CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="sv" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kontamination – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )svwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","mars","april","maj","juni","juli","augusti","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"d53a11ae-e350-412d-a7bb-b4d9225c85db","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kontamination","wgTitle":"Kontamination","wgCurRevisionId":55866956,"wgRevisionId":55866956,"wgArticleId":347984,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia:Projekt översätta källmallar","Enwp","Wikipedia:Sidor med mallen Auktoritetsdata utan referenser i Wikidata","Termer inom vetenskap","Analytisk kemi","Geokemi","Miljövetenskap"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"sv","wgPageContentLanguage":"sv","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kontamination","wgRelevantArticleId":347984,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Kontaminering","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"sv","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"sv"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Kontamination","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q60528603","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.babel":"ready","ext.gadget.geo":"ready","ext.gadget.warnings":"ready","ext.gadget.tags":"ready","ext.gadget.error":"ready","ext.gadget.referenser":"ready","ext.gadget.printonly":"ready","ext.gadget.tables":"ready","ext.gadget.toccolours":"ready","ext.gadget.smallTagFontSize":"ready","ext.gadget.videoPlayButton":"ready","ext.gadget.WikidataDescriptionStyles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.editsection0","ext.gadget.ProtectionIndicators","ext.gadget.GeoboxLocatorMulti","ext.gadget.InterwikiBadges","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.NewSection","ext.gadget.ExkluderaRobotskapadeSidor","ext.gadget.Nearby","ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks","ext.gadget.cgiircbox","ext.gadget.withJS","ext.gadget.CommonsFileLinks","ext.gadget.tableSorterCollation","ext.gadget.WikidataDescription","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.gadget.WikidataDescriptionStyles%2Cbabel%2Cerror%2Cgeo%2Cprintonly%2Creferenser%2CsmallTagFontSize%2Ctables%2Ctags%2Ctoccolours%2CvideoPlayButton%2Cwarnings&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kontamination – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontamination"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Redigera" href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (sv)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontamination"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-flöde" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kontamination rootpage-Kontamination skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hoppa till innehållet</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Huvudmeny" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Huvudmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Huvudmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sv.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:S%C3%B6k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Sök</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Sök på Wikipedia" aria-label="Sök på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Kontamination" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Kontamination" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Kontamination" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Kontamination" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Typer_av_kontamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typer_av_kontamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Typer av kontamination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typer_av_kontamination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Typer av kontamination</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typer_av_kontamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kemisk_kontamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemisk_kontamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kemisk kontamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemisk_kontamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miljöförorening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miljöförorening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Miljöförorening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miljöförorening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordbruksförorening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordbruksförorening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jordbruksförorening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordbruksförorening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontaminering_av_livsmedel,_drycker_och_läkemedel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontaminering_av_livsmedel,_drycker_och_läkemedel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kontaminering av livsmedel, drycker och läkemedel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontaminering_av_livsmedel,_drycker_och_läkemedel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioaktiv_kontamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioaktiv_kontamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Radioaktiv kontamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioaktiv_kontamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontaminerade_prover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontaminerade_prover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Kontaminerade prover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontaminerade_prover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innehållsförteckning" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kontamination</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 16 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="تلويث – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلويث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Contamination" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7)" title="آلودگی (محیط) – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی (محیط)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contamination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="संदूषण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%87enje" title="Onečišćenje – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Onečišćenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontaminasi" title="Kontaminasi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontaminasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קונטמינציה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונטמינציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="コンタミネーション – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンタミネーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontaminacja_(ekologia)" title="Kontaminacja (ekologia) – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontaminacja (ekologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Контаминант – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контаминант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontaminaatio" title="Kontaminaatio – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kontaminaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontaminasyon" title="Kontaminasyon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kontaminasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%9D%E1%8F%85" title="ᎧᏁᏌᏝᏅ – cherokesiska" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏁᏌᏝᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula%C5%9Fma" title="Bulaşma – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Забрудненість – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забрудненість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60528603#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kontamination" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Kontamination" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kontamination"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kontamination"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Kontamination" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Kontamination" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&oldid=55866956" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Kontamination&id=55866956&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKontamination"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKontamination"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kontamination"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kontamination&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contamination" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60528603" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Omdirigerad från <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontaminering&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontaminering">Kontaminering</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Kontamination är även ett begrepp inom grammatiken, se <a href="/wiki/Kontamination_(grammatik)" title="Kontamination (grammatik)">kontamination (grammatik)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p><b>Kontamination</b> eller <b>kontaminering</b> betyder att någonting har blivit <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rorening" class="mw-redirect" title="Förorening">förorenat</a></i>, utsatt för något främmande på ett sådant sätt att detta inte kan rättas till. Det är alltså fråga om en för ändamålet mer problematisk händelse än vanlig nedsmutsning. Ordet kommer av latinets <i>contaminare</i> som betyder befläcka. Ordet kontamination säger ingenting om det främmande ämnets eventuella <a href="/wiki/Giftighet" class="mw-redirect" title="Giftighet">giftighet</a> eller farlighet. Ordet används i samband med <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">radioaktivitet</a> samt i samband med kemiska, <a href="/wiki/Bakteriologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriologi">bakteriologiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Medicin_(vetenskap)" title="Medicin (vetenskap)">medicinska</a> analyser.<sup id="cite_ref-MWContaminate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWContaminate-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonovanContam01-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RamstorpInto08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamstorpInto08-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motsatsen är <i>dekontaminering</i> (eller <i>dekontamination</i>), alltså rengöring från en förorening. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typer_av_kontamination">Typer av kontamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Typer av kontamination" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Typer av kontamination"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom vetenskapen kan ordet "kontamination" anta en mängd olika subtila betydelseskillnader, oavsett om föroreningen är en fast substans eller en vätska,<sup id="cite_ref-RamstorpInto08_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamstorpInto08-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> såväl som variationen i miljön som föroreningen befinns vara i.<sup id="cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonovanContam01-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En förorening kan till och med vara mer abstrakt, som i fallet med en oönskad energikälla som kan störa en process.<sup id="cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonovanContam01-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Följande representerar exempel på olika typer av kontaminering baserat på dessa och andra avvikelser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemisk_kontamination">Kemisk kontamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kemisk kontamination" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kemisk kontamination"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom kemi beskriver termen "kontamination" vanligtvis en enskild beståndsdel, men inom specialiserade områden kan termen också betyda kemiska blandningar, till och med upp till nivån av cellulära material. Alla kemikalier innehåller en viss grad av <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rorening" class="mw-redirect" title="Förorening">förorening</a>. Kontaminering kan kännas igen eller inte och kan bli ett problem om den orena kemikalien orsakar ytterligare kemiska reaktioner när den blandas med andra kemikalier eller blandningar. Kemiska reaktioner till följd av närvaron av en förorening kan ibland vara fördelaktiga, i vilket fall etiketten "förorening" kan ersättas med "<a href="/wiki/Reaktant" title="Reaktant">reaktant</a>" eller "<a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a>". (Detta kan vara sant även inom fysikalisk kemi, där till exempel införandet av en förorening i en inneboende <a href="/wiki/Halvledare" title="Halvledare">halvledare</a> positivt ökar <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktivitet">konduktiviteten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoudgilText14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoudgilText14-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Om de ytterligare reaktionerna är skadliga, används ofta andra termer som "<a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gift</a>", eller förorening , beroende på vilken typ av <a href="/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl">molekyl</a> som är berörd.