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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Parliamentary parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-parliamentary_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-parliamentary_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-parliamentary parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-parliamentary_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83" title="الحكم النمساوي المجري للبوسنة والهرسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحكم النمساوي المجري للبوسنة والهرسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_imperial_de_Bosnia_y_Herzegovina" title="Provincia imperial de Bosnia y Herzegovina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Provincia imperial de Bosnia y Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniya_v%C9%99_Herseqovina_kondominiumu" title="Bosniya və Herseqovina kondominiumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bosniya və Herseqovina kondominiumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_i_Hercegovina_u_Austro-Ugarskoj" title="Bosna i Hercegovina u Austro-Ugarskoj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bosna i Hercegovina u Austro-Ugarskoj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakousko-uhersk%C3%A1_okupace_Bosny_a_Hercegoviny" title="Rakousko-uherská okupace Bosny a Hercegoviny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakousko-uherská okupace Bosny a Hercegoviny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondominium_Bosnien_und_Herzegowina" title="Kondominium Bosnien und Herzegowina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kondominium Bosnien und Herzegowina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Ungari_v%C3%B5im_Bosnias_ja_Hertsegoviinas" title="Austria-Ungari võim Bosnias ja Hertsegoviinas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austria-Ungari võim Bosnias ja Hertsegoviinas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Συγκυριαρχία της Βοσνίας και Ερζεγοβίνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγκυριαρχία της Βοσνίας και Ερζεγοβίνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_imperial_de_Bosnia_y_Herzegovina" title="Provincia imperial de Bosnia y Herzegovina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia imperial de Bosnia y Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_de_Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine" title="Condominium de Bosnie-Herzégovine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Condominium de Bosnie-Herzégovine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="보스니아 헤르체고비나 공동통치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스니아 헤르체고비나 공동통치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_i_Hercegovina_u_Austro-Ugarskoj" title="Bosna i Hercegovina u Austro-Ugarskoj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bosna i Hercegovina u Austro-Ugarskoj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan_Austria-Hungaria_di_Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Kekuasaan Austria-Hungaria di Bosnia dan Herzegovina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekuasaan Austria-Hungaria di Bosnia dan Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amministrazione_austro-ungarica_in_Bosnia_ed_Erzegovina" title="Amministrazione austro-ungarica in Bosnia ed Erzegovina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amministrazione austro-ungarica in Bosnia ed Erzegovina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="השלטון האוסטרו-הונגרי בבוסניה והרצגובינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השלטון האוסטרו-הונגרי בבוסניה והרצגובינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosznia-Hercegovinai_Kondom%C3%ADnium" title="Bosznia-Hercegovinai Kondomínium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bosznia-Hercegovinai Kondomínium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Австроунгарска Босна и Херцеговина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австроунгарска Босна и Херцеговина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Austria-Hungary_di_Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Pemerintahan Austria-Hungary di Bosnia dan Herzegovina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan Austria-Hungary di Bosnia dan Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijks-Hongaars_bestuur_van_Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegovina" title="Oostenrijks-Hongaars bestuur van Bosnië en Herzegovina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostenrijks-Hongaars bestuur van Bosnië en Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%9B%BD%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B4%E3%83%93%E3%83%8A" title="共同統治国ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共同統治国ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okupacja_Bo%C5%9Bni_i_Hercegowiny_przez_Austro-W%C4%99gry" title="Okupacja Bośni i Hercegowiny przez Austro-Węgry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okupacja Bośni i Hercegowiny przez Austro-Węgry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom%C3%ADnio_da_B%C3%B3snia_e_Herzegovina" title="Condomínio da Bósnia e Herzegovina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condomínio da Bósnia e Herzegovina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_%C8%99i_Her%C8%9Begovina_%C3%AEn_Austro-Ungaria" title="Bosnia și Herțegovina în Austro-Ungaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bosnia și Herțegovina în Austro-Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кондоминиум Босния и Герцеговина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кондоминиум Босния и Герцеговина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Босна и Херцеговина (Аустроугарска) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Босна и Херцеговина (Аустроугарска)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_i_Hercegovina_(Austro-Ugarska)" title="Bosna i Hercegovina (Austro-Ugarska) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bosna i Hercegovina (Austro-Ugarska)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1878–1918 period of rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span class="nowrap">Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">Kondominijum Bosna i Hercegovina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Кондоминијум Босна и Херцеговина</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian Cyrillic</a>)<br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kondominium Bosnien und Herzegowina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Bosznia-Hercegovinai Kondomínium</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1878–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bosnia_(1908%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Flag of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1889%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Coat of arms of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281889%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisleithania,_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (shown in blue) within Austria-Hungary (shown in pink and green)"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina (shown in blue) within Austria-Hungary (shown in pink and green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/250px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/375px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/500px-Cisleithania%2C_Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Bosnia and Herzegovina (shown in blue) within Austria-Hungary (shown in pink and green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="German Language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Monarchy">Constitutional Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King-Emperor#In_Austria-Hungary" title="King-Emperor">Emperor-King of Austria-Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878–1916 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1916–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Joint Minister of Finance</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878–1880 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_von_Hofmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold von Hofmann (page does not exist)">Leopold von Hofmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Friedrich_von_Hofmann" class="extiw" title="de:Leopold Friedrich von Hofmann">de</a>]</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spitzm%C3%BCller" title="Alexander Spitzmüller">Alexander Spitzmüller</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#Governors">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josip_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Josip Filipović">Josip Filipović</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1914–1918 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87" title="Stjepan Sarkotić">Stjepan Sarkotić</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Bosnia" title="Diet of Bosnia">Diet</a> (after 1910)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1878</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1908</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">Secession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1879 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,184,164</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1885 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,336,091</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1895 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,568,092</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,898,044</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">Kruna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_vilayet" title="Bosnia