A Roman Boy's Rite of Passage - World History Encyclopedia

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</p> </div> </nav> <div id="article"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2564/a-roman-boys-rite-of-passage/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/18567.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2564/a-roman-boys-rite-of-passage/" data-pin-description="A Roman boy's rite of passage, a ceremony or ritual marking a transitional period in life from childhood to adulthood, was the assuming of the toga virilis, the adult toga. The ceremony usually took place sometime between the boy's 14th and 17th birthday; the decision was made by the boy's father..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Article </h2> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Laura K.C. McCormack" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-laura.d4b.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/laura.d4b/" rel="author" title="User Page: Laura K.C. McCormack">Laura K.C. McCormack</a> <br/> published on 19 November 2024 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/2-2564/rite-de-passage-dun-jeune-romain/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/tr/2-2564/bir-romali-cocugun-erginlenme-toreni/" class="translation_link tr " rel="alternate">Turkish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/2-2564/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Roman_Empire+Roman_Republic" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=laura.d4b" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="text body"> <article> <p>A <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> boy's rite of passage, a ceremony or ritual marking a transitional period in life from childhood to adulthood, was the assuming of the <em>toga virilis</em>, the adult toga. The ceremony usually took place sometime between the boy's 14th and 17th birthday; the decision was made by the boy's father or guardian.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="18567"> <a href="/image/18567/young-marcus-aurelius/" title="Young Marcus Aurelius" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18567.jpg.webp?v=1732585626-1709539746 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/18567.jpg.webp?v=1732585626-1709539746 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18567.jpg?v=1732585626-1709539746 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/18567.jpg?v=1732585626-1709539746 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18567.jpg?v=1732585626-1709539746" alt="Young Marcus Aurelius" class="in_text_image" width="313" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Young Marcus Aurelius</div><div class="figauthor">Ramon van Opdorp (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18567/young-marcus-aurelius/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18567/young-marcus-aurelius/","caption":"Bust of future Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 CE) as a successor to the throne, c. 138-144 CE. \r\n\r\nAltes Museum, Berlin.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/18567.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Ramon van Opdorp - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/ramonvanopdorp/#person","name":"Ramon van Opdorp","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/ramonvanopdorp/","image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-ramonvanopdorp.jpg","description":"Aircraft technician as daily job and passion, and ancient history as avid enthusiast. Main history interests is everything on Vikings, Carthage, Mesopotamia, Egypt and polar exploration."},"creditText":"Ramon van Opdorp / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2024-03-04T08:09:06+0000","datePublished":"2024-03-04T08:09:04+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Young Marcus Aurelius","height":1679,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18567/young-marcus-aurelius/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18567/young-marcus-aurelius/","width":1050} </script> </p> <p>The ceremony is referenced widely across historical writings, biographies, letters, and speeches, however, the ancient primary sources available to us do not provide too many details. There is in general a scarcity of ancient material written about children, and we certainly have more information regarding the lives of the middle-class and elite families than we do of the lower classes, and a boy's rite of passage is no exception.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Timing</h3> <p>A boy's rite of passage would have corresponded with puberty, a time defined by some ancients as a period of '<em>ferocitas</em>', that is, impetuosity or restlessness. The physical transition from a boy to a young man was marked by several features including the 'breaking' of his voice, which was known as '<em>gallulascere</em>' (crowing), and by the growth of facial hair. At 14, a young boy may have had the first growth of a beard; this first growth was associated with adolescence and visually marked out the young boy from the adult male. This growth was allowed to become a full beard and was not shaved off until the boy was in his late teens to early twenties. When finally the shaving of the beard occurred, it was seen as the end of the wayward youth and a progression into a more adult life. The shaving of the beard could sometimes be carried out at a public festival known as the <em>Iuvenali;</em> at this festival, the young man's beard was dedicated to a <a href="/God/">god</a> of his own choosing and kept in a small box in the sanctuary of the family's household gods.