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data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">What Is Proof-of-Stake (PoS)?</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-understanding-proof-of-stake-pos" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_2-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Understanding PoS</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-how-is-proof-of-stake-different-from-proof-of-work" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_3-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">PoS vs. Proof-of-Work</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-goals-of-proof-of-stake" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_4-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Goals</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-proof-of-stake-security" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_5-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Security</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_6-0" class="comp 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She is an adjunct professor at Connecticut State Colleges & Universities, Maryville University, and Indiana Wesleyan University. She is a Real Estate Investor and principal at Bruised Reed Housing Real Estate Trust, and a State of Connecticut Home Improvement License holder. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/investopedia-financial-review-board-5076269" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Financial Review Board</a> </div> </div></div> </div></div> <div id="mntl-bylines__group_3-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--fact_checker"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item "><svg class="icon reviewer-icon mntl-attribution__item-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#reviewer-icon" href="#reviewer-icon"></use> </svg> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">Fact checked by</span> <div data-tooltip="<p>Suzanne is a content marketer, writer, and fact-checker. 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She holds a Bachelor of Science in Finance degree from Bridgewater State University and helps develop content strategies.</p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our </span> <a href="/legal-4768893#editorial-policy" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >editorial policies</a> </div> </div></div> </div></div> </div></div></header> <div id="journey-accordion--pre-content_1-0" class="comp journey-accordion--pre-content journey-accordion mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="journey-accordion-header_1-0" class="comp journey-accordion-header mntl-block js-drawer-trigger"><div id="journey-accordion-header__content_1-0" class="comp journey-accordion-header__content"> <div class="journey-accordion-header__content-mobile-subtitle"> Part of the Series </div> <div class="journey-accordion-header__content-title is-mini-journey"> What Investors Need to Know About Altcoins </div> 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href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/proof-stake-pos.asp" rel="nocaes" > Proof of Stake (PoS) </a> <div class="journey-accordion__sublist-item--current-article">CURRENT ARTICLE</div> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crypto-token.asp" rel="nocaes" > Crypto Tokens </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stablecoin.asp" rel="nocaes" > Stablecoin </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hodl.asp" rel="nocaes" > HODL </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/binance-exchange.asp" rel="nocaes" > Binance Exchange </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/icon-cryptocurrency.asp" rel="nocaes" > ICON </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shitcoin.asp" rel="nocaes" > Shitcoin </a> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="journey-accordion__item "> <div class="journey-accordion__item-header"> <svg viewBox="0 0 13 8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="journey-accordion__icon--accordion"> <path d="M6.5 0L0.5 6L1.91 7.41L6.5 2.83L11.09 7.41L12.5 6L6.5 0Z" /> </svg> Understanding Cryptocurrencies </div> <ol class="journey-accordion__sub-item"> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tether-usdt.asp" rel="nocaes" > Tether (USDT) </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dogecoin.asp" rel="nocaes" > Dogecoin (DOGE) </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/binance-coin-bnb.asp" rel="nocaes" > Binance Coin (BNB) </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/040515/what-litecoin-and-how-does-it-work.asp" rel="nocaes" > Litecoin </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/ripple-cryptocurrency.asp" rel="nocaes" > Ripple (Cryptocurrency) </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tezos.asp" rel="nocaes" > Tezos (XTZ) </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/cardano-definition-4683961" rel="nocaes" > Cardano (ADA) </a> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="journey-accordion__item "> <div class="journey-accordion__item-header"> <svg viewBox="0 0 13 8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="journey-accordion__icon--accordion"> <path d="M6.5 0L0.5 6L1.91 7.41L6.5 2.83L11.09 7.41L12.5 6L6.5 0Z" /> </svg> Exchanges and Wallets </div> <ol class="journey-accordion__sub-item"> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a 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Coinbase: Which Should You Choose? </a> </li> <li class="journey-accordion__sublist-item "> <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/tech/ripple-xrp-cryptocurrency-how-to-buy/" rel="nocaes" > How to Buy Ripple (XRP) Cryptocurrency </a> </li> </ol> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article__primary-video-container--jw_1-0" class="comp article__primary-video-container--jw mntl-block"><div id="article__primary-video--jw_1-0" class="comp article__primary-video--jw mntl-jwplayer mm-video lazyload right-rail__offset aspectratio-16:9" data-bgset="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/yxAH9ZW9/poster.jpg?width=720" data-sizes="auto"> <video class="mntl-jwplayer__video lazyload" preload="none" data-poster="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/yxAH9ZW9/poster.jpg?width=720"></video> </div></div> <div id="article-body_1-0" class="comp article-body mntl-block" data-contain-tooltips="true"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block article-body-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="80" data-sc-ad-label-height="0" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="90" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="1" data-sc-content-positions="[300, 1, 1, 1250, 1, 1, 1, 1]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-proof-of-stake-pos"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Is Proof-of-Stake (PoS)? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Proof-of-stake is a blockchain consensus mechanism for processing transactions and creating new blocks. A consensus mechanism is a method for validating entries into a distributed database and keeping the database secure. In the case of cryptocurrency, the database is called a blockchain—so the consensus mechanism secures the blockchain. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Learn more about proof-of-stake and how it is different from proof-of-work. Additionally, find out the issues proof-of-stake attempts to address within the cryptocurrency industry. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-callout mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-whatyouneedtoknow" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Key Takeaways</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><ul><li>Under proof-of-stake (POS), validators are chosen based on the number of staked coins they have.</li><li>Proof-of-stake (POS) was created as an alternative to proof-of-work (POW), the original consensus mechanism used to validate transactions and open new blocks.</li><li>While PoW mechanisms require miners to solve cryptographic puzzles, PoS mechanisms require validators to hold and stake tokens for the privilege of earning transaction fees.</li><li>Proof-of-stake (POS) is seen as less risky regarding the potential for an attack on the network, as it structures compensation in a way that makes an attack less advantageous.</li><li>The next block writer on the blockchain is selected at random, with higher odds being assigned to nodes with larger stake positions.</li></ul></div></div></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image inline-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/t_mYty9AU-AWPblL9h26Md16Z3E=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_Proof_Of_Stake_V1-2fe2af764d9c404e8c387224e4f69f60.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/AzVMOdN7AaEzl7aWMp2VSp-ibWg=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_Proof_Of_Stake_V1-2fe2af764d9c404e8c387224e4f69f60.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Proof of Stake" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" data-hi-res-src="https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/t_mYty9AU-AWPblL9h26Md16Z3E=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_Proof_Of_Stake_V1-2fe2af764d9c404e8c387224e4f69f60.jpg" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/t_mYty9AU-AWPblL9h26Md16Z3E=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_Proof_Of_Stake_V1-2fe2af764d9c404e8c387224e4f69f60.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.investopedia.com/thmb/AzVMOdN7AaEzl7aWMp2VSp-ibWg=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Term-Definitions_Proof_Of_Stake_V1-2fe2af764d9c404e8c387224e4f69f60.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Proof of Stake" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Investopedia / Crea Taylor</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-understanding-proof-of-stake-pos"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Understanding Proof-of-Stake (PoS) </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Proof-of-stake reduces the computational work needed to verify blocks and transactions. Under proof-of-work, hefty computing requirements kept the <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">blockchain</a> secure. Proof-of-stake changes the way blocks are verified using the machines of coin owners, so there doesn't need to be as much computational work done. The owners offer their coins as collateral—called staking—for the chance to validate blocks and earn rewards.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="7"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Validators are selected randomly to confirm transactions and validate block information. This system randomizes who gets to collect fees rather than using a competitive rewards-based mechanism like proof-of-work.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="7"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> To become a validator, a coin owner must "stake" a specific amount of coins. For instance, <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ethereum.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Ethereum</a> requires 32 ETH to be staked before a user can operate a node.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="7"></span> Blocks are validated by multiple validators, and when a specific number of validators verify that the block is accurate, it is finalized and closed. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-callout mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-note" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block no-title"></h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p>To activate your own validator, you'll need to stake 32 ETH; however, you don't need to stake that much ETH to participate in validation. You can join validation pools using "liquid staking" which uses an ERC-20 token that represents your ETH.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="10"></span></p></div></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Different proof-of-stake mechanisms may use various methods to reach a consensus. For example, when Ethereum introduces sharding, a validator will verify the transactions and add them to a shard block, which requires no more than 128 validators to form a voting "committee."<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="11"></span> Once shards are validated and a block created, two-thirds of the validators must agree that the transaction is valid, then the block is closed. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-how-is-proof-of-stake-different-from-proof-of-work"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> How Is Proof-of-Stake Different From Proof-of-Work? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Both consensus mechanisms help blockchains synchronize data, validate information, and process transactions. Each method has proven successful at maintaining a blockchain, although each has pros and cons. However, the two algorithms have very different approaches. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Under PoS, block creators are called validators. A validator checks transactions, verifies activity, votes on outcomes, and maintains records. Under PoW, block creators are called miners. Miners work to solve a hashing problem to verify transactions. In return for solving it, they are rewarded with a coin. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> To "buy into" the position of becoming a block creator, you need to own enough coins or tokens to become a validator on a PoS blockchain. For PoW, miners must invest in processing equipment and incur hefty energy charges to power the machines attempting to solve the computations. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> The equipment and energy costs under PoW mechanisms are expensive, limiting access to mining and strengthening the security of the blockchain. PoS blockchains reduce the amount of processing power needed to validate block information and transactions. The mechanism also lowers network congestion and removes the rewards-based incentive PoW blockchains have. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-table mntl-sc-block-table js-table-scroll"> <div class="mntl-sc-block-table__table-wrapper"> <table class="mntl-sc-block-table__table"> <colgroup style="" span="1"></colgroup> <colgroup style="" span="1"></colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th>Proof of Stake</th> <th>Proof of Work</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody data-check="0"> <tr> <td>Block creators are called validators</td> <td>Block creators are called miners</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Participants must own coins or tokens to become validators</td> <td>Participants must buy equipment and energy to become a miner</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Energy efficient</td> <td>Not energy efficient</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Security through community control</td> <td>Robust security due to expensive upfront requirement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Validators receive transaction fees as rewards</td> <td>Miners receive block rewards and fees</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <div id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-goals-of-proof-of-stake"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Goals of Proof-of-Stake </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Proof-of-stake is designed to reduce network congestion and address <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/nfts-and-the-environment-5220221" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">environmental sustainability concerns</a> surrounding the proof-of-work (PoW) protocol. <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/proof-work.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Proof-of-work</a> is a competitive approach to verifying transactions, which naturally encourages people to look for ways to gain an advantage, especially since monetary value is involved. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Bitcoin miners earn bitcoin by verifying transactions and blocks. However, they pay their operating expenses, such as electricity and rent, with <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fiatmoney.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">fiat currency</a>. So what's really happening is that miners exchange energy for cryptocurrency, which causes <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/tech/how-does-bitcoin-mining-work/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">PoW mining</a> to use as much energy as some small countries.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="8"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> The PoS mechanism seeks to solve these problems by effectively substituting staking for computational power, whereby the network randomizes an individual's mining ability. This means there should be a drastic reduction in energy consumption since miners can no longer rely on massive farms of single-purpose hardware to gain an advantage. For example, Ethereum's transition from PoW to PoS reduced the blockchain's energy consumption by 99.84%.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="13"></span><br/> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-callout mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-note" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block no-title"></h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p>The first <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/cryptocurrency.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">cryptocurrency</a> to adopt the PoS method was <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/peercoin.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Peercoin</a>. Several others followed soon after, but Ethereum was the blockchain where it made the biggest impact.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="14"></span></p></div></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-proof-of-stake-security"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Proof-of-Stake Security </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Long touted as a threat to cryptocurrency fans, the <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/1/51-attack.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">51% attack</a> is a concern when PoS is used, but it is doubtful it will occur. Under PoW, a 51% attack occurs when an entity controls more than 50% of the miners in a network and uses that majority to alter the blockchain. In PoS, a group or individual would have to own 51% of the staked cryptocurrency. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> It's very expensive to control 51% of staked cryptocurrency. Under Ethereum's PoS, if a 51% attack occurred, the honest validators in the network could vote to disregard the altered blockchain and burn the offender(s) staked ETH. This incentivizes validators to act in good faith to benefit the cryptocurrency and the network.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="7"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_45-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Most other security features of PoS are not advertised, as this might create an opportunity to circumvent security measures. However, most PoS systems have extra security features in place that add to the inherent security behind blockchains and PoS mechanisms.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="7"></span><br/> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_46-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_47-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-questionandanswer mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer"><span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-the-difference-between-proof-of-stake-and-proof-of-work"></span> <h2 class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__question">What Is the Difference Between Proof-of-Stake and Proof-of-Work?</h2> <div class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__answer"><p>Proof-of-Stake (POS) uses randomly selected validators to confirm transactions and <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/uncle-block-cryptocurrency.asp" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">create new blocks</a>. Proof-of-Work (POW) uses a competitive validation method to confirm transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain.</p></div> </div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_48-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_49-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-questionandanswer mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer"><span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-proof-of-stake-for-dummies"></span> <h2 class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__question">What Is Proof-of-Stake for Dummies?