vilayet">Bosnia vilayet</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Slovenes%2C_Croats_and_Serbs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> fell under <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> rule in 1878, when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> approved the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia Vilayet</a>, which officially remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Three decades later, in 1908, Austria-Hungary provoked the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> by formally annexing the occupied zone, establishing the <b>Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina</b> under the joint control of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transleithania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transleithania">Hungary</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation">Occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salih_Vilajetovic_(Hadzi_Lojo)_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg/220px-Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg/330px-Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg/440px-Salih_Vilajetovic_%28Hadzi_Lojo%29_preaches_insurrection_in_the_front_of_the_gates_of_Sarajevo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Lojo" title="Hadži Lojo">Hadži Lojo</a> preaching insurrection before the gates of Sarajevo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG/220px-Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG/330px-Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG/440px-Storming_of_the_castle_of_Sarajevo_1878.JPG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Austro-Hungarian forces storming Sarajevo</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section should include only a <strong>brief</strong> summary of <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, in June and July 1878 the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> caused Bosnia and Herzegovina to nominally remain under sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200713_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200713-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was de facto ceded to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, which also obtained the right to garrison the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. According to article 25: </p> <blockquote> <p>The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary. The government of Austria-Hungary, not desiring to undertake the administration of the Sanjak of Novi-Pazar, which extends between Serbia and Montenegro in a South-Easterly direction to the other side of Mitrovitza, the Ottoman administration will continue to exercise its functions there. Nevertheless, in order to assure the maintenance of the new political state of affairs, as well as freedom and security of communications, Austria-Hungary reserves the right of keeping garrisons and having military and commercial roads in the whole of this part of the ancient vilayet of Bosnia. To this end the governments of Austria-Hungary and Turkey reserve to themselves to come to an understanding on the details.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> engaged in a major mobilization effort to prepare for the assault on Bosnia and Herzegovina,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000289–291_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000289–291-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanding by the end of June 1878 a force of 82,113 troops, 13,313 horses and 112 cannons in the VI, VII, XX, and XVIII infantry divisions as well as a rear army in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000299_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000299-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary commander was <a href="/wiki/Josip_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Josip Filipović">Josip Filipović</a>; the forward XVIII infantry division was under the command <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Jovanović">Stjepan Jovanović</a>, while the rear army commander in Dalmatia was <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Rodi%C4%87" title="Gavrilo Rodić">Gavrilo Rodić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000294_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000294-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina started on 29 July 1878 and was over on 20 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000304_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000304-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman army</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time consisted of roughly 40,000 troops with 77 cannons, that, when combined with local militias, totalled around 93,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000301_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000301-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austro-Hungarian troops were occasionally met with ferocious opposition from elements of both Muslim and Orthodox populations there, and significant battles occurred near <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Citluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Čitluk">Čitluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stolac" title="Stolac">Stolac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livno" title="Livno">Livno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klobuk_(Trebinje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Klobuk (Trebinje)">Klobuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000302–303_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000302–303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite setbacks at <a href="/wiki/Maglaj" title="Maglaj">Maglaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> was occupied in October 1878. Austro-Hungarian casualties amounted to over 5,000 and the unexpected violence of the campaign led to recriminations between commanders and political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976101-02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976101-02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fierce resistance from Muslims was expected as Austro-Hungarians realized their occupation meant that Bosnian Muslims would lose their privileged status based on their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200713_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200713-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly Herzegovina) and a mass emigration of predominantly Muslim dissidents occurred. However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms which intended to make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>". With the aim of establishing the province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, Habsburg rule did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices, and generally to provide for modernization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_relations">Ethnic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_(Minister_of_Finance,_Austria_Hungary)_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg/220px-Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg/330px-Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg/440px-Herr_von_K%C3%A1llay_%28Minister_of_Finance%2C_Austria_Hungary%29_1899_Ede_Ellinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Béni Kállay, the Austro-Hungarian minister of finance in charge for governing Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> <p>The Austro-Hungarian administration advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. Joint Imperial Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_K%C3%A1llay" title="Béni Kállay">Béni Kállay</a> thus endorsed <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian nationalism">Bosnian nationalism</a> in the form of <i>Bošnjaštvo</i> ("Bosniakhood") with the aim to inspire in Bosnia's people a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful nation'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugar1963201_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugar1963201-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and viewed <a href="/wiki/Bosnians" title="Bosnians">Bosnians</a> as "<i>speaking the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian language</a> and divided into three religions with equal rights.