronne gevind en ontdek dat hulle ooreenstem met optiese (sigbare) voorwerpe. Die een, Cygnus A, was 'n buitegalaktiese sterrestelsel en die ander, Cassiopeia A, was 'n dowwe newel in die Melkweg. Radiostraling kom dus van oral in die heelal. </p><p>Radio-sterrestelsels, soos Cygnus A, straal 1 000 000 keer meer radiogolwe as gewone sterrestelsels uit. Enorme ontploffings is blykbaar in hul kerne aan die gang. In <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> is radiostraling vanaf kwasars ontdek. Kwasars is voorwerpe wat opties soos sterre lyk, maar sommige sterrekundiges meen dat hulle sterrestelsels is wat ontsaglik ver van ons geleë is. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsarradiostraling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulsarradiostraling (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pulsarradiostraling</a> is in 1967 ontdek. Pulsars is vinnig roterende neutronsterre wat reëlmatige radiopulse uitstraal. </p><p>Radiogolwe word opgewek wanneer gelaaide deeltjies versnel of vertraag word. Termiese radio-emissie word veroorsaak wanneer vrye elektrone uit hul bane gedwing word, byvoorbeeld deur hoë temperature. Die son se korona is ook verantwoordelik vir termiese radio-emissie. Nie-termiese radio-emissie word op verskillende maniere veroorsaak, byvoorbeeld deur sinchrotronstraling, wat opgewek word wanneer uiters vinnig bewegende elektrone in 'n wisselende magneetveld beland. </p><p>Hierdie tipe straling kom van pulsars. Die vinnige elektrone is blykbaar van hewige ontploffings, soos supernova- uitbarstings, afkomstig. Termiese en nie-termiese radio-emissie is voorbeelde van aaneenlopende radio-emissie wat oor die hele radiospektrum geregistreer word. Wolke van neutrale waterstof in die ruimte straal radiogolwe van 21-cm-golflengte uit en dit veroorsaak emissielyne op die radiospektrum. Hierdie straling het sterrekundiges in staat gestel om vas te stel hoe die waterstofwolke in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melkwegstelsel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Melkwegstelsel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Melkwegstelsel</a> versprei is. Die verspreiding van die wolke het die vermoede dat die Melkweg spiraalvormig is, bevestig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radarsterrekunde">Radarsterrekunde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Radarsterrekunde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Radarsterrekunde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radarsterrekunde word gebruik om die lede van die sonnestelsel te bestudeer. Radiopulse word met behulp van 'n sterk sender na ʼn voorwerp (die maan, 'n planetoïed, ensovoorts) gestuur en die weerkaatste straal word dan geanaliseer. Dit verskaf inligting oor die afstand na die voorwerp en besonderhede van sy oppervlak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radarsein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radarsein (bladsy bestaan nie)">Radarseine</a> se golflengtes wissel van 10 cm tot 'n paar meter. Die sein se eggo is gewoonlik baie swak omdat die intensiteit van die weerkaatste straal omgekeerd eweredig is aan die vierde mag van die afstand. </p><p>Om hierdie rede word senders met 'n vermoë van 1 000 kW gebruik om die seine uit te send. Sterk gerigte antennes word ook gebruik om 'n bundel strale wat so dun moontlik is, uit te straal. Die meeste antennas is parabolies van vorm, met 'n deursnee van tientalle meter. <a href="/wiki/Radioteleskoop" title="Radioteleskoop">Radioteleskope</a>, soos die massiewe skottel by <a href="/wiki/Arecibo-boodskap" title="Arecibo-boodskap">Arecibo</a> in Porto Rico, word gebruik om die radarstrale uit te send. Die totale afstand wat die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiopuls&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiopuls (bladsy bestaan nie)">radiopuls</a> trek (heen en terug), is gelyk aan die tydverskil tussen die uitsending en die ontvangs van die sein, vermenigvuldig met sy snelheid, dit wil sê die snelheid van lig. </p><p>Die afstand van die voorwerp (byvoorbeeld die maan) is gelyk aan die helfte van die totale afstand. Reeds in die vroeë sestigerjare is die afstand na <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> op hierdie manier akkuraat bepaal. Ruimtesondes met radarapparaat word deesdae gebruik om 'n beeld te verkry van die bodemreliëf van ʼn planeet soos Venus, wat vanweë sy wolkbedekking onsigbaar is. Soortgelyke radarreliëfkaarte is van die maan, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> en ander planete en mane gemaak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontstaan_van_die_heelal">Ontstaan van die heelal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontstaan van die heelal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ontstaan van die heelal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kosmologie (die ondersoek van die oorsprong, struktuur en evolusie van die heelal) het veral in die <a href="/wiki/20e_Eeu" class="mw-redirect" title="20e Eeu">20e eeu</a> ontwikkel, namate groot teleskope en moderne meetinstrumente beskikbaar geword het. Een van die belangrikste ontdekkings (ongeveer 1924) was dat die Melkweg nie die enigste sterrestelsel is nie, maar dat daar miljoene ander stelsels in die ruimte is. Die heelal is dus baie groter as wat enigeen ooit gedroom het. In <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a> het <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a>, ʼn Amerikaanse sterrekundige, ontdek dat al die sterrestelsels blykbaar met ontsaglike snelhede van ons af wegbeweeg. </p><p>Hy het ook gevind dat die radiale <a href="/wiki/Snelheid" title="Snelheid">snelheid</a> (die snelheid van die beweging in die gesigslyn) van 'n sterrestelsel eweredig met die afstand van die stelsel toeneem, met ander woorde, hoe verder die stelsel geleë is, hoe vinniger beweeg dit. Hubble het dit uitgedruk as: </p><p>uitdyingsnelheid = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {Afstand}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {Afstand}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e277f949e7fb963764bfd743462636d547147cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.628ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {Afstand}{T}}}"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c65d71898c50a164ddce47f4069f9eacde5fa0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:2.472ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}}"></span> </p><p>word