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class="hm-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-10615" class="hitmag-single post-10615 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-identifiers category-infrastructure-and-standards-support category-libraries category-linked-data category-metadata-2 category-research-information-management category-research-support tag-discovery tag-pid-graph"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="cat-links"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/identifiers/" rel="category tag">Identifiers</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/infrastructure-and-standards-support/" rel="category tag">Infrastructure and Standards Support</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/libraries/" rel="category tag">Libraries</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/linked-data/" rel="category tag">Linked Data</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/metadata-2/" rel="category tag">Metadata</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/research-information-management/" rel="category tag">Research Information Management</a> / <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/research-support/" rel="category tag">Research support</a></div><h1 class="entry-title">Taking research information to the next level</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/taking-research-information-to-the-next-level/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-04-08T06:37:03-07:00">April 8, 2022</time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-04-12T07:49:44-07:00">April 12, 2022</time></a></span><span class="meta-sep"> - </span><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hangingtogether.org/author/titia/">Titia van der Werf</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Towards nationally integrated research information ecosystems</strong></h3> <p>A lot is happening currently in the field of research information management (RIM) at national levels. In her recent <a href="https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/2021/oclcresearch-rim-united-states.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reports</a> and blog post <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/tag/rim-in-the-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">series</a>, Rebecca Bryant observed that RIM practices in US research universities have taken a characteristically decentralized course, compared to countries in Europe and the Pacific Rim, where national research assessment requirements drive a more centralized approach.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-rounded"><figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/1024px-Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe.png"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/1024px-Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe.png" alt="" class="wp-image-10616" width="512" height="438" srcset="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/1024px-Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe.png 1024w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/1024px-Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe-300x257.png 300w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/1024px-Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe-768x657.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Walser.FL" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Walser.FL</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vehicle_registration_plates_in_Europe.png">Vehicle registration plates in Europe</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CC0 1.0</a></figcaption></figure></div> <p>In fact, several countries – including Australia, Canada, Portugal, Finland, Norway, the UK and the Netherlands – pursue a national policy to integrate their research information. </p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>RIM integration refers to the rationalization of the creation of metadata about research activity and outcomes and the seamless and secure access to it by RIM stakeholders. In other words, it is about <strong>making RIM data more interoperable to allow for easy aggregation</strong>. </p></blockquote> <p>It should help promote national scientific excellence and lead to greater national and international visibility. It also has many potential practical benefits, such as:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"><li>a reduction of administrative burden for researchers;</li><li>better analytics and business insight for national policymakers and research funders;</li><li>efficiency gains with streamlined metadata flows between all stakeholders involved.</li></ol> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Persistent identifiers as the underpinning infrastructure</h3> <p>If RIM integration is to be achieved through the adoption of a framework of authoritative, interconnected, consistent, complete, reliable, timely and openly available metadata about public-funded research, then persistent identifiers (PIDs) must be considered key components of this framework. To better understand the thinking behind the centrality of PIDs in current RIM integration efforts, it is worth expanding on the notion of the “PID Graph”.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.project-freya.eu/en/pid-graph/the-pid-graph" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PID Graph</a> – a concept implemented by the EU-funded <a href="https://www.project-freya.eu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FREYA project</a> with PID data from DataCite, Crossref, ORCID, and the Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data) – is an underpinning infrastructure that establishes connections between the entities that matter within the research landscape: researchers, universities, outputs, funders, grants, and more. As the authors of the article “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2020.100180" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Connected Research: The Potential of the PID Graph</a>” explain, this approach takes PIDs (for example ORCID iDs and DOIs) as the basic nodes that are linked together, instead of the entities they represent (for example researchers, articles). It constructs a graph based on the relations available in the PID-metadata. </p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Because it relies on PIDs only, <strong>the PID-Graph requires that all relevant entities have their own distinct PIDs</strong> and having multiple PIDs refer to the same entity is undesirable. Furthermore, these PIDs should carry <strong>authoritative</strong> and <strong>sufficiently rich metadata </strong>to represent the relationships of interest. </p></blockquote> <p>It also “<em>requires standard ways for exposing and discovering these connections as well as infrastructure that makes it possible to contribute and/or consume connections</em>”.