</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200874–76_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200874–76-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1861 and 1869, <a href="/wiki/Topal_Osman_Pasha" title="Topal Osman Pasha">Topal Osman Pasha</a>, an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand vizier</a> had striven to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200717-18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200717-18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the one hand, these policies attempted to insulate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> neighbours (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Ottoman Empire) and to marginalize the already circulating ideas of Serbian and Croatian nationhood among Bosnia's Orthodox and Catholic communities, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Habsburg administrators precisely used the existing ideas of nationhood (especially Bosnian folklore and symbolism) in order to promote their own version of <i>Bošnjak</i> patriotism that aligned with loyalty to the Habsburg state. Habsburg policies are thus best described not as anti-national, but as cultivating their own style of pro-imperial nationalism. This policy had mixed results. Overall, most Serb and Croat politicians ultimately ignored or opposed the policy, but Serb and Croat politicians also tried and failed to secure the allegiance of Bosnian Muslim constituencies. At the same time, Austro-Hungarian officials actively promoted Bosnia and Herzegovina as new and flourishing crownlands. Habsburg officials publicized numerous exhibits on Bosnian history, folklore, and archaeology, with artists like <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> presenting the Bosnian pavilion at <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">the Paris Exposition of 1900</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">unified South Slavic state</a> (typically expected to be spearheaded by independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>) became a popular political ideology in the region at this time, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. </p><p>Certain Muslim circles in Bosnia and Herzegovina published the newspaper <i>Bošnjak</i> ("Bosniak"). This newspaper caused fierce discussions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The newspaper supported Kállay's policy, whose goal was to strengthen Austro-Hungarian rule in occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Kállay's policy was not widely accepted even amongst Muslims, <i>Bošnjak</i> nevertheless represented the national aspirations of some Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina. </p><p>Kállay's policy was finally defeated in 1896 and 1899, when <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serbs</a> and Muslims called for religious and educational autonomy. Kállay's policy had some potential to resist Croatian and Serbian national aspirations, but after 1899 and 1900 his policy of promoting Bosnian identity had no significant effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200718_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned. By 1905, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, the government took the area's religious activities and institutions under its sovereignty. Austro-Hungarian authorities issued regulations which made Muslim clergy Austro-Hungarian state officials, answer exclusively to them. This was to isolate Bosnian Muslims from the Ottoman Empire, and its clergy who were subordinate to the Sultan. The Muslims were largely unhappy with their new status and formed Muslim political opposition. This Muslim opposition demanded, at first, Muslim religious autonomy from Austria-Hungary, but later, as it grew stronger, they demanded autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. The Muslim opposition tried to align itself with the Serbs, who were also demanding religious and educational autonomy. But unsolved agrarian relations between the Muslim leadership and the Serbs were an obstacle to any far-reaching alliance. The alliance that did form was only tactical. Later, the Muslim leadership emphasized Ottoman sovereignty over Bosnia and Herzegovina and demanded the right to organize their religious activity under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a> of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg/165px-Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg/248px-Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg/330px-Safvet_beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safvet-beg_Ba%C5%A1agi%C4%87" title="Safvet-beg Bašagić">Safvet-beg Bašagić</a> was installed as the first parliamentary president of the Muslim National Organization.</figcaption></figure> <p>With Kállay's death in 1903, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina was liberalized. The national movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transformed into political parties. Muslims founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_National_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim National Organization (page does not exist)">Muslim National Organization</a> (MNO) in 1906, Serbs formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian_National_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbian National Organization (page does not exist)">Serbian National Organization</a> (SNO) in 1907, and <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Croats</a> formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Croat_National_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croat National Union (page does not exist)">Croat National Union</a> (HNZ) in 1908. Another significant Croatian party, though less represented than the HNZ, was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_Catholic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian Catholic Association (page does not exist)">Croatian Catholic Association</a> (HKU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200719_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MNO considered Bosnia and Herzegovina to be part of the Ottoman Empire until the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. They considered Austria-Hungary a European country assigned to control Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their main goal was to achieve Muslim religious autonomy and to maintain the agrarian relations that were in force at the time. In 1909 they achieved their religious autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petar_Kocic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Petar_Kocic.jpg/165px-Petar_Kocic.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Petar_Kocic.jpg/248px-Petar_Kocic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Petar_Kocic.jpg/330px-Petar_Kocic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Petar Kočić, a prominent Bosnian Serb writer and politician</figcaption></figure> <p>Textbooks printed in Serbia and a number of other Serbian-language books were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austro-Hungarian authorities signed a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> by which the Emperor gained control over the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina in exchange for annual reimbursement. Serbs largely disapproved of Austro-Hungarian control over their religious institutions and organised a struggle to gain their religious autonomy. The struggle was ended in their favour in 1905. After gaining religious autonomy, the Serbs gathered around four political groups, out of which three became notable. The notable groups became known by the names of their official newspapers, the <i>Srpska riječ</i> (Serbian Word), the <a href="/wiki/Petar_Ko%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Petar Kočić">Petar Kočić</a>'s <i>Narod i Otadžbina</i> (the People and Fatherland) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Dimitrijevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazar Dimitrijević (page does not exist)">Lazar Dimitrijević</a>'s <i>Dan</i> (the Day). Later they demanded unity under one party, which was approved by them, so they founded the Serbian People's Organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200720_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a relative majority, the Serbs were a dominant political factor, and as such they demanded Bosnia and Herzegovina's autonomy from the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina was dominated by the three factions gathered around the three newspapers. The main problem of Serbian civic politics was the agrarian reaction. Serb peasants demanded to be liberated from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> relations, while on the other hand, they wanted to maintain cooperation with the Muslim People's Organisation in achieving national aspirations. The group gathered around Kočić's <i>Narod i Otadžbina</i> newspaper completely stood for the Serbian peasantry against the Muslims in order to change the agrarian position of the peasantry. Kočić's group also banned any cooperation with the Austrian-Hungarian authorities. The group gathered around Dimitrijević also advocated a radical change in agrarian relations and criticised the Serbian civic leadership for neglecting the peasantry, but they advocated cooperation with the Austro-Hungarian authorities in changing agrarian relations. The main goal of Serbian politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the removal of Austro-Hungarian authority in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Kingdom of Serbia. Their goals, however, were no obstacle to economic cooperation with the Austrian-Hungarian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200721_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivo_Pilar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ivo_Pilar.jpg/150px-Ivo_Pilar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ivo_Pilar.jpg/225px-Ivo_Pilar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ivo_Pilar.jpg/300px-Ivo_Pilar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Ivo Pilar, a prominent Croatian historian, geopolitician and leading ideologist of the Croatian People's Union</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to suppress national aspirations, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities tried to limit the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Emperor and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> discussed the reestablishment of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Emperor's goal was to have the Church in Bosnia subordinated to his secular power within the Church. In the end, in 1881, the Holy See yielded, on condition that the Emperor did not explicitly mention his authority in a <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bulla</a> which he, however, did. After establishing secular power over