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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Edges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Roach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roach-sublist" 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panels_and_laminations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panels_and_laminations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Panels and laminations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panels_and_laminations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stitching_and_bonding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stitching_and_bonding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stitching and bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stitching_and_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edge_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edge_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Edge construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edge_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinforcements_at_attachment_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcements_at_attachment_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reinforcements at attachment points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcements_at_attachment_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Battens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fittings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fittings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fittings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fittings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fittings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fittings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reefing_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reefing_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reefing points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reefing_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tell-tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell-tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tell-tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell-tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sail components</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allunament" title="Allunament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Allunament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Устройство паруса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устройство паруса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_of_a_sail" title="Parts of a sail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parts of a sail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Будова вітрила – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Будова вітрила" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q352376#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foot_(sailing)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (sailing)">Foot (sailing)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Features that define a (ship) sail's shape and function</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">Sailboat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Sailing vessels</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krusenstern_horiz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Krusenstern_horiz.JPG/220px-Krusenstern_horiz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Krusenstern_horiz.JPG/330px-Krusenstern_horiz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Krusenstern_horiz.JPG/440px-Krusenstern_horiz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Russian sail training ship <a href="/wiki/Kruzenshtern_(ship)" title="Kruzenshtern (ship)"><i>Kruzenshtern</i></a> has <i>triangular</i> <a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">jibs</a> at the bow, <a href="/wiki/Square_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Square sail"><i>square</i> sails</a> on three masts, and a <i>quadrilateral</i> <a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">gaff-rigged sail</a> at the stern.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yacht flying a <i>triangular</i>, symmetric spinnaker with <i>tri-radial</i> construction—panels radiating from all three corners.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/220px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/330px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg/440px-Sailing_Vessel_Odyssey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda-rigged</a> <a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a> with <i>triangular</i> jib and main and mizzen sails with <i>cross-cut</i> construction—parallel panels, sewn together.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhambane-dhow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inhambane-dhow.JPG/220px-Inhambane-dhow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inhambane-dhow.JPG/330px-Inhambane-dhow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Inhambane-dhow.JPG/440px-Inhambane-dhow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a> with <i>triangular</i> <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> sail.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reaper_in_sail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reaper_in_sail.jpg/220px-Reaper_in_sail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reaper_in_sail.jpg/330px-Reaper_in_sail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Reaper_in_sail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i>Quadrilateral</i> <a href="/wiki/Lug_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lug rig">lug-rigged</a> vessel.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a></div> <p><b>Sail components</b> include the features that define a <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sail</a>'s shape and function, plus its constituent parts from which it is manufactured. A sail may be classified in a variety of ways, including by its orientation to the vessel (e.g. <i>fore-and-aft</i>) and its shape, (e.g. <i>(a)symmetrical</i>, <i>triangular</i>, <i>quadrilateral</i>, etc.). Sails are typically constructed out of flexible material that is shaped by various means, while in use, to offer an appropriate airfoil, according to the strength and apparent direction of the wind. A variety of features and fittings allow the sail to be attached to lines and spars. </p><p>Whereas conventional sails form an airfoil with one layer of fabric, <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">wingsails</a> comprise a structure that has material on both sides to form an airfoil—much like a <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a> placed vertically on the vessel—and are beyond the scope of this article. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></div> <p>Sails may be classified as either <i>triangular</i>, which describes sails that either come to one point of suspension at the top or where the sail comes to a point at the forward end, or <i>quadrilateral</i>, which includes sails that are attached to a spar at the top and have three other sides, or as <i>square</i>. They also may be classified as <i>symmetrical</i> (<a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square sails</a> and symmetric <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnakers</a>) or <i>asymmetrical</i> (most other sails). Typically, asymmetrical sails perform better on <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">points of sail</a> closer to the wind than symmetrical sails and are designed for <i><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">fore-and-aft</a></i> rigs. Symmetrical sails perform best on points of sail that are further from the wind direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triangular">Triangular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Triangular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a></div> <p>Triangular sails have names for each of three edges and three corners, <a href="#Shape">explained below</a>. Rigs with such sails include <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> and vessels with mixed sail plans that include <a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">jibs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">staysails</a>. Most triangular sails are classified as <i>asymmetrical</i> and <i>fore and aft</i>; symmetric <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnakers</a> are <i>symmetrical</i> triangular sails that are designed for off-the-wind use.