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <div class="big_quote">A popular day chosen for this significant event in the life of the boy and his family was the 17th of March, at the festival of Liber.</div> <p>A boy in his early teens was still under the supervision of his pedagogue, who would also have accompanied him outside of the home. <a href="/article/2224/roman-education/">Roman education</a> for a youth from the affluent or elite society, would have included rhetorics, oratory, <a href="/disambiguation/law/">law</a>, politics, astronomy, geography, law, <a href="/literature/">literature</a>, <a href="/philosophy/">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/mythology/">mythology</a>. Some boys may have been considering leaving home to advance their education; there were <a href="/article/2458/roman-students-in-athens/">Roman students in Athens</a> and the other intellectual centres of the Eastern <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a>. In many cases, they would have been accompanied abroad by their pedagogue.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>By the time Roman boys had reached the age of 14, many fathers would have already been taking their sons to observe life in the <a href="/Roman_Forum/">Roman Forum</a>, they would have attended public meetings and the <a href="/Roman_Law/">Roman law</a> courts, and sons would have been introduced to their father's friends and business acquaintances. The foundation for a boy's transition into adulthood and what it might entail was being laid. Young boys would have been under <em>patria potestas</em> and would have remained under the power of their fathers until their father's <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a>; no coming of age or rite of passage liberated sons from this position.</p> <p>Nevertheless, the ceremony of assuming the <em>toga virilis</em> was a defining moment in a boy's life. The decision of what age a boy was ready for the rite of passage and to be enrolled as a citizen was taken by his father or guardian, but the ceremony tended to happen between a boy's 14th and 17th birthday. The statesman, <a href="/Cicero/">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> (106-43 BCE), marked his coming of age at 16, his son Marcus at this age, too, while the first <a href="/Roman_Emperor/">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/augustus/">Augustus</a> (l. 63 BCE to 14 CE), as a young <a href="/augustus/">Octavian</a> was just 15 years old, and Emperor <a href="/Marcus_Aurelius/">Marcus Aurelius</a> (l. 121-180 CE) assumed his toga at 16. A popular day chosen for this significant event in the life of the boy and his family was the 17th of March, at the festival of Liber, although other dates were equally acceptable.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>The <em>Toga Virilis</em></h3> <p>The celebrations began in the <em>lararium</em>, which was most commonly located in the <em>atrium</em> of the homes of affluent Romans. It was here in the <em>lararium</em> that the young boy, in the presence of his family and friends, would dedicate his apotropaic locket, known as a <em>bulla</em>, which he had worn throughout childhood to protect him from physical and moral danger. The<em> bulla</em> would be hung on the statue of Lares. At the ceremony, the boy put aside his childhood <em>toga praetexta</em> and prepared himself to receive the pure white <em>toga virilis</em>, the adult toga. Clothing in Roman <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> could hold immense power; the toga symbolised many key aspects of what it meant to be a Roman male, and the <em>toga virilis</em> indicated not only that the wearer was a freeborn citizen but also his age and socio-economic status.</p> <p>This assuming of the adult toga was without doubt quite a momentous event in the life of a Roman boy, it indicated the end of his childhood and the beginnings of adulthood with all its accompanying freedoms and responsibilities. This loosely draped garment was made from an oval-shaped piece of material, and it had voluminous folds; one had to learn to put it on as it required some skill to drape. It was considered the ceremonial or formal dress of Roman citizens rather than their everyday wear, but it was expected of male citizens that they dress in the toga for all civic occasions. Aulus Gellius (c. 125-180 CE) <a href="/writing/">writing</a> in <em>Noctae Atticae</em>, tells of an episode that occurred when he was with his oratory teacher, who it seems held to strict standards of dress, and on spotting some of his pupils who were on holidays wearing tunics and sandals instead of togas, reprimanded them and reminded them that they were senators of the Roman people and should be dressed as such (13.22).