the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Emperor established the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> in Sarajevo and named Archbishop Dr. <a href="/wiki/Josip_%C5%A0tadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Josip Štadler">Josip Štadler</a> as its head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Sabor">Croatian Sabor</a> asked the Emperor to alter the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina so it could be unified with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> and the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Emperor refused to accept this demand and dismissed the Sabor. This was done as the Austrian-Hungarian authorities had a plan to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its neighbouring Slavic countries, Croatia and Serbia, and to halt the national aspirations of the nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authorities did not only suppress the Croatian and Serbian names but also any flags, coats of arms and folk songs. Any activity that would emphasise a common interest of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those in the <a href="/wiki/Triune_Kingdom" title="Triune Kingdom">Triune Kingdom</a> was suppressed from the start. As they were unable to form a political party, especially under Kállay's administration, Croats formed various musical societies, reading rooms, schools, economic institutions and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200722_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorities forbade these societies from using the word "Croatian", even though they allowed the use of the word "Serbian" for Serbian societies. Only later was the use of the word "Croatian" allowed. This official policy was pushed by Hungarian circles, especially under Kállay and his successor <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Buri%C3%A1n_von_Rajecz" title="Stephan Burián von Rajecz">Stephan Burián von Rajecz</a>. The goal of their policy was to weaken the Croatian position in Bosnia and Herzegovina by strengthening the Serbian position, in order to make unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia less likely. Even though the authorities tried to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from the influence of neighbouring Slavic countries, Croatian people in Bosnia were nevertheless influenced by all three major political movements from Croatia, first the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg/150px-Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg/225px-Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Josip_%C5%A0tadler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Josip Štadler, Archbishop of Vrhbosna and leader of the Croatian Catholic Association</figcaption></figure> <p>In Croatian politics, there were two factions and their formal political organising ran slowly. The fundamental reason for this Croatian political division was disagreement between the Franciscan Bosnian Province and the Archbishop's Chancery on the organisation of parishes within the archdiocese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200723-24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200723-24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first initiative for the creation of a Croatian political party came from the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> which gained support from the Franciscans. In 1908, after some preparations, it founded the Croatian People's Union with <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pilar" title="Ivo Pilar">Ivo Pilar</a> as its main ideologist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its program, the HNZ advocated the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrišto200661_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrišto200661-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its unification with the rest of the Croatian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relations with the Serbs, the HNZ stood for strict reciprocity, rejecting the idea of Bosnia and Herzegovina's unification with any other country or its autonomy. The HNZ did not demand any changes in social relations or changes in agrarian relations. They tried to maintain good relations with the Muslim population, which was the only way to gain political strength. Because of this, they were harshly criticized by the Štadler's Croatian Catholic Association (HKU) which advocated an end to the serf system. Pilar believed that the HNZ's goals could only be achieved if Croats gained support from the Muslim population, and at the same time, he criticised Štadler for his Catholic propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Štadler, who was Pilar's main opponent, believed that Catholic Croats should not be educated in any way other than as Catholics, thus advocating segregation between Catholics and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-25_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HKU, like the HNZ, advocated the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other Croatian lands. It also promoted Christian morals, and unlike the HNZ, the HKU advocated the abolition of the serf system as they had no relations with the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200725_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200725-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprising_of_1882">Uprising of 1882</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uprising of 1882"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg/150px-Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg/225px-Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Stojan_Kovachevich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Stojan Kovachevitch (1821 -1911), the leader of the uprising in 1882 from the Serbian side against the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1882, an uprising broke out against the Austro-Hungarian military and administrative occupation authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a joint uprising of Serbs and Muslims against the new Austro-Hungarian government in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason for the uprising in 1882 was the unresolved agrarian issue, taxes and the imposed military obligation on the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In social terms, the vast majority of the rebels were poor peasants. On the night of January 11, 1882, a group of armed peasants attacked the gendarmerie barracks in <a href="/wiki/Ulog" title="Ulog">Ulog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising soon spread to northeastern Herzegovina and southeastern Bosnia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of the 1882 uprising was in Ulog, where the rebel government was created. In the period January-February, the rebels led by Stojan Kovačević and Salih-Salko Forto tried to attack <a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da" title="Foča">Foča</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trnovo,_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Trnovo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Trnovo</a> (south and southeast of Sarajevo). Their main goal was the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, which still has not recovered from the great fire of 1879. However, their units, poorly armed and operating separately, were unable to achieve success in the fight against superior enemy forces. In April 1882, Austro-Hungarian troops suppressed the uprising. They were about 10,000 infantry and four batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sporadic sabotage and guerrilla actions lasted until November 1882. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation">Annexation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_(1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/150px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/225px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/300px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from the French magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></i> on the Bosnian Crisis: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> declares its independence and its prince <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a> is named Tsar, Austria-Hungary, in the person of Franz Joseph, annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> looks on helplessly</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though Bosnia and Herzegovina was still part of the Ottoman Empire, at least formally, the Austrian-Hungarian authorities had factual control over the country. Austria-Hungary waited for a chance to incorporate Bosnia and Herzegovina formally as well. Any action concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina depended on international opinion, which Austrian-Hungarian authorities were aware of. They used the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in the Ottoman Empire to finally annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Young Turk movement had gained support in mass protests throughout the Ottoman Empire during 1908, with the intention to restore the suspended Ottoman constitution. The Austrian-Hungarian authorities were afraid that the revolution could spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina, as it had support from the Bosnian Muslims and the Serbs, who supported the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Ottoman Empire. On 7 September 1908, the SNO and the MNO demanded that Bosnia and Herzegovina accept the constitution as part of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200725_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200725-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph</a> announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ordered