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadrilateral">Quadrilateral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quadrilateral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug sail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">gunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">lug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junk_Rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Junk Rig">junk</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">sprit</a> sails have four sides and are set <i>fore and aft</i> so that one edge is leading into the wind, forming an <i>asymmetric</i> quadrilateral shape. Naming conventions are consistent with triangular sails, except for the top edge and corners, as <a href="#Shape">explained below</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Square">Square</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square rig</a></i> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Sail-plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sail-plan">sail and rigging arrangement</a> in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> which are perpendicular, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/square#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:square">square</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of the vessel and to the masts—the sails themselves are not square but are <i>symmetrically</i> quadrilateral. These spars are called <i><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yards</a></i> and their tips, beyond the last stay, are called the <i><a href="/wiki/Yardarms" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardarms">yardarms</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>. A ship mainly so rigged is called a <i>square-rigger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">Quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mainsail-edges.png/200px-Mainsail-edges.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mainsail-edges.png/300px-Mainsail-edges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Mainsail-edges.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="297" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Edges</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mainsail-corners.png/200px-Mainsail-corners.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mainsail-corners.png/300px-Mainsail-corners.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Mainsail-corners.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Corners</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff-rigged</a> <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a>.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/220px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/330px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg/440px-Square_rigged_sail_parts_and_running_rigging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Square sail edges and corners (top), <a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">running rigging</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The shape of a sail is defined by its edges and corners in the plane of the sail, laid out on a flat surface. The edges may be curved, either to extend the sail's shape as an airfoil or to define its shape in use. In use, the sail becomes a curved shape, adding the dimension of depth or <i>draft</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edges">Edges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The top of all sails is called the <i>head</i>, the leading edge is called the <i>luff</i>, the trailing edge is the <i>leech</i>, and the bottom edge is the <i>foot</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>Head</i> <span class="anchor" id="Head"></span>– The <i>head</i> is the upper edge of the sail, and is attached at the throat and peak to a gaff, <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yard</a>, or sprit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a triangular sail the <i>head</i> refers to the topmost corner.</li> <li><i>Leech</i><span class="anchor" id="Leech"></span> – The aft (back) edge of a fore-and-aft sail is called the <i>leech</i> (also spelled <i>leach</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>leech</i> is either side edge of a symmetrical sail—triangular or square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once a symmetrical sail has wind blowing along its surface, whether on a <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail#Reaching" title="Point of sail">reach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail#Close-hauled" title="Point of sail">close-hauled</a>, the windward leech may be called a <i>luff</i> (see below).</li> <li><i>Luff</i><span class="anchor" id="Luff"></span> – The forward (leading) edge of a fore-and-aft sail is called the <i>luff</i>, and may be attached along a <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Stays_(nautical)" title="Stays (nautical)">stay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When on a reach, the windward leech of a spinnaker (symmetrical or not) is called the luff<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, when on a reach or close-hauled, the windward leech of a square sail may be called the luff or the <i>weather leech</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Foot</i><span class="anchor" id="Foot"></span> – The <i>foot</i> of a sail is its bottom edge.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a fore-and-aft mainsail, the foot is often attached, at the tack and clew, to a <a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">boom</a>; on a square sail to a spar by clews on both ends; if no boom or spar is present, the sail is said to be "loose-footed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roach">Roach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fore-and-aft triangular mainsail achieves a better approximation of a wing form by extending the leech aft, beyond the line between the head and clew in an arc called the <i>roach</i>,<span class="anchor" id="Roach"></span> rather than having a triangular shape. This added area would flutter in the wind and not contribute to the efficient airfoil shape of the sail without the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">battens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offshore cruising mainsails sometimes have a <i>hollow leech</i> (the inverse of a roach) to obviate the need for battens and their ensuing likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Chafing_(nautical)" title="Chafing (nautical)">chafing</a> the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Roach</i> is a term also applied to square sail design—it is the arc of a circle above a straight line from clew to clew at the foot of a square sail, from which sail material is omitted. The greater the departure from the straight line, the greater the "hollow" in the roach.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roach allows the foot of the sail to clear stays coming up the mast, as the sails are rotated from side to side.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipping1847_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipping1847-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corners">Corners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg/220px-Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg/330px-Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Genoa_jib" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa jib">Genoa jib</a>, showing reinforcement and attachment points:<br /> 1. Head 2. Reinforcement 3. Luff <br />4. Leech 5. Anti-UV covering <br />6. Headfoil attachment 7. Panel(s) <br />8. Telltales 9. Reinforcement <br />10. Tack 11. Leech control 12. Clew <br />13. Foot control 14. Foot <br />15. Furling marks</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of corners of sails vary, depending on shape and symmetry. </p> <ul><li><i>Head</i> <span class="anchor" id="Head_(corner)"></span>– In a triangular sail, the corner where the luff and the leech connect is called the <i>head</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJobson2008208_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJobson2008208-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a square sail, the top corners are <i>head cringles</i>, where there are grommets, called <a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">cringles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Peak </i> <span class="anchor" id="Peak"></span>– On a quadrilateral sail, the <i>peak</i> is the upper aft corner of the sail, at the top end of a gaff, a sprit or other spar.</li> <li><i>Throat</i> <span class="anchor" id="Throat"></span>– On a quadrilateral sail, the <i>throat</i> is the upper forward corner of the sail, at the bottom end of a gaff or other spar.