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id="toc-Free_convection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_convection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Free convection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_convection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nucleate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_heat_flux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_heat_flux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Critical heat flux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_heat_flux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influence of Geometry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_of_Geometry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence of Geometry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pool_boiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pool_boiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pool boiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pool_boiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow_boiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow_boiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flow boiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow_boiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confined_boiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confined_boiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Confined boiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confined_boiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refrigeration_and_air_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigeration_and_air_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Refrigeration and air conditioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigeration_and_air_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_making_water_potable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_making_water_potable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>For making water potable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_making_water_potable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boil-in-the-bag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boil-in-the-bag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Boil-in-the-bag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boil-in-the-bag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_with_evaporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_with_evaporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contrast with evaporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_with_evaporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boiling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غليان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غليان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearbiri" title="Hearbiri – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hearbiri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullici%C3%B3n" title="Ebullición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ebullición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaynama" title="Qaynama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaynama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9i-th%C3%AAng" title="Hùi-thêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hùi-thêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кіпенне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіпенне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кіпеньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіпеньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="ब्वॉयलिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्वॉयलिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkalagakaga" title="Pagkalagakaga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkalagakaga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кипене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кипене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullici%C3%B3" title="Ebullició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ebullició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вĕрени – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕрени" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var" title="Var – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Var" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanza" title="Fanza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fanza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwi" title="Berwi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berwi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogning" title="Kogning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kogning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieden" title="Sieden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sieden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemine" title="Keemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βρασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Лакамо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лакамо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullici%C3%B3n" title="Ebullición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ebullición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolado" title="Bolado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakite" title="Irakite – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irakite" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جوشیدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوشیدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89bullition" title="Ébullition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ébullition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruich" title="Bruich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bruich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebulici%C3%B3n" title="Ebulición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ebulición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%81%93%EC%9D%8C" title="끓음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="끓음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Եռում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եռում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="क्वथन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्वथन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrenje_(fizika)" title="Vrenje (fizika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrenje (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendidih" title="Mendidih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mendidih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0a" title="Suða – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suða" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebollizione" title="Ebollizione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebollizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%94" title="הרתחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרתחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umub" title="Umub – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Umub" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Қайнау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қайнау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwit" title="Kwit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Кайноо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кайноо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullitio" title="Ebullitio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ebullitio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C5%A1ana" title="Viršana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viršana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virimas" title="Virimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Virimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buidura" title="Buidura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Buidura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A1s_(%C3%A1talakul%C3%A1s)" title="Forrás (átalakulás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Forrás (átalakulás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Вриење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вриење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="തിളയ്ക്കൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിളയ്ക്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidihan" title="Pendidihan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Буцлах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буцлах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျိုခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျိုခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koken_(verdamping)" title="Koken (verdamping) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koken (verdamping)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%A8%B0" title="沸騰 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沸騰" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koking" title="Koking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koking" title="Koking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullicion" title="Ebullicion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ebullicion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrzenie_(fizyka)" title="Wrzenie (fizyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wrzenie (fizyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebuli%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ebulição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ebulição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierbere" title="Fierbere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fierbere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27impuy" title="T'impuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'impuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кипение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кипение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlimi" title="Vlimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vlimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vugghiuta" title="Vugghiuta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vugghiuta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boiling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var_(fyzika)" title="Var (fyzika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Var (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrenje" title="Vrenje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قۆناغی کوڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قۆناغی کوڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrenje_(fizika)" title="Vrenje (fizika) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vrenje (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrenje_(fizika)" title="Vrenje (fizika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vrenje (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiehuminen" title="Kiehuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiehuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokning" title="Kokning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kokning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கொதித்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொதித்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkam" title="Arkam – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arkam" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Кайнау – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кайнау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="การเดือด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเดือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaynama" title="Kaynama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaynama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Кипіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кипіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ابال (طبیعیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابال (طبیعیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%C3%B4i" title="Sự sôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolaedje" title="Bolaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bolaedje" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沸腾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilingkettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Boilingkettle.jpg/220px-Boilingkettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Boilingkettle.jpg/330px-Boilingkettle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Boilingkettle.jpg/440px-Boilingkettle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="3645" /></a><figcaption>Rolling boil of water in an electric kettle</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Boiling</b> or <b>ebullition</b> is the rapid <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> from <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapour</a>; the reverse of boiling is <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>. Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, so that the <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a> of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. Boiling and <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> are the two main forms of liquid <a href="/wiki/Vapourization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapourization">vapourization</a>. </p><p>There are two main types of boiling: <a href="/wiki/Nucleate_boiling" title="Nucleate boiling">nucleate boiling</a> where small bubbles of vapour form at discrete points, and <a href="/wiki/Critical_heat_flux" title="Critical heat flux">critical heat flux</a> boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapour forms on the surface. <a href="/wiki/Transition_boiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition boiling">Transition boiling</a> is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes. </p><p>Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a> and viruses that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 100 °C (212 °F) for one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are inactivated. Ten minutes at a temperature of 70 °C (158 °F) is also sufficient to inactivate most bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boiling water is also used in several <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> methods including boiling, <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">poaching</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_convection">Free convection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Free convection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lowest heat flux seen in boiling is only sufficient to cause [natural convection], where the warmer fluid rises due to its slightly lower density. This condition occurs only when the superheat is very low, meaning that the hot surface near the fluid is nearly the same temperature as the boiling point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleate">Nucleate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nucleate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/220px--Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="125" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="Boiling_water_-_close_up_(short_shutter_speed).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Boiling_water_-_close_up_(short_shutter_speed).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="848" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1270" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1906" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1088" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="636" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv/Boiling_water_-_close_up_%28short_shutter_speed%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="636" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video showing water being boiled. As boiling proceeds, more nucleation sites (where bubbles are formed) can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nucleate_boiling" title="Nucleate boiling">Nucleate boiling</a> is characterised by the growth of bubbles or pops on a heated surface (heterogeneous nucleation), which rises from discrete points on a surface, whose temperature is only slightly above the temperature of the liquid. In general, the number of <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> sites is increased by an increasing surface temperature. </p><p>An irregular surface of the boiling vessel (i.e., increased surface roughness) or additives to the fluid (i.e., surfactants and/or <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>) facilitate nucleate boiling over a broader temperature range,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while an exceptionally smooth surface, such as plastic, lends itself to <a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">superheating</a>. Under these conditions, a heated liquid may show <a href="/wiki/Boiling_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling delay">boiling delay</a> and the temperature may go somewhat above the boiling point without boiling. </p><p>Homogeneous nucleation, where the bubbles form from the surrounding liquid instead of on a surface, can occur if the liquid is warmer in its center, and cooler at the surfaces of the container. This can be done, for instance, in a microwave oven, which heats the water and not the container. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_heat_flux">Critical heat flux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical heat flux"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Critical_heat_flux" title="Critical heat flux">Critical heat flux</a> (CHF) describes the thermal limit of a phenomenon where a phase change occurs during heating (such as bubbles forming on a metal surface used to heat <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>), which suddenly decreases the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, thus causing localised overheating of the heating surface. As the boiling surface is heated above a critical temperature, a film of vapour forms on the surface. Since this vapour film is much less capable of carrying heat away from the surface, the temperature rises very rapidly beyond this point into the <a href="/wiki/Transition_boiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition boiling">transition boiling</a> regime. The point at which this occurs is dependent on the characteristics of boiling fluid and the heating surface in question.