Hubble se Konstante genoem. Die omgekeerde van <a href="/wiki/Hubble-klassifikasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble-klassifikasie">Hubble</a> se Konstante, T, is 'n aanduiding van die ouderdom van die heelal. T lê tussen 10<sup>10</sup> en 2 X 10<sup>10</sup> jaar, dit wil sê, tussen 10 miljard en 20 miljard jaar (as die uitdyingsnelheid altyd konstant was). Die snelheid van ʼn sterrestelsel kan uit die dopplereffek (die rooiverskuiwing van sy spektraallyne) bepaal word. Verskeie heelalmodelle is opgestel om die oorsprong en die evolusie van die heelal te verklaar. </p><p>Einstein het vroeg reeds 'n statiese, gekromde heelal voorgestel, maar nadat Hubble ontdek het dat die heelal besig is om uit te dy, is dit verwerp. Alexander Friedman en Georges Lemaître se nie-statiese modelle het aanleiding gegee tot <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Gamow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Gamow (bladsy bestaan nie)">George Gamow</a> se oerontploffingsteorie ("big-bang theory"). Volgens hierdie teorie was al die materie in die heelal oorspronklik in 'n "oeratoom" gekonsentreer. In 'n ondenkbare groot ontploffing is al die materie en energie uitgeskiet. </p><p>Na mate dit begin afkoel het, het dit begin kondenseer en die sterrestelsels het vorm aangeneem. 'n <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">Heelal</a> wat vanweë so 'n oerontploffing ontstaan het, se ontwikkeling kan op 2 maniere verloop: As die uitdying onbelemmer voortgaan, sal die heelal uiteindelik doodloop - die sterre sal een-een uitbrand en die sterrestelsels sal verdoof. Die moontlikheid bestaan egter dat al die materie weer deur swaartekrag teruggetrek sal word. In die geval sal die uitdying voortgaan totdat swaartekrag weer die oorhand kry en al die sterrestelsels na 'n sentrale punt begin terugval. </p><p>Dit kan aanleiding gee tot die volgende "oerontploffing" en die hele siklus word oor 'n tydperk van triljoene jare herhaal. In <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> het Hoyle, Bondi en Gold met die bestendigetoestandhipotese vorendag gekom. Volgens hierdie model word die yler wordende, uitdyende heelal gedurig aangevul deur nuwe materie wat geskep word. In <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> het hierdie teorie 'n knou gekry nadat swartstraling met 'n temperatuur van 3 K in die ruimte ontdek is. George Gamow en andere het in die veertigerjare verklaar dat indien 'n <a href="/wiki/Oerknal" title="Oerknal">oerontploffing</a> plaasgevind het, daar nog laetemperatuuroorblyfsels van die energie-uitstraling te vinde moet wees. Die ontdekking van swartstraling het hul teorie versterk. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ant_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/250px-Ant_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/375px-Ant_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ant_Nebula.jpg/500px-Ant_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Mz_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mz 3">Mier-newel</a>, 'n voorbeeld van die uitstorting van gas deur 'n sterwende ster (in die middel). Dit laat simmetriese patrone ontstaan wat anders lyk as die chaotiese patrone wat van ’n gewone ontploffing verwag sou word.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kyk_ook">Kyk ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Kyk ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kyk ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sun_Star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sun_Star.svg/20px-Sun_Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sun_Star.svg/30px-Sun_Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sun_Star.svg/40px-Sun_Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Sterrekunde" title="Portaal:Sterrekunde">Sterrekundeportaal</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">Nadir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409672</a>, volume 26, bl. 183 - 193</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisasies">Organisasies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Organisasies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Organisasies"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/">Astronomical Society of Southern Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728102250/http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/">Geargiveer</a> 28 Julie 2005 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/">American Association of Variable Star Observers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aas.org/">American 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astrofor.html">Sterrekundige Formules</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/astro.html">Indeks van sterrekundige konstantes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/">Zombeck se <i>Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ander">Ander</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterrekunde&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ander"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a 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href="http://www.literature.at/elib/index.php5?title=Astronomy_-_A_History_-_George_Forbes_-_1909">Astronomy - A History - G. 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572840">00572840</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph114088&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ph114088</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLK id KSH1998006351 is not valid.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐lh5s9 Cached time: 20241122211229 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.210 seconds Real time usage: 0.325 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2027/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 108670/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 68406/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip 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