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Bedächtig, nicht eilen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I._Bedächtig,_nicht_eilen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-II._In_gemächlicher_Bewegung,_ohne_Hast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#II._In_gemächlicher_Bewegung,_ohne_Hast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 II. In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-II._In_gemächlicher_Bewegung,_ohne_Hast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-III._Ruhevoll,_poco_adagio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#III._Ruhevoll,_poco_adagio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 III. Ruhevoll, poco adagio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-III._Ruhevoll,_poco_adagio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IV._Sehr_behaglich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IV._Sehr_behaglich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 IV. Sehr behaglich </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IV._Sehr_behaglich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_movement_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_movement_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Fourth movement text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_movement_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisions_and_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisions_and_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Revisions and publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisions_and_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia_n%C3%BAm._4_(Mahler)" title="Simfonia núm. 4 (Mahler) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simfonia núm. 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._symfoni_(Mahler)" title="4. symfoni (Mahler) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="4. symfoni (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._Sinfonie_(Mahler)" title="4. Sinfonie (Mahler) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="4. Sinfonie (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa_n.%C2%BA_4_(Mahler)" title="Sinfonía n.º 4 (Mahler) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinfonía n.º 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-a_simfonio_(Mahler)" title="4-a simfonio (Mahler) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="4-a simfonio (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%B4_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1)" title="سمفونی شماره ۴ (مالر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سمفونی شماره ۴ (مالر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonie_no_4_de_Mahler" title="Symphonie no 4 de Mahler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symphonie no 4 de Mahler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfon%C3%ADa_n%C2%BA_4_(Mahler)" title="Sinfonía nº 4 (Mahler) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinfonía nº 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EA%B3%A1_4%EB%B2%88_(%EB%A7%90%EB%9F%AC)" title="교향곡 4번 (말러) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교향곡 4번 (말러)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_n._4_(Mahler)" title="Sinfonia n. 4 (Mahler) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinfonia n. 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="הסימפוניה הרביעית של מאהלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסימפוניה הרביעית של מאהלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_4_(%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1)" title="السيمفونيه رقم 4 (جوستاف مالر) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السيمفونيه رقم 4 (جوستاف مالر)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfonie_nr._4_(Mahler)" title="Symfonie nr. 4 (Mahler) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Symfonie nr. 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2%E7%AC%AC4%E7%95%AA_(%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC)" title="交響曲第4番 (マーラー) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交響曲第4番 (マーラー)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_n.%C2%BA_4_(Mahler)" title="Sinfonia n.º 4 (Mahler) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinfonia n.º 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonia_nr._4_(Mahler)" title="Simfonia nr. 4 (Mahler) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simfonia nr. 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%84%96_4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Симфония № 4 (Малер) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Симфония № 4 (Малер)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija_%C5%A1t._4_(Mahler)" title="Simfonija št. 4 (Mahler) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Simfonija št. 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simfonija_broj_4_(Gustav_Maler)" title="Simfonija broj 4 (Gustav Maler) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Simfonija broj 4 (Gustav Maler)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonia_nro_4_(Mahler)" title="Sinfonia nro 4 (Mahler) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinfonia nro 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symfoni_nr_4_(Mahler)" title="Symfoni nr 4 (Mahler) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Symfoni nr 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%E2%84%96_4_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Симфонія № 4 (Малер) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Симфонія № 4 (Малер)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_s%E1%BB%91_4_(Mahler)" title="Giao hưởng số 4 (Mahler) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao hưởng số 4 (Mahler)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2_(%E9%A6%AC%E5%8B%92)" title="第4號交響曲 (馬勒) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第4號交響曲 (馬勒)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q231216#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Symphony by Gustav Mahler</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent haudio"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary album">Symphony No. 4</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler,_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg/220px-Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg/330px-Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg/440px-Symphony_No.4_by_Gustav_Mahler%2C_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the orchestral score, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composed</th><td class="infobox-data">1899–1900</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1902</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movements</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Premiere</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1901 (1901-11-25)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Conductor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Performers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaim_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaim Orchestra">Kaim Orchestra</a></li><li>Margarete Michalek (soprano)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Symphony No. 4 in <a href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G