<sup id="cite_ref-AltersBio00_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltersBio00-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemisk dekontaminering av ämnet kan uppnås genom nedbrytning, neutralisering och fysikaliska processer, även om en tydlig förståelse av den underliggande kemin krävs.<sup id="cite_ref-MidcalfPharma04_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MidcalfPharma04-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kontaminering av läkemedel är notoriskt farligt och skapar både perceptuella och tekniska utmaningar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miljöförorening"><span id="Milj.C3.B6f.C3.B6rorening"></span>Miljöförorening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Miljöförorening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Miljöförorening"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B6kemi" title="Miljökemi">miljökemi</a> är termen "kontamination" i vissa fall praktiskt taget likvärdig med <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rorening" class="mw-redirect" title="Förorening">förorening</a>, där huvudintresset är den skada som i stor skala görs på människor, organismer eller miljöer. En miljöförorening kan vara kemisk till sin natur, även om den också kan vara ett biologiskt (patogena <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasiva_arter" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasiva arter">invasiva arter</a>) eller fysiska (energi) medel.<sup id="cite_ref-ValleroEnviro10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValleroEnviro10-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miljöövervakning är en mekanism som är tillgänglig för forskare för att upptäcka föroreningsaktiviteter tidigt innan de blir alltför skadliga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordbruksförorening"><span id="Jordbruksf.C3.B6rorening"></span>Jordbruksförorening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Jordbruksförorening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Jordbruksförorening"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En annan typ av miljöföroreningar kan hittas i form av genetiskt modifierade organismer (<a href="/wiki/GMO" class="mw-redirect" title="GMO">GMO</a>), särskilt när de kommer i kontakt med <a href="/wiki/Ekologiskt_jordbruk" title="Ekologiskt jordbruk">ekologiskt jordbruk</a>. Denna typ av förorening kan leda till att en gård decertifieras.<sup id="cite_ref-PaullOrganic14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaullOrganic14-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna typ av kontaminering kan ibland vara svår att kontrollera, vilket kräver mekanismer för att kompensera jordbrukare där det har förekommit kontaminering av GMO.<sup id="cite_ref-PaullComp18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaullComp18-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En parlamentarisk utredning i västra <a href="/wiki/Australien" title="Australien">Australien</a> övervägde en rad alternativ för att kompensera jordbrukare vars gårdar hade smittats av genetiskt modifierade organismer, men beslutade sig till slut att inte rekommendera några åtgärder.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontaminering_av_livsmedel,_drycker_och_läkemedel"><span id="Kontaminering_av_livsmedel.2C_drycker_och_l.C3.A4kemedel"></span>Kontaminering av livsmedel, drycker och läkemedel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kontaminering av livsmedel, drycker och läkemedel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kontaminering av livsmedel, drycker och läkemedel"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Livsmedelskemi" title="Livsmedelskemi">livsmedelskemi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Medicinsk_kemi" title="Medicinsk kemi">medicinsk kemi</a> används termen "kontamination" för att beskriva skadliga intrång, såsom närvaron av toxiner eller <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogener</a> i livsmedel eller farmaceutiska droger.<sup id="cite_ref-MidcalfPharma04_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MidcalfPharma04-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BohrerSources12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BohrerSources12-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DikemanEncyclo14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DikemanEncyclo14-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilsonMicro08_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonMicro08-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioaktiv_kontamination">Radioaktiv kontamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Radioaktiv kontamination" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Radioaktiv kontamination"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I miljöer där <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rns%C3%A4kerhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kärnsäkerhet">kärnsäkerhet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A5lskydd" title="Strålskydd">strålskydd</a> krävs är radioaktiv kontaminering ett problem. Radioaktiva ämnen kan förekomma på ytor eller i fasta ämnen, vätskor eller gaser (även människokroppen), där deras närvaro är oavsiktlig eller oönskad och processer kan ge upphov till deras närvaro på sådana platser.<sup id="cite_ref-IAEASafety07_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEASafety07-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAEAProgrammes10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEAProgrammes10-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exempel på radioaktiv kontaminering är: </p> <ul><li>resterande radioaktivt material som finns kvar på en plats efter avslutad avveckling av en plats där det funnits en <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rnreaktor" title="Kärnreaktor">kärnreaktor</a>, såsom ett kraftverk, experimentreaktor, isotopreaktor eller ett kärnkraftsdrivet fartyg eller ubåt.