the Minister of Finance to compose a constitution for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The annexation was announced in Sarajevo two days later, on 7 October. This annexation led to an international crisis, which was solved on 26 February 1909 when the Ottoman Empire recognised the annexation having received material compensation and on the Austrian-Hungarian garrisons leaving the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. By this, Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally under the Austrian-Hungarian sovereignty. On 21 March 1909, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> sent an ultimatum to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to recognise the annexation, which Russia did immediately. Soon, the Kingdom of Serbia recognised the annexation on 31 March, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a> doing so on 5 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annexation caused unrest among the Muslim and Serb population. The <a href="/wiki/Streifkorps" title="Streifkorps">Streifkorps</a> (special counterinsurgency units) were reestablished in the context of demonstrations in Serbia and in Montenegro against the annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslims could not believe the sovereignty of the Sultan could be overturned with a proclamation, and that they were now ruled by a Christian emperor. The MNO and the SNO refused to give any official statement about the annexation. In <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> they held a meeting on 11 October 1908 they issued the <i>Message to the People of Bosnia and Herzegovina</i>, where they stated that the people couldn't reconcile with the Austrian-Hungarian occupation in 30 years and asked for the people to remain calm and wait for the decision of the superpowers. Both parties announced that they would continue the struggle for the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since all European countries had already recognised the annexation, the SNO and the MNO, who wanted to continue their activity as legitimate organisations, thus recognised the annexation; the SNO doing so in May 1909 and the MNO in February 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-27_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-27-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Serbs and the Muslims, the Catholic Croats enthusiastically accepted the Austrian-Hungarian annexation. In an audience to Emperor Franz Joseph, the representatives of the HNZ, Pilar, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Mandi%C4%87" title="Nikola Mandić">Nikola Mandić</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonije_Sunari%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonije Sunarić (page does not exist)">Antonije Sunarić</a> expressed the gratitude of the Croat people to the Emperor for the annexation at the end of October 1908. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Category:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">History of<br />Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sclavonia Croatia Bosnia cum Dalmatiæ parte"><img alt="Sclavonia Croatia Bosnia cum Dalmatiæ parte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-_IlIyricvm_Sclavoniam-_Bosnam_Dalmatiam_Slavoniam_Croatiam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5353" data-file-height="4520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistory</a><br /><small>Neolithic cultures:</small><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj</a> / <a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Illyrian_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Illyrian period</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian culture</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Roman Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Roman Pannonia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages">Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 10th c.)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Zachumlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachumlia">Zachumlia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(~9th–14th c.)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(~1154–1377)</span> - <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1377-1463)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">("zemlje"/counties: <a href="/wiki/Usora_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usora (region)">Usora</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soli_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli (region)">Soli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donji_Kraji" title="Donji Kraji">Donji Kraji</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Hum">Hum (Herzegovina from 1454)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Podrinje_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Podrinje (region)">Podrinje</a>)</span></li> <li>Bosansko Krajište <span style="font-size:85%;">(1451-1463)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Hum">Duchy of Herzegovina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1463–1482)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina">Ottoman era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Ottoman conquest</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(Bosansko Krajište (1451-1463))</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1463%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1878)">Ottoman era</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Sanjak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Sanjak">Bosnia Sanjak</a> (1463–1580), <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Herzegovina" title="Sanjak of Herzegovina">Sanjak of Herzegovina</a> (1481–1833) / <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia Eyalet</a> (1580-1867), <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina Eyalet</a> (1833–1851) / <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia Vilayet</a> (1867-1908) / <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> (1875–1877))</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habsburg era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">Habsburg era</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1918%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1918–41)">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Drina_Banovina" title="Drina Banovina">Drina Banovina</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1941%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–45)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1945%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–92)">SFR Yugoslavia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Western Bosnia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span>,<br /></li></ul> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>)</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Portal:Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Template:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Template talk:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Bosnia and Herzegovina, every major ethnic group was represented by its political party. The Muslims were represented by the Muslim People's Organisation, the Serbs were represented by the Serbian People's Organisation, and the Croats were represented by the two political parties, the Croatian People's Union and the Croatian Catholic Association. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Bosnia" title="Diet of Bosnia">Diet of Bosnia</a> was established in 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_parties">Parliamentary parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parliamentary parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_People%27s_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian People's Union">Croatian People's Union</a> (<i>Hrvatska narodna zajednica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_Catholic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian Catholic Association (page does not exist)">Croatian Catholic Association</a> (<i>Hrvatska katolička udruga</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_People%27s_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim People's Organisation (page does not exist)">Muslim People's Organisation</a> (<i>Muslimanska narodna organizacija</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian_People%27s_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbian People's Organisation (page does not exist)">Serbian People's Organisation</a> (<i>Srpska narodna organizacija</i>; Српска народна организација)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-parliamentary_parties">Non-parliamentary parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-parliamentary parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Muslim Progressive Party (<i>Muslimanska napredna stranka</i>)</li> <li>Muslim Democracy (<i>Muslimanska demokracija</i>)</li> <li>Serbian People's Independent Party (<i>Srpska narodna nezavisna stranka</i>)</li> <li>Socialdemocratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (<i>Socijaldemokratska stranka Bosne i Hercegovine</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif/lossy-page1-200px-BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif/lossy-page1-300px-BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif/lossy-page1-400px-BosniaHerzegovina1879Census.