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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xoses_importants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xoses_importants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Xoses importants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xoses_importants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xoses</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 49 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosas" title="Xhosas - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xhosas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="كوسيون - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кхоса - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кхоса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(pobl)" title="Xhosa (pobl) - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Xhosa (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosov%C3%A9" title="Xhosové - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xhosové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(pobl)" title="Xhosa (pobl) - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Xhosa (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(Volk)" title="Xhosa (Volk) - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xhosa (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κόσα - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Xhosa people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoj" title="Kosoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosat" title="Xhosat - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xhosat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(peuple)" title="Xhosa (peuple) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xhosa (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xhosa" title="Pobo xhosa - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xhosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutane_Xhosa" title="Mutane Xhosa - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutane Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="קוסה (קבוצה אתנית) - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסה (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Xhosa" title="Suku Xhosa - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B5%E4%BA%BA" title="コサ人 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コサ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosa_k%CA%8Bn%CA%8B%C5%8B" title="Sosa kʋnʋŋ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sosa kʋnʋŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Xhosa" title="Jolma Xhosa - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Коса (халық) - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коса (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%82%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="코사족 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코사족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Коса - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Коса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosi" title="Kosi - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Косавлӓ - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Косавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Xhosa" title="Orang Xhosa - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(volk)" title="Xhosa (volk) - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xhosa (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosaer" title="Xhosaer - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xhosaer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xossas" title="Xossas - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xossas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(grup_etnic)" title="Xhosa (grup etnic) - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xhosa (grup etnic)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa" title="Xhosa - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xhosa people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxhosa" title="Vaxhosa - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vaxhosa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Коса (етничка група) - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коса (етничка група)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_(folk)" title="Xhosa (folk) - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xhosa (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxhosa" title="Waxhosa - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waxhosa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Коса (народ) - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коса (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Xhosa" title="Người Xhosa - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmaXhosa" title="AmaXhosa - xosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="AmaXhosa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9%CC%80y%C3%A0_Xhosa" title="Àwọn ẹ̀yà Xhosa - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ẹ̀yà Xhosa" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%96%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="科薩人 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科薩人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificau enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xoses" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Xoses" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xoses"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xoses"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Xoses" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Xoses" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&oldid=34653844" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Xoses&id=34653844&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXoses"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXoses"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Xoses"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Xoses&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xhosa_people" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207996" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background-color: Moccasin;"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Female_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula grup humà"><img alt="Infotaula grup humà" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Female_icon.svg/40px-Female_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Female_icon.svg/60px-Female_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></span>Xoses</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32548069/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Nelson_Mandela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nelson_Mandela.jpg/235px-Nelson_Mandela.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Nelson_Mandela.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> és un famós xosa.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:45%; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee;">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%88tnia" title="Ètnia">ètnia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207996?