</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="18984"> <a href="/image/18984/statue-of-a-man-wearing-a-toga-beside-a-capsa/" title="Statue of a Man Wearing a Toga beside a Capsa" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18984.jpg.webp?v=1716376592-1716811865 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/18984.jpg.webp?v=1716376592-1716811865 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18984.jpg?v=1716376592-1716811865 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/18984.jpg?v=1716376592-1716811865 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/18984.jpg?v=1716376592-1716811865" alt="Statue of a Man Wearing a Toga beside a Capsa" class="in_text_image" width="206" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Statue of a Man Wearing a Toga beside a Capsa</div><div class="figauthor">Ophelia 2 (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18984/statue-of-a-man-wearing-a-toga-beside-a-capsa/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18984/statue-of-a-man-wearing-a-toga-beside-a-capsa/","caption":"A beardless Roman magistrate wearing a toga beside a capsa, white marble statue from Baetica, 1st-2nd centuries CE. \r\n\r\nArchaeology Museum of Catalonia, Barcelona.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/18984.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Ophelia 2 - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ophelia 2"},"creditText":"Ophelia 2 / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-05-27T12:11:05+0000","datePublished":"2024-05-27T12:11:04+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Statue of a Man Wearing a Toga beside a Capsa","height":3154,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1tua_d%27home_togat.JPG"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18984/statue-of-a-man-wearing-a-toga-beside-a-capsa/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/18984/statue-of-a-man-wearing-a-toga-beside-a-capsa/","width":1294} </script> </p> <p>By the late <a href="/Roman_Republic/">Roman Republic</a>, the toga was certainly associated with Roman identity and probably one of the most telling indications of the centrality of the toga to Roman history was that those who were banished from <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> were forbidden to wear it. The transition from the wearing of the childhood <em>toga praetexta</em> with its purple band along the bottom edge to the adult plain white <em>toga virilis</em> was a privilege associated only with the freeborn male child. Before donning this adult toga, the boy would put on a tunic given to him by his father, known as a <em>tunica recta</em>. He then received the white toga from his father signifying the beginnings of his transition from boy to adult man.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Public Celebration</h3> <p>Once the celebrations at home had been completed the concluding rituals in Rome continued with the young <em>togati</em> accompanied by his father and family proceeding to the Forum and the Capitoline, (from the time of Augustus' reign, the ceremony took place at the Forum of Augustus). The philosopher, <a href="/Seneca/">Seneca</a> (c. 4 BCE to 65 CE), writing in his <em>Epistulae Morales</em> to Lucilius, provides us with an insight into the emotional day as he refers to cherished memories of joy felt when putting aside the childhood toga, assuming the adult <em>toga virilis,</em> and being escorted to the forum. The setting of the forum and its representations, such as the statues of <a href="/Aeneas/">Aeneas</a> and his father, Anchises, encouraged the idea of filial responsibilities and obligations and stressed the duty of the young man to his parents, his ancestors, and the state.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="2103"> <a href="/image/2103/forum-of-augustus-rome/" title="Forum of Augustus, Rome" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2103.jpg.webp?v=1697739729 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2103.jpg.webp?v=1697739729 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2103.jpg?v=1697739729 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/2103.jpg?v=1697739729 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/2103.jpg?v=1697739729" alt="Forum of Augustus, Rome" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="308" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Forum of Augustus, Rome</div><div class="figauthor">N8french (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2103/forum-of-augustus-rome/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2103/forum-of-augustus-rome/","caption":"A reconstruction of the Forum of Augustus in Rome with the temple of Mars Ultor, late 1st century BCE.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/2103.jpg","copyrightNotice":"N8french - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"N8french"},"creditText":"N8french / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-25T12:36:18+0000","datePublished":"2013-10-11T13:02:47+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Forum of Augustus, Rome","height":308,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA2.