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Bosnia and Herzegovina 1879 census</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" width="60%"> <caption>Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Religion 1879–1910<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Census </th> <th colspan="2">Muslim </th> <th colspan="2">Orthodox </th> <th colspan="2">Catholic </th> <th colspan="2">Jewish </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Share </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Share </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Share </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1879_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1879 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina">1879</a> </td> <td align="right">448,613 </td> <td align="right">38.7% </td> <td align="right">496,485 </td> <td align="right">42.9% </td> <td align="right">209,391 </td> <td align="right">18.1% </td> <td align="right">3,675 </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="right">1,158,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1885_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1885 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina">1885</a> </td> <td align="right">492,710 </td> <td align="right">36.9% </td> <td align="right">571,250 </td> <td align="right">42.8% </td> <td align="right">265,788 </td> <td align="right">19.9% </td> <td align="right">5,805 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td> <td align="right">1,336,091 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1895_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1895 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina">1895</a> </td> <td align="right">548,632 </td> <td align="right">35.0% </td> <td align="right">673,246 </td> <td align="right">42.9% </td> <td align="right">334,142 </td> <td align="right">21.3% </td> <td align="right">8,213 </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td> <td align="right">1,568,092 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1910_population_census_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="1910 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina">1910</a> </td> <td align="right">612,137 </td> <td align="right">32.2% </td> <td align="right">825,418 </td> <td align="right">43.5% </td> <td align="right">434,061 </td> <td align="right">22.9% </td> <td align="right">11,868 </td> <td align="right">0.6% </td> <td align="right">1,898,044 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png/200px-Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png/300px-Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png/400px-Administrativna_podjela_BiH_1895._godine.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Districts (<i>Kreise</i>) of Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travnik" title="Travnik">Travnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina was governed jointly by <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> (Austria) and the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> (Hungary) through the joint <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Finance_(Austria-Hungary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Finance (Austria-Hungary) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Finance</a>. In the Ministry of Finance, there was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnian Office (page does not exist)">Bosnian Office</a> which controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina over the Government based in Sarajevo. The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina was headed by a governor, who was also a commander of military forces based in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The government was also composed of the governor's deputy and chiefs of departments. At first, the government had only three departments, administrative, financial and legislative. Later, other departments, including construction, economics, education, religion, and technical, were founded as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200716-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1910 Constitution, the Emperor proclaimed Bosnia and Herzegovina to be a unique administrative territory under the responsible leadership of the joint finance minister. With the implementation of the constitution, the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not change. It remained a <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus separatum (disambiguation)">corpus separatum</a></i> administered by Austria and Hungary. The constitution implemented three new constitutions, the Diet of Bosnia, the National Council and the municipal councils. The Diet of Bosnia had very limited legislative powers. The main legislative power was in the hands of the emperor, parliaments in Vienna and Budapest and the joint minister of finance. The Diet of Bosnia only proposed decisions which needed to be approved by the parliaments in both Vienna and Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200727_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Diet also had no impact on the administrative-political institutions, the National Council and the municipal councils and it didn't have the right to participate in every decision-making; the Diet could participate only in decisions that mattered Bosnia and Herzegovina exclusively, while decisions on armed forces, commercial and traffic connections, customs and similar matters, were made by the parliaments in Vienna and Budapest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austrian-Hungarian authorities left the Ottoman division of Bosnia and Herzegovina untouched, they only changed the names of divisional units. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia Vilayet</a> was renamed to <i>Reichsland</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjaks</a></i> were renamed to <i>Kreise</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kazas</a></i> were renamed to <i>Bezirke</i>, while <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">nahiyahs</a> were renamed to <i>Exposituren</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200716-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were six <i>Kreise</i> and 54 <i>Bezirke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDžaja199445_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDžaja199445-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head of the <i>Reichsland</i> was a <i>Landeschef</i>, heads of the <i>Kreise</i> were <i>Kreisleiters</i> and heads of the <i>Bezirke</i> were <i>Bezirksleiters</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200716-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors">Governors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">No. </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th rowspan="2">Ethnicity </th> <th colspan="3">Term of office </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Duration </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg/80px-Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg/120px-Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg/160px-Joseph_Philippovich_von_Philippsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josip_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Josip Filipović">Josip Filipović</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1818–1889)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croat</a> </td> <td>13 July 1878 </td> <td>18 November 1878 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002128000000000000♠"></span>128 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm,_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg/80px-Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg/120px-Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg/160px-Wilhelm%2C_Herzog_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg%2C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duke_William_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke William of Württemberg">Wilhelm von Württemberg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1828–1896)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> </td> <td>18 November 1878 </td> <td>6 April 1881 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002870000000000000♠"></span>2 years, 139 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png/80px-Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png/120px-Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png/160px-Hermann_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="712" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann,_Freiherr_Dahlen_von_Orlaburg" title="Hermann, Freiherr Dahlen von Orlaburg">Hermann Dahlen von Orlaburg</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1828–1887)</span> </td> <td>German ("Saxon" born in Hungary) </td> <td>6 April 1881 </td> <td>9 August 1882 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002490000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 125 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg/80px-Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg/120px-Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg/160px-Johann_von_Appel_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="513" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Appel" title="Johann von Appel">Johann von Appel</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1826–1906)</span> </td> <td>German (born in Hungary) </td> <td>9 August 1882 </td> <td>8 December 1903 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003779000000000000♠"></span>21 years, 121 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg/80px-Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg/120px-Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg/160px-Eugen_von_Albori_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1102" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_Albori" title="Eugen von Albori">Eugen von Albori</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–1915)</span> </td> <td>Venetian/German born in Dalmatia, Austria </td> <td>8 December 1903 </td> <td>25 June 1907 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003129500000000000♠"></span>3 years, 199 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Winzor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anton_Winzor.jpg/80px-Anton_Winzor.