Google insists it's easy to add Rust code to your firmware • The Register

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srcset="/design_picker/f5daacc84b9722c1e31ba85f836c37e4ad993fc4/graphics/icons/bubble_comment_white.svg"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="header_right"> <h1>Google says replacing C/C++ in firmware with Rust is easy</h1> </div> <div class="header_left"> <div class="comments_wrap desktop_only"> <a class="comment_count" aria-label="Read comments on this article, currently there are 175 comments" title="View comments on this article" href="https://forums.theregister.com/forum/all/2024/09/06/google_rust_c_code_language/"> <strong aria-hidden="true">175</strong> <img aria-hidden="true" width="18" height="16" alt="comment bubble on white" src="/design_picker/f5daacc84b9722c1e31ba85f836c37e4ad993fc4/graphics/icons/bubble_comment_white.png" srcset="/design_picker/f5daacc84b9722c1e31ba85f836c37e4ad993fc4/graphics/icons/bubble_comment_white.svg"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="header_right"> <h2>Not so much when trying to convert coding veterans</h2> <div class="byline_and_dateline_and_share_and_comments"> <div class="byline_wrap"> <img class="vulture_icon" src="/design_picker/d518b499f8a6e2c65d4d8c49aca8299d54b03012/graphics/icon/vulture_red.svg" alt="icon"> <a class="byline" href="/Author/Thomas-Claburn" title="Read more by this author"> Thomas Claburn </a> </div> <div class="dateline_wrap"> <span class="dateline"> Fri 6 Sep 2024 <span class="slashes"> // </span> 21:44 UTC </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id=main-col> <div id="article-wrapper" class="article_wrap"> <div class="left_col"> <div class="floating_bar"> <div class="sharing_widget_story_desktop uses_overlay"> <button class="top_blob" aria-label="Share this story" title="Share this story"> <img width="25" height="25" src="/design_picker/d2e337b97204af4aa34dda04c4e5d56d954b216f/graphics/icons/social_share_icon.svg" alt=""> </button> <div class="sharing_widget_overlay" id="sharing_widget_overlay_2"> <div class="sharing_box"> <a data-social="reddit" 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href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/06/google_rust_c_code_language/%3futm_medium%3dshare%26utm_content%3darticle%26utm_source%3dlinkedin&title=Google%20says%20replacing%20C%2fC%2b%2b%20in%20firmware%20with%20Rust%20is%20easy&summary=Not%20so%20much%20when%20trying%20to%20convert%20coding%20veterans" target="_blank"> </a> <a data-social="whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/06/google_rust_c_code_language/%3futm_medium%3dshare%26utm_content%3darticle%26utm_source%3dwhatsapp" target="_blank"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="promo_advert"> </div> </div> <div class="centre_col"> <div id="article"> <div id="body"> <p>Google recently rewrote the firmware for protected virtual machines in its Android Virtualization Framework using the Rust programming language and wants you to do the same, assuming you deal with firmware.</p> <p>In a <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2024/09/deploying-rust-in-existing-firmware.html">write-up</a> on Thursday, Android engineers Ivan Lozano and Dominik Maier dig into the technical details of replacing legacy C and C++ code with Rust.</p> <p>"You'll see how easy it is to boost security with drop-in Rust replacements, and we'll even demonstrate how the Rust toolchain can handle specialized bare-metal targets," said Lozano and Maier.</p> <div aria-hidden="true" class="adun" data-pos="top" data-raptor="condor" data-xsm=",fluid,mpu," data-sm=",fluid,mpu," data-md=",fluid,mpu,"> <noscript> <a href="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=2&c=2Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D2%26raptor%3Dcondor%26pos%3Dtop%26test%3D0" target="_blank"> <img src="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=2&c=2Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D2%26raptor%3Dcondor%26pos%3Dtop%26test%3D0" alt=""> </a> </noscript> </div> <p>Easy is not a term commonly heard with regard to a programming language known for its <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://ntietz.com/blog/rust-resources-learning-curve/">steep learning curve</a>.</p> <div aria-hidden="true" class="adun" data-pos="top" data-raptor="falcon" data-xmd=",fluid,mpu,leaderboard," data-lg=",fluid,mpu,leaderboard," data-xlg=",fluid,billboard,superleaderboard,mpu,leaderboard," data-xxlg=",fluid,billboard,superleaderboard,brandwidth,brandimpact,leaderboard,mpu,"> <noscript> <a href="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D4%26raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" target="_blank"> <img src="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D426raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" alt=""> </a> </noscript> </div> <div class="adun_eagle_desktop_story_wrapper"> <div aria-hidden="true" class="adun" data-pos="mid" data-raptor="eagle" data-xxlg=",mpu,dmpu,"> <noscript> <a href="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=3&c=33Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D3%26raptor%3Deagle%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" target="_blank"> <img src="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=3&c=33Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D3%26raptor%3Deagle%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" alt=""> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> <p>Nor is it easy to get C and C++ developers to see the world with Rust-tinted lenses. Just last week, one of the maintainers of the Rust for Linux project - created to work Rust code into the C-based Linux kernel - <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/02/rust_for_linux_maintainer_steps_down/">stepped down</a>, citing resistance from Linux kernel developers.</p> <p>"Here's the thing, you're not going to force all of us to learn Rust," said a Linux kernel contributor during <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://youtu.be/WiPp9YEBV0Q?feature=shared&t=1720">a lively discussion</a> earlier this year at a conference.</p> <ul class="listinks"> <li><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/08/03/darpa_c_to_rust/">DARPA suggests turning old C code automatically into Rust – using AI, of course</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/08/12/opinion_column/">LLM-driven C-to-Rust. Not just a good idea, a genie eager to escape</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/07/23/opinion_column/">How to maintain code for a century: Just add Rust</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/06/28/cisa_open_source/">CISA looked at C/C++ projects and found a lot of C/C++ code. Wanna redo any of it in Rust?