<sup id="cite_ref-ChatzisDecomm17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChatzisDecomm17-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>intaget eller absorberat radioaktivt material som kontaminerar en biologisk enhet, oavsett om det är oavsiktligt eller avsiktligt (som med radiofarmaka)<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordRadiation17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordRadiation17-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>spridning av element efter kärnkraftsolycka, som kontamineringen av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jod-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jod-131 [inte skriven än]">jod-131</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesium-137&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesium-137 [inte skriven än]">cesium-137</a> efter kärnkraftskatastrofen i <a href="/wiki/Tjernobyl" title="Tjernobyl">Tjernobyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Observera att termen "radioaktiv kontaminering" kan ha en konnotation som inte är avsedd. Termen hänvisar endast till förekomsten av <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">radioaktivitet</a> och ger i sig ingen indikation på omfattningen av den inblandade faran. Radioaktivitet kan dock mätas som en kvantitet på en given plats eller på en yta, eller på en ytenhet av en yta, till exempel en kvadratmeter eller centimeter. Liksom miljöövervakning kan strålningsövervakning användas för att fånga upp föroreningsorsakande aktiviteter innan skada inträffar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontaminerade_prover">Kontaminerade prover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kontaminerade prover" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kontaminerade prover"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg/250px-Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg/375px-Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg/500px-Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Kontamination på en <a href="/wiki/Agarplatta" title="Agarplatta">agarplatta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inom de biologiska vetenskaperna kan oavsiktlig introduktion av "främmande" material allvarligt förvränga resultaten av experiment där små prover används. I de fall där kontaminanten är en levande <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganism" title="Mikroorganism">mikroorganism</a> kan den ofta föröka sig för att dominera provet och göra det oanvändbart, som i kontaminerade <a href="/wiki/Cellodling" title="Cellodling">cellodlingslinjer</a>. En liknande effekt kan ses inom <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geokemi" title="Geokemi">geokemi</a> och <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>, där till och med några få korn av ett material kan förvränga resultaten av sofistikerade experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-AbzalovApplied16_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbzalovApplied16-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a href="/wiki/Engelskspr%C3%A5kiga_Wikipedia" title="Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination">Contamination</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contamination&oldid=1237312937">29 juli 2024</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MWContaminate-1"><a href="#cite_ref-MWContaminate_1-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"> "contaminate". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Hämtad 11 april 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DonovanContam01-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DonovanContam01_2-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDonovan,_R.P.2001">Donovan, R.P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW3eae3e9eQC&pg=PA1">”1. Introduction”</a>. i Donovan, R.P.. <i><span>Contamination-Free Manufacturing for Semiconductors and Other Precision Products</span></i>. CRC Press. Sid. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780824703806" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780824703806">ISBN 9780824703806</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW3eae3e9eQC&pg=PA1">https://books.google.com/books?id=BW3eae3e9eQC&pg=PA1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 juli 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=1.+Introduction&rft.atitle=Contamination-Free+Manufacturing+for+Semiconductors+and+Other+Precision+Products&rft.aulast=Donovan%2C+R.P.&rft.au=Donovan%2C+R.P.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%933&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9780824703806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBW3eae3e9eQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RamstorpInto08-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-RamstorpInto08_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RamstorpInto08_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRamstorp,_M.2008">Ramstorp, M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hdk_KCSYdVIC&pg=PA20">”2. Contaminants”</a>. <i><span>Introduction to Contamination Control and Cleanroom Technology</span></i>. John Wiley & Sons. Sid. 20–26. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9783527613137" title="Special:Bokkällor/9783527613137">ISBN 9783527613137</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 juli 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=2.+Contaminants&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Contamination+Control+and+Cleanroom+Technology&rft.aulast=Ramstorp%2C+M.&rft.au=Ramstorp%2C+M.&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B20%E2%80%9326&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9783527613137&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoudgilText14-4"><a href="#cite_ref-MoudgilText14_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMoudgil,_H.K.2014">Moudgil, H.K. (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWfkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA278">Textbook of Physical Chemistry</a></i>. PHI Learning. Sid. 278. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9788120350625" title="Special:Bokkällor/9788120350625">ISBN 9788120350625</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWfkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA278">https://books.google.com/books?id=qWfkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA278</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Moudgil%2C+H.K.&rft.au=Moudgil%2C+H.K.&rft.date=2014&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B278&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft.isbn=9788120350625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWfkBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AltersBio00-5"><a href="#cite_ref-AltersBio00_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFAlters,_S.2000">Alters, S. (2000). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA828">Biology: Understanding Life</a></i>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Sid. 828. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780763708375" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780763708375">ISBN 9780763708375</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA828">https://books.google.com/books?id=GRDUIbQwGc8C&pg=PA828</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Understanding+Life&rft.aulast=Alters%2C+S.&rft.au=Alters%2C+S.