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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the eve of the feast day of St Walpurga. For George Balanchine's 1975 ballet, see <a href="/wiki/Walpurgisnacht_Ballet" title="Walpurgisnacht Ballet">Walpurgisnacht Ballet</a>. For the album by GFriend, see <a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night_(album)" title="Walpurgis Night (album)">Walpurgis Night (album)</a>. For 1935 Swedish drama film, see <a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night_(film)" title="Walpurgis Night (film)">Walpurgis Night (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hexennacht" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Hexennacht_(album)" title="Hexennacht (album)">Hexennacht (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Walpurgis Night (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vælˈpʊərɡɪs, vɑːl-, -ˈpɜːr-/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> an abbreviation of Saint Walpurgis Night (from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Sankt-Walpurgisnacht <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[zaŋkt valˈpʊʁɡɪsˌnaxt]</a>), also known as Saint Walpurga's Eve (alternatively spelled Saint Walburga's Eve) and Walpurgisnacht, is the <a href="/wiki/Vigil#Eves_of_religious_celebrations" title="Vigil">eve</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> feast day of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Saint Walpurga</a>, an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, and is celebrated on the night of 30 April and the day of 1 May.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaquet1856-6">[6]</a> This feast <a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">commemorates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of Saint Walpurga and the movement of her relics to <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a>, both of which occurred on 1 May 870.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Saint Walpurgis Night</li><li>Saint Walpurga's Eve</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG/240px-Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG/360px-Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG/480px-Thingst%C3%A4tte_Heidelberg_Walpurgisnacht_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Walpurgisnacht at the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Thingst%C3%A4tte" title="Heidelberg Thingstätte">open-air theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Walpurgisnacht</li><li>Walpurgis Night</li><li>Saint Walburga's Night</li><li>Saint Walburga's Eve</li><li>Saint Walpurgis' Eve</li><li>Saint Walpurga's Day</li><li>Saint Walburga's Day</li><li>Saint Walburgis' Day</li><li>Feast of Saint Walpurga</li><li>Feast of Saint Walburga</li><li>Vappu</li><li>Valborg</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian, cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">Bonfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a><a href="#cite_note-Galv%C3%A1n2014-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Service of Worship</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to the Church of Saint Walpurgis in <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray1843-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April – 1 May</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Saint Walpurga was hailed by the Christians of Germany for battling "pest, <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>, as well as against <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005-8">[8]</a> Christians <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayed</a> to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession</a> of Saint Walpurga in order to protect themselves from witchcraft,<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapru1977-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canaday2000-10">[10]</a> as Saint Walpurga was successful in <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converting the local populace to Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Upton1912-11">[11]</a> In parts of Europe, people continue to light bonfires on Saint Walpurga's Eve in order to ward off <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">evil spirits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on witchcraft">witches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Galv%C3%A1n2014-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stark1998-12">[12]</a> Others have historically made <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimages</a> to Saint Walpurga's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a> on the Feast of Saint Walpurga, often obtaining vials of <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_Saints" title="Oil of Saints">Saint Walpurga's oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray1843-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wunderli1992-13">[13]</a> It is suggested that Walpurgis Night is linked with older <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> festivals in northern Europe, which also involved lighting bonfires at night, for example the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> festival <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-7">[7]</a> Local variants of Walpurgis Night are observed throughout Northern and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. In Finland, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the tradition with bonfires to ward off the witches is observed as <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a>, which commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Nativity of Saint John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stark1998-12">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Regional_variations">3 Regional variations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Czech_Republic">3.1 Czech Republic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#England">3.2 England</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Estonia">3.3 Estonia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Finland">3.4 Finland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Germany">3.5 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hungary">3.6 Hungary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Netherlands">3.7 Netherlands</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sweden">3.8 Sweden</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#United_States">3.9 United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cultural_legacy_in_literature_and_music">4 Cultural legacy in literature and music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The date of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Saint Walpurga</a>'s canonization came to be known as Sankt Walpurgisnacht ("Saint Walpurga's night") in German.<a href="#cite_note-Galv%C3%A1n2014-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaquet1856-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stark1998-12">[12]</a> The name of the holiday is often shortened to Walpurgisnacht (German), Valborgsmässoafton ("<a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Valborg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> Eve", <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), Vappen (<a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Finland Swedish</a>), Vappu (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>), Volbriöö (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>), Valpurgijos naktis (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>), Valpurģu nakts or Valpurģi (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>), and čarodějnice or Valpuržina noc (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>). In English, it is known as Saint Walpurga's Night, Saint Walburga's Night, Walpurgis Night, Saint Walpurga's Eve, Saint Walburga's Eve, the Feast of Saint Walpurga or the Feast of Saint Walburga.<a href="#cite_note-Wunderli1992-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elvins2002-14">[14]</a> The Germanic term Walpurgisnacht is recorded in 1668 by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Johannes Praetorius</a><a href="#cite_note-praet-15">[15]</a> as S. Walpurgis Nacht or S. Walpurgis Abend. An earlier mention of Walpurgis and S. Walpurgis Abend is in the 1603 edition of the Calendarium perpetuum of Johann Coler,<a href="#cite_note-coler-16">[16]</a> who also refers to the following day, 1 May, as Jacobi Philippi, feast day of the apostles <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James the Less</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> calendar of saints. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Saint Walpurga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelsdorf(Grafschaft)_St.Walburga484.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG/220px-Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG/220px-Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG/330px-Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG/440px-Gelsdorf%28Grafschaft%29_St.Walburga484.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Christian <a href="/wiki/Gonfalon" title="Gonfalon">gonfalon</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Saint Walpurga</a> used in liturgical processions on the Feast of Saint Walpurga</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_(M%C3%BCnchen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg/220px-Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="2925"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 266px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg/220px-Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg/330px-Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg/440px-Heilige_Walburga_im_St._Peter_%28M%C3%BCnchen%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The relics of Saint Walpurga are housed at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church_(Munich)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Church (Munich)">Saint Peter's Church in Munich</a>, where they are venerated, especially on 25 February (Saint Walpurga's death date) and 1 May (Saint Walpurga's canonization date), both of which are observed as the Feast of Saint Walpurga, depending on locality.</figcaption></figure> The festival of Walpurgis Night is named after the English <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Saint_Walpurga" title="Saint Walpurga">Saint Walpurga</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 710 – 777/9). The daughter of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Richard_the_Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Richard the Pilgrim">Saint Richard the Pilgrim</a> and sister of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Willibald" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Willibald">Saint Willibald</a>, Saint Walpurga (also known as Saint Walpurgis or Walburga) was born in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in AD 710.