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:45%; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee;">Població total</th><td class="infobox-data">7.9 milions (2001 est)<sup><a href="#References">1</a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Cap_Oriental" title="Cap Oriental">Cap Oriental</a>: 5.4 milions<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cap_Occidental" title="Cap Occidental">Cap Occidental</a>: 1.1 milions<br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>: 0.7 milions<br /> <a href="/wiki/Estat_Lliure_(Sud-%C3%A0frica)" title="Estat Lliure (Sud-àfrica)">Estat Lliure</a>: 0.25 milions<br /> <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>: 0.22 milions<br /> </p> (2001 est<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:45%; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee;">Llengua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xosa" title="Xosa">Xosa</a> (molts també parlen <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a> o <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:45%; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee;">Religió</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Animisme" title="Animisme">Animisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">cristianisme</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:45%; color: #202122; background-color: #eeeeee;">Grups relacionats</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu">Bantu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguni">nguni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basotho" title="Basotho">basotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulus" title="Zulus">zulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">khoisan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Els <b>xoses</b> (<a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional">IPA</a> <span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">[ˈkǁʰoːsa]</span>) són un poble de parla <a href="/wiki/Xosa" title="Xosa">xosa</a>, una <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_nigerocongoleses" title="Llengües nigerocongoleses">llengua nigerocongolesa</a> i que viu al sud-est de l'actual <a href="/wiki/Sud-%C3%A0frica" title="Sud-àfrica">Sud-àfrica</a>. Es dividien en els grups principals <i>xosa</i>, <i>tembu</i> i <i>pondo</i>, mentre que els xosa pròpiament dits se sotsdividien en les tribus <i>gcaleka</i>, <i>ngqita</i>, <i>ndlamba</i>, <i>dushane</i>, <i>qaye</i> i <i>gqunkhwabe</i>. Formaven clans patrilinials, eren <a href="/wiki/Polig%C3%A0mia" title="Poligàmia">polígams</a> i practicaven la <a href="/wiki/Circumcisi%C3%B3" title="Circumcisió">circumcisió</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els xosa pertanyen al grup <a href="/wiki/Nguni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguni">nguni</a>, que es creu que va baixar des de <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> vers el 1500 amb altres pobles <a href="/wiki/Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu">bantu</a>. El nom <i>cafre</i> (de <i>kafir</i>) els fou donat pels àrabs amb què tingueren contacte en el <a href="/wiki/Segle_XVII" title="Segle XVII">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span></a>. </p><p>Segons els xoses, també eren descendents d'un avantpassat comú, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuide (encara no existeix)">Zuide</a>, qui cap al 1500 aproximadament es va establir al Nord de l'actual <a href="/wiki/Sud-%C3%A0frica" title="Sud-àfrica">Sud-àfrica</a>. Aquest va tenir tres fills, Tembu, fundador dels <i>tembu</i>, Xosa, dels <i>xoses</i>, i Mponda, dels <i>mponda</i> i <i>mpondumisi</i>. El fill de Xosa fou Togush i la següent divisió arribà amb el desè descendent, Palo (vers el <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>), que tenia tres fills: </p> <ul><li>Galeka, qui va tenir com a descendents Klanta, Hinza i Kreli (1851), cap dels <i>galeka</i>, establits entre els rius Bashee i Umtata</li> <li>Omlao, amb el seu fill Ngquika (1817) i el seu net Sandeli (1846), cap dels <i>ngquika</i>, a les muntanyes Amatola.</li> <li>Rarabe, amb els seus dos fills, Mbalu, cap dels <i>mbalu</i>, i Ndhlamle, dels <i>ndhlamle</i>.</li></ul> <p>El nom de xosa el van rebre com a epònim d'un dels fills de Zuide, i que fou cabdill pel 1530. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1686" title="1686">1686</a> es produí el primer contacte entre els xosa i els nàufrags d'un vaixell neerlandès, però es produïren enfrontaments entre els xosa i els <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2ers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bòers">bòers</a> per la qüestió del ramat, puix que els bòers, de costums europeus, marcaven el ramat i el deixaven pasturar sol. Els xosa, que tenien com a costum deixar un pastor que el vigilés, interpretaven aquest fet com que el ramat era abandonat i que se'l podien quedar. També foren visitats pels britànics Barrow el <a href="/wiki/1796" title="1796">1796</a> i Lichtenstein el <a href="/wiki/1805" title="1805">1805</a>. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a> el cabdill xosa Palo s'enfrontà als bòer per la qüestió de les terres i del ramat en la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primera_Guerra_Cafre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primera Guerra Cafre (encara no existeix)">Primera Guerra Cafre</a>. Més tard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galeka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galeka (encara no existeix)">Galeka</a> fou considerat com a rei dels xoses (tant del grup com de tots en conjunt). Fonien el coure i el ferro i els <i>inkose</i> eren els cabdills hereditaris de les principals faccions (xoses, tembu, mpande i fingo). També rendien culte als manes familiars amb complicats rituals, i els <i>umkumkani</i> o <i>inkosi-enkulu</i> eren cabdills menors. </p><p>Cap al <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a> intentaren ocupar el Zuurveld, però foren atacats per Graham, qui els obligà a retrocedir. El <a href="/wiki/1817" title="1817">1817</a> el governador de la <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_del_Cap" title="Colònia del Cap">Colònia del Cap</a>, Somerset, reconegué <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngquika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngquika (encara no existeix)">Ngquika</a> com a rei de tots els xhosa, encara que <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinza (encara no existeix)">Hinza</a> era el cabdill més important. Fins a la seva mort el 1828 fou considerat com a rei dels xoses pels britànics, que li donaren suport el 1818 quan fou atacat per Hinza i Ndhlamble, que es negaren a reconèixer-lo. Aquest fet va culminar el <a href="/wiki/22_d%27abril" title="22 d'abril">22 d'abril</a> del <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a> quan el profeta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makanna (encara no existeix)">Makanna</a> atacà <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>, defensada per Wiltshsire. Finalment vençuts, hagueren de cedir als britànics les terres de Koenap, Kei i Grootvis. </p><p>A la mort de Ngquika el <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> fou reconegut rei pels britànics <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macomo (encara no existeix)">Macomo</a>, qui va regnar fins a la seva destitució. El 1833 fou reconegut com a rei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyali (encara no existeix)">Tyali</a>, però l'11 de desembre del 1834 se li revoltaren Xexo i Macomo amb 10.000 guerrers. Foren vençuts pel coronel Smith i el <a href="/wiki/17_de_setembre" title="17 de setembre">17 de setembre</a> del 1835 els anglesos ocuparen el territori fins al <a href="/wiki/Riu_Kei" title="Riu Kei">riu Kei</a>. L'u de març del 1846 es produí una revolta tembu i gaika, però foren vençuts el <a href="/wiki/7_de_juny" title="7 de juny">7 de juny</a> del <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a> a Gwanju. Tanmateix, el cabdill, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandeli (encara no existeix)">Sandeli</a>, no es va sotmetre fins al 1848. </p><p>Cap al <a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a> s'establí una escola mixta de missioners entre els xosa a Lovedab, alhora que també es produeix un cert mestissatge entre xoses i bòers. Tanmateix, l'octubre del 1850 els anglesos intentaren destituir