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition">Transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transition_boiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition boiling">Transition boiling</a> may be defined as the unstable boiling, which occurs at surface temperatures between the maximum attainable in nucleate and the minimum attainable in film boiling. </p><p>The formation of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid bubble">bubbles</a> in a heated liquid is a complex physical process which often involves <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> and acoustic effects, such as the broad-spectrum hiss one hears in a kettle not yet heated to the point where bubbles boil to the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leidenfrost_effect" title="Leidenfrost effect">Leidenfrost effect</a></div> <p>If a surface heating the liquid is significantly hotter than the liquid then film boiling will occur, where a thin layer of vapour, which has low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, insulates the surface. This condition of a vapour film insulating the surface from the liquid characterises <i>film boiling</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Geometry">Influence of Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence of Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pool_boiling">Pool boiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pool boiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Pool boiling" refers to boiling where there is no forced convective flow. Instead, the flow occurs due to density gradients. It can experience any of the regimes mentioned above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow_boiling">Flow boiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flow boiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Flow boiling" occurs when the boiling fluid circulates, typically through pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-JamesHoldenFlowBoiling_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesHoldenFlowBoiling-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its movement can be powered by pumps, such as in power plants, or by density gradients, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a> or a heat pipe. Flows in flow boiling are often characterised by a void fraction parameter, which indicates the fraction of the volume in the system that is vapor. One can use this fraction and the densities to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_quality" title="Vapor quality">vapor quality</a>, which refers to the mass fraction that is in the gas phase. Flow boiling can be very complex, with heavy influences of density, flow rates, and heat flux, as well as surface tension. The same system may have regions that are liquid, gas, and two-phase flow. Such two phase regimes can lead to some of the best heat transfer coefficients of any system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confined_boiling">Confined boiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Confined boiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Confined boiling refers to boiling in confined geometries, typically characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Bond_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond number">Bond number</a> that compares the gap spacing to the capillary length. Confined boiling regimes begin to play a major role when Bo < 0.5. This boiling regime is dominated by "vapour stem bubbles" left behind after vapour departs.<sup id="cite_ref-Alsaati_Warsinger_Weibel_Marconnet_2021_p=121520_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alsaati_Warsinger_Weibel_Marconnet_2021_p=121520-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bubbles act as seeds for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but a lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum force at the two-phase interface balances the combined surface tension and hydrostatic forces, leading to irreversible growth of the dry spot.<sup id="cite_ref-Alsaati_Warsinger_Weibel_Marconnet_2023_p._104542_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alsaati_Warsinger_Weibel_Marconnet_2023_p._104542-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confined boiling is particularly promising for electronics cooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boiling point of an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> at a given pressure is a characteristic attribute of the element. This is also true for many simple compounds including water and simple <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>. Once boiling has started and provided that boiling remains stable and the pressure is constant, the temperature of the boiling liquid remains constant. This attribute led to the adoption of boiling points as the definition of 100 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distillation">Distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixtures of volatile liquids have a boiling point specific to that mixture producing vapour with a constant mix of components - the <a href="/wiki/Constant_boiling_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant boiling mixture">constant boiling mixture</a>. This attribute allows mixtures of liquids to be separated or partly separated by boiling and is best known as a means of separating <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> from water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigeration_and_air_conditioning">Refrigeration and air conditioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Refrigeration and air conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most types of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and some type of <a href="/wiki/Air-conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-conditioning">air-conditioning</a> work by compressing a gas so that it becomes liquid and then allowing it to boil. This adsorbs heat from the surroundings cooling the fridge or freezer or cooling the air entering a building. Typical liquids include <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_making_water_potable">For making water potable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: For making water potable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a method of disinfecting water, bringing it to its boiling point at 100 °C (212 °F), is the oldest and most effective way since it does not affect the taste, it is effective despite contaminants or particles present in it, and is a single step process which eliminates most <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> responsible for causing <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> related diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxfordjournals_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfordjournals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level and at normal barometric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places having a proper <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> system, it is recommended only as an <a href="/wiki/Boil-water_advisory" title="Boil-water advisory">emergency treatment method</a> or for obtaining potable water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it cannot remove <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">chemical toxins</a> or impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-backpackers_field_manual_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backpackers_field_manual-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elimination of micro-organisms by boiling follows <a href="/wiki/First-order_kinetics" class="mw-redirect" title="First-order kinetics">first-order kinetics</a>—at high temperatures, it is achieved in less time and at lower temperatures, in more time. The heat sensitivity of micro-organisms varies, at 70 °C (158 °F), <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia" title="Giardia">Giardia</a></i> species (which cause <a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">giardiasis</a>) can take ten minutes for complete inactivation, most intestine affecting microbes and <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>) take less than a minute; at boiling point, <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>) takes ten seconds and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatitis A virus">hepatitis A virus</a> (causes the symptom of <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>), one minute. Boiling does not ensure the elimination of all micro-organisms; the bacterial spores <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i> can survive at 100 °C (212 °F) but are not water-borne or intestine affecting. Thus for human health, complete <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a> of water is not required.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxfordjournals_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfordjournals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than 60 °C (140 °F) and bringing it to its boiling point is also a useful indication that can be seen without the help of a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a>, and by this time, the water is disinfected. Though the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure boiling point">boiling point decreases</a> with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxfordjournals_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfordjournals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cooking">In cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Pasta_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Boiling <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p><i>Boiling</i> is the method of <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> food in boiling <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> or other water-based liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a> is gentle boiling, while in <a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">poaching</a> the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K), especially at sea level. Pressure and a change in the composition of the liquid may alter the boiling point of the liquid. High <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> cooking generally takes longer since boiling point is a function of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>. At an elevation of about one mile (1,600 m), water boils at approximately 95 °C (203 °F; 368 K).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the type of food and the elevation, the boiling water may not be hot enough to cook the food properly.