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anton_Winzor.jpg/120px-Anton_Winzor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anton_Winzor.jpg/160px-Anton_Winzor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Winzor" title="Anton von Winzor">Anton von Winzor</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1844–1910)</span> </td> <td>German </td> <td>30 June 1907 </td> <td>7 March 1909 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002621000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 255 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg/80px-GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg/120px-GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg/160px-GdI_Marian_Varesanin_von_Vares_1909_Eugen_Sch%C3%B6fer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marijan_Vare%C5%A1anin" title="Marijan Varešanin">Marijan Varešanin</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1847–1917)</span> </td> <td>Croat </td> <td>7 March 1909 </td> <td>10 May 1911 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002794000000000000♠"></span>2 years, 64 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg/80px-Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg/120px-Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg/160px-Potiorek_oskar_fzm_1853_1933_photo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Potiorek" title="Oskar Potiorek">Oskar Potiorek</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1853–1933)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> </td> <td>10 May 1911 </td> <td>22 December 1914 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003132200000000000♠"></span>3 years, 226 days </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg/80px-Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg/120px-Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg/160px-Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Sarkoti%C4%87" title="Stjepan Sarkotić">Stjepan Sarkotić</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1858–1939)</span> </td> <td>Croat </td> <td>22 December 1914 </td> <td>3 November 1918 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003141200000000000♠"></span>3 years, 316 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region, which had been Islamised in the 15th and 16th centuries, largely retained its minority-Muslim population (which dropped from 38.7% in 1879 to 32.2% in 1910<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as Austria-Hungary's <a href="/wiki/December_Constitution" title="December Constitution">December Constitution</a> guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and the authorities made no active attempts at conversion. </p><p>The emperor of Austria-Hungary had the ability to appoint and dismiss religious leaders and to control religious establishments financially through agreements created with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire">Sheikh-ul-Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkey199263_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkey199263-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina led to great reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in that country, after centuries in the Ottoman Empire. In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Vrhbosna" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna">Vrhbosna</a> was elevated to an archdiocese, and the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Banja_Luka" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mostar-Duvno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mostar-Duvno">Mostar-Duvno</a> were formed. Work began on the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Sarajevo" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sarajevo">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a> in Sarajevo in 1884 and was completed by 1889. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian-Herzegovinian_Infantry" title="Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry">Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Thall%C3%B3czy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Thallóczy">Ludwig Thallóczy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200713-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200713_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200713_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.asp">Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878—Excerpts on the Balkans</a> hosted by Fordham University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000289–291-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000289–291_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, pp. 289–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000299-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000299_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000294-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000294_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000304-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000304_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000301-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000301_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000302–303-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOršolić2000302–303_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOršolić2000">Oršolić 2000</a>, pp. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976101-02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenberg1976101-02_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenberg1976">Rothenberg 1976</a>, p. 101-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugar1963201-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugar1963201_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugar1963">Sugar 1963</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200874–76-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet200874–76_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet2008">Ramet 2008</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelikonja2003130–135_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVelikonja2003">Velikonja 2003</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200717-18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200717-18_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHajdarpasic2015" class="citation book cs1">Hajdarpasic, Edin (2015). <i>Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-1914</i>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. pp. 160–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801453717" title="Special:BookSources/9780801453717"><bdi>9780801453717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Bosnia%3F+Nationalism+and+Political+Imagination+in+the+Balkans%2C+1840-1914&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pages=160-198&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780801453717&rft.aulast=Hajdarpasic&rft.aufirst=Edin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200718_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-19-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200718-19_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200719_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-20-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200719-20_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 19-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapo" class="citation journal cs1">Kapo, Midhat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3623487">""Nacionalizam i obrazovanje: Studija slučaja Bosna i Hercegovina" / Nationalism and Education: Case Study Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%26quot%3BNacionalizam+i+obrazovanje%3A+Studija+slu%C4%8Daja+Bosna+i+Hercegovina%26quot%3B+%2F+Nationalism+and+Education%3A+Case+Study+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.aulast=Kapo&rft.aufirst=Midhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3623487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200720_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200720-21_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 20-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200721_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200721-22_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200722_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-23-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200722-23_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200723-24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200723-24_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrišto200661-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrišto200661_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrišto2006">Krišto 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-25-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200724-25_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 24-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200725-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200725_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200725_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvčina,_Ismet;_Smajić,_Muamera_and_Mešić,_Alma2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ovčina, Ismet; Smajić, Muamera and Mešić, Alma (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366160546">"140 Years of the Herzegovina Uprising: Research and Unification of Materials From the Legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and Documents About the Herzegovina Uprising in the Funds of the NULB&H, Archive of B&H, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovin"</a>. <i>Bosniaca</i>. <b>27</b> (27): 49–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49">10.37083/bosn.2022.27.49</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosniaca&rft.atitle=140+Years+of+the+Herzegovina+Uprising%3A+Research+and+Unification+of+Materials+From+the+Legacy+of+Hamdija+Kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87+and+Documents+About+the+Herzegovina+Uprising+in+the+Funds+of+the+NULB%26H%2C+Archive+of+B%26H%2C+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovin&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=49-71&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37083%2Fbosn.2022.27.49&rft.au=Ov%C4%8Dina%2C+Ismet%3B+Smaji%C4%87%2C+Muamera+and+Me%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHolbach1910">Holbach 1910</a>, p. 154): "The " Streifkorps " were disbanded many years ago, but reorganised in October, 1908, at the time of our second visit to Bosnia, on account of the demonstrations in Servia and Montenegro that followed the annexation,..