Sandeli després de sentir rumors d'una revolta general. Aquest es negà i el 24 de desembre rebutjà les tropes del coronel Mackinnon alhora que atacà Fort Cox. El 1852 Henry Smith fou substituït per Cathcart i vencé i sotmeté Kreli. Més tard, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandeli (encara no existeix)">Sandeli</a> també se sotmetria. </p><p>El 1856 es produiria un darrer acte de rebel·lió. Dirigits per l'endeví <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mhlakiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mhlakiza (encara no existeix)">Mhlakiza</a> i la profetessa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nogquanse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nogquanse (encara no existeix)">Nogquanse</a> immolaren llur ramat als déus com a acte de purificació per tal que els ajudessin a expulsar els blancs de llurs terres. Com a resultat es produí una forta fam que va fer reduir el nombre de xoses de 100.000 a 40.000 individus. </p><p>Aixafada així la resistència, el 1865 tota la província anomenada Cafreria fou annexada a <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_del_Cap" title="Colònia del Cap">Colònia del Cap</a>, llevat Fingoland, que fou annexada el 1879, i <a href="/wiki/Tembuland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tembuland">Tembuland</a>, que no ho fou fins al <a href="/wiki/1884" title="1884">1884</a>. El 1877 es produí una guerra civil entre els fingo i els galeka. Alhora, el cabdill xosa Seevakumi s'enfrontà als bòers al <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Transvaal" title="República del Transvaal">Transvaal</a>, que van arrabassar unes 15.000 vaques i 20.000 xais als galeka. </p><p>El seu territori fou posat sota la jurisdicció de la Colònia del Cap i s'hi obriren escoles colonials, encara que alguns territoris tribals, com el <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, va rebre certa autonomia sota un cabdill el 1896. Molts d'ells participarien en la fundació el <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> del <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Afric%C3%A0" title="Congrés Nacional Africà">Congrés Nacional Africà</a>, que acabarien dominant. Altres, però, com <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaiser_Matanzima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaiser Matanzima (encara no existeix)">Kaiser Matanzima</a> col·laborarien amb el règim de l'<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, que va constituir al seu territori els <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustans</a> de <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Amakrwala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amakrwala.JPG/250px-Amakrwala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amakrwala.JPG/330px-Amakrwala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Amakrwala.JPG/500px-Amakrwala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Joves xoses iniciats</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xoses_importants">Xoses importants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Xoses importants"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> és un xosa del grup tembu. Altres xoses importants han estat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amampondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amampondo (encara no existeix)">Amampondo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Biko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Biko (encara no existeix)">Stephen Biko</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fats_Bookulane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fats Bookulane (encara no existeix)">Fats Bookulane</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Fassie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Fassie (encara no existeix)">Brenda Fassie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Gampu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Gampu (encara no existeix)">Ken Gampu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantu_Holomisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantu Holomisa (encara no existeix)">Bantu Holomisa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Campbell_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Campbell Jordan (encara no existeix)">Archibald Campbell Jordan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kani (encara no existeix)">John Kani</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.E.K._Mqhayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.E.K. Mqhayi (encara no existeix)">S.E.K. Mqhayi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Mxenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria Mxenge (encara no existeix)">Victoria Mxenge</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongani_Ndodana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bongani Ndodana (encara no existeix)">Bongani Ndodana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulelani_Ngcuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulelani Ngcuka (encara no existeix)">Bulelani Ngcuka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makhaya_Ntini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makhaya Ntini (encara no existeix)">Makhaya Ntini</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winston_Ntshona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston Ntshona (encara no existeix)">Winston Ntshona</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Qoboza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Qoboza (encara no existeix)">Percy Qoboza</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sobukwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Sobukwe (encara no existeix)">Robert Sobukwe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Sontonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enoch Sontonga (encara no existeix)">Enoch Sontonga</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zwelithini_Tunyiswa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zwelithini Tunyiswa (encara no existeix)">Zwelithini Tunyiswa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashley_Buti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashley Buti (encara no existeix)">Ashley Buti</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_John_Page_Yako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St John Page Yako (encara no existeix)">St John Page Yako</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  Dr. George Clark </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm">Resultats del cens sud-africà de 2001</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reader, J., 1997. <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica">Àfrica</a>: A Biography of the Continent</i>, Vintage Books, <a href="/wiki/Nova_York" title="Nova York">Nova York</a>, NY, United States of America.</li> <li>Kaschula, Russell <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Heritage_Library_of_African_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Heritage Library of African People (encara no existeix)">The Heritage Library of African People</a>: Xhosa</i>, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 1997.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xoses&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xhosa_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xhosa people">Xoses</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&do=rd&artid=5">Història i societat xosa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005123113/http://www.rhi.org.za/index.php?ref=articles&do=rd&artid=5">Arxivat</a> 2006-10-05 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census2001/digiAtlas/index.html">2001 Digital Census Atlas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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