Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils

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</svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb3" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Review Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2011-10-19">19 October 2011</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Stephen_J-Galli-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Stephen_J-Galli-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Galli, Stephen J" data-corresp-id="c1">Stephen J Galli<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Niels-Borregaard-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Niels-Borregaard-Aff3" data-author-search="Borregaard, Niels" data-corresp-id="c2">Niels Borregaard<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Thomas_A-Wynn-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Thomas_A-Wynn-Aff4" data-author-search="Wynn, Thomas A" data-corresp-id="c3">Thomas A Wynn<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/ni" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Immunology</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 12</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>1035–1044 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2011</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">22k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">16 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/ni.2109/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/mast-cells" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Mast cells</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/monocytes-and-macrophages" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Monocytes and macrophages</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/neutrophils" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Neutrophils</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Hematopoietic cells, including lymphoid and myeloid cells, can develop into phenotypically distinct 'subpopulations' with different functions. However, evidence indicates that some of these subpopulations can manifest substantial plasticity (that is, undergo changes in their phenotype and function). Here we focus on the occurrence of phenotypically distinct subpopulations in three lineages of myeloid cells with important roles in innate and acquired immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils. Cytokine signals, epigenetic modifications and other microenvironmental factors can substantially and, in some cases, rapidly and reversibly alter the phenotype of these cells and influence their function. This suggests that regulation of the phenotype and function of differentiated hematopoietic cells by microenvironmental factors, including those generated during immune responses, represents a common mechanism for modulating innate or adaptive immunity.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fni.2109" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" 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Tsai and J. Kalesnikoff for discussions; and J. Lilla for help with <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/ni.2109#Fig2">Figure 2</a>. Supported by the US National Institutes of Health (AI70813, AI23990 and CA72074 to S.J.G.), the Danish National Research Council (N.B.) and the intramural research program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health (T.A.W.).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Stephen J Galli</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Stephen J Galli</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Niels Borregaard</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Thomas A Wynn</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Stephen_J-Galli-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Stephen J Galli</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Stephen%20J%20Galli" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils. <i>Nat Immunol</i> <b>12</b>, 1035–1044 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2109</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/ni.2109?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2011-10-19">19 October 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