&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B828&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.isbn=9780763708375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRDUIbQwGc8C%26pg%3DPA828&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MidcalfPharma04-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-MidcalfPharma04_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MidcalfPharma04_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMidcalf,_B.2004">Midcalf, B. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFaKhSPhoakC&pg=PA239">Pharmaceutical Isolators: A Guide to Their Application, Design and Control</a></i>. Pharmaceutical Press. Sid. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780853695738" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780853695738">ISBN 9780853695738</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFaKhSPhoakC&pg=PA239">https://books.google.com/books?id=XFaKhSPhoakC&pg=PA239</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Isolators%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+Application%2C+Design+and+Control&rft.aulast=Midcalf%2C+B.&rft.au=Midcalf%2C+B.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B88%E2%80%9389&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.isbn=9780853695738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFaKhSPhoakC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFAbdinYeboahJacob2020">Abdin, Ahmad Yaman; Yeboah, Prince; Jacob, Claus (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038150">”Chemical Impurities: An Epistemological Riddle with Serious Side Effects”</a> (på engelska). <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i> 17 (3): sid. 1030. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17031030">10.3390/ijerph17031030</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32041209?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:32041209">PMID 32041209</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemical+Impurities%3A+An+Epistemological+Riddle+with+Serious+Side+Effects&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.aulast=Abdin&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Yaman&rft.au=Abdin%2C+Ahmad+Yaman&rft.au=Yeboah%2C+Prince&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Claus&rft.date=January+2020&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B1030&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijerph17031030&rft_id=info:pmid/32041209&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ValleroEnviro10-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ValleroEnviro10_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFVallero,_D.A.2010">Vallero, D.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pELzLWVn4rwC&pg=PA289">”6. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry”</a>. <i><span>Environmental Contaminants: Assessment and Control</span></i>. Elsevier. Sid. 289–332. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780080470351" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780080470351">ISBN 9780080470351</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=6.+Fundamentals+of+Environmental+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Environmental+Contaminants%3A+Assessment+and+Control&rft.aulast=Vallero%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Vallero%2C+D.A.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B289%E2%80%93332&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780080470351&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaullOrganic14-9"><a href="#cite_ref-PaullOrganic14_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPaull,_J.2014">Paull, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/91/index.html">”Editorial: Organic Versus GMO Farming: Contamination, What Contamination?”</a>. <i>Journal of Organic Systems</i> 9 (1): sid. 2–4<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/91/index.html">http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/91/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Organic+Versus+GMO+Farming%3A+Contamination%2C+What+Contamination%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organic+Systems&rft.aulast=Paull%2C+J.&rft.au=Paull%2C+J.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B2%E2%80%934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.organic-systems.org%2Fjournal%2F91%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaullComp18-10"><a href="#cite_ref-PaullComp18_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFPaull,_J.2018">Paull, J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgprints.org/33919/">”Compensation for GMO contamination”</a>. <i>International Sustainable Development Research Society Newsletter</i> (3): sid. 8<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://orgprints.org/33919/">http://orgprints.org/33919/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Compensation+for+GMO+contamination&rft.jtitle=International+Sustainable+Development+Research+Society+Newsletter&rft.aulast=Paull%2C+J.&rft.au=Paull%2C+J.&rft.date=2018&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F33919%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Paull, John (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40200835/Contamination_of_Farms_by_Genetically_Modified_Organisms_GMOs_Options_for_Compensation">Contamination of Farms by Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Options for Compensation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921081224/https://www.academia.edu/40200835/Contamination_of_Farms_by_Genetically_Modified_Organisms_GMOs_Options_for_Compensation">Arkiverad</a> 2019-09-21, Journal of Organics, 6(1):31–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BohrerSources12-12"><a href="#cite_ref-BohrerSources12_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBohrer,_D.2012">Bohrer, D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-u6D7mbNdcC">”Preface”</a>. <i><span>Sources of Contamination in Medicinal Products and Medical Devices</span></i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9781118449059" title="Special:Bokkällor/9781118449059">ISBN 9781118449059</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-u6D7mbNdcC">https://books.google.com/books?id=w-u6D7mbNdcC</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Preface&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Contamination+in+Medicinal+Products+and+Medical+Devices&rft.aulast=Bohrer%2C+D.&rft.au=Bohrer%2C+D.&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=9781118449059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-u6D7mbNdcC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DikemanEncyclo14-13"><a href="#cite_ref-DikemanEncyclo14_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRose,_M.2014">Rose, M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL9dAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA497">”Environmental Contaminants”</a>. i Dikeman, M.. <i><span>Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences</span></i>. "1" (2nd). Elsevier. Sid. 497–501. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780123847348" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780123847348">ISBN 9780123847348</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Environmental+Contaminants&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Meat+Sciences&rft.aulast=Rose%2C+M.&rft.au=Rose%2C+M.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B497%E2%80%93501&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.isbn=9780123847348&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonMicro08-14"><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonMicro08_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFWilson,_C.L.2008">Wilson, C.L., red (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUPgf8NUIXIC">”Preface: Food—A necessity and a threat”</a>. <i><span>Microbial Food Contamination</span></i>. CRC Press. Sid. xi–xvi. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9781420008470" title="Special:Bokkällor/9781420008470">ISBN 9781420008470</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUPgf8NUIXIC">https://books.google.com/books?id=zUPgf8NUIXIC</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Preface%3A+Food%E2%80%94A+necessity+and+a+threat&rft.atitle=Microbial+Food+Contamination&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3Bxi%E2%80%93xvi&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.isbn=9781420008470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUPgf8NUIXIC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ogbede, J.U., Giaever, G. & Nislow, C. A genome-wide portrait of pervasive drug contaminants. Sci Rep 11, 12487 (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91792-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91792-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204041501/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91792-1">Arkiverad</a> 2021-12-04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEASafety07-16"><a href="#cite_ref-IAEASafety07_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFInternational_Atomic_Energy_Agency2007">International Atomic Energy Agency (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf">IAEA Safety Glossary: Terminology Used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection, 2007 Edition</a></i>. International Atomic Energy Agency. Sid. 227. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9201007070" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9201007070">ISBN 978-9201007070</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf">https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAEA+Safety+Glossary%3A+Terminology+Used+in+Nuclear+Safety+and+Radiation+Protection%2C+2007+Edition&rft.aulast=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.au=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B227&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.isbn=978-9201007070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-pub.iaea.org%2FMTCD%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FPub1290_web.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAEAProgrammes10-17"><a href="#cite_ref-IAEAProgrammes10_17-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFInternational_Atomic_Energy_Agency2010">International Atomic Energy Agency (2010). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/8242/programmes-and-systems-for-source-and-environmental-radiation-monitoring">Programmes and Systems for Source and Environmental Radiation Monitoring, Safety Reporsts Series No. 64</a></i>. International Atomic Energy Agency. Sid. 234. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789201124098" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789201124098">ISBN 9789201124098</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/8242/programmes-and-systems-for-source-and-environmental-radiation-monitoring">https://www.iaea.org/publications/8242/programmes-and-systems-for-source-and-environmental-radiation-monitoring</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programmes+and+Systems+for+Source+and+Environmental+Radiation+Monitoring%2C+Safety+Reporsts+Series+No.+64&rft.aulast=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.au=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B234&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.isbn=9789201124098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fpublications%2F8242%2Fprogrammes-and-systems-for-source-and-environmental-radiation-monitoring&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChatzisDecomm17-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ChatzisDecomm17_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFChatzis,_I.2017">Chatzis, I. (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/decommissioning-and-environmental-remediation-an-overview">”Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation: IAEA Conference to Start on Monday”</a>. <i><span>Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation: IAEA Conference to Start on Monday</span></i>. International Atomic Energy Agency<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/decommissioning-and-environmental-remediation-an-overview">https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/decommissioning-and-environmental-remediation-an-overview</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Decommissioning+and+Environmental+Remediation%3A+IAEA+Conference+to+Start+on+Monday&rft.atitle=Decommissioning+and+Environmental+Remediation%3A+IAEA+Conference+to+Start+on+Monday&rft.aulast=Chatzis%2C+I.&rft.au=Chatzis%2C+I.&rft.date=26+July+2017&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fnewscenter%2Fnews%2Fdecommissioning-and-environmental-remediation-an-overview&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanfordRadiation17-19"><a href="#cite_ref-StanfordRadiation17_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFStanford_Environmental_Health_and_Safety2017">Stanford Environmental Health and Safety (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehs.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sops/Hospital-Guidance-document.pdf">”Radiation Protection Guidance for Hospital Staff”</a>. <i><span>Radiation Protection Guidance for Hospital Staff</span></i>. 21<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ehs.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sops/Hospital-Guidance-document.pdf">https://ehs.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sops/Hospital-Guidance-document.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Radiation+Protection+Guidance+for+Hospital+Staff&rft.atitle=Radiation+Protection+Guidance+for+Hospital+Staff&rft.aulast=Stanford+Environmental+Health+and+Safety&rft.au=Stanford+Environmental+Health+and+Safety&rft.date=29+June+2017&rft.pages=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehs.stanford.