major</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> was composed from 1899 to 1900, though it incorporates a song originally written in 1892. That song, "Das himmlische Leben" ("The Heavenly Life"), presents a child's vision of heaven and is sung by a soprano in the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>'s Finale. Both smaller in <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> and shorter in length than Mahler's earlier symphonies, the Fourth Symphony was initially planned to be in six <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>, alternating between three instrumental and three vocal movements. The symphony's final form—begun in July 1899 at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Aussee" title="Bad Aussee">Bad Aussee</a> and completed in August 1900 at <a href="/wiki/Maiernigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiernigg">Maiernigg</a>—retains only one vocal movement (the Finale) and is in four movements: Bedächtig, nicht eilen (<a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>); In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast (<a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">trio</a>); Ruhevoll, poco adagio (<a href="/wiki/Double_variation" title="Double variation">double theme and variations</a>); and Sehr behaglich (<a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic</a> variations). The premiere was performed in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> on 25 November 1901 by the composer and the <a href="/wiki/Kaim_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaim Orchestra">Kaim Orchestra</a>, but it was met with negative audience and critical reception over the work's confusing intentions and perceived inferiority to the more well-received <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Second Symphony</a>. The premiere was followed by a German tour, a 1901 <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> premiere, and a 1902 <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> premiere, which were met with near-unanimous condemnation of the symphony. Mahler conducted further performances of the symphony, sometimes to warm receptions, and the work received its American and British premieres in 1904 and 1905. The symphony's first edition was published in 1902, but Mahler made several more revisions up until 1911. After Mahler's death, the symphony continued to receive performances under conductors such as <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>, and its first recording is a 1930 Japanese rendition conducted by <a href="/wiki/Hidemaro_Konoye" title="Hidemaro Konoye">Hidemaro Konoye</a> that is also the first electrical recording of any Mahler symphony. The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a> believes the Fourth and its accessibility were largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> rise in Mahler's popularity. The symphony uses <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_form" title="Cyclic form">cyclic form</a> throughout its structure, such as in the anticipations of the Finale's main theme in the previous three <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>. The first movement has been characterized as <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassical</a> in style, save for its complex <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a> section. The second movement consists of scherzos depicting <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, which are contrasted with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ndler" title="Ländler">Ländler</a>-like trios. The third movement's two themes are varied alternately before reaching a triple <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">forte</a> coda, and the Finale comprises verses from "Das himmlische Leben" sung in <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophes</a> that are separated by refrains of the first movement's opening. Certain <a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)" title="Subject (music)">themes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motifs</a> in the Fourth Symphony are also found in Mahler's Second, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Fifth Symphonies</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> Gustav Mahler's Fourth Symphony is the last of the composer's three Wunderhorn symphonies (the others being his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third</a> Symphonies).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford197022-1">[1]</a> These works incorporated themes originating in Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Mahler)">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a> (The Boy's Magic Horn),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200545-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005311-3">[3]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Song_cycle" title="Song cycle">song cycle</a> setting poems from the <a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn">folk poetry collection of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan191385-4">[4]</a> The core of the Fourth Symphony is an earlier song, "Das himmlische Leben" ("The Heavenly Life"), set to text from Des Knaben Wunderhorn but not included in Mahler's song cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz20059-5">[5]</a> Mahler considered the song both the inspiration and goal of the Fourth Symphony,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200535-6">[6]</a> calling it the "tapering spire of the edifice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973581-7">[7]</a> Fragments of it are heard in the first three movements before it is sung in its entirety by a solo soprano in the fourth movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200518-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198067-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a man with glasses wearing a suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg/220px-Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg/330px-Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg/440px-Gustav-Mahler-Kohut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>The composer in 1892, photographed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Berlin-Bieber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonhard Berlin-Bieber (page does not exist)">Leonhard Berlin-Bieber</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Berlin-Bieber" class="extiw" title="de:Leonhard Berlin-Bieber">de</a>]</figcaption></figure> Mahler completed "Das himmlische Leben" in 1892,<a href="#cite_note-11">[A]</a> as part of a collection of five Humoresken (<a href="/wiki/Humoresque" title="Humoresque">Humoresques</a>) for voice and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz20059-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973249-12">[11]</a> He adapted the text of "Das himmlische Leben" from the original <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> folk song "Der Himmel hängt voll Geigen" ("Heaven is Hung with Violins" or "The World through Rose-colored Glasses") in Des Knaben Wunderhorn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200537-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995304-14">[13]</a> The poem describes scenes and characters from a child's vision of heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200537-13">[12]</a> In 1895, Mahler considered using the song as the sixth and final movement of his Third Symphony. While remnants of "Das himmlische Leben" can be found in the Third Symphony's first, fourth, and fifth movements—including a quotation of the song in the fifth movement's "Es sungen drei Engel" ("Three Angels were Singing")—Mahler eventually decided to withdraw the song from the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200540–42-15">[14]</a> He instead opted to use the song as the finale of a new symphony, his Fourth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159-17">[16]</a> Consequently, there are particularly strong thematic and <a href="/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a> connections between the Third and the Fourth through "Das himmlische Leben",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200524-18">[17]</a> though the composer also realized that the Fourth was closely related to his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">First</a> and Second Symphonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973583-19">[18]</a> In conversation with <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bauer-Lechner" title="Natalie Bauer-Lechner">Natalie Bauer-Lechner</a> in the summer of 1900, Mahler described the Fourth Symphony as the conclusion to the "perfectly self-contained tetralogy" of his first four symphonies: she later expanded on this to suggest that the First depicts heroic suffering and triumph; the Second explores death and resurrection; the Third contemplates existence and God; and the Fourth, as an extension of the Third's ideas, explores life in heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200524-18">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bekker" title="Paul Bekker">Paul Bekker</a>'s 1921 synopsis of the symphony, Mahler made an early program sketch titled Sinfonie Nr. 4 (Humoreske) that has the following six-<a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movement</a> form:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110–111,_347-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[B]</a> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>Die Welt als ewige Jetztzeit (The World as Eternal Now) – <a href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G major</a></li><li>Das irdische Leben (The Earthly Life) – <a href="/wiki/E-flat_minor" title="E-flat minor">E-flat minor</a></li><li>Caritas – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adagio#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:adagio">Adagio</a> in <a href="/wiki/B_major" title="B major">B major</a></li><li>Morgenglocken (Morning Bells) – <a href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a></li><li>Die Welt ohne Schwere (The World Without Gravity) – <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/D_major" title="D major">D major</a></li><li>Das himmlische Leben (The Heavenly Life) – G major<a href="#cite_note-25">[C]</a></li></ol></div> The sketch indicates that Mahler originally planned for the Fourth Symphony to have three purely symphonic movements (first, third, and fifth) and three orchestra songs: "Das irdische Leben" (composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1893 as a Des Knaben Wunderhorn song), "Morgenglocken" (completed in 1895 as the Third Symphony's "Es sungen drei Engel"), and "Das himmlische Leben". However, the symphony would be modified until only the program sketch's first and last movements would be realized as their respective movements in the symphony's final form,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139,_258-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[D]</a> resulting in a Fourth Symphony of normal symphonic length (around 45 minutes) as opposed to the composer's significantly longer earlier symphonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973581-7">[7]</a> During Mahler's 1899 summer vacation in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Aussee" title="Bad Aussee">Bad Aussee</a>, the Fourth Symphony, in Bauer-Lechner's words, "fell into his lap just in the nick of time" in late July. The vacation served as Mahler's only chance during the entire year when he was free to compose, but his productivity heretofore was hindered by poor weather and listening to what he called "ghastly health-resort music". As the vacation neared its end, Mahler worked on the symphony for ten days, during which he drafted "about half" of the three instrumental movements and sketched the variations of the Adagio third movement, according to Bauer-Lechner. Mahler finished the Fourth during his summer vacation in <a href="/wiki/Maiernigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiernigg">Maiernigg</a> the next year; following another bout of unproductivity that summer, Mahler eventually found his working rhythm and completed the symphony's Partiturentwurf (first full orchestral score) on 5 August 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111–112-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995754–755-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[E]</a> The symphony's completion suddenly left Mahler feeling "empty and depressed because life has lost all meaning",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973585-34">[29]</a> and Bauer-Lechner reports that he was "deeply upset to have lost such an important part of his life" composing the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993112-35">[30]</a> Later that year during the Christmas holidays, Mahler revised the Scherzo second movement, finalizing its <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> on 5 January 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973606,_708-36">[31]</a> Though Mahler published his programs for the First and Second symphonies, he refrained from publishing a program for the Fourth. In the words of the musicologist James L. Zychowicz, Mahler intended for "the music to exist on its own."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200531-37">[32]</a> Mahler was also opposed to giving any titles for the symphony's movements, despite having "devised some marvelous ones", because he did not want critics and audiences to "misunderstand and distort them in the worst possible way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973582-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiere">Premiere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Premiere">edit</a>]</div> During the first half of 1901, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> considered conducting the first complete performance of Mahler's Third Symphony. However, Strauss, unsure whether he had enough time to prepare the Third's premiere, wrote to Mahler on 3 July asking whether he could conduct the Fourth's premiere instead. Mahler in his response revealed that he had already promised the premiere to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, "where the <a href="/wiki/Kaim_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaim Orchestra">Kaim Orchestra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odeon_(Munich)" title="Odeon (Munich)">Odeon</a> are having such a tug-of-war over it that I'm finding it hard to try to choose between them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973634-39">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> had