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2103/forum-of-augustus-rome/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2103/forum-of-augustus-rome/","width":500} </script> </p> <p>This part of the celebration may have been known as the <em>ad Capitolium ire,</em> that is, "going to the Capitoline Hill", where young <em>togati</em> sacrificed to Liber. On the Capitol the boy may also have performed sacrifices to <a href="/jupiter/">Jupiter</a> and Juventas in the <a href="/temple/">temple</a> of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, and at this point, he may have deposited a <a href="/coinage/">coin</a> in Juventas' small shrine in the Capitoline temple or at her temple near the <a href="/Circus_Maximus/">Circus Maximus</a>. The young boy's complete name may have been registered in the list of citizens in the <em>tabularium</em>, the state record office housed in the Temple of <a href="/Saturn/">Saturn</a>. We also find in an early 2nd-century CE document, understood to be a 'certificate of the <em>toga pura</em>', a list of the names of the recent boys acquiring the <em>toga virilis.</em> It was displayed in the Forum Augustus while copies may have been kept in local records offices in other provinces.</p> <p>Once all the rituals were completed the young boy, his family, and friends may have proceeded once again through the Forum. People would have gathered to wish the young <em>togati</em> well, <a href="/ovid/">Ovid</a> (<em>Fasti</em> 3.787-788) mentions the crowds around the young boy; these crowds would have also benefited from the custom of <em>sportulae</em>, gifts of money or food distributed by the family.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>By the 2nd century, the ceremony had become part of <a href="/article/637/roman-daily-life/">Roman daily life</a>, and such ceremonies took place throughout <a href="/italy/">Italy</a>, and the practice also spread to the provinces. Young boys of elite families who possessed <a href="/article/859/roman-citizenship/">Roman citizenship</a> in the <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> <a href="/city/">cities</a> would have taken the adult toga in a similar ceremony celebrated publicly.</p> <h3>Concerns for the Youth</h3> <p>In antiquity, youth was considered a critical age of tensions and conflicts. <a href="/Claudius_Ptolemy/">Claudius Ptolemy</a> (c. 100 to c.170 CE) goes as far as to describe the period as a sort of frenzy, which overtook the young man and could result in a blindness of judgement in many areas of his life (4.10. 203-7). Pseudo <a href="/plutarch/">Plutarch</a> advises that the impulses of young men should therefore be restrained by supervision. <a href="/Cicero/">Cicero</a> speaks of one way of restraining youthful exuberance and that was to limit the mobility of the new <em>togati</em> by a unique mode of dress that he notes was used in the 1st century BCE. He says that when he was young, boys in training usually spent a year keeping one arm partially in their togas, the toga was worn so that the left arm was mostly immoblised and the right freed only to accommodate moderate gestures (<em>Cael</em>. 5.11). Seneca the Elder (54 BCE to c. 39 CE), when referring to the old days, says that it would have been outrageous for a young man, who was beginning his career and who was expected to convey modesty, to have his arm out of his toga (<em>Controv</em>.5.6).</p> <div class="big_quote">Assuming the<em> toga virilis </em>meant that the young man could now marry; he had acquired full citizenship, social freedom, & sexual freedom.</div> <p>Doubtless, the newly attained freedoms accompanying this rite of passage may have been overwhelming and sometimes would have been abused by some young men. Assuming the <em>toga virilis</em> meant that the young man could now marry, with parental consent; he had acquired full citizenship, social freedom, and sexual freedom. For some young boys, as we learn from the personal experience of the satirist, <a href="/Perseus/">Perseus</a> Flaccius (34-62 CE), who was 16 when he assumed the adult toga, there was a feeling of vulnerability on having lost the protection of the <em>bulla</em> and t<em>oga praetexta.</em> This sense of vulnerability was heightened when he knew that he could do things that were once off limits such as freely wander through the Subura, the red-light district of Rome (<em>Sat</em>, 5. 30-6).</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <p>Cicero referred to the stage of adolescence as having " ...many slippery paths on which this age can barely stand or walk without falling or slipping" (<em>Pro. Cael</em>. 17. 41). He wrote of his own concerns for his nephew who was in his charge and for his son, Marcus. Marcus having already spent some time in the military sphere joined fellow Roman students in <a href="/Athens/">Athens</a> to advance his studies. We learn while in Athens he certainly tested his independence and his father's patience with his partying and neglect of his studies (<em>Ad Fam</em>.16.21.2.).