<a href="#cite_note-OSV2006-17">[17]</a> Born into a prominent <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> family, Saint Walpurga studied <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mission" title="Anglo-Saxon mission">Christian missionary</a> to Germany, where she founded a <a href="/wiki/Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">double monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heidenheim,_Bavaria" title="Heidenheim, Bavaria">Heidenheim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Accardo2012-18">[18]</a> As such, <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian artwork</a> often depicts her holding bandages in her hand.<a href="#cite_note-Accardo2012-18">[18]</a> As a result of Saint Walpurga's <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> in Germany, the people there <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">heathenism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1884-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-SannehMcClymond2016-20">[20]</a> In addition, "the monastery became an education center and 'soon became famous as a center of culture'".<a href="#cite_note-Noble2013-21">[21]</a> Saint Walpurga was also known to repel the effects of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">witchcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chapru1977-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canaday2000-10">[10]</a> Saint Walpurga died on 25 February 777 (some sources say 778 or 779) and her tomb, to this day, produces holy oil (known as <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_Saints" title="Oil of Saints">Saint Walburga's oil</a>), which is said to heal sickness; Benedictine nuns distribute this oil in vials to <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrims</a> who visit Saint Walpurga's tomb.<a href="#cite_note-Wunderli1992-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BryanBair2010-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of Walpurga and the movement of her relics to <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a> occurred on 1 May in the year 870, thus leading to the Feast of Saint Walpurga and its eve, Walpurgis Night, being popularly observed on this date.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-7">[7]</a> She quickly became one of the most popular saints in England, Germany, and France. When the bishop had Saint Walpurga's relics moved to Eichstätt, "miraculous cures were reported as her remains traveled along the route".<a href="#cite_note-OSV2006-17">[17]</a> Miracle cures were later reported from ailing people who anointed themselves with a fluid known as Walburga's oil that drained from the rock at her shrine at Eichstatt.<a href="#cite_note-OSV2006-17">[17]</a> The date of Walpurgis Night coincided with an older <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Eve</a> festival, celebrated in much of northern Europe with the lighting of bonfires at night.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-7">[7]</a> A variety of festivals of pre-Christian origin had been celebrated at this time (halfway between the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">spring equinox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>) to mark the beginning of summer, including <a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> in Ireland and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-7">[7]</a> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Santino" title="Jack Santino">Jack Santino</a> says "Her day and its traditions almost certainly are traceable to pre-Christian celebrations that took place at this time, on the first of May".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Art historian Pamela Berger noted Walpurga's association with <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)" title="Sheaf (agriculture)">sheaves</a> of grain, and suggested that her cult was adapted from pagan agrarian goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In modern times, many Christians continue to make <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">religious pilgrimages</a> to Saint Walburga's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a> on Saint Walburga's Day; in the 19th century, the number of pilgrims travelling to the Church of St. Walpurgis was described as "many thousand".<a href="#cite_note-Murray1843-2">[2]</a> Due to 1 May being the date of Saint Walpurga's feast, it has become associated with other <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> celebrations and regional traditions,<a href="#cite_note-casanova-25">[25]</a> especially in Finland and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Given that the intercession of Saint Walpurga was believed to be efficacious against evil magic, medieval and Renaissance tradition held that, during Walpurgis Night, witches celebrated a sabbath and evil powers were at their strongest. In German <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, Walpurgis Night was believed to be the night of a witches' meeting on the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a>, the highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains, a range of wooded hills in central Germany.<a href="#cite_note-local-27">[27]</a> To ward off evil and protect themselves and their livestock, people would traditionally light fires on the hillsides,<a href="#cite_note-Galv%C3%A1n2014-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapru1977-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canaday2000-10">[10]</a> a tradition that continues in some regions today.<a href="#cite_note-Stark1998-12">[12]</a> In Bavaria, the feast day is sometimes called Hexennacht (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: heksennacht), literally "Witches' Night", on which revelers dress as witches and demons, set off fireworks, dance and play loud music, which is said to drive the witches and winter spirits away.<a href="#cite_note-local-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional variations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Walpurgis_Night" title="Special:EditPage/Walpurgis Night">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Walpurgis+Night%22">"Walpurgis Night"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Walpurgis+Night%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Walpurgis+Night%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Walpurgis+Night%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Walpurgis+Night%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Walpurgis+Night%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Czech Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_(52).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG/310px-Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 207px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG/310px-Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG" data-width="310" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG/465px-Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG/620px-Walpurgis_Night_in_Jesenice_in_2016_%2852%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Burning of the witches in the Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> 30 April is Pálení čarodějnic ('Burning of the witches') or čarodějnice ('The witches') in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Huge bonfires up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall with a witch figure are built and burnt in the evening, preferably on top of hills. Young people gather around. Sudden black and dense smoke formations are cheered as "a witch flying away". An effigy of a witch is held up and thrown into a bonfire to burn.<a href="#cite_note-Galv%C3%A1n2014-1">[1]</a> In some places, it is customary to burn a puppet representing a witch on the bonfire. It is still a widespread feast in the Czech Republic, practiced since the pagan times. As evening advances to midnight and fire is on the wane, it is time to go search for a cherry tree in blossom. This is another feast, connected with 1 May. Young women should be kissed past midnight (and during the following day) under a blossoming cherry (or if unavailable, another blossoming) tree, as they "will not dry up" for an entire year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The First of May is celebrated then as "the day of those in love", in reference to the famous incipit of the poem <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1j" title="Máj">Máj</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Karel Hynek Mácha</a> (Byl pozdní večer – první máj – / večerní máj – byl lásky čas; "Late evening, on the first of May— / The twilit May—the time of love", translation by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Pargeter" title="Edith Pargeter">Edith Pargeter</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: England" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, Walpurgis Night was observed in rural communities until the second half of the 20th century, with a tradition of hanging <a href="/wiki/Primula_veris" title="Primula veris">cowslips</a> to ward off evil.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Estonia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, volbriöö is celebrated throughout the night of 30 April and into the early hours of 1 May, where 1 May is a public holiday called "Spring Day" (kevadpüha). Volbriöö is an important and widespread celebration of the arrival of spring in the country. Influenced by German culture, the night originally stood for the gathering and meeting of witches. Modern people still dress up as witches to wander the streets in a carnival-like mood. The volbriöö celebrations are especially vigorous in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, the university town in southern Estonia. For Estonian students in student corporations (<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cli%C3%B5pilaskorporatsioon#Eestis_tegutsevad_%C3%BCli%C3%B5pilaskorporatsioonid" class="extiw" title="et:Üliõpilaskorporatsioon">Estonian fraternities and sororities</a>), the night starts with a traditional procession through the streets of Tartu (during which the governing of the city is symbolically handed over to the students for the night by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Tartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Tartu">mayor of Tartu</a>), followed by visiting each other's corporation houses throughout the night. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg/220px-Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg/220px-Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg/330px-Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg/440px-Kaivopuisto_Vappu_picnic_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People at a vappu picnic in <a href="/wiki/Kaivopuisto" title="Kaivopuisto">Kaivopuisto</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vappu_(hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg/220px-Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3530" data-file-height="3515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg/220px-Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg/330px-Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg/440px-Vappu_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0030c1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The crowd in front of <a href="/wiki/Lasipalatsi" title="Lasipalatsi">Lasipalatsi</a> in Helsinki, in 1960</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg/220px-Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg/220px-Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg/330px-Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg/440px-Kauppahallin_vappu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vappu celebration in front of a <a href="/wiki/Kuopio_Market_Hall" title="Kuopio Market Hall">Kuopio Market Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg/220px-Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg/220px-Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg/330px-Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg/440px-Doughnut_and_sima_at_Factory_Kamppi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sugar-coated doughnuts and <a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">sima</a> are typical vappu delicacies in Finland</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Walpurgis night (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: vappu; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: vappen, valborg) is one of the four biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve, <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a> (juhannus, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: midsommar).<a href="#cite_note-Williams2016-5">[5]</a> Walpurgis witnesses the biggest <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>-style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebration, which begins on the evening of 30 April and continues on 1 May, typically centres on the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">sima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>. Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics of vappu. Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Many high school alumni wear the black and white <a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">student cap</a> and many higher education students wear <a href="/wiki/Student_boilersuit" title="Student boilersuit">student coveralls</a>. One tradition is to drink <a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">sima</a>, a home-made low-alcohol <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>, along with freshly cooked <a href="/wiki/Funnel_cake#Europe" title="Funnel cake">tippaleipä</a>. In the capital, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Helsinki">surrounding region</a>, fixtures include the capping (on 30 April at 6 pm) of <a href="/wiki/Havis_Amanda" title="Havis Amanda">Havis Amanda</a>, a nude female statue in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, and the biennially alternating publications of ribald matter called <a href="/wiki/%C3%84py" title="Äpy">äpy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julkku" title="Julkku">Julkku</a>, by engineering students of <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>. Both are <a href="/wiki/Sophomoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophomoric">sophomoric</a>; but while Julkku is a standard <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a>, Äpy is always a gimmick. Classic forms have included an äpy printed on <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a> and on a <a href="/wiki/Bedsheet" title="Bedsheet">bedsheet</a>. Often, äpy has been stuffed inside standard industrial packages, such as sardine cans and milk cartons. For most university students, vappu starts a week before the day of celebration. The festivities also include a picnic on 1 May, which is sometimes more lavish, particularly in Ullanlinnanmäki in central Helsinki. In <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, it has become a tradition to cap the <a href="/wiki/Posankka" title="Posankka">Posankka</a> statue. vappu coincides with the socialist <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> parade. Expanding from the parties of the left, the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finnish political scene</a> has adopted vappu as the day to go out on stumps and agitate. This is not limited only to political activists; many institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Lutheran Church of Finland</a>, have followed suit, marching and making speeches. Left-wing activists of the 1970s still party on May Day. Carnivals are arranged, and many radio stations play leftist songs, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>. Traditionally, 1 May is celebrated by the way of a picnic in a park. For most, the picnic is enjoyed with friends on a blanket with food and <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a>. Some people arrange extremely lavish picnics with pavilions, white tablecloths, silver <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabras</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical music</a>, and extravagant food. The picnic usually starts early in the morning, where some of the previous night's party-goers continue their celebrations from the previous night. Some student organisations reserve areas where they traditionally camp every year. Student caps, mead, streamers and balloons have their role in the picnic and the celebration as a whole. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust!,_performance_poster,_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg/310px-Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 211px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg/310px-Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg" data-width="310" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg/465px-Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg/620px-Lewis_Morrison_as_%22Mephistopheles%22_in_Faust%21%2C_performance_poster%2C_1887.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morrison" title="Lewis Morrison">Lewis Morrison</a> as "Mephistopheles" in <a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Faust, Part 1">Faust!</a>: "The Brocken". Poster for a theatrical performance of Goethe's play showing Mephistopheles conjuring supernatural creatures on the German mountain, the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> (or Blocksberg), which according to the tale is the scenery for the Walpurgisnight, from 30 April to 1 May</figcaption></figure> On the Feast of Saint Walburga, "many thousand" people have made <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimages</a> to Saint Walburga's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a> on the Feast of Saint Walburga, often obtaining vials of <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_Saints" title="Oil of Saints">Saint Walburga's oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murray1843-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wunderli1992-13">[13]</a> In Germany, Hexennacht ('Witches' Night'), the night from 30 April to 1 May, is the night when <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> are reputed to hold a large celebration on the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> and await the arrival of spring and is held on the same night as Saint Walpurgis Night (Sankt Walpurgisnacht). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Walpurgisnacht Night (in German folklore) the night of 30 April (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> mountain and hold revels with the Devil... Brocken is the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the <a href="/wiki/Brocken_spectre" title="Brocken spectre">Brocken spectre</a> and for witches' revels which reputedly took place there on Walpurgis night. The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the Brocken.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>]</blockquote> A scene in <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Faust, Part 1">Faust Part One</a> is called "Walpurgisnacht," and one in <a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Faust, Part 2">Faust Part Two</a> is called "Classical Walpurgisnacht." The last chapter of book five in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> is also called "Walpurgisnacht." In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a>'s 1962 play <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a>, Act Two is entitled "Walpurgisnacht." From <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s short story, <a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Dracula's Guest">Dracula's Guest</a>, an Englishman (whose name is never mentioned) is on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night, and in spite of the hotelier's warning not to be late coming back, the young man later leaves his carriage and wanders toward the direction of an abandoned "unholy" village. As the carriage departs with the frightened and superstitious driver, a tall and thin stranger scares the horses at the crest of a hill. In some parts of northern coastal regions of Germany, the custom of lighting huge fires is still kept alive to celebrate the coming of May, while most parts of Germany have a derived Christianized custom around Easter called "Easter fires" (Osterfeuer). In rural parts of southern Germany, it is part of popular youth culture to play pranks such as tampering with neighbours' gardens, hiding possessions, or spraying graffiti on private property. In <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Leftism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftism">leftist</a> May Day riots usually start at Walpurgis Night in the <a href="/wiki/Mauerpark" title="Mauerpark">Mauerpark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prenzlauer_Berg" title="Prenzlauer Berg">Prenzlauer Berg</a>. There is a similar tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Sternschanze" title="Sternschanze">Schanzenviertel</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, though in both cases, the situation has significantly calmed down in the past few years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hungary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Hungary <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberries</a> decorated the houses, which were used to ward off witches this day, because the Hungarians believed that different plants can protect against various diseases or supernatural dangers. But most witchcraft traditions occurred earlier in the spring festival cycle, on <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">St George's Day</a> (Szent György napja), because of the proximity of <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. In some places, these beliefs have not yet died out on Wilpurgis Night. In <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%BEmarok" title="Kežmarok">Késmárk</a> the Hungarian population still knows about the fairy of the Thököly castle (Thököly vár), who sweeps the area around the Hungarian well at the dawn of Pentecost, and they still know about the witches who walk on May Day and Pentecost, but in most places, the source of evil was replaced by fire, ice, caterpillars and diseases as the country become more <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a>. <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Netherlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg/220px-Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg/220px-Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg/330px-Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg/440px-Mensen_bekijken_paasvuur_in_Eibergen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Walpurgis night bonfires</figcaption></figure> As in all Germanic countries, Sankt Walpurgisnacht was celebrated in areas of what is now the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It has not been celebrated recently due to the national <a href="/wiki/Koninginnedag" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninginnedag">Koninginnedag</a> (Queen's Day) falling on the same date, though the new koningsdag (King's Day) is on 27 April. The island of <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a> celebrates a festival known as the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meierblis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meierblis (page does not exist)">Meierblis</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meierblis" class="extiw" title="nl:Meierblis">nl</a>]' (roughly translated as 'May-Blaze') on that same day, where bonfires are lit near nightfall, just as on Walpurgis, but with the meaning to drive away the remaining cold of winter and welcome spring.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Occasional mentions to the ritual occur, and at least once a feminist called group co-opted the name to call for attention to the position of women (following the example of German women's organizations),<a href="#cite_note-Ferree2012-32">[32]</a> a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Take_Back_the_Night_(organization)" title="Take Back the Night (organization)">Take Back the Night</a> phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Still, in recent years a renewed interest in pre-Christian religion and culture has led to renewed interest in Heksennacht (Witch's Night) as well.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1999, suspicions were raised among local <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed party</a> members in <a href="/wiki/Putten" title="Putten">Putten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> of a Heksennacht festival celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Satanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanist">Satanists</a>. The party called for a ban. That such a festival even existed, however, and that it was 'Satanic' was rejected by most others.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The local Church in <a href="/wiki/Dokkum" title="Dokkum">Dokkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, organized a Service in 2003 to pray for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> to, according to the church, counter the Satanic action.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Valborg" redirects here. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Valborg_(name)" title="Valborg (name)">Valborg (name)</a>.</div> While the name Walpurgis is taken from the 8th-century British <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonian</a> Christian missionary Saint Walburga, valborg, as it is called in Swedish, also marks the arrival of spring.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2016-5">[5]</a> The forms of celebration vary in different parts of the country and between different cities. Walpurgis celebrations are not a family occasion but rather a public event, and local groups often take responsibility for organising them to encourage community spirit in the village or neighbourhood. Celebrations normally include lighting the bonfire, choral singing and a speech to honour the arrival of the spring season, often held by a local celebrity. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg/290px-Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg/290px-Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg/435px-Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg/580px-Valborgsbrasa-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Walpurgis Night <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> In the Middle Ages, the administrative year ended on 30 April. Accordingly, this was a day of festivity among the merchants and craftsmen of the town, with trick-or-treat, dancing and singing in preparation for the forthcoming celebration of spring. Sir <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a> writes, "The first of May is a great popular festival in the more midland and southern parts of Sweden. On the eve of the festival, huge bonfires, which should be lighted by striking two flints together, blaze on all the hills and knolls."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Walpurgis bonfires are part of a Swedish tradition dating back to at least the early 18th century. At Walpurgis (valborg), farm animals were let out to graze and bonfires (majbrasor, kasar) lit to scare away predators. In <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Southern Sweden</a>, an older tradition, no longer practiced, was for the younger people to collect greenery and branches from the woods at twilight. These were used to adorn the houses of the village. The expected reward for this task was to be paid in <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_(1920)_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg/220px-Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="210"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg/220px-Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg/330px-Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Uppsala_plate_1_from_NF_30_%281920%29_-_Student_song_at_Slottsbacken_on_Walpurgis_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A big crowd, mostly students in typical Swedish white <a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">student caps</a>, participating in the traditional Saint Walpurgis Night celebration with song outside <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Castle" title="Uppsala Castle">the Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>. The silhouette of the <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">cathedral</a> towers may be seen in the background. To the right are banners and standards of the <a href="/wiki/Nations_at_Swedish_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations at Swedish universities">student nations</a>. Image from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920.</figcaption></figure> Choral singing is a popular pastime in Sweden, and on Walpurgis Eve virtually every choir in the country is busy. Singing traditional songs of spring is widespread throughout the country. The songs are mostly from the 19th century and were spread by students' spring festivities. The strongest and most traditional spring festivities are also found in the old university cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, where undergraduates, graduates, and alumni gather at events that last most of the day from early morning to late night on 30 April, or siste april ("The Last Day of April") as it is called in Lund, or sista april as it is called in Uppsala. For students, Walpurgis Eve heralds freedom. Traditionally the exams were over and only the odd lecture remained before term ends. On the last day of April, the students don their characteristic white caps and sing songs of welcome to spring, to the budding greenery and to a brighter future. More modern valborg celebrations, particularly among Uppsala students, often consist of enjoying a breakfast including champagne and strawberries. During the day, people gather in parks, drink considerable amounts of alcoholic beverages, barbecue, and generally enjoy the weather, if it happens to be favorable. In Uppsala, since 1975, students honor spring by rafting on <a href="/wiki/Fyris" title="Fyris">Fyris</a> river through the center of town with rickety, homemade, in fact quite easily wreckable, and often humorously decorated rafts. Several <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">nations</a> also hold "Champagne Races" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: champagnegalopp), where students go to drink and spray champagne or sparkling wine on each other. The walls and floors of the old nation buildings are covered in plastic for this occasion, as the champagne is poured around recklessly and sometimes spilled enough to wade in. Spraying champagne is, however, a fairly recent addition to the Champagne Race. The name derives from the students running down the slope from the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Rediviva" title="Carolina Rediviva">Carolina Rediviva</a> library to drink champagne, toward the <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">student nations</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> many students and former students begin the day at the park Trädgårdsföreningen, in the field below <a href="/wiki/Belvederen" title="Belvederen">Belvederen</a> where the city laws permit alcohol, to drink champagne breakfast in a similar way to Uppsala. Later, at three o'clock, the students and public gather at the courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Castle" title="Linköping Castle">Linköping Castle</a>. Spring songs are sung by the <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University_Male_Voice_Choir" title="Linköping University Male Voice Choir">Linköping University Male Voice Choir</a>, and speeches are made by representatives of the students and the university professors. In <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, the carnival parade, <a href="/wiki/The_Cort%C3%A8ge" title="The Cortège">The Cortège</a>, which has been held since 1909 by the students at <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology" title="Chalmers University of Technology">Chalmers University of Technology</a>, is an important part of the celebration. It is seen by around 250,000 people each year. Another major event is the gathering of students in <a href="/wiki/Garden_Society_of_Gothenburg" title="Garden Society of Gothenburg">Garden Society of Gothenburg</a> to listen to student choirs, orchestras, and speeches. An important part of the gathering is the ceremonial donning of the student cap, which stems from the time when students wore their caps daily and switched from black winter cap to white summer cap. In <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, there is an old tradition of having local bonfires. During recent years, however, there has also been a tradition of celebrating Walpurgis at the <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a> campus. The university organizes student choir singing, as well as other types of entertainment and a speech by the president of the university. Different stalls sell hot dogs, candy, soft drinks, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> was founded on Sankt Walpurgisnacht in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Founder <a href="/wiki/Anton_Szandor_LaVey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Szandor LaVey">Anton Szandor LaVey</a> states in <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a> that besides one's own birthday, Walpurgisnacht ranks as an important <a href="/wiki/Satanic_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic holidays">Satanic holiday</a>, noting the Eve of May has been memorialized as "symbolizing the fruition of the spring equinox",<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and chose the date well aware of the date's traditional association with witchcraft.