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaff-rigged sails, and certain similar rigs, employ two <i><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyards</a></i> to raise the sails: the <i><a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat halyard</a></i> raises the forward, throat end of the gaff, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak halyard</a></i> raises the aft, peak end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000429_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000429-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Clew</i> <span class="anchor" id="Clew"></span>– The corner where the leech and foot connect is called the <i>clew</i> on a fore-and-aft sail. On a jib, the sheet is connected to the clew; on a mainsail, the sheet is connected to the boom (if present) near the clew.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Clews</i> are the lower two corners of a square sail. Square sails have <i><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">sheets</a></i> attached to their clews like triangular sails, but the sheets are used to pull the sail down to the yard below rather than to adjust the angle it makes with the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corner where the leech and the foot connect is called the <i>clew</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnaker</a>, each of the lower corners of the sail is a clew. However, under sail on a given tack, the corner to which the spinnaker sheet is attached is called the <i>clew</i>, and the corner attached to the spinnaker pole is referred to as the <i>tack</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tack</i> <span class="anchor" id="Tack"></span>– The <a href="/wiki/Tack_(sailing)" title="Tack (sailing)">tack</a> is the corner on a fore-and-aft sail where the luff and foot connect<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on a mainsail, is located where the boom and mast connect.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SQRG_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQRG-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a square sail underway, the tack is the windward clew and also the line holding down that corner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000416-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft">Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">Draft (sail)</a></div> <p>Those triangular sails that are attached to both a mast along the luff and a boom along the foot have depth, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">draft or draught</a></i>, which results from the luff and foot being curved, rather than straight as they are attached to those spars. Draft creates a more efficient <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> shape for the sail. Draft can also be induced in triangular <a href="/wiki/Staysails" class="mw-redirect" title="Staysails">staysails</a> by adjustment of the sheets and the angle from which they reach the sails.<sup id="cite_ref-RYA_sail_draft_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RYA_sail_draft-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/220px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/330px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG/440px-Kevlar-Carbon-Sail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Laminated sail with Kevlar and Carbon fibers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bladef16-1up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/220px-Bladef16-1up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/330px-Bladef16-1up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg/440px-Bladef16-1up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a> with full-length <i>battens</i> in a <i>laminated</i> sail.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sails are constructed of fabrics that may be woven or manufactured as films. The sail are often assembled of multiple panels that are arrayed in a manner that transfers the load from the wind to the sail's attachment points—a combination of corners and edges—that transmits the load into the mast and powers the boat. Construction of such sails requires stitching, bonding, reinforcements and other features to achieve this. Other sails are constructed directly from fibers, filaments and films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a></div> <p>The characteristics of a sail are due to design, construction and the attributes of the fibers, which are woven together to make the sail cloth. There are several key factors in evaluating a fiber for suitability in weaving a sail-cloth:<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">Initial modulus</a></i> – The ability to resist stretching. Higher resistance is better for upwind sails.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">Breaking strength (tenacity)</a></i> – Measured as a force per cross sectional area of fiber. Higher is better for sails.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></i> – Describes the long term stretch of a fiber or fabric. A material with creep may have a superior modulus, but lose its shape over time.</li> <li><i>Resistance to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a></i> – Strength loss from exposure to the Sun’s UV rays measured by a standardized exposure test.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Flex strength</a></i> – Strength lost due to bending, folding, or flogging, which is frequently measured with an industry standard 50 fold test.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Cost-effectiveness analysis">Cost-effectiveness</a></i> – Both the initial cost and its durability of the material define its cost-effectiveness over time.</li></ul> <p>Traditionally, sails were made from <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials used in sails, as of the 21st Century, include <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> for spinnakers—where light weight and elastic resistance to shock load are valued—and a range of fibers, used for triangular sails, that includes <a href="/wiki/Dacron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacron">Dacron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> fibers—including <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal polymer">liquid crystal polymer</a> fibers—including <a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woven materials, like Dacron,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be specified as either high or low <i>tenacity</i>, as indicated, in part by their <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Denier" title="Units of textile measurement">denier</a> count (a unit of measure for the <a href="/wiki/Linear_mass_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear mass density">linear mass density</a> of fibers). High-tenacity Dacron comes in multiples of 220, 350 and 570 deniers, whereas low-tenacity Dacron comes in multiples of 150, 250, and 400 deniers. Sailcloth is typically heat-shrunk to tighten the weave and then receives a chemical bonding finish of <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a>. Such cloth is typically specified by deniers for <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> and fill (<a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>), e.g. 220/570.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panels_and_laminations">Panels and laminations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Panels and laminations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hals_(Gro%C3%9Fsegel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg/220px-Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg/330px-Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg/440px-Hals_%28Gro%C3%9Fsegel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sail detail at the tack of a mainsail, showing various types of seam stitches where <i>panels</i> join, <i>bolt ropes</i> in the luff and foot, and two <i><a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">cringles</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Conventional sails comprise panels, which are most often stitched together, at other times adhered. There are two basic configurations, <i>cross-cut</i> and <i>radial</i>. <i>Cross-cut</i> sails have the panels sewn parallel to one another, often parallel to the foot of the sail, and are the less expensive of the two sail constructions. Triangular cross-cut sail panels are designed to meet the mast and stay at an angle from either the warp or the weft (on the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(textile)#Bias" title="Grain (textile)">bias</a>) to allow stretching along the luff, but minimize strutting on the luff and foot, where the fibers are aligned with the edges of the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgate_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Radial</i> sails have panels that "radiate" from corners in order to efficiently transmit stress and are typically higher-performance than cross-cut sails. A <i>bi-radial</i> sail has panels radiating from two of three corners; a <i>tri-radial</i> sail has panels radiating from all three corners. Mainsails are more likely to be bi-radial, since there is very little stress at the tack, whereas head sails (spinnakers and jibs) are more likely to be tri-radial, because they are tensioned at their corners.