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, increasing the pressure as in a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker" title="Pressure cooker">pressure cooker</a> raises the temperature of the contents above the open air boiling point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boil-in-the-bag">Boil-in-the-bag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Boil-in-the-bag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></div> <p>Also known as "boil-in-bag", this involves heating or cooking ready-made foods sealed in a thick plastic bag. The bag containing the food, often frozen, is submerged in boiling water for a prescribed time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting dishes can be prepared with greater convenience as no pots or pans are dirtied in the process. Such meals are available for camping as well as home dining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrast_with_evaporation">Contrast with evaporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contrast with evaporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At any given temperature, the molecules in a liquid have varying kinetic energies. Some high energy particles on the liquid surface may have enough energy to escape the intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid and become a gas. This is called evaporation. </p><p>Evaporation only happens on the surface while boiling happens throughout the liquid. When a liquid reaches its boiling point bubbles of gas form in it which rise into the surface and burst into the air. This process is called boiling. If the boiling liquid is heated more strongly the temperature does not rise but the liquid boils more quickly. </p><p>This distinction is exclusive to the liquid-to-gas transition; any transition directly from solid to gas is always referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> regardless of whether it is at its boiling point or not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">Phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_boiling" title="Explosive boiling">Explosive boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_time_(culinary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery time (culinary)">Recovery time (culinary)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boiling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boiling">Boiling</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/boiling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/boiling">boiling</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Boiling" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Boiling"> Boiling</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-FWC-WSH-15.02">Boil Water - Technical Brief WHO/FWC/WSH/15.02</a> (Report). World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Boil+Water+-+Technical+Brief+WHO%2FFWC%2FWSH%2F15.02&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2FWHO-FWC-WSH-15.02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoiling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorettiLongoMancinRighetti2017" class="citation journal cs1">Doretti, L.; Longo, G. A.; Mancin, S.; Righetti, G.; Weibel, J. A. 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Why does water boil at a lower temperature at high altitudes?"</a>. <i>FAQs About Water and Steam</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapws.org/faq1/boil.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAQs+About+Water+and+Steam&rft.atitle=What+is+the+effect+of+pressure+on+the+boiling+of+water%3F+Why+does+water+boil+at+a+lower+temperature+at+high+altitudes%3F&rft.au=IAPWS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapws.org%2Ffaq1%2Fboil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoiling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/high-altitude-cooking-and-food-safety/ct_index">"High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety"</a>. <i>United States Department of Agriculture</i>. 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=High+Altitude+Cooking+and+Food+Safety&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Ffsis%2Ftopics%2Ffood-safety-education%2Fget-answers%2Ffood-safety-fact-sheets%2Fsafe-food-handling%2Fhigh-altitude-cooking-and-food-safety%2Fct_index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoiling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boil-in-bag">"Boil-in-bag - Define Boil-in-bag at Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Boil-in-bag+-+Define+Boil-in-bag+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fboil-in-bag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoiling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cooking_techniques" title="Template talk:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cooking techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooking_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">List of cooking techniques</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">Dry roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_salt_frying" title="Hot salt frying">Hot salt frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searing" title="Searing">Searing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Convection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbroiler" title="Charbroiler">Charbroiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">Grilling (charbroiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasting (traditional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotisserie" title="Rotisserie">Rotisserie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(food)" title="Toast (food)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanching_(cooking)" title="Blanching (cooking)">Blanching</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_cooking">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shocking_(cooking)" title="Shocking (cooking)">Shocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coddling" title="Coddling">Coddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaming_(cooking)" title="Creaming (cooking)">Creaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">Infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">Simmering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow cooking">Slow cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smothering_(cooking)" title="Smothering (cooking)">Smothering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">Steeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">Stewing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Indirect heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">Bain-marie (Double boiling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-vide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sous-vide">Sous-vide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_steaming" title="Double steaming">Double steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">Steaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">High heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basting_(cooking)" title="Basting (cooking)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackening_(cooking)" title="Blackening (cooking)">Blackening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_(cooking)" title="Browning (cooking)">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">Deep frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">Pan frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_frying" title="Shallow frying">Shallow frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">Stir frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">Sautéing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Low heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentle_frying" title="Gentle frying">Gentle frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweating_(cooking)" title="Sweating (cooking)">Sweating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carryover_cooking" title="Carryover cooking">Carryover cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">Caramelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">Deglazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricassee" title="Fricassee">Fricassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_grilling" title="Indirect grilling">Indirect grilling/Plank cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stir_frying#Chao_technique" title="Stir frying">Stir frying (chao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_fryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air fryer">Air frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure cooking">Pressure cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_frying" title="Pressure frying">Pressure frying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cooker" title="Slow cooker">Slow cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cooking" title="Thermal cooking">Thermal cooking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-heat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(food)" title="Aging (food)">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igunaq" title="Igunaq">Burying in ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_drying" title="Food drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">Purée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souring" title="Souring">Souring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_appliances" title="List of cooking appliances">List of cooking appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_vessels" title="List of cooking vessels">List of cooking vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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