</p> <h3>Training for the new <em>Togati</em></h3> <p>Rite of passage did not automatically imply that the youth became an adult and a responsible citizen. Originally, in the Roman Republic, a young man became liable for military service at 17 years old, marking the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. From the 1st century BCE onwards, most citizens did not serve in the <a href="/Roman_Army/">Roman army</a>, and the age of rite of passage was lowered. <em>Tirocinium militae</em> and <em>tirocinium fori</em> marked a period of time in which the youth, would prepare for life. The <em>tirocinium militae</em> included training in weaponry and martial exercises carried out under the supervision of an elder statesman, while the <em>tirocinium fori</em> provided training in political and forensic life. It was considered vital for the young <em>togati</em> to receive guidance from an older man who would help shape his character and provide counsel and direction, thus, the youth was placed under the supervision of such a person who may have been a successful orator, politician, or lawyer.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6404"> <a href="/image/6404/the-arringatore-orator/" title="The Arringatore (Orator)" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6404.jpg.webp?v=1704989763 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6404.jpg.webp?v=1704989763 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6404.jpg?v=1704989763 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6404.jpg?v=1704989763 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6404.jpg?v=1704989763" alt="The Arringatore (Orator)" class="in_text_image" width="303" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Arringatore (Orator)</div><div class="figauthor">corneliagraco (CC BY)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6404/the-arringatore-orator/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6404/the-arringatore-orator/","caption":"The lifesize bronze Etruscan statue from Arretium (Arezzo) known as the Arringatore or 'Orator'. 1st century BCE. 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When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"corneliagraco"},"creditText":"corneliagraco / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-25T12:36:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-03-07T17:10:31+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Arringatore (Orator)","height":966,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Arringatore.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6404/the-arringatore-orator/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6404/the-arringatore-orator/","width":584} </script> </p> <p>The period of <em>tirocinium</em> usually lasted a year. Cicero writes of his own assuming of the toga and being introduced by his father to the augur Scaevola; the young Cicero stayed by Scaevola's side gaining much profit from studying Scaevola's legal skills (<em>Amic</em>.1). Later in life, Cicero also wrote in defense of a young man who was once in his charge, Caelius Rufus. Caelius' training had been put into the hands of Cicero and the statesman <a href="/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> (c. 115-53 BCE). Both advised and chaperoned him, and Caelius did not see anyone without the presence of his father or his mentors, Cicero or <a href="/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus/">Crassus</a>. However, when Caelius turned 19 and this supervision and tutelage came to an end, Caelius indulged in reckless pleasures and passions, which led him down the wrong path.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <p>For young men in general, they waited until the age of 25 before being considered a full adult; this period of time was sometimes referred to as <em>iuventas</em> and <em>adulescentia</em>. Two laws, the<em> Lex Plaetoria</em> (c. 200 BCE) and <em>Lex Villia Annalis </em>(180 BCE) prevented young men from taking an active part in business or holding a position in the <a href="/Roman_Government/">Roman government</a> before the age of at least 25. Election to office was seen as the final stage in a young man's transition from youth to adulthood. 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"Coming of Age in the Roman World." <i>Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture Paperback November 21, 2009</i>, edited by Jonathan Edmondson. University of Toronto Press. London, 1970, 47-70.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__92c81e8d97598eac0c9947f7cc7800d6"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199652392/" rel="sponsored">Gardner, Hunter H. <i>Gendering Time in Augustan Love Elegy.</i> Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__102f7c44a584acd165555fd9d0ea0f0b"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0415202019/" rel="sponsored">Harlow, Mary. <i>Growing Up and Growing Old in Ancient Rome.</i> Routledge. London, 2001.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__142203cb106cd80a467cda808ae83324"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1107626722/" rel="sponsored">Laes, Christian & Strubbe, Johan. <i>Youth in the Roman Empire?.</i> Cambridge University Press. 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A Roman Boy's Rite of Passage - World History Encyclopedia