also asked Mahler several times whether they could perform the symphony's premiere,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635-40">[35]</a> but Mahler by then had promised the premiere to <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weingartner" title="Felix Weingartner">Felix Weingartner</a>, head of the Kaim Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995375-41">[36]</a> Not long after the exchanges with the Philharmonic, the composer asked for Weingartner's permission sometime in August or September 1901 to conduct the premiere himself, citing his anxiety over the symphony and its performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635–636,_942-42">[37]</a> Eventually, it was planned for Mahler to conduct the Kaim Orchestra in Munich for the world premiere, after which Weingartner and the Kaim Orchestra would perform the work on tour in various German cities and Mahler himself would conduct another performance in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973645–647-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a> To review the symphony's orchestration before its publication, Mahler arranged a reading rehearsal with the Vienna Philharmonic on 12 October that doubled as a rehearsal of the Vienna premiere scheduled for January next year. Mahler was not satisfied with the results, making corrections to the score and fully rehearsing the work four times before the symphony's premiere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973646–647-45">[40]</a> Though the Munich premiere was originally planned for 18 November, Mahler requested in late October that Weingartner postpone the performance to 25 November, citing "insurmountable difficulties". He also opposed including a vocal work before the symphony in the premiere's program, as he wanted the Finale's soprano "to come as a complete surprise".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973647-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999201-47">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a> writes: "the Fourth Symphony had cost Mahler more toil and anguish than the monumental symphonies that had preceded it, and, notwithstanding he was apprehensive of the reactions of its first audience, he secretly hoped that its modest dimensions and the clarity of its style would finally win him the approval of both the public and the musicians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973647-46">[41]</a> The world premiere of the symphony was performed on 25 November 1901 in Munich at the <a href="/wiki/Kaim-Saal" title="Kaim-Saal">Kaim-Saal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Munich)-48">[43]</a> with Mahler conducting the Kaim Orchestra and Margarete Michalek<a href="#cite_note-51">[F]</a> as soprano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[G]</a> Bauer-Lechner writes that the first movement was met with both applause and boos since a number in the audience were "unable to follow the complexity of events in the <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a>". The Scherzo proved more confusing to the audience and received further vocal derision. Michalek's performance in the Finale "saved the day"; her youth and charm was said to have "poured oil on the troubled waters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973650-53">[47]</a> Despite this, the premiere left many in its audience incensed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a> as the Munich press was quick to report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652-55">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Allgemeine Zeitung">Allgemeine Zeitung</a>, though praising the first movement, described the symphony as "not readily accessible and, in any case, impossible to judge after only one hearing". It also criticized the work's "pretensions" and unjustified use of "the grotesquely comic" before accusing it of "[trespassing] against the Holy Spirit of music".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652–653-56">[49]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnchener_Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münchener Zeitung (page does not exist)">Münchener Zeitung</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Münchener Zeitung">de</a>] and the Bayerischer Kurier both expressed disappointment when comparing Mahler's Fourth to what they considered his superior Second Symphony; the former assessed the Fourth to be a "succession of disjointed and heterogeneous atmospheres and expressions mixed with instrumental quirks and affectations" while the latter said the work was full of "incredible cacophony".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973653-57">[50]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Die_Musik" title="Die Musik">Die Musik</a> claimed that "the bad seeds" in parts of the Second grew into "immense spiky thistles" in the Fourth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973654-58">[51]</a> The symphony did find some praise in the Kleine Journal—which lauded the Finale as "quite simply a work of genius" despite calling the whole work "transparent, sensitive, almost hysterical"—and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Post" title="Münchener Post">Münchener Post</a>, which hailed the symphony to be a "great step forward on the road to artistic clarity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973653-57">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_performances_and_reception">Subsequent performances and reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent performances and reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of a man wearing a suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Felix_Weingartner_LCCN2014692334_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3593" /></a><figcaption>Felix Weingartner, who conducted the symphony during its 1901 German tour</figcaption></figure> Weingartner and the Kaim Orchestra's tour of the symphony, with Michalek as soloist, performed in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (26 November 1901), <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> (27 November), <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> (28 November), <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> (29 November), and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> (30 November).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406–408-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[H]</a> Most of the cities gave unanimously negative receptions towards the Fourth, with Stuttgart being the sole exception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973656-62">[54]</a> A false report of a successful Munich premiere prompted some applause after the Nuremberg performance, but the city's General-Anzeiger gave a harsh review of Mahler's "<a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a>-Symphony", praising only its orchestration. In Frankfurt, the audience's "angry and violent" hissing was likened to "the sound of an autumn wind blowing through the dead leaves and dried twigs of a forest" by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikalisches_Wochenblatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikalisches Wochenblatt (page does not exist)">Musikalisches Wochenblatt</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalisches_Wochenblatt" class="extiw" title="de:Musikalisches Wochenblatt">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973656-62">[54]</a> In Karlsruhe, the concert began with a near-empty audience, and Weingartner chose only to conduct the symphony's Finale. The Stuttgart press was mixed: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schw%C3%A4bischer_Merkur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwäbischer Merkur (page does not exist)">Schwäbischer Merkur</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bischer_Merkur" class="extiw" title="de:Schwäbischer Merkur">de</a>] praised Mahler as a rising star and considered the work a "wreath of good-humored melodies and folk dances"; on the other hand, the Neues Taggblatt condemned the symphony for its "vulgar passages".