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher-performance sails may be laminated, constructed directly from multiple plies of <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">filaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffetas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">films</a>—instead of woven textiles—and adhered together. <i>Molded sails</i> are laminated sails formed over a curved mold and adhered together into a shape that does not lie flat.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where a sail may rub against a spreader on the mast, a <a href="/wiki/Spreader_patch" title="Spreader patch">spreader patch</a> may be placed on a jib, when it overlaps with the mast,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or on the mainsail, where it may interfere when <a href="/wiki/Furl_(sailing)" title="Furl (sailing)">furled</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when the sail is backwinded against the <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_horyzont.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-cut panels"><img alt="Cross-cut panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/67px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/101px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zagiel_horyzont.svg/135px-Zagiel_horyzont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-cut panels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_birad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bi-radial panels"><img alt="Bi-radial panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/67px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/101px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zagiel_birad.svg/135px-Zagiel_birad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bi-radial panels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagiel_gwiazda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tri-radial panels"><img alt="Tri-radial panels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/67px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/101px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zagiel_gwiazda.svg/135px-Zagiel_gwiazda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tri-radial panels</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stitching_and_bonding">Stitching and bonding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stitching and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional sail panels are sewn together. Sails are tensile structures, so the role of a seam is to transmit a tensile load from panel to panel. For a sewn, textile sail this is done through thread and is limited by the strength of the thread and the strength of the hole in the textile through which it passes. Sail seams are often overlapped between panels and sewn with zig-zag stitches that create many connections per unit of seam length.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures for seam structural attributes—shown with a typical value for a sewn seam—include:<sup id="cite_ref-JonesStylios_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesStylios-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Breaking force</i> (<a href="/wiki/Newtons" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtons">newtons</a>) – 630 newtons (140 lbf)</li> <li><i>Elongation</i> (percent) – 22%</li> <li><i>Strength</i> (newtons/millimetre) – 14 newtons per millimetre (3.1 lbf/mm)</li> <li><i>Modulus of elasticity</i> (newtons/millimetre) – 1.2 newtons per millimetre (0.27 lbf/mm)</li></ul> <p>Whereas textiles are typically sewn together, other sail materials may be <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">ultrasonically welded</a>—a technique whereby high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> are locally applied to workpieces being held together under pressure to create a solid-state <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">weld</a>. It is commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, and especially for joining dissimilar <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesStylios_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesStylios-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_construction">Edge construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Edge construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liekleine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liekleine.jpg/220px-Liekleine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liekleine.jpg/330px-Liekleine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Liekleine.jpg/440px-Liekleine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Leech line with jam cleat to control the tension on the leach of a foresail.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt rope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">Roller furling</a></div> <p>Sails have a variety of treatments at their edges, either to attach the sail to a stay, spar or mast or to prevent a free edge from fluttering or fraying. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt ropes</a></i> are sewn onto the edges of the sail to reinforce them, or to fix the sail into a groove in the boom, in the mast, or in the luff foil of a <a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">roller-furling</a> jib.<sup id="cite_ref-Kipping1847_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kipping1847-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Leech lines</i> are found on mainsails and large jibs to tighten the leech and prevent fluttering. They run through a sleeve on the leech from the head to the clew, where there is usually a clam cleat to tighten it. Occasionally, <i>foot lines</i> perform an analogous function on a loose-footed sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>UV protection panels</i> are usually affixed to the leech and foot of roller furling jibs to prevent ultraviolet rays from reaching the sailcloth while the sail is not in use. These are typically a dark color to absorb the harmful rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinney_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinney-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcements_at_attachment_points">Reinforcements at attachment points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reinforcements at attachment points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopfbrett1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kopfbrett1.jpg/220px-Kopfbrett1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kopfbrett1.jpg/330px-Kopfbrett1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kopfbrett1.jpg/440px-Kopfbrett1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><i>Headboard</i> on a mainsail.</figcaption></figure> <p>The corners of triangular sails are typically areas of high stress and consequently often have reinforced layers and tape radiating from, whether cross-cut or radial in construction. Their corners are always attached to a <a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">shackle</a>, attached to a line or spar—the <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a> at the head, a shackle at the tack, and the <a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">outhaul</a> at the clew. The connecting shackle runs through a <a href="/wiki/Grommet" title="Grommet">grommet</a> at each of these points. There are additional points where reinforcing and grommets may occur: at the <a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">cunningham</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">downhaul</a> used to flatten a mainsail (jibs may have a similar feature), and along the foot of a <a href="/wiki/Genoa_jib" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa jib">Genoa jib</a> to allow a line to lift it out of the waves. The head of a triangular sail may have a rigid <i>headboard</i> riveted to it in order to transfer load from the sail to the halyard.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgate_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Square sails and gaff-rigged sails also have grommets at corners. Only the clews on a square sail take a comparatively large amount of stress, because the head is supported along the spar. Three sides of gaff-rigged sails are attached to a mast or spar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000146-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battens">Battens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg/220px-Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg/330px-Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg/440px-Verschiedene_Segellatten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Sail battens made from a variety of materials.