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a> celebrates Hexennacht as "a solemn holiday to honor those who were victimized by superstition".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy_in_literature_and_music">Cultural legacy in literature and music</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural legacy in literature and music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li>The event was the inspiration for a poem, <a href="/wiki/Die_erste_Walpurgisnacht" title="Die erste Walpurgisnacht">Die erste Walpurgisnacht</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>. In turn, composer <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> in 1831 took the poem and set it to music, as a secular <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> (or "Sinfonie-Ballade" in the composer's correspondence) for soloists (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>.</li> <li>The novel <a href="/wiki/Jurgen:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice">Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell" title="James Branch Cabell">James Branch Cabell</a> begins on "Walburga's Eve, when almost anything is rather more than likely to happen"<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>The K-pop group <a href="/wiki/GFriend" title="GFriend">GFriend</a> released an album in 2020 named <a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night_(album)" title="Walpurgis Night (album)"> Walpurgis Night</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_witch" title="Easter witch">Easter witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_fire" title="Easter fire">Easter fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefistofele" title="Mefistofele">Mefistofele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">Chaharshanbe Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trndez" title="Trndez">Trndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_Night" title="Bonfire Night">Bonfire Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noc_Walpurgi" title="Noc Walpurgi">Noc Walpurgi</a>, 2015 film</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galván2014-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galv%C3%A1n2014_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galv%C3%A1n2014_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galv%C3%A1n2014_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galv%C3%A1n2014_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galv%C3%A1n2014_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGalván2014" class="citation book cs1">Galván, Javier A. (19 June 2014). They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-342-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-342-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-342-4</bdi></a>. <q>Early Christians in this region believed that, during Walpurgis Night, evil powers were at their strongest, and people had to protect themselves and their livestock by lighting fires on hillsides.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Do+What%3F+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+Extraordinary+and+Exotic+Customs+from+around+the+World&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-342-4&rft.aulast=Galv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray1843-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray1843_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray1843_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray1843_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray1843_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1843" class="citation book cs1">Murray, J. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22022260">A handbook for travellers in southern Germany</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22022260/page/90">90</a>. <q>In the Church of St. Walpurgis are preserved the remains of that Saint. They are interred beneath the high altar, and a stream of oil, which obtains the highest repute for its medicinal qualities, flows from them, between October and May. On St. Walpurgis' Day, May 1, many thousand pilgrims repair to her shrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+for+travellers+in+southern+Germany&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb22022260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2016-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2016_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2016_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2016_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria (21 November 2016). Celebrating Life Customs around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-3659-6</bdi></a>. <q>During the Walpurgisnacht Walpurgisnacht, or Walpurgis Night, is one of the names given to the night of April 30, the eve of Saint Walpurga's feast day that falls on May 1. Since Saint Walpurga's feast occurs on May 1 the saint is associated with May Day, especially in Finland and Sweden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Life+Customs+around+the+World&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaquet1856-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaquet1856_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaquet1856_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neuer immerwährender Gregorianischer Kalender (in German). Jaquet. 1856. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuer+immerw%C3%A4hrender+Gregorianischer+Kalender&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Jaquet&rft.date=1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2011-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2011" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 915. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-205-0</bdi></a>. <q>Her feast day commemorates both the movement of her relics to Eichstatt and her canonization, both of which occurred on May 1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations&rft.pages=915&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-205-0&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelssohn-BartholdyGoethe2005" class="citation book cs1">Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Von_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe">Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von</a> (2005). Die Erste Walpurgisnacht: Ballade von Goethe für Chor und Orchester. Yushodo Press Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8419-0396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8419-0396-6"><bdi>978-4-8419-0396-6</bdi></a>. <q>The term Walpurgis Night derives from the eighth-century Saint Walpurga. She came from England to Germany as a Christian missionary and was hailed for her powers against epidemics (except for Covid 19) that role was left to Pope Francis himeself. Francis interceded on the public's behalf and "prayed the Virus away".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erste+Walpurgisnacht%3A+Ballade+von+Goethe+f%C3%BCr+Chor+und+Orchester&rft.pub=Yushodo+Press+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-4-8419-0396-6&rft.aulast=Mendelssohn-Bartholdy&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Goethe%2C+Johann+Wolfgang+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapru1977-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapru1977_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapru1977_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapru1977_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapru1977" class="citation book cs1">Chapru, Doleta (1977). A Festival of the English May. Folklore Village Farm. p. 3. <q>The Catholic Church chose May eve to honor St. Walpurga, protectress against magic arts. Walpurga was an English missionary to Germany in the eighth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Festival+of+the+English+May&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Folklore+Village+Farm&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Chapru&rft.aufirst=Doleta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canaday2000-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canaday2000_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canaday2000_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canaday2000_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanaday2000" class="citation book cs1">Canaday, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearmuseliter0000cana">The Nuclear Muse: Literature, Physics, and the First Atomic Bombs</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nuclearmuseliter0000cana/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16854-4"><bdi>978-0-299-16854-4</bdi></a>. <q>Walpurgis Night falls on the eve of the feast day of St. Walpurga, an English missionary who was celebrated in the Middle Ages as a protectress against magic. It was a night when witches were believed to ride freely through the land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuclear+Muse%3A+Literature%2C+Physics%2C+and+the+First+Atomic+Bombs&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-299-16854-4&rft.aulast=Canaday&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnuclearmuseliter0000cana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton1912-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Upton1912_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1912" class="citation book cs1">Upton, George Putnam (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardconcertg00uptoiala">The