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973657-63">[55]</a> The tour's failure discouraged Mahler and traumatized Weingartner, who never conducted a piece by Mahler again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995408-64">[56]</a> The Berlin premiere was performed on 16 December 1901 at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin Opera</a>, with Mahler conducting the Berliner Tonkünstler Orchestra and Thila Plaichinger as soprano. The work's reception was hostile; La Grange writes that "the Berlin press took a malicious delight in tearing the new work to shreds", with negative reviews in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berliner Börsen-Zeitung (page does not exist)">Berliner Börsen-Zeitung</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Berliner Börsen-Zeitung">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Tageblatt" title="Berliner Tageblatt">Berliner Tageblatt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973658–659-65">[57]</a> Mahler also conducted for the Vienna premiere on 12 January 1902 at the <a href="/wiki/Musikverein" title="Musikverein">Großer Musikvereinsaal</a>, which was performed by the Vienna Philharmonic and Michalek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995471-66">[58]</a> Once again, the reception was a near-unanimous condemnation of the symphony, including criticism from reviewers <a href="/wiki/Max_Kalbeck" title="Max Kalbeck">Max Kalbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Helm" title="Theodor Helm">Theodor Helm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heuberger" title="Richard Heuberger">Richard Heuberger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Graf" title="Max Graf">Max Graf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995472–475-67">[59]</a> Mahler conducted a 23 January 1903 performance at the <a href="/wiki/Kurhaus,_Wiesbaden" title="Kurhaus, Wiesbaden">Kurhaus, Wiesbaden</a>, where he was surprised by the friendly reception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995557-68">[60]</a> That year later saw a performance in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995604-69">[61]</a> On 23 March 1904, the composer conducted the Fourth at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Mainz" title="Staatstheater Mainz">Staatstheater Mainz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Mainz)-70">[62]</a> which received warm applause but reviews criticizing the work's "naïveté".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995671-71">[63]</a> This was followed by a number of international performances. In 1904, Mahler traveled to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> to conduct a double performance of the symphony on 23 October at the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Royal Concertgebouw</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a> and the soloist <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alida_L%C3%BCtkemann" class="extiw" title="nl:Alida Lütkemann">Alida Lütkemann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Amsterdam)-72">[64]</a> The American premiere on 6 November 1904 in New York City saw <a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> conduct the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Symphony Society">New York Symphony Society</a> and the soprano Etta de Montjau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich1904-73">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1904-74">[66]</a> The British premiere on 25 October 1905 was a <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">Prom</a> concert given by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a>, who conducted the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">New Queen's Hall Orchestra</a> and his wife, Olga Wood, as soprano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999553-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC-76">[68]</a> Mahler conducted another performance on 18 January 1907, this time in Frankfurt's <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Museumsgesellschaft#The_museum_concerts_in_the_Saalbau" title="Frankfurter Museumsgesellschaft">Saalbau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Frankfurt)-77">[69]</a> Mahler's last performances of the symphony were with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> and the soprano <a href="/wiki/Bella_Alten" title="Bella Alten">Bella Alten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> on 17 and 20 January 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_a)-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_b)-79">[71]</a> In the Amsterdam Mahler Festival of May 1920, the Concertgebouw Orchestra under <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a>'s direction performed nine concerts during which Mahler's complete opus was played for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973241-80">[72]</a> Mahler's protégé <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman2020-81">[73]</a> conducted the symphony in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1923, but he had to convince the concert's Russian organizers not to alter the religious references in "Das himmlische Leben".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsova1999526-82">[74]</a> During the 1940s, the Fourth received performances from the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Fistoulari" title="Anatole Fistoulari">Anatole Fistoulari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a>, contributing to what <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a> calls "the Mahler 'boom' in England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999550-83">[75]</a> Despite Mahler's contemporaries' negative criticism, Mitchell believes that the Fourth "above all [was] the agent of changed attitudes to Mahler in the years after the Second World War" because its relatively modest resources and length, its approachability, and its appeal eventually won "admiring audiences".