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Sail batten</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></div> <p>A <i>sail batten</i> is a flexible insert in a fore-and-aft sail that provides added stiffness and definition to the sail's airfoil cross-section.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common use of sail battens is in the <a href="/wiki/Roach_(sail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roach (sail)">roach</a> of a mainsail. The batten extends the leech past the line that runs from the head and the clew of the sail to create a wider sail towards the top. Cruising sailboats may have four to six battens. Racing sailboats may have full-length battens, as well, that allow for better sail shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battens are also found in jibs of <a href="/wiki/Beachcat" title="Beachcat">beach-cat</a> catamarans.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most battens are fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">pultrusions</a> with a thin, rectangular cross section.<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rigs</a> feature full-length battens that facilitate short-handed sail handling, including reefing. The battens are attached loosely to the mast with lines called <i>batten parrels</i> that allow fore-and-aft motion as the sail is controlled by individual sheets leading to multiple battens.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudie_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudie-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fittings">Fittings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fittings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast (sailing)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">Boom (sailing)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">Spar (sailing)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">Yard (sailing)</a></div> <p>Sails usually have fittings attached to them that transmit force through a small area. These include grommets, which reinforce fabric at an attachment points and connections to lines; hoops and slides, which attach sails to spars; and reefing features, which may include reefing lines attached to the sail or grommets that have reefing lines running through them. Additional features include <a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">tell-tales</a>, windows—used on dinghy sails<sup id="cite_ref-Sleight_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleight-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and lettering and other graphics that include sail numbers and manufacturers logos, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where sails are attached to a mast, spar, or stay there is some kind of connection—often it's the bolt rope running through a groove in the mast, boom, or head foil—otherwise, there is a piece of hardware involved, e.g.: </p> <ul><li><i>Gaff sails</i> usually have hoops that slide up and down the mast.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bermuda mainsails</i> may have slides attached to the luff that match tracks on the mast and boom. These may be attached to the luff through grommets with webbing or a nylon shackle or with webbing sewn directly on the sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Jibs</i> that are not roller-furling usually have <i>hanks</i>, clips that attach to the stay. This applies to other <i>staysails</i>, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other hardware includes <i>cam cleats</i>, used to tension luff and foot lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reefing_points">Reefing points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reefing points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg/220px-Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg/330px-Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg/440px-Gaff-rigged-sail-nr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Gaff sail, showing reefing points (20) and other features.<br /> 1. Luff 2. Foot 3. Leech 4. Head <br />5. Throat 6. Tack 7. Clew 8. Peak <br />9. Throat cringle 10. Reefing cringle <br />11. Tack cringle 12. Clew cringle <br />13. Reefing cringle 14. Peak cringle <br />15. Reinforcing tape 16. Bolt rope <br />17. Batten pocket 18. Panels <br />19. Reef line 20. Reefing point <br />21. Reefing line</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">Reefing</a></div> <p>Different categories of sails are <a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">reefed</a> (reduced in size) in different manners and therefore have different fixtures that achieve shortening of sail. Traditional canvas square and gaff-rigged sails have one or more rows of <i>reefing lines</i> that pass through the sail, which reach around the sail that has been gathered in to reduce its size and secure the remaining unreefed sail to the spar (square rig) or boom (gaff rig).<sup id="cite_ref-Hahne_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahne-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaff-rigged sails require an extra set of lines to secure the part of the leech that becomes the new clew. These are called <i>reef pendents</i> that drop through a <i>comb</i> on the boom, where they are secured, as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainsails on Bermuda rigs typically have paired grommets that secure the luff and leech to the boom, as the sail is lowered to reduce its area. These become the new tack and clew. A reefing line typically runs through the reef point on the luff to quickly secure the new clew. The grommet that becomes the new tack is typically hooked onto the boom. There may be grommets along the line between the new tack and clew that allow ties to pass through around the boom.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahne_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahne-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tell-tales">Tell-tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tell-tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">Tell-tale (sailing)</a></div> <p>Tell-tales are pieces of yarn, thread or tape that are affixed to sails to help visualize airflow over their surfaces. Typically, they are mounted near the luff of sails, but they are also found on the leach on some sails. To windward, a sagging tell-tale indicates still air, either from stalling (indicated on the leeward side, when the sail is sheeted in too far, compared to the apparent wind) or pinching (indicated on the windward side, when the sail isn't sheeted in far enough, compared to the apparent wind).<sup id="cite_ref-Textor_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beitass" title="Beitass">Beitass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">Forces on sails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">Point of sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The traditional terminology is for the two leaches of a square sail to be referred to as the "weather" and "lee", depending on the bracing of the yards, or "port" and "starboard".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Textor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textor_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTextor1995" class="citation book cs1">Textor, Ken (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JIbS0c1XPwC&pg=PA50"><i>The New Book of Sail Trim</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0924486813" title="Special:BookSources/0924486813"><bdi>0924486813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Book+of+Sail+Trim&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0924486813&rft.aulast=Textor&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JIbS0c1XPwC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMclaughlan2014" class="citation book cs1">Mclaughlan, Ian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUWuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>The Sloop of War: 1650-1763</i></a>. Seaforth Publishing. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848321878" title="Special:BookSources/9781848321878"><bdi>9781848321878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sloop+of+War%3A+1650-1763&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781848321878&rft.aulast=Mclaughlan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUWuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hancock-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hancock_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancockKnox-Johnson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Brian; Knox-Johnson, Robin (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maximumsailpower00hanc"><i>Maximum Sail Power: The Complete Guide to Sails, Sail Technology, and Performance</i></a></span>. Nomad Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maximumsailpower00hanc/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781619304277" title="Special:BookSources/9781619304277"><bdi>9781619304277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximum+Sail+Power%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Sails%2C+Sail+Technology%2C+and+Performance&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Nomad+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781619304277&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Knox-Johnson%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaximumsailpower00hanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunliffe-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunliffe_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2004" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05F1Vm--4i4C&pg=PA91"><i>Hand, Reef and Steer</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574092035" title="Special:BookSources/9781574092035"><bdi>9781574092035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand%2C+Reef+and+Steer&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781574092035&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05F1Vm--4i4C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg"><i>The Price of Admiralty</i></a></span>. New York: Viking. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofadmiralty00keeg/page/n311">280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81416-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81416-4"><bdi>0-670-81416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Admiralty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-670-81416-4&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriceofadmiralty00keeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000283_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000">King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAIL_Magazine_101-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIL_Magazine_101_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/cruising-tips/basic-sailing-101/">"Know How: Sailing 101"</a>. <i>Sail Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sail+Magazine&rft.atitle=Know+How%3A+Sailing+101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sailmagazine.com%2Fcruising%2Fcruising-tips%2Fbasic-sailing-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKingHattendorfEstes2000271_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000">King, Hattendorf & Estes 2000</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea," Peter Kemp, p. 739</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2000" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, John R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vMeEL0Pts0C&q=Spinnaker+luff&pg=PA106">"The spinnaker on a broad reach"</a>. In Mason, Charles (ed.). <i>The Best of Sail Trim</i>. Davie, Florida: Sheridan House, Inc. pp. 106–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574091199" title="Special:BookSources/9781574091199"><bdi>9781574091199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+spinnaker+on+a+broad+reach&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Sail+Trim&rft.place=Davie%2C+Florida&rft.pages=106-7&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781574091199&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vMeEL0Pts0C%26q%3DSpinnaker%2Bluff%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolson-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolson_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nO3M-8JAhH4C&pg=PA93"><i>A Sail for All Seasons: Cruising and Racing Sail Tips</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574090475" title="Special:BookSources/9781574090475"><bdi>9781574090475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sail+for+All+Seasons%3A+Cruising+and+Racing+Sail+Tips&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781574090475&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnO3M-8JAhH4C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Steele1794" class="citation book cs1">David Steele (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnsa.org/manuals-documents/age-of-sail/the-elements-and-practice-of-rigging-and-seamanship/sail-making-vol-i/"><i>The Elements and Practice of Rigging And Seamanship</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+and+Practice+of+Rigging+And+Seamanship&rft.pages=126&rft.date=1794&rft.au=David+Steele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsa.org%2Fmanuals-documents%2Fage-of-sail%2Fthe-elements-and-practice-of-rigging-and-seamanship%2Fsail-making-vol-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2020" class="citation book cs1">McKay, John (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxLmDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22hollow-footed%22+sail&pg=PA92"><i>Sovereign of the Seas, 1637: A Reconstruction of the Most Powerful Warship of its Day</i></a>. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 91–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-6632-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-6632-8"><bdi>978-1-5267-6632-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+of+the+Seas%2C+1637%3A+A+Reconstruction+of+the+Most+Powerful+Warship+of+its+Day&rft.pages=91-2&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-6632-8&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxLmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hollow-footed%2522%2Bsail%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipping1847-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kipping1847_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kipping1847_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipping1847" class="citation book cs1">Kipping, Robert (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3n8EAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Elements of Sailmaking: Being a Complete Treatise on Cutting-out Sails, According to the Most Approved Methods in the Merchant Service...</i></a> F.W. Norie & Wilson. pp. 58–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Sailmaking%3A+Being+a+Complete+Treatise+on+Cutting-out+Sails%2C+According+to+the+Most+Approved+Methods+in+the+Merchant+Service...&rft.pages=58-72&rft.pub=F.W.+Norie+%26+Wilson&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Kipping&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3n8EAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJobson2008208-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJobson2008208_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJobson2008">Jobson 2008</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1921" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Austin N. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernseamanshi00kniggoog"><i>Modern Seamanship</i></a> (8 ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernseamanshi00kniggoog/page/n850">831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=831&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=D.+van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Austin+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernseamanshi00kniggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1938" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Harold (1938). "Glossary". <i>Sailing Ship Rigs and Rigging</i> (Second, 1958 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Yachting+Association&rft.atitle=Adjusting+Sail+Draft&rft.aulast=Jinks&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rya.org.uk%2Fknowledge-advice%2Fcruising-tips%2Fboat-handling-sail%2FPages%2Fadjusting-sail-draft.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elvstromsails.com/sail-technology/sail-materials/woven-sail-material-dacron/">"Dacron sails | Elvstrøm Sails since 1954"</a>. <i>elvstromsails.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elvstromsails.com&rft.atitle=Dacron+sails+%7C+Elvstr%C3%B8m+Sails+since+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felvstromsails.com%2Fsail-technology%2Fsail-materials%2Fwoven-sail-material-dacron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rice_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rice_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1995" class="citation cs2">Rice, Carol (January 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbA2Sw1wqGQC&pg=RA5-PA35">"A first-time buyers checklist"</a>, <i>Cruising World</i>, vol. 21, pp. 34–35, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3519">0098-3519</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cruising+World&rft.atitle=A+first-time+buyers+checklist&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=1995-01&rft.issn=0098-3519&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbA2Sw1wqGQC%26pg%3DRA5-PA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgate-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colgate_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colgate_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColgate1996" class="citation book cs1">Colgate, Stephen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMP841X5Ke4C&pg=PA258"><i>Fundamentals of Sailing, Cruising, and Racing</i></a>. 