</h2> <div class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__answer"><p>Proof-of-Stake is a consensus mechanism where distributed cryptocurrency validator programs share the task of validating transactions.</p></div> </div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_50-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_51-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-questionandanswer mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer"><span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-are-the-disadvantages-of-proof-of-stake"></span> <h2 class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__question">What Are the Disadvantages of Proof-of-Stake?</h2> <div class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__answer"><p>Under Proof of Stake (POS) consensus, users must generally own a cryptocurrency before they can participate in consensus and earn more crypto. To host a full validator node on Ethereum, a user needs to stake 32 ETH, which is very expensive. Another disadvantage of PoS is that on blockchains with smaller networks, a large minimum stake could lead to centralization.</p></div> </div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_52-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_53-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-questionandanswer mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer"><span class="heading-toc" id="toc-is-ethereum-a-pos-or-pow"></span> <h2 class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__question">Is Ethereum a PoS or PoW?</h2> <div class="mntl-sc-block-questionandanswer__answer"><p>Ethereum uses proof-of-stake as its consensus mechanic. Full validator nodes require a stake of 32 ETH, but other participants can take part in consensus by delegating their ETH to a validator or participating in staking pools. Users can also stake small amounts of ETH on their own, but no rewards are earned.</p></div> </div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_54-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-bottom-line"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_55-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Bottom Line </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_56-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> Proof-of-stake is a mechanism used to verify blockchain transactions. It differs from proof-of-work significantly, mainly in the fact that it incentivizes honest behavior by rewarding those who put their crypto up as collateral for a chance to earn more.<br/> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_57-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_58-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block finance-sc-block-html mntl-sc-block-html"> <em>The comments, opinions, and analyses expressed on Investopedia are for informational purposes online. 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"<a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Proof-of-Stake (PoS)</a>."</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-10"><p>Ethereum. "<a href="https://ethereum.org/en/staking/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Staking With Ethereum</a>."</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-11"><p>Github. "<a href="https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/dev/specs/phase0/beacon-chain.md#get_committee_count_at_slot" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Ethereum | Consensus Specs</a>."</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-8"><p>University of Cambridge. "<a href="https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index/comparisons" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index</a>."</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-13"><p>Digiconomist. "<a href="https://digiconomist.net/ethereum-energy-consumption" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Ethereum Energy Consumption Index</a>."</p></li> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-14"><p>Peercoin. "<a href="https://www.peercoin.net/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Peercoin The Sustainable Cryptocoin</a>."</p></li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div id="performance-marketing_1-0" class="comp performance-marketing mntl-block "><div id="gam-ad-table_1-0" class="comp gam-ad-table ad-table mntl-block"><div id="brokertable--v2_1-0" class="comp brokertable--v2 brokertable finance-ad-table mm-ads-ad-table mntl-block ad-table--v2" data-ad-table="brokertable2-"><div id="mm-ads-ad-table__heading_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__heading mntl-text-block">Compare Accounts</div> <div id="mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><button id="mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-label_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-label mntl-button"> Advertiser Disclosure </button> <div id="mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-description_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-description mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-close_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-close mntl-text-block">×</div> <div id="mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-content_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-ad-table__disclosure-content mntl-text-block">The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. 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id="fin-billboard5-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp fin-billboard5-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_5-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad billboard5-dynamic mm-ads-dynamic-square mm-ads-gpt-dynamic-adunit mm-ads-gpt-adunit mm-ads-square gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="btf4" data-priority="7" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="fin-billboard6-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp fin-billboard6-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_6-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad billboard6-dynamic mm-ads-dynamic-square mm-ads-gpt-dynamic-adunit mm-ads-gpt-adunit mm-ads-square gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="btf5" data-priority="8" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="fin-billboard7-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp fin-billboard7-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_7-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad billboard7-dynamic mm-ads-dynamic-square mm-ads-gpt-dynamic-adunit mm-ads-gpt-adunit mm-ads-square gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="btf6" data-priority="9" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-block_10-0" 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