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id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austrian_Landwehr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Landwehr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Austrian <i>Landwehr</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Landwehr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian_Landwehr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian_Landwehr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hungarian Landwehr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian_Landwehr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_Landeswehr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_Landeswehr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Baltic <i>Landeswehr</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_Landeswehr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr_(Milit%C3%A4r)" title="Landwehr (Militär) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landwehr (Militär)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%A0%EC%96%B4" title="란트베어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="란트베어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ландвер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ландвер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landveras" title="Landveras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Landveras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honv%C3%A9ds%C3%A9g" title="Honvédség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Honvédség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landweer_(krijgsmacht)" title="Landweer (krijgsmacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landweer (krijgsmacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2_(%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B)" title="ラントヴェーア (軍事) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラントヴェーア (軍事)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehra" title="Landwehra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Landwehra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Landwehr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ландвер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ландвер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German national militias in the nineteenth and early twentieth-centuries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwehr_(Milit%C3%A4r)" class="extiw" title="de:Landwehr (Militär)">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>. <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,080 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Landwehr (Militär)]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Landwehr (Militär)}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Landwehr" title="Talk:Landwehr">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Landwehr</b></i>, or <i><b>Landeswehr</b></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> term used in referring to certain national <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe. In different context it refers to large-scale, low-strength fortifications. In German, the word means "defence of the country"; but the term as applied to an insurrectional militia is very ancient, and <i>lantveri</i> are mentioned in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluzii_Capitularia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baluzii Capitularia (page does not exist)">Baluzii Capitularia</a></i>, as quoted in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallam" title="Henry Hallam">Henry Hallam</a>'s <i>Middle Ages</i>, i. 262, 10th edition.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_Landwehr">Austrian <i>Landwehr</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Austrian Landwehr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Landwehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial and Royal Landwehr">Imperial and Royal Landwehr</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Landwehr" title="Imperial-Royal Landwehr">Austrian <i>Landwehr</i></a> was one of three components that made up the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">ground forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> between 1868 and 1918, and it was composed of recruits from the <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithanian</a> parts of the empire. Intended as a national defence force alongside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Royal Hungarian <i>Landwehr</i></a> (or <i>Honvéd</i>), the <i>Landwehr</i> was officially established by order of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> on 5 December 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg197677_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg197677-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet while the Hungarian force was generously supported early on by the parliament in Budapest, legislators in Vienna generally failed to advance the cause of the <i>Landwehr</i>, leaving it by the 1870s as a skeletal force with only the appearance of parity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg197685_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg197685-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albert</a> wrote that <i>Landwehr</i> units were not ready, in terms of training or discipline, for use in the first two weeks of a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the 1880s saw an expansion in the force's numbers, as the high command was unable to obtain increases in manpower for the joint <a href="/wiki/Common_Army" title="Common Army">Imperial and Royal Army</a> and sought to increase overall numbers through the <i>Landwehr</i>. Additionally, Austrian fears of the development of the <i>Honvéd</i> caused the Austrian <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Reichsrat</a></i> to vote to increase the <i>Landwehr's</i> strength to 135,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nationalist interests led to a gradual strengthening and improvement of the force, so that by the start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, <i>Landwehr</i> units were considered equal to the units of the joint army in readiness and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150,_165,_173_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150,_165,_173-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, three units of the <i>Landwehr</i> were specially trained and equipped for <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrian <i>Landwehr</i> and other components of the Austro-Hungarian Army were all full-time standing armies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian_Landwehr">Hungarian Landwehr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hungarian Landwehr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Royal Hungarian Honvéd</a></div> <p>The <b>Royal Hungarian <i>Landwehr</i></b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">königlich ungarische Landwehr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Magyar Királyi Honvédség</i>, colloquially called the <i>Honvéd</i>) or <b>Royal Hungarian <i>Honvéd</i></b>, was the standing army of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, established as one of four armed forces (<i>Bewaffnete Macht</i> or <i>Wehrmacht</i>) of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. The others were its counterpart the Austrian <i>Landwehr</i>, the Common Army, and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Imperial and Royal Navy</a>. </p><p>In the wake of fighting between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and Hungarian rebels during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, and the two decades of uneasy co-existence following, Hungarian soldiers served either in mixed units or were stationed away from Hungarian areas. With the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a> the new tripartite army was brought into being. It existed until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I in 1918. </p><p>The Hungarian <i>Landwehr</i> should not be confused with its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a>, which went by the same Hungarian name, but existed from 1922 to 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prussia">Prussia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg/175px-Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg/263px-Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg/350px-Preu%C3%9Fische_Landwehr_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Soldier of the Prussian <i>Landwehr</i>, 1815</figcaption></figure> <p>A royal edict of 17 March 1813 first established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> <i>Landwehr</i>, which called up all men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five capable of bearing arms and not serving in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">regular army</a>, for the defense of the kingdom. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">peace of 1815</a> this force became an integral part of the Prussian Army, each brigade being composed of one <a href="/wiki/Line_regiment" title="Line regiment">line</a> and one <i>Landwehr</i> regiment. This, however, slowed the mobilisation of brigades, as <i>Landwehr</i> regiments had to be called up, diminishing the value of the first line. By the re-organisation of 1859, the <i>Landwehr</i> troops were relegated to the second line.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, Germany was not allowed a standing army of more than 100,000 men. Thus conscription had been abolished. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">rearmament of Germany</a>, the <i>Landwehr</i> was reestablished on 21 May 1935 comprising all Germans liable for military service under the new law older than 35 years of age and younger than 45 years. In effect only one <i>Landwehr</i> division (the <a href="/wiki/205th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="205th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">14th <i>Landwehr</i> Division</a>) was called up, the remainder of the <i>Landwehr</i> was used either to fill out the 3rd wave infantry divisions or formed <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landessch%C3%BCtzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landesschützen (page does not exist)">Landesschützen</a></i> battalions used for guard and occupation duty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <i>Landwehr</i> used to be a second line force, in which all citizens served for twelve years. It was abolished after the army reform in 1965. As a reference to this past, a number of Swiss <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">wind bands</a> bear the name "<i>Landwehr</i>" in their titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baltic_Landeswehr">Baltic <i>Landeswehr</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baltic Landeswehr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Baltische Landeswehr</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg/175px-Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg/263px-Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg/350px-Guido_Maydell_Balti_Landeswehris_Guido_Maydell_in_the_Baltic_Landeswehr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Estonian member of the Baltic <i>Landeswehr</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Baltic <i>Landeswehr</i></a> was the name of the armed forces of the puppet government of Latvia established by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German_nobility" title="Baltic German nobility">Baltic nobility</a>. The Baltic state was designed to be established from territories that were ceded by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> in 1918, but collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-parrott_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrvatsko_domobranstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrvatsko domobranstvo (page does not exist)">Hrvatsko domobranstvo</a></i> (Croatian Landwehr)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landsturm" title="Landsturm">Landsturm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard" title="National Guard">National Guard (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard"><i>Slovensko domobranstvo</i></a> (Slovenian Landwehr)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeggiere2002" class="citation book cs1">Leggiere, Michael V. (2002). <i>Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3399-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3399-6"><bdi>0-8061-3399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Berlin%3A+The+Franco-Prussian+War+in+North+Germany%2C+1813&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8061-3399-6&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandwehr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg197677-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg197677_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg197685-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg197685_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976109_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150,_165,_173-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150,_165,_173_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 150, 165, 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976150_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, Dierk (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fhs.brage.unit.no/fhs-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/99719/FS0201.pdf">"A Military Revolution? Prussian Military Reforms before the Wars of German Unification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forsvarsstudier = Defence Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_for_Defence_Studies" title="Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies">Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F99719">11250/99719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-3981">0333-3981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forsvarsstudier+%3D+Defence+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Military+Revolution%3F+Prussian+Military+Reforms+before+the+Wars+of+German+Unification&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F99719&rft.issn=0333-3981&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffhs.brage.unit.no%2Ffhs-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11250%2F99719%2FFS0201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandwehr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parrott-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parrott_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtCol_Andrew_Parrott" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">LtCol Andrew Parrott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227165703/http://bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf">"The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baltic Defence Review</i>. 2/2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltic+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=The+Baltic+States+from+1914+to+1923%3A+The+First+World+War+and+the+Wars+of+Independence&rft.volume=2%2F2002&rft.au=LtCol+Andrew+Parrott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdcol.ee%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs%2Fbdreview%2Fbdr-2002-8-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandwehr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landwehr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenburg1976" class="citation book cs1">Rothenburg, G. E. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyoffrancisjos00gunt"><i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i></a></span>. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-91119-841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-91119-841-6"><bdi>978-0-91119-841-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Francis+Joseph&rft.place=West+Lafayette&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-91119-841-6&rft.aulast=Rothenburg&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyoffrancisjos00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandwehr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Landwehr" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Landwehr">Landwehr</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Landwehr&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALandwehr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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