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999199-84">[76]</a> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Blaukopf" title="Kurt Blaukopf">Kurt Blaukopf</a> stated that of Mahler's symphonies, the Fourth "became popular most quickly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159-17">[16]</a> In 2005, Zychowicz wrote that the Fourth, in which the composer was "uncannily concise", remains one of Mahler's most accessible compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz2005166-85">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instrumentation">edit</a>]</div> The symphony is scored for a smaller orchestra compared to Mahler's other symphonies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514-86">[78]</a> and there are no parts for <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Paul Stefan</a> notes the "fairly numerous" <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwinds</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">strings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913103-87">[79]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Michael Steinberg</a> calls the <a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">percussion section</a> "lavish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302-88">[80]</a> The instrumentation is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">[39]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_section" title="Woodwind section">Woodwinds</a></dt></dl> <dl><dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> (3rd and 4th doubling <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolos</a>)</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> (3rd doubling <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a>)</dd> <dd><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">3 B♭, A, C <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> (2nd doubling <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_in_E-flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinet in E-flat">E♭ clarinet</a>, 3rd doubling <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>)</div></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a> (3rd doubling <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass</a></dt> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion</a></dt> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">sleigh bells</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vocal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal type">Voices</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> solo (used only in fourth movement)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">Strings</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></dd> <dd>1st <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a></dd> <dd>2nd violins</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_1._Badachtig_Nicht_ellen_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" title="File:Mahler Symphony No.4 in G major 1. Badachtig Nicht ellen (Mahler) European Archive.ogg">I. Bedächtig, nicht eilen</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="908" data-mwtitle="Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_1._Badachtig_Nicht_ellen_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_1._Badachtig_Nicht_ellen_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_1._Badachtig_Nicht_ellen_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_1._Badachtig_Nicht_ellen_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_2._In_gemachlicher_Bewegung_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" title="File:Mahler Symphony No.4 in G major 2. In gemachlicher Bewegung (Mahler) European Archive.ogg">II. In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="514" data-mwtitle="Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_2._In_gemachlicher_Bewegung_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_2._In_gemachlicher_Bewegung_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_2._In_gemachlicher_Bewegung_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_2._In_gemachlicher_Bewegung_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_3._Ruhevoil_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" title="File:Mahler Symphony No.4 in G major 3. Ruhevoil (Mahler) European Archive.ogg">III. Ruhevoll</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1213" data-mwtitle="Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_3._Ruhevoil_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_3._Ruhevoil_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_3._Ruhevoil_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_3._Ruhevoil_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_4._Sehr_behaglich_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" title="File:Mahler Symphony No.4 in G major 4. Sehr behaglich (Mahler) European Archive.ogg">IV. Sehr behaglich</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="521" data-mwtitle="Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_4._Sehr_behaglich_(Mahler)_European_Archive.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_4._Sehr_behaglich_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_4._Sehr_behaglich_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Mahler_Symphony_No.4_in_G_major_4._Sehr_behaglich_%28Mahler%29_European_Archive.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Recordings from <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Although Mahler described the symphony's key as <a href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major">G major</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514-86">[78]</a> the work employs a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tonality" title="Progressive tonality">progressive tonal scheme</a> of <a href="/wiki/B_minor" title="B minor">B minor</a>/G major to <a href="/wiki/E_major" title="E major">E major</a>, as classified in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2001626-89">[81]</a> The symphony is in four movements: <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>Bedächtig, nicht eilen (deliberate, unhurried) – <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">Sonata form</a> in G major<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200513-91">[83]</a></li><li>In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast (in measured tempo, unhurried) – <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">C minor</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">trios</a> in <a href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major">F major</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514-86">[78]</a></li><li>Ruhevoll, <a href="/wiki/Adagio_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adagio (music)">poco adagio</a> (calm, somewhat slowly) – <a href="/wiki/Double_variation" title="Double variation">double theme and variations</a> in G Major (first theme) and <a href="/wiki/E_minor" title="E minor">E minor</a> (second theme)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200515-94">[86]</a></li><li>Sehr behaglich (at ease) – <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">Strophic</a> variations beginning in G major and ending in E major<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768–769-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a></li></ol></div> Mahler attempted to unify the four movements through <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_form" title="Cyclic form">cyclic form</a>, linking movements by reusing <a href="/wiki/Subject_(music)" title="Subject (music)">themes</a> such as that of the bells from the first movement's opening and "Das himmlische Leben" from the last movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995759-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz199518,_20-98">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a> estimates