</p> <p>In contrast, knowledge graphs – such as Google’s KG or Wikidata – typically start with domain entities and construct a graph of the relations that are assembled from numerous sources (including but not limited to PID-metadata) or built by domain communities. This approach requires extensive knowledge extraction, codification and validation efforts. Growing and improving a knowledge graph over time requires effective methods for disambiguation, enrichment, quality assessment, and refinement.</p> <p>Current national RIM integration efforts are geared towards optimizing the use and value of PIDs within their research ecosystems and lean towards the more pre-coordinated PID Graph approach<strong>. It requires substantial initial investment in PID metadata and PID-centric workflows. </strong>But, the potential for significant cost-savings, put forward by the UK PID Consortium <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4772627" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cost-Benefit Analysis report</a> in June 2021, provides a compelling argument for doing so.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Engaging in national concerted action</strong></h3> <p>The adoption of persistent identifiers is thus actively promoted and coordinated in several countries as part of their national research information policies. In most cases, stakeholder groups have been established – such as the <a href="https://wiki.eduuni.fi/display/CscPidVerkosto/PID-verkosto" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PID Forum Finland</a>, the <a href="https://scholarlycommunications.jiscinvolve.org/wp/2020/08/10/the-uk-national-pid-consortium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK national PID Consortium</a>, and the <a href="https://www.surf.nl/en/national-roadmap-for-persistent-identifiers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dutch PID-working group</a> – to develop a national PID strategy and roadmap.</p> <p>In some cases, a PID board or committee, with representatives from across the national higher education and research community (policymakers, funders, infrastructure providers, research libraries, research data repositories, etc.) steer this work. The recently installed Research Identifier National Coordinating Committee (<a href="https://rincc.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RINCC</a>) is an example: it ensures alignment between policy and practice across the research community nationally, and liaises with partners and stakeholders internationally. These national PID coordination efforts are usually linked to broader, national open science programs and open research infrastructure initiatives.</p> <p>We also see global PID stakeholders, such as ORCID and DataCite, form national consortia to promote and engage in concerted action on national PID use. The Research Data Alliance (<a href="https://www.rd-alliance.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RDA</a>) likewise has its national nodes involved in national PID strategies, promoting alignment – as they did during the <a href="https://www.rd-alliance.org/national-pid-strategies-opportunities-collaboration-and-alignment" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds of a Feather session</a> in April of last year.</p> <p>The national consortia involved in the RIM integration efforts work hard to <strong>promote the systematic adoption and support of “priority PIDs”</strong> (DOIs, ORCID iDs, <a href="https://ror.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ROR</a> IDs, <a href="https://www.raid.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RAiD</a>s ) in the many different systems across campus (identity and access management, HR, Finance, RIM, institutional repository, library systems, research portal) and the wider scholarly communication supply chain: both upstream (national funders and publishers) and downstream (metadata aggregators and harvesting sources, indexing and discovery systems).</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Towards a holistic and connected approach</strong></h3> <p>At OCLC Research we follow developments in both fields of <a href="https:///hangingtogether.org/category/research-information-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RIM</a> and <a href="https://hangingtogether.org/category/identifiers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PIDs</a> and the recent open consultation regarding the development of a <a href="https://www.surf.nl/en/national-roadmap-for-persistent-identifiers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">national PID roadmap</a> by the Dutch PID working group triggered some thoughts and questions, which I am sharing here.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Beyond STEM</h4> <p>The challenges with, and gaps in PID use for monographs and book chapters in the humanities are often underexposed in national PID roadmaps. As several stakeholders have made clear – among others OAPEN and the Crossref Books Group – <strong>PID adoption in scholarly book workflows has lagged behind</strong> the practices in STEM journal publishing. This, combined with the often complex data exchange flows between incompatible publishing systems, RIM systems, and metadata aggregators and indexers, means that <strong>humanities and social science content is disproportionally impacted</strong>.</p> <p>The December 2021 guest post “<a href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/12/06/guest-post-scholarly-book-publishing-workflows-and-implications-for-rim-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scholarly Book Publishing Workflows and Implications for RIM Systems</a>” in the Scholarly Kitchen blog, co-authored by my colleague Rebecca Bryant, is a call to action offering recommendations for different key players in the scholarly book supply chain. The recommendation most relevant in the context of a national PID roadmap is addressed to research libraries and their ability to promote the use and integration of PIDs across campus.