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Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451650242" title="Special:BookSources/9781451650242"><bdi>9781451650242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annapolis+Book+of+Seamanship%3A+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.isbn=9781451650242&rft.aulast=Rousmaniere&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TVvAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal1995" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Tom (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbA2Sw1wqGQC&pg=RA7-PA25"><i>There's the rub</i></a>. Newport, Rhode Island. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There%27s+the+rub&rft.place=Newport%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1995-01&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbA2Sw1wqGQC%26pg%3DRA7-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTextor1995" class="citation book cs1">Textor, Ken (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JIbS0c1XPwC&pg=PA185"><i>The New Book of Sail Trim</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780924486814" title="Special:BookSources/9780924486814"><bdi>9780924486814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Book+of+Sail+Trim&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780924486814&rft.aulast=Textor&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JIbS0c1XPwC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesStylios-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesStylios_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesStylios_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStylios2013" class="citation cs2">Jones, I.; Stylios, G.K. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mw9IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA457"><i>Joining Textiles: Principles and Applications</i></a>, Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier, p. 624, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857093967" title="Special:BookSources/9780857093967"><bdi>9780857093967</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joining+Textiles%3A+Principles+and+Applications&rft.series=Woodhead+Publishing+Series+in+Textiles&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857093967&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Stylios%2C+G.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmw9IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinney-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinney_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinney2002" class="citation book cs1">Pinney, Tor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbIDXWJZ610C&pg=PA45"><i>Ready for Sea!: How to Outfit the Modern Cruising Sailboat and Prepare Your Vessel and Yourself for Extended Passage-making and Living Aboard</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574091441" title="Special:BookSources/9781574091441"><bdi>9781574091441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+for+Sea%21%3A+How+to+Outfit+the+Modern+Cruising+Sailboat+and+Prepare+Your+Vessel+and+Yourself+for+Extended+Passage-making+and+Living+Aboard&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781574091441&rft.aulast=Pinney&rft.aufirst=Tor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbIDXWJZ610C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1999" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Phil (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catamaransailing00phil"><i>Catamaran Sailing: From Start to Finish</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catamaransailing00phil/page/219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393318807" title="Special:BookSources/9780393318807"><bdi>9780393318807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catamaran+Sailing%3A+From+Start+to+Finish&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780393318807&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatamaransailing00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mudie-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mudie_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudieMudie1975" class="citation cs2">Mudie, Rosemary; Mudie, Colin (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyFUAAAAMAAJ"><i>The history of the sailing ship</i></a>, Arco Publishing Co., p. 152, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780668037808" title="Special:BookSources/9780668037808"><bdi>9780668037808</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+sailing+ship&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780668037808&rft.aulast=Mudie&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft.au=Mudie%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyFUAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sleight-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sleight_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleight2011" class="citation book cs1">Sleight, Steve (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5uNcHo1PkQC&pg=PA156"><i>The Complete Sailing Manual</i></a> (3 ed.). Penguin. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756697600" title="Special:BookSources/9780756697600"><bdi>9780756697600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Sailing+Manual&rft.pages=448&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780756697600&rft.aulast=Sleight&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5uNcHo1PkQC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahne-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hahne_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hahne_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahne2005" class="citation book cs1">Hahne, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RglfrqPI5MC&pg=PA94"><i>Sail Trim: Theory and Practice</i></a>. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574091984" title="Special:BookSources/9781574091984"><bdi>9781574091984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail+Trim%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Sheridan+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781574091984&rft.aulast=Hahne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RglfrqPI5MC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKTrrP3wA-cC"><i>Sailing Fundamentals</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439136782" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439136782"><bdi>978-1439136782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Fundamentals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1439136782&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKTrrP3wA-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingHattendorfEstes2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Dean; Hattendorf, John B.; Estes, J W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BK-PyCrQ0aMC"><i>A sea of words: a lexicon and companion for Patrick O'Brian's seafaring tales</i></a> (3 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt</a>. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6615-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sea+of+words%3A+a+lexicon+and+companion+for+Patrick+O%27Brian%27s+seafaring+tales&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=518&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6615-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Hattendorf%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Estes%2C+J+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBK-PyCrQ0aMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sail_components&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousmaniere1998" class="citation book cs1">Rousmaniere, John (June 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti00rous"><i>The Illustrated Dictionary of Boating Terms: 2000 Essential Terms for Sailors and Powerboaters</i></a></span> (Paperback). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti00rous/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393339181" title="Special:BookSources/0393339181"><bdi>0393339181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Boating+Terms%3A+2000+Essential+Terms+for+Sailors+and+Powerboaters&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998-06&rft.isbn=0393339181&rft.aulast=Rousmaniere&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustrateddicti00rous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythBelcher1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">Smyth, W. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher, E.</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7HqO9XAwk8C"><i>The sailor's word-book: An alphabetical digest of nautical terms, including some more especially military and scientific ... as well as archaisms of early voyagers, etc</i></a>. London: Blackie and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sailor%27s+word-book%3A+An+alphabetical+digest+of+nautical+terms%2C+including+some+more+especially+military+and+scientific+...