the symphony's duration to be 50 minutes, a moderate length for a symphony that Mahler considered to be "of normal dimensions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514-86">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198066-99">[91]</a> La Grange gives the following movement durations based on Mahler's 1904 Amsterdam performance, which took a longer 57 minutes: <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>Bedächtig, nicht eilen – 20 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761-90">[82]</a></li><li>In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast – 8 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764-92">[84]</a></li><li>Ruhevoll, poco adagio – 19 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">[85]</a></li><li>Sehr behaglich – 9<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 to 10 minutes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769-100">[92]</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._Bedächtig,_nicht_eilen">I. Bedächtig, nicht eilen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: I. Bedächtig, nicht eilen">edit</a>]</div> Cooke characterizes the first movement as a "pastoral 'walk through the countryside' movement",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068-101">[93]</a> and it is one of Mahler's shortest first movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761-90">[82]</a> The introduction in B minor is played by <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleigh_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh bell">sleigh bells</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302-88">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993117-102">[94]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/s/tsi3u4jmg0p4ocq22jukqyia6o9es1o/tsi3u4jm.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/t/s/tsi3u4jmg0p4ocq22jukqyia6o9es1o/tsi3u4jm.png" width="289" height="74" alt=" \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 92 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \key g \major \slashedGrace { g'8( } <fis b,>8-.)\p \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) \slashedGrace { g( } <fis b,>-.) } " /></div> <audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_+_Flute_Motif.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_%2B_Flute_Motif.ogg/Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_%2B_Flute_Motif.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_%2B_Flute_Motif.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_%2B_Flute_Motif.ogg/Mahler_4_Sleight_Bells_%2B_Flute_Motif.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl> The first theme in G major is then heard, marked Recht gemächlich (very leisurely):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762-103">[95]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/3/m3pghgmunmeme4hsbvl8aue0wvl1tl3/m3pghgmu.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/3/m3pghgmunmeme4hsbvl8aue0wvl1tl3/m3pghgmu.png" width="757" height="94" alt=" \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 80 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 8*3 d8(\p\upbow^"grazioso"\< e fis\!\glissando | g\pp b,16) r b4.(\downbow c32 b a b c8 d ) | dis4( e4.)\< fis16\!->( e\> d c b a)\! | g8.([ a16 b8. c16)] cis( d e d) \grace { c!8([ d] } c16-> b c a) | g8-. } " /></div> <audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Main_Theme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Floros" title="Constantin Floros">Constantin Floros</a> calls the first theme "remarkably short", and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> notices a <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>-like sound in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993119-104">[96]</a> La Grange compares the first theme to a similar passage in the first movement <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(music)" title="Exposition (music)">exposition</a> of Schubert's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_E-flat_major,_D_568_(Schubert)" title="Piano Sonata in E-flat major, D 568 (Schubert)">Piano Sonata in E-flat major, D. 568</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764-92">[84]</a> The second theme is in <a href="/wiki/D_major" title="D major">D major</a>, marked Breit gesungen (broadly sung):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762-103">[95]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/c/oc94atffsvf0ecjizp2hapah5kv2jau/oc94atff.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/c/oc94atffsvf0ecjizp2hapah5kv2jau/oc94atff.png" width="336" height="78" alt=" \relative c' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 76 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \clef treble \key d \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 8*1 a8\p(\downbow fis'4--) fis-- fis4.-- fis8( | g\< fis g e)\!\glissando b'4(\> a)\!\breathe } " /></div> <audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.1_Second_Theme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl> Floros identifies a similarity between this theme and a theme from the first movement of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 13 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata No. 13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993119-104">[96]</a> The exposition closes with a <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a> marked Wieder sehr ruhig (very calm again).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762-103">[95]</a> Mitchell finds that the themes, textures, and rhythms of the exposition suggest <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a>, but Mahler's style changes in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Development_(music)" title="Development (music)">development</a> section when "a radically different sound-world manifests itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999209–210-105">[97]</a> Floros comments on the development's "extraordinary complexity" in his analysis; he divides the development into eight parts, some of which explore distant minor keys and distort the main theme from the Finale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993118,_120-106">[98]</a> The development climaxes in its eighth part on a <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> fortissimo followed by a <a href="/wiki/Fanfare" title="Fanfare">trumpet fanfare</a> that Mahler named "Der kleine Appel" ("The little summons" or "The little call to order");<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200528-108">[100]</a> he later used this trumpet call as the opening theme to the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Fifth Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762-103">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)" title="Recapitulation (music)">recapitulation</a> section reaches what Stefan describes as "an almost <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozartian</a> jubilation" towards its end,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104-109">[101]</a> and the movement concludes with a calm and slow coda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995763-110">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="II._In_gemächlicher_Bewegung,_ohne_Hast">II. In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: II. In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man in black holding a paintbrush and palette with a skeleton playing a violin behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg/220px-Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg/330px-Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg/440px-Arnold_Boecklin-fiedelnder_Tod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="4389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Death_Playing_the_Fiddle" title="Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle">Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a>, the inspiration for the scherzo</figcaption></figure> The second movement has a five-part structure, beginning with a scherzo part in C minor that alternates with a trio part in F major.