Standard Concert Guide</a>. A.C. McClurg & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardconcertg00uptoiala/page/294">294</a>. <q>In his separate poem Goethe seeks to go back to the origin of the first Walpurgis Night. May-day eve was consecrated to Saint Walpurgis, who converted the Saxons from Druidism to Christianity, and on that night the evil spirits were said to be abroad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Concert+Guide&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=George+Putnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandardconcertg00uptoiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark1998-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1998_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1998_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1998_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1998_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark1998" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Lucien (1998). Brahms's Vocal Duets and Quartets with Piano. Indiana University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33402-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33402-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33402-2</bdi></a>. <q>Walpurgis Night, named for St. Walpurga (d. A.D. 777), an English saint whose feast day falls on May Day, is the evening of 30 April (May Day eve) when, as was widely held—particularly during medieval and Renaissance times—witches celebrate a sabbath. Still today there are places where bonfires are kept burning all night to repel the evil spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahms%27s+Vocal+Duets+and+Quartets+with+Piano&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33402-2&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wunderli1992-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wunderli1992_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunderli1992_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunderli1992_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunderli1992_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunderli1992" class="citation book cs1">Wunderli, Richard M. (1992). Peasant Fires. Indiana University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20751-7"><bdi>978-0-253-20751-7</bdi></a>. <q>Between Easter and Pentecost were many other celebrations and feast days. In Germany, for example, was celebrated the Feast of St. Walburga, or Walpurgisnacht, on April 30, the eve of May Day. Walburga was an eighth-century Anglo-Saxon nun and missionary to Franconia, particularly to Bischofsheim on the Tauber, just south of Niklashausen. Her bones were "translated" (that is, moved) on 30 April—which became her feast day—sometime during the 870s to Eichstätt, where her brother Willibald had been bishop. Ever since then an oily liquid has oozed out of the rock on which her tomb rests, and has been renowned among pilgrims for its great healing power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Fires&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20751-7&rft.aulast=Wunderli&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elvins2002-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Elvins2002_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvins2002" class="citation book cs1">Elvins, Mark (2002). Catholic Trivia. Gracewing Publishing. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-559-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-559-4"><bdi>978-0-85244-559-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Trivia&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-559-4&rft.aulast=Elvins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-praet-15"><a href="#cite_ref-praet_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraetorius1668" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Praetorius, Johannes</a> (1668). Blockes-Berges Verrichtung oder ausführlicher geographischer Bericht von den hohen trefflich alt- und berühmten Blockes-Berge: ingleichen von der Hexenfahrt und Zauber-Sabbathe, so auff solchen Berge die Unholden aus gantz Teutschland Jährlich den 1. Maij in Sanct-Walpurgis-Nachte anstellen sollen; Aus vielen Autoribus abgefasset und mit schönen Raritäten angeschmücket sampt zugehörigen Figuren; Nebenst einen Appendice vom Blockes-Berge wie auch des Alten Reinsteins und der Baumans Höle am Hartz (in German). Leipzig: Scheiber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockes-Berges+Verrichtung+oder+ausf%C3%BChrlicher+geographischer+Bericht+von+den+hohen+trefflich+alt-+und+ber%C3%BChmten+Blockes-Berge%3A+ingleichen+von+der+Hexenfahrt+und+Zauber-Sabbathe%2C+so+auff+solchen+Berge+die+Unholden+aus+gantz+Teutschland+J%C3%A4hrlich+den+1.+Maij+in+Sanct-Walpurgis-Nachte+anstellen+sollen%3B+Aus+vielen+Autoribus+abgefasset+und+mit+sch%C3%B6nen+Rarit%C3%A4ten+angeschm%C3%BCcket+sampt+zugeh%C3%B6rigen+Figuren%3B+Nebenst+einen+Appendice+vom+Blockes-Berge+wie+auch+des+Alten+Reinsteins+und+der+Baumans+H%C3%B6le+am+Hartz&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Scheiber&rft.date=1668&rft.aulast=Praetorius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coler-16"><a href="#cite_ref-coler_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColer1603" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coler, Johann (1603). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ny5AAAAAcAAJ">M. Iohannis Coleri Calendarium Perpetuum, Et Libri Oeconomici: Das ist, Ein stetswerender Calender, darzu sehr nützliche vnd nötige Haußbücher: Vor die Haußwirt, Ackerleut, Apotecker, Kauffleute, Wanderßleute, Weinhern, Gärtner, den gemeinen Handwerckßleuten, und all den jenigen, so mit Wirtschafften oder Gastungen umbgehen</a> (in German). Wittemberg: Paul Helwig. p. 89. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.+Iohannis+Coleri+Calendarium+Perpetuum%2C+Et+Libri+Oeconomici%3A+Das+ist%2C+Ein+stetswerender+Calender%2C+darzu+sehr+n%C3%BCtzliche+vnd+n%C3%B6tige+Hau%C3%9Fb%C3%BCcher%3A+Vor+die+Hau%C3%9Fwirt%2C+Ackerleut%2C+Apotecker%2C+Kauffleute%2C+Wander%C3%9Fleute%2C+Weinhern%2C+G%C3%A4rtner%2C+den+gemeinen+Handwerck%C3%9Fleuten%2C+und+all+den+jenigen%2C+so+mit+Wirtschafften+oder+Gastungen+umbgehen.&rft.place=Wittemberg&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Paul+Helwig&rft.date=1603&rft.aulast=Coler&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dny5AAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSV2006-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSV2006_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSV2006_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSV2006_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325110250/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/9508/The-favors-of-St-Walburga.aspx">"The favors of St. Walburga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Sunday_Visitor" title="Our Sunday Visitor">Our Sunday Visitor</a>. 16 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/ByIssue/Article/TabId/735/ArtMID/13636/ArticleID/9508/The-favors-of-St-Walburga.aspx">the original</a> on 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+favors+of+St.+Walburga&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2006-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osv.com%2FOSVNewsweekly%2FByIssue%2FArticle%2FTabId%2F735%2FArtMID%2F13636%2FArticleID%2F9508%2FThe-favors-of-St-Walburga.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accardo2012-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accardo2012_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accardo2012_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccardo2012" class="citation book cs1">Accardo, Pasquale (6 December 2012). The Medical Almanac: A Calendar of Dates of Significance to the Profession of Medicine, Including Fascinating Illustrations, Medical Milestones, Dates of Birth and Death of Notable Physicians, Brief Biographical Sketches, Quotations, and Assorted Medical Curiosities and Trivia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-0365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-0365-0"><bdi>978-1-4612-0365-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medical+Almanac%3A+A+Calendar+of+Dates+of+Significance+to+the+Profession+of+Medicine%2C+Including+Fascinating+Illustrations%2C+Medical+Milestones%2C+Dates+of+Birth+and+Death+of+Notable+Physicians%2C+Brief+Biographical+Sketches%2C+Quotations%2C+and+Assorted+Medical+Curiosities+and+Trivia&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-0365-0&rft.aulast=Accardo&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1884-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1884_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1884" class="citation book cs1">Smith, George (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryof00smit">Short History of Christian Missions: From Abraham and Paul to Carey, Livingstone and Duff</a>. T. & T. Clark. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryof00smit/page/89">89</a>. <q>Walpurga, who at the special request of Boniface had accompanied her brother Winibald and kinsman Willibald from Dorsetshire to help the much-toiling missionary in Thuringia, represents a band of devoted women who founded sisterhoods in many parts of Germany, and tamed the people by their Christ-like tenderness and self-sacrifice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Christian+Missions%3A+From+Abraham+and+Paul+to+Carey%2C+Livingstone+and+Duff&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryof00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SannehMcClymond2016-20"><a href="#cite_ref-SannehMcClymond2016_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSannehMcClymond2016" class="citation book cs1">Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael (23 May 2016). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5376-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5376-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-5376-8</bdi></a>. <q>English and Hiberno‐Scottish monks also provided the Carolingian continent with an abundance of missionaries like St. Columbanus, St. Fridolin, St. Boniface, St. Willibrord, and the often overlooked abbess St. Walpurga. These missionaries led a clerical reform movement within the Carolingian dominions as well as a missionary expansion of Christianity into the regions hitherto untouched by Gallo‐Roman Christianity (Frisia, Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Carinthia).