+as+well+as+archaisms+of+early+voyagers%2C+etc.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackie+and+Son&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.au=Belcher%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7HqO9XAwk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/navalencyclopedia00hamerich/navalencyclopedia00hamerich_djvu.txt"><i>A naval encyclopædia: comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases; biographical notices, and records of naval officers; special articles of naval art and science</i></a>. Philadelphia: L.R. Hamesrsly & Co. 1881<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+naval+encyclop%C3%A6dia%3A+comprising+a+dictionary+of+nautical+words+and+phrases%3B+biographical+notices%2C+and+records+of+naval+officers%3B+special+articles+of+naval+art+and+science&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=L.R.+Hamesrsly+%26+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnavalencyclopedia00hamerich%2Fnavalencyclopedia00hamerich_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASail+components" class="Z3988"></span> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sail_types" title="Template:Sail types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sail_types" title="Template talk:Sail types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sail_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sail types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>including limited use<sup>*</sup>, outdated<sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rigs <br />(<a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">jury rigging</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26R_rig" title="B&R rig">B&R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_rigged" title="Cat rigged">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Flettner ship">Rotorsail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbosail" title="Turbosail">Turbosail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sails <br />(<a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker" title="Asymmetrical spinnaker">Asymmetrical spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennaker" title="Gennaker">Gennaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_(sail)" title="Genoa (sail)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">Jib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail#Bermuda_rig" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (Bermuda rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffee_sail" title="Raffee sail"> Raffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)#Triangular" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screecher" title="Screecher">Screecher</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">Spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">Staysail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysail" title="Trysail">Trysail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_(sail)" title="Course (sail)">Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_staysail" title="Fisherman's staysail">Fisherman</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresail" title="Foresail">Foresail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk sail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (square rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonraker_(sail)" title="Moonraker (sail)">Moonraker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_(sail)" title="Royal (sail)">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysail" title="Skysail">Skysail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">Spanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail_(square-rigged)" title="Spritsail (square-rigged)">Spritsail (square-rigged)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">Studding</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">Topgallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">Topsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watersail" title="Watersail">Watersail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">Cringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sail_emblems" title="List of sail emblems">Emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackline" title="Jackline">Jackline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Reefing_points">Reefing points</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Roach">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_patch" title="Spreader patch">Spreader patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">Tell-tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">Spars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">bow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">Bowsprit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprit_topmast" title="Sprit topmast">sprit topmast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_striker" title="Dolphin striker">Dolphin striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstaff" title="Jackstaff">Jackstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">Jibboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_striker" title="Pelican striker">Pelican striker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomkin" title="Boomkin">Boomkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_(rigging)" title="Truck (rigging)">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosstrees" title="Crosstrees">Crosstrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_pole" title="Spinnaker pole">Spinnaker pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_(sailboat)" title="Spreader (sailboat)">Spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Sprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_rigging" title="Standing rigging">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobstay" title="Bobstay">Bobstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_jack" title="Lazy jack">Lazy jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_backstay" title="Running backstay">Running backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)" title="Shroud (sailing)">Shroud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines" title="Ratlines">ratlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_mouse" title="Stay mouse">Stay mouse</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stays_(nautical)" title="Stays (nautical)">Stays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomkicker" title="Boomkicker">Boomkicker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_vang" title="Boom vang">Boom vang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(sailing)" title="Brace (sailing)">Braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Buntlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Clewlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">Downhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_(sailing)" title="Guy (sailing)">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">Halyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">Outhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventer" title="Preventer">Preventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(square_sail)" title="Tack (square sail)">Tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topping_lift" title="Topping lift">Topping lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggywrinkle" title="Baggywrinkle">Baggywrinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying_pin" title="Belaying pin">Belaying pin</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)" title="Cleat (nautical)">Cleat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitts" title="Bitts">bitts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevis_fastener" title="Clevis fastener">Clevis pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadeye" title="Deadeye">Deadeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earing" title="Earing">Earing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlead" title="Fairlead">Fairlead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footrope" title="Footrope">Footrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket_(sailing)" title="Gasket (sailing)">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrel_beads" title="Parrel beads">Parrel beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring bolt">Ring bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">Roller furling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel" title="Swivel">Swivel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_(sailing)" title="Gooseneck (sailing)">gooseneck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)" title="Trapeze (sailing)">Trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical traveller">Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">Turnbuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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