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Beyond RIM</h4> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys.jpg"><img decoding="async" src="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys-1024x1011.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10617" width="512" height="506" srcset="https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys-1024x1011.jpg 1024w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys-300x296.jpg 300w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys-768x758.jpg 768w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys-1536x1516.jpg 1536w, https://hangingtogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Padlock_Skeleton_Keys.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Willh26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Willh26</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Padlock_Skeleton_Keys.jpg">Padlock Skeleton Keys</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CC BY-SA 4.0</a></figcaption></figure></div> <p>How will the RIM metadata layer and the discovery metadata layer interconnect, using PIDs? </p> <p>OCLC’s Shared Entity Management Infrastructure Project (<a href="https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat/oclc-and-linked-data/shared-entity-management-infrastructure.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SEMI</a>) begins to build the needed infrastructure with reliable and persistent identifiers and metadata for the critical entities that libraries manage. <strong>SEMI’s long-term guiding principles are to support unique identifiers of all types and to allow for a heterogeneity of standards, practices, and metadata structures. </strong></p> <p>Interoperability of national RIM infrastructures with global library infrastructures that store same or similar PIDs is a topic for further discussion.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>The role of PIDs as interoperability keys</strong> – pointing to other PIDs which identify the same entity but, in another context – <strong>is crucial when different domains and their infrastructures need to interconnect</strong>.</p></blockquote> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Beyond the academic sector</h4> <p>The ecosystem of PIDs is still developing and will keep evolving, and no single PID will ever be the only one or the perfect one. It will be important to support different PIDs with overlapping functions and coverage, keep systems and roadmaps adaptable and extendable, and link to and between different PIDs. ORCID iDs and ISNIs are a case in point. ORCID iDs are designed for active researchers; ISNIs, for authors and creators, alive or dead, fictive, or real. Fostering the links between the two PID systems<strong> transcends current research information interests and addresses the long-term interests of the scholarly record</strong>. The same approach is recommendable for other areas of PID usage.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>Academic institutions will be using PIDs in multiple domains</strong>, not only for RIM functions. </p></blockquote> <p>Cooperation between academic and cultural institutions in connecting cultural heritage collections plays an increasingly important role and requires the use of a combination of sometimes domain specific PIDs. Alignment between both academic and heritage sectors with regards to PIDs is already in the works. In the UK, the <a href="https://tanc-ahrc.github.io/HeritagePIDs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heritage PIDs Project</a> looked at PIDs to create a unified national collection of the UK’s museums, libraries, galleries, and archives, in the context of digital humanities and arts research. Similarly, in the Netherlands, academic libraries are seeking to <a href="https://netwerkdigitaalerfgoed.nl/nieuws/ook-bibliotheken-gaan-digitaal-erfgoedcollecties-met-elkaar-verbinden/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interconnect their special collections</a>, <del> </del>according to linked open data principles and by use of persistent identifiers – as promoted by the Dutch <a href="https://netwerkdigitaalerfgoed.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Digital Heritage Network</a>.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">The global library perspective</h4> <p>At OCLC, we see the burgeoning research information ecosystem through a library lens.  Libraries are central hubs in the global information network. Through their concerted efforts, librarians help communities around the world discover and access academic knowledge, and they help researchers discover non-academic resources relevant to their enquiries. They make this happen by integrating their collections in larger, global aggregations – such as WorldCat – for a more comprehensive discovery experience. </p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>And as librarians engage with WorldCat entities in the new linked data environment, <strong>discovery will happen because of the interoperability power of PIDs</strong> and their ubiquity in the library domain.</p></blockquote> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Closing remarks</h3> <p>As research information ecosystems are built, <strong>it is imperative to seek partnerships with all stakeholders serving the same community, so that they work together productively</strong>. The authors of national PID recommendations are seeking input to the many PID roadmap initiatives from a range of contributors. At OCLC Research, we would happily respond to such a call.</p> <p><em>Thanks to the many OCLC colleagues who have contributed to this post.</em></p> <div class="saboxplugin-wrap" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemscope itemprop="author"><div class="saboxplugin-tab saboxplugin-tab-about"><div class="saboxplugin-gravatar"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67a4baec36ca1c5d3b11dd9161b9ae99?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67a4baec36ca1c5d3b11dd9161b9ae99?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' itemprop="image"/></div><div class="saboxplugin-authorname"><a href="https://hangingtogether.org/author/titia/" class="vcard author" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="fn" itemprop="name">Titia van der Werf</span></a></div><div class="saboxplugin-desc"><div itemprop="description"><p>Titia van der Werf is a Senior Program Officer in OCLC Research based in OCLC’s Leiden office. 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