</a></li> </ul> <p>Nonetheless, Google is encouraging those who are willing to do so. Citing the lack of high-level security mechanisms in firmware, which is often written in memory-unsafe languages such as C or C++, Lozano and Maier argue that Rust provides a way to avoid the memory safety bugs like buffer overflows and use-after-free that account for the majority of significant vulnerabilities in large codebases.</p> <p>"Rust provides a memory-safe alternative to C and C++ with comparable performance and code size," they note. "Additionally it supports interoperability with C with no overhead."</p> <div aria-hidden="true" class="adun" data-pos="top" data-raptor="falcon" data-xsm=",fluid,mpu," data-sm=",fluid,mpu," data-md=",fluid,mpu,"> <noscript> <a href="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D4%26raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" target="_blank"> <img src="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=4&c=44Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D426raptor%3Dfalcon%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" alt=""> </a> </noscript> </div> <p>The US government lately has been hammering on this theme, with support from leading tech firms and non-profit <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.memorysafety.org/">initiatives</a> to rewrite critical open source projects and components in Rust. Witness the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/urgent-need-memory-safety-software-products">recommendation</a> last year that software vendors "make it a top-level company goal to reduce and eventually eliminate memory safety vulnerabilities from their product lines."</p> <p>Google was already sold on the idea, having concluded that its Rust developers are <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theregister.com/2024/03/31/rust_google_c/">twice as productive</a> as its C++ engineers.</p> <p>"We recognize Rust's critical role in building secure and reliable software at all levels of the stack," said Lars Bergstrom, director of engineering for Android Programming Languages at Google and chair of the Board of Directors of the Rust Foundation, in a statement provided to <em>The Register</em>.</p> <div aria-hidden="true" class="adun" id="story_eagle_xsm_sm_md_xmd_lg_xlg" data-pos="mid" data-raptor="eagle" data-xsm=",mpu,dmpu," data-sm=",mpu,dmpu," data-md=",mpu,dmpu," data-xmd=",mpu,dmpu," data-lg=",mpu,dmpu," data-xlg=",mpu,dmpu,"> <noscript> <a href="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=3&c=33Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D3%26raptor%3Deagle%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" target="_blank"> <img src="https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?co=1&iu=/6978/reg_software/front&sz=300x50%7C300x100%7C300x250%7C300x251%7C300x252%7C300x600%7C300x601&tile=3&c=33Z0K0r1PLBgOPLAjC-o5zXwAAAEg&t=ct%3Dns%26unitnum%3D3%26raptor%3Deagle%26pos%3Dmid%26test%3D0" alt=""> </a> </noscript> </div> <p>"At Google, we’re increasing Rust's use across <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2023/10/bare-metal-rust-in-android.html">Android</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2023/01/supporting-use-of-rust-in-chromium.html">Chromium</a>, and more to reduce memory safety vulnerabilities. We're dedicated to collaborating with the Rust ecosystem to drive its adoption and provide developers with the <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://security.googleblog.com/2023/09/scaling-rust-adoption-through-training.html">resources and training</a> they need to succeed. This work on bringing Rust to embedded and firmware addresses another critical part of the stack." ®</p> <div class="wptl btm"> <noscript><strong>Get our</strong> <a href="https://whitepapers.theregister.com/" style="text-transform:uppercase">Tech Resources</a></noscript> </div> </div> <div class="article_body_btm mobile_only"> <div class="sharing_widget_story_desktop uses_overlay"> <button class="top_blob" aria-label="Share this story" title="Share this story"> <img width="25" height="25" src="/design_picker/d2e337b97204af4aa34dda04c4e5d56d954b216f/graphics/icons/social_share_icon.svg" alt=""> <span>Share</span> </button> <div class="sharing_widget_overlay" id="sharing_widget_overlay_3"> <div class="sharing_box"> <a data-social="reddit" 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class="keyword_name"> DEF CON </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Digital%20certificate/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Digital certificate </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Encryption/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Encryption </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Exploit/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Exploit </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Federal%20government%20of%20the%20United%20States/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Federal government of the United States </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Firewall/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Firewall </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/FOSDEM/" > <span class="keyword_name"> FOSDEM </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/FOSS/" > <span class="keyword_name"> FOSS </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Gemini/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Gemini </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20AI/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google AI </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20Cloud%20Platform/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google Cloud Platform </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20I%2FO/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google I/O </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20Nest/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google Nest </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Government%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Government of the United Kingdom </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Grab/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Grab </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Graphics%20Interchange%20Format/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Graphics Interchange Format </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/G%20Suite/" > <span class="keyword_name"> G Suite </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacker/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacker </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacking/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacking </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacktivism/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacktivism </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/IDE/" > <span class="keyword_name"> IDE </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Identity%20Theft/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Identity Theft </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Incident%20response/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Incident response </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Infosec/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Infosec </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Insider%20Trading/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Insider Trading </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Jenkins/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Jenkins </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Kenna%20Security/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Kenna Security </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Kubernetes/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Kubernetes </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Legacy%20Technology/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Legacy Technology </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/LibreOffice/" > <span class="keyword_name"> LibreOffice </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Map/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Map </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20365/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft 365 </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20Office/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft Office </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20Teams/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft Teams </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Mobile%20Device%20Management/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Mobile Device Management </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/NCSAM/" > <span class="keyword_name"> NCSAM </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/NCSC/" > <span class="keyword_name"> NCSC </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/OpenOffice/" > <span class="keyword_name"> OpenOffice </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Palo%20Alto%20Networks/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Palo Alto Networks </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Password/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Password </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Phishing/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Phishing </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Pixel/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Pixel </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Privacy%20Sandbox/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/QR%20code/" > <span class="keyword_name"> QR code </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Quantum%20key%20distribution/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Quantum key distribution </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Ransomware/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Ransomware </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Remote%20Access%20Trojan/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Remote Access Trojan </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Retro%20computing/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Retro computing </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/REvil/" > <span class="keyword_name"> REvil </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/RSA%20Conference/" > <span class="keyword_name"> RSA Conference </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Software%20bug/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Software bug </span> </a> </li> <li> <a 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class="keyword_name"> Android </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/App/" > <span class="keyword_name"> App </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Application%20Delivery%20Controller/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Application Delivery Controller </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/App%20stores/" > <span class="keyword_name"> App stores </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Audacity/Audio%20Editor/" title="Disambiguation: Audio Editor" > <span class="keyword_name"> Audacity </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Authentication/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Authentication </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/BEC/" > <span class="keyword_name"> BEC </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Black%20Hat/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Black Hat </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/BSides/" > <span class="keyword_name"> BSides </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Bug%20Bounty/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Bug Bounty </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/CHERI/" > <span class="keyword_name"> CHERI </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Chrome/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Chrome </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Chromium/Web%20Browser/" title="Disambiguation: Web Browser" > <span class="keyword_name"> Chromium </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/CISO/" > <span class="keyword_name"> CISO </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Common%20Vulnerability%20Scoring%20System/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Common Vulnerability Scoring System </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Confluence/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Confluence </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Cybercrime/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Cybercrime </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Cybersecurity/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Cybersecurity </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Cybersecurity%20and%20Infrastructure%20Security%20Agency/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Cybersecurity%20Information%20Sharing%20Act/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Database/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Database </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Data%20Breach/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Data Breach </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Data%20Protection/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Data Protection </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Data%20Theft/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Data Theft </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/DDoS/" > <span class="keyword_name"> DDoS </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/DEF%20CON/" > <span class="keyword_name"> DEF CON </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Digital%20certificate/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Digital certificate </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Encryption/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Encryption </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Exploit/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Exploit </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Federal%20government%20of%20the%20United%20States/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Federal government of the United States </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Firewall/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Firewall </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/FOSDEM/" > <span class="keyword_name"> FOSDEM </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/FOSS/" > <span class="keyword_name"> FOSS </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Gemini/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Gemini </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20AI/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google AI </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20Cloud%20Platform/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google Cloud Platform </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20I%2FO/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google I/O </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Google%20Nest/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Google Nest </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Government%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Government of the United Kingdom </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Grab/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Grab </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Graphics%20Interchange%20Format/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Graphics Interchange Format </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/G%20Suite/" > <span class="keyword_name"> G Suite </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacker/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacker </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacking/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacking </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Hacktivism/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Hacktivism </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/IDE/" > <span class="keyword_name"> IDE </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Identity%20Theft/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Identity Theft </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Incident%20response/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Incident response </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Infosec/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Infosec </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Insider%20Trading/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Insider Trading </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Jenkins/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Jenkins </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Kenna%20Security/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Kenna Security </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Kubernetes/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Kubernetes </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Legacy%20Technology/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Legacy Technology </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/LibreOffice/" > <span class="keyword_name"> LibreOffice </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Map/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Map </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20365/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft 365 </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20Office/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft Office </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Microsoft%20Teams/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Microsoft Teams </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Mobile%20Device%20Management/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Mobile Device Management </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/NCSAM/" > <span class="keyword_name"> NCSAM </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/NCSC/" > <span class="keyword_name"> NCSC </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/OpenOffice/" > <span class="keyword_name"> OpenOffice </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Palo%20Alto%20Networks/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Palo Alto Networks </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Password/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Password </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Phishing/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Phishing </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Pixel/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Pixel </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Privacy%20Sandbox/" > <span class="keyword_name"> Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/QR%20code/" > <span class="keyword_name"> QR code </span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/Tag/Quantum%20key%20distribution/" > <span 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