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122-107">[99]</a> The scherzo's prelude presents a <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a> call,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123-111">[103]</a> followed by what Stefan terms a "ghostly theme" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style>see below) in a solo <a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">scordatura</a> violin that begins the scherzo's first section in C minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104-109">[101]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/8/q8p5l35uojhi0ex33eftlgss3yj6802/q8p5l35u.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/q/8/q8p5l35uojhi0ex33eftlgss3yj6802/q8p5l35u.png" width="540" height="75" alt=" \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 66 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \time 3/8 \key c \minor \partial 16*3 b16\mf(\< ees g\! | fis8.\p\< d16 b\!\f f') | ees(\p f ees d c ees) | des( c des) f-. ees-. d-. | ees(\>[ d c\!)] } " /></div> <audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.2_Main_Theme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl> A brighter middle section in <a href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major">C major</a> is then heard, before a reprisal of the C minor section. The scherzo closes with a horn postlude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995765-112">[104]</a> The two trios between the movement's three scherzos have the character of a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ndler" title="Ländler">Ländler</a> and are in a "lazily cheerful" style that contrasts with the scherzo's grotesqueness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068–69-113">[105]</a> La Grange describes the second movement as Mahler's "only true ländler movement" since the First Symphony's Scherzo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995765-112">[104]</a> Floros finds that certain melodies in the trio anticipate themes from the Finale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123–124-114">[106]</a> The scherzo was originally named "Freund Hein spielt auf" ("Friend Hein Strikes Up", or "Death takes the fiddle" as paraphrased by Cooke). Freund Hein is a <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">personification of Death</a> in German folklore, and his fiddling is represented in the music by the harsh sound of the scordatura violin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302–303-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[I]</a> The printed program for the 1904 Amsterdam performance even included the title "<a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Todtentanz</a>" ("Dance of Death") for the movement, though this was never published in the symphony's first edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122-107">[99]</a> According to Mahler's widow, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma</a>, the composer took inspiration for this movement from the 1872 painting <a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Death_Playing_the_Fiddle" title="Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle">Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle</a> by the Swiss artist <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995303-119">[110]</a> Blaukopf writes that the violin passages betray "Mahler's penchant for the ludicrous and the eerie". Despite this, he notes that Freund Hein "is not frightening in effect" but is instead "uncanny".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159–160-120">[111]</a> Stefan characterizes Mahler's depiction of Death as "very good-natured".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104-109">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="III._Ruhevoll,_poco_adagio">III. Ruhevoll, poco adagio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: III. Ruhevoll, poco adagio">edit</a>]</div> The third movement is an adagio set of double theme and variations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200512-121">[112]</a> La Grange however believes that this "variations on two themes" interpretation of the movement<a href="#cite_note-123">[J]</a> is inaccurate because the second theme is "not genuinely 'varied', but only amplified when restated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">[85]</a> Mahler called the movement his "first real variations",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">[85]</a> and he composed it under the inspiration of "a vision of a tombstone on which was carved an image of the departed, with folded arms, in eternal sleep".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069-124">[114]</a> The musicologist Philip Barford deems the music to be "of profound, meditative beauty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford197033-125">[115]</a> Floros divides the movement into five main parts (A – B – A1 – B1 – A2) followed by a coda. The first theme in G major is played in the beginning of part A by the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127-126">[116]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/d/9d6r8fenwx6nm6edy28yjn36e5p3qzj/9d6r8fen.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/d/9d6r8fenwx6nm6edy28yjn36e5p3qzj/9d6r8fen.png" width="769" height="151" alt=" \relative c' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 72 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 b1\pp( | c) | d2..( e8) | e1 | fis2.( g4) | a2( fis4 g) | a( c b g) | fis( e d a8 b) | c1( | b2.) c8( d) | e2( d4 cis) | d2. e8( fis) | g2( fis4 e) | fis( e d2)\glissando | e4( d) c( b) | b2( a) } " /></div> <audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Main_Theme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg/200px-Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg/300px-Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg/400px-Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="524" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg/Wagner_Parsifal_Bell_Motif.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wagner's bell motif from his opera "Parsifal"</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg/200px-Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg/300px-Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg/400px-Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="524" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg/Mahler_4_Parsifal_Motif.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div><div class="thumbcaption