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsops%2FHospital-Guidance-document.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFvon_Wehrden2011">von Wehrden, Henrik (28 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/consequences-of-nuclear-accidents-for-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services(0f971799-c8ce-422e-844c-6e0ec1ae1b0a).html">”Consequences of nuclear accidents for biodiversity and ecosystem services”</a>. <i>Conservation Letters</i> 5 (2): sid. 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-263X.2011.00217.x">10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00217.x</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/consequences-of-nuclear-accidents-for-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services(0f971799-c8ce-422e-844c-6e0ec1ae1b0a).html">http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/consequences-of-nuclear-accidents-for-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services(0f971799-c8ce-422e-844c-6e0ec1ae1b0a).html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Consequences+of+nuclear+accidents+for+biodiversity+and+ecosystem+services&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Letters&rft.aulast=von+Wehrden&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft.au=von+Wehrden%2C+Henrik&rft.date=28+December+2011&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B81%E2%80%9389&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1755-263X.2011.00217.x&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffox.leuphana.de%2Fportal%2Fde%2Fpublications%2Fconsequences-of-nuclear-accidents-for-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services%280f971799-c8ce-422e-844c-6e0ec1ae1b0a%29.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbzalovApplied16-21"><a href="#cite_ref-AbzalovApplied16_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFAbzalov,_M.2016">Abzalov, M. (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387">Applied Mining Geology</a></i>. Springer. Sid. 387. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9783319392646" title="Special:Bokkällor/9783319392646">ISBN 9783319392646</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387">https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 april 2019</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Mining+Geology&rft.aulast=Abzalov%2C+M.&rft.au=Abzalov%2C+M.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=Sid.%26nbsp%3B387&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=9783319392646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOy3RDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kontamination"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contamination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Contamination">kontaminering</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&oldid=55866956">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&oldid=55866956</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Termer_inom_vetenskap" title="Kategori:Termer inom vetenskap">Termer inom vetenskap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Analytisk_kemi" title="Kategori:Analytisk kemi">Analytisk kemi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Geokemi" title="Kategori:Geokemi">Geokemi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Milj%C3%B6vetenskap" title="Kategori:Miljövetenskap">Miljövetenskap</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia:Projekt_%C3%B6vers%C3%A4tta_k%C3%A4llmallar" title="Kategori:Wikipedia:Projekt översätta källmallar">Wikipedia:Projekt översätta källmallar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Enwp" title="Kategori:Enwp">Enwp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia:Sidor_med_mallen_Auktoritetsdata_utan_referenser_i_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Wikipedia:Sidor med mallen Auktoritetsdata utan referenser i Wikidata">Wikipedia:Sidor med mallen Auktoritetsdata utan referenser i Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 4 september 2024 kl. 20.24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. För bilder, se respektive bildsida (klicka på bilden). Se vidare <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Upphovsr%C3%A4tt" title="Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt">Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt</a> och <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">användarvillkor</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Wikimedias integritetspolicy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Om">Om Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Allm%C3%A4nt_f%C3%B6rbeh%C3%A5ll">Förbehåll</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Uppförandekod</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Utvecklare</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sv.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Information om kakor</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//sv.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kontamination&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilvy</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Sök</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Sök på Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kontamination</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 språk</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nytt ämne</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-6mnxw","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.247","walltime":"0.298","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11140,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":85190,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30825,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":35817,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 244.061 1 -total"," 46.13% 112.573 18 Mall:Citation/core"," 36.63% 89.403 12 Mall:Cite_book"," 18.37% 44.843 1 Mall:Commonscat_WD"," 12.17% 29.697 1 Mall:Auktoritetsdata"," 11.92% 29.102 15 Mall:Date"," 11.40% 27.832 1 Mall:Enwp"," 10.33% 25.209 4 Mall:Cite_journal"," 10.18% 24.843 1 Mall:Artikelursprung"," 4.53% 11.052 12 Mall:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.052","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1825098,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-698dc6dd7b-6xw8d","timestamp":"20250304075419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kontamination","url":"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kontamination","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q60528603","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q60528603","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bidragsgivare till Wikimedia-projekten"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-08T11:39:48Z","dateModified":"2024-09-04T19:24:26Z"}</script> </body> </html>