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+World+Christianity&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5376-8&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Lamin&rft.au=McClymond%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble2013-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Noble2013_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2013" class="citation book cs1">Noble, David F (23 January 2013). A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-82852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-82852-1"><bdi>978-0-307-82852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Without+Women%3A+The+Christian+Clerical+Culture+of+Western+Science&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-307-82852-1&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=David+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BryanBair2010-22"><a href="#cite_ref-BryanBair2010_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryanBairAngury2010" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Mary Lynn; Bair, Barbara; Angury, Maree de (1 October 2010). The Selected Papers of Jane Addams. University of Illinois Press. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09067-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09067-7"><bdi>978-0-252-09067-7</bdi></a>. <q>St. Walburga (Walpurga, Walpurgia, Vaubourg, Falbourg) (710-777) was an Anglo-Saxon woman trained in medicine; she became a nun under St. Tatta at Wimbourne in Dorset, England. St. Boniface was her uncle, and her father was an under-king of the West Saxons. In 748 she followed St. Lioba to Germany at the invitation of Boniface, and there she founded, with her brother, St. Winnibald (d. 761), a double monastery (one for both me and women) at Heidenheim. Walburga was much beloved. She was believed to be able to protect crops and communicate with animals, and her powers were sought as a healer. Images sometimes present her as an earth mother with three ears of corn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selected+Papers+of+Jane+Addams&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09067-7&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lynn&rft.au=Bair%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Angury%2C+Maree+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantino1994" class="citation book cs1">Santino, Jack (1994). Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>. p. xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween+and+Other+Festivals+of+Death+and+Life&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Santino&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1985" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Pamela (1985). The Goddess Obscured: Transformation of the Grain Protectress from Goddess to Saint. Beacon Press. pp. 61–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+Obscured%3A+Transformation+of+the+Grain+Protectress+from+Goddess+to+Saint&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casanova-25"><a href="#cite_ref-casanova_25-0">^</a> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasanova1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Casanova, Gertrude (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15526b.htm">"St. Walburga"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Walburga&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15526b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027134947/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintw02.htm">"Saint Walburga"</a>. Patron Saints Index. Catholic Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintw02.htm">the original</a> on 27 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patron+Saints+Index&rft.atitle=Saint+Walburga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-forum.com%2Fsaints%2Fsaintw02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-local_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-local_27-1">b</a> Colthorpe, Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20140430/why-are-germans-celebrating-on-april-30th-walpurgisnacht">"Why do Germans celebrate April 30th?"</a> The Local, 30 April 2014. Accessed 8 May 2019 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20140430/why-are-germans-celebrating-on-april-30th-walpurgisnacht">https://www.thelocal.de/20140430/why-are-germans-celebrating-on-april-30th-walpurgisnacht</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/nostalgia/halloween-coming-up-walpurgis-night-1510490">"The other Halloween is coming up and it has history here"</a>. Grimsby Telegraph. 29 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grimsby+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+other+Halloween+is+coming+up+and+it+has+history+here&rft.date=2018-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2Fhalloween-coming-up-walpurgis-night-1510490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> Phrase & Fable. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jelesnapok.oszk.hu/prod/unnep/szent_valburga_walpurgis_apaca__walpurgisej">"Jeles Napok - Szent Valburga (Walpurgis) apáca - "Walpurgis-éj""</a>. jelesnapok.oszk.hu. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jelesnapok.oszk.hu&rft.atitle=Jeles+Napok+-+Szent+Valburga+%28Walpurgis%29+ap%C3%A1ca+-+%22Walpurgis-%C3%A9j%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjelesnapok.oszk.hu%2Fprod%2Funnep%2Fszent_valburga_walpurgis_apaca__walpurgisej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHielkema2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hielkema, Haro (19 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/archief/article/detail/1778613/2003/04/19/Pasen-in-het-Finkersgebergte.dhtml">"Pasen in het Finkersgebergte"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a> (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=Pasen+in+het+Finkersgebergte&rft.date=2003-04-19&rft.aulast=Hielkema&rft.aufirst=Haro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F4324%2FNieuws%2Farchief%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1778613%2F2003%2F04%2F19%2FPasen-in-het-Finkersgebergte.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferree2012-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferree2012_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerree2012" class="citation book cs1">Ferree, Myra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNZiDYlOUeYC&pg=PA90">Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in Global Perspective</a>. Stanford UP. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5760-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-5760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Feminism%3A+German+Gender+Politics+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5760-7&rft.aulast=Ferree&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNZiDYlOUeYC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoggeband2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roggeband, Cornelia Maria (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FlY6u_5WSCsC&pg=PA172">Over de grenzen van de politiek: een vergelijkende studie naar de opkomst en ontwikkeling van de vrouwenbeweging tegen seksueel geweld in Nederland en Spanje</a> (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3830-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-3830-0"><bdi>978-90-232-3830-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+de+grenzen+van+de+politiek%3A+een+vergelijkende+studie+naar+de+opkomst+en+ontwikkeling+van+de+vrouwenbeweging+tegen+seksueel+geweld+in+Nederland+en+Spanje&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Van+Gorcum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-232-3830-0&rft.aulast=Roggeband&rft.aufirst=Cornelia+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFlY6u_5WSCsC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frieschdagblad.nl/index.asp?artid=14728">"Theoloog Henk Vreekamp: ik ben een heiden; 'Kerk moet terug naar heidense wortels'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Friesch_Dagblad" title="Friesch Dagblad">Friesch Dagblad</a> (in Dutch). 27 September 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friesch+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Theoloog+Henk+Vreekamp%3A+ik+ben+een+heiden%3B+%27Kerk+moet+terug+naar+heidense+wortels%27&rft.date=2003-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frieschdagblad.nl%2Findex.asp%3Fartid%3D14728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verhalenbank.nl/items/show/30204">"RPF/GPV staat alleen in geloof in heksenfeest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Utrechts_Nieuwsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrechts Nieuwsblad">Utrechts Nieuwsblad</a> (in Dutch). 23 June 1999. Retrieved 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utrechts+Nieuwsblad&rft.atitle=RPF%2FGPV+staat+alleen+in+geloof+in+heksenfeest&rft.date=1999-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verhalenbank.nl%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F30204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtvnof.nl/?page=1&id=363?page=1&id=363">"Rennie Schoorstra te gast in Geloven en Beleven"</a> (in Dutch). RTV Noordoost Friesland. 2 January 2003. Retrieved 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rennie+Schoorstra+te+gast+in+Geloven+en+Beleven&rft.date=2003-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvnof.nl%2F%3Fpage%3D1%26id%3D363%3Fpage%3D1%26id%3D363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1961" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, James G. (1961). The New Golden Bough. Anchor Books. p. 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Golden+Bough&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Hammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Hammer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQOJJiyOyH8C">Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science</a>. BRILL. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18791-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18791-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Religion+and+the+Authority+of+Science&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18791-7&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQOJJiyOyH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2017" class="citation web cs1">Stuart, Gwyendd (25 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laweekly.com/who-was-anton-lavey-an-l-a-exhibit-sheds-light-on-satanisms-black-pope">"Who Was Anton LaVey? An L.A. Exhibit Sheds Light On Satanism's Black Pope"</a>. LA Weekly. Retrieved 30 April 2020. <q>The Church of Satan that Anton LaVey founded on the last night of April 1966—Walpurgisnacht, to pagan types—is pretty widely misunderstood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LA+Weekly&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Anton+LaVey%3F+An+L.A.+Exhibit+Sheds+Light+On+Satanism%27s+Black+Pope&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Gwyendd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fwho-was-anton-lavey-an-l-a-exhibit-sheds-light-on-satanisms-black-pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaVey1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">LaVey, Anton Szandor</a> (1969). The Satanic Bible. HarperCollins. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-01539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-01539-9"><bdi>978-0-380-01539-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Eve of May has been memorialized as the night that all of the demons, specters, afreets, and banshees would come forth and hold their wold revels, symbolizing the fruition of the spring equinox.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-380-01539-9&rft.aulast=LaVey&rft.aufirst=Anton+Szandor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrixOkeja2018" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott E.; Okeja, Uchenna (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4138-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-4138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Religious+Leaders%3A+How+Religious+Figures+Helped+Shape+World+History&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4138-5&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+E.&rft.au=Okeja%2C+Uchenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satanicliving.com/hexennacht-is-upon-us/">"Hexennacht Is Upon Us"</a>. Satanic Living. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020. <q>It is the Eve of Hexennacht (also known as Walpurgis Night) is upon us. To the members of The Satanic Temple, Hexennact is an occasion to "honoring those who fell victim to superstition and pseudoscience, whether by witch hunt, Satanic panic, or other injustices."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Satanic+Living&rft.atitle=Hexennacht+Is+Upon+Us&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsatanicliving.com%2Fhexennacht-is-upon-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalpurgis+Night" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8771/pg8771-images.html/">Jurgen a Comedy of Justice: Chapter 1</a> [ </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walpurgis_Night" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/9508/The-favors-of-St-Walburga.aspx">The Favors of St. Walpurga - OSV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetenuppsala.se/evenemang/valborg-sista-april-i-uppsala">Photos of the traditional Walpurgis celebration in Uppsala, Sweden</a> (in Swedish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lekDD9yumZw">Walpurgis Night Celebration Gråbo Sweden 2012 Video</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&oldid=1277410342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&oldid=1277410342</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Walpurgis_Night&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 14:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ليلة فالبورجيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليلة فالبورجيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgisnacht" title="Walpurgisnacht – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Walpurgisnacht" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վալբուրկեան Գիշեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վալբուրկեան Գիշեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurgiya_gec%C9%99si" title="Valpurgiya gecəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valpurgiya gecəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Вальпургіева ноч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальпургіева ноч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Валпургиева нощ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валпургиева нощ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walburgisnochd" title="Walburgisnochd – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Walburgisnochd" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nit_de_Walpurgis" title="Nit de Walpurgis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nit de Walpurgis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%C3%A7%C4%95" title="Вальпурги каçĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вальпурги каçĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1len%C3%AD_%C4%8Darod%C4%9Bjnic" title="Pálení čarodějnic – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pálení čarodějnic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgsaften" title="Valborgsaften – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valborgsaften" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lbor" title="Válbor – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Válbor" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgisnacht" title="Walpurgisnacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walpurgisnacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volbri%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Volbriöö – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Volbriöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%9D%CF%8D%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βαλπουργιανή Νύχτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλπουργιανή Νύχτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noche_de_Walpurgis" title="Noche de Walpurgis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noche de Walpurgis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurga_Nokto" title="Valpurga Nokto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valpurga Nokto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis_gaua" title="Walpurgis gaua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walpurgis gaua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="شب والپورگیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شب والپورگیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgarmessa" title="Valborgarmessa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Valborgarmessa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_de_Walpurgis" title="Nuit de Walpurgis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nuit de Walpurgis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noite_de_Walpurgis" title="Noite de Walpurgis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Noite de Walpurgis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A4" title="발푸르기스의 밤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발푸르기스의 밤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վալպուրգյան գիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալպուրգյան գիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurgina_no%C4%87" title="Valpurgina noć – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valpurgina noć" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgarmessa" title="Valborgarmessa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valborgarmessa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notte_di_Valpurga" title="Notte di Valpurga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Notte di Valpurga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%94" title="ליל ולפורגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליל ולפורגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="ვალპურგის ღამე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალპურგის ღამე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Вальпургий түні – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вальпургий түні" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Вальпургия түнү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вальпургия түнү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nox_Valpurgis" title="Nox Valpurgis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nox Valpurgis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpur%C4%A3u_nakts" title="Valpurģu nakts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valpurģu nakts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurgijos_naktis" title="Valpurgijos naktis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valpurgijos naktis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis-%C3%A9j" title="Walpurgis-éj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walpurgis-éj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9C" title="Валпургиска ноќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валпургиска ноќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgisnacht_(feest)" title="Walpurgisnacht (feest) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walpurgisnacht (feest)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgisnacht" title="Walpurgisnacht – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Walpurgisnacht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%9C" title="ヴァルプルギスの夜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルプルギスの夜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgsnatten" title="Valborgsnatten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valborgsnatten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgsnatta" title="Valborgsnatta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valborgsnatta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noc_Walpurgi" title="Noc Walpurgi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noc Walpurgi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noite_de_Santa_Valburga" title="Noite de Santa Valburga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noite de Santa Valburga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noaptea_Valpurgiei" title="Noaptea Valpurgiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noaptea Valpurgiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%87" title="Вальпургійова нуч – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вальпургійова нуч" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Вальпургиева ночь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вальпургиева ночь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Вальпурга түүнэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вальпурга түүнэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Walpurgis Night" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurgina_no%C4%8D" title="Valpurgina noč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valpurgina noč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9B" title="Валпургијска ноћ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валпургијска ноћ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpurgina_no%C4%87" title="Valpurgina noć – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valpurgina noć" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vappu" title="Vappu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vappu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valborgsm%C3%A4ssoafton" title="Valborgsmässoafton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valborgsmässoafton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87" title="Вальпургієва ніч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вальпургієва ніч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9" title="والپورجس نائٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والپورجس نائٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%9C" title="沃普尔吉斯之夜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃普尔吉斯之夜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 February 2025, at 14:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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