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-27-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200726-27_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 26-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200727_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200727_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200716-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200716_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-28-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZovko200727-28_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZovko2007">Zovko 2007</a>, p. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDžaja199445-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDžaja199445_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDžaja1994">Džaja 1994</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkey199263-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkey199263_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkey1992">Okey 1992</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac, Ivo</a> (1988). <i>The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9493-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9493-1"><bdi>0-8014-9493-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Yugoslavia%3A+Origins%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8014-9493-1&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1996" class="citation book cs1">Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics</i></a>. 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-186-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe+2004&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-186-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5J_gAU8c9NIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajdarpasic2015" class="citation book cs1">Hajdarpasic, Edin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZACnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Whose Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840-1914</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801453717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801453717"><bdi>978-0801453717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Bosnia%3F+Nationalism+and+Political+Imagination+in+the+Balkans%2C+1840-1914&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0801453717&rft.aulast=Hajdarpasic&rft.aufirst=Edin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZACnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbach1910" class="citation book cs1">Holbach, Maude M. 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Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 279–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=279-286&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Kingsley+Garland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrišto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Krišto, Jure (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=100259&lang=en">"Ivo Pilar's Role in the Organization of Croats in Bosnia and Hercegovina"</a>. <i>PILAR - Croatian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities</i>. <b>I</b> (2). Croatian History Institute: 57–68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1846-3010">1846-3010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PILAR+-+Croatian+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Ivo+Pilar%27s+Role+in+the+Organization+of+Croats+in+Bosnia+and+Hercegovina&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-68&rft.date=2006-11&rft.issn=1846-3010&rft.aulast=Kri%C5%A1to&rft.aufirst=Jure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D100259%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkey1992" class="citation book cs1">Okey, Robert (1992). "State, Church and Nation in the Serbo-Croat Speaking Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1850–1914". <i>Religion, State and Ethnic Groups</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85521-089-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85521-089-4"><bdi>1-85521-089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State%2C+Church+and+Nation+in+the+Serbo-Croat+Speaking+Lands+of+the+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1850%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+State+and+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-85521-089-4&rft.aulast=Okey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOršolić2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oršolić, Tado (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18800&lang=en">"Sudjelovanje dalmatinskih postrojbi u zaposjedanju Bosne i Hercegovine 1878"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radovi / Institute for Historical Sciences in Zadar</i> (in Croatian) (42). <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>: 287–308. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1330-0474">1330-0474</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radovi+%2F+Institute+for+Historical+Sciences+in+Zadar&rft.atitle=Sudjelovanje+dalmatinskih+postrojbi+u+zaposjedanju+Bosne+i+Hercegovine+1878.&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=287-308&rft.date=2000-06&rft.issn=1330-0474&rft.aulast=Or%C5%A1oli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D18800%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2008). "Nationalism and the 'Idiocy' of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia". <i>Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03735-912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03735-912-9"><bdi>978-3-03735-912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+the+%27Idiocy%27+of+the+Countryside%3A+The+Case+of+Serbia&rft.btitle=Serbia%2C+Croatia+and+Slovenia+at+Peace+and+at+War%3A+Selected+Writings%2C+1983%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-03735-912-9&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenberg1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg" title="Gunther E. Rothenberg">Rothenberg, Gunther E.</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyoffrancisjos00gunt"><i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i></a></span>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-145-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Francis+Joseph&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-145-2&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyoffrancisjos00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugar1963" class="citation book cs1">Sugar, Peter F. (1963). <i>Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina: 1878–1918</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295738147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295738147"><bdi>978-0295738147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrialization+of+Bosnia-Hercegovina%3A+1878%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0295738147&rft.aulast=Sugar&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja2003" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli"><i>Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina</i></a></span>. Texas A&M University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-226-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-226-7"><bdi>1-58544-226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58544-226-7&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousseparat0000veli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZovko2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zovko, Ljubomir (2007). <i>Studije iz pravne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine: 1878–1941</i> (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mostar" title="University of Mostar">University of Mostar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9958-9271-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9958-9271-2-6"><bdi>978-9958-9271-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studije+iz+pravne+povijesti+Bosne+i+Hercegovine%3A+1878%E2%80%931941.&rft.pub=University+of+Mostar&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9958-9271-2-6&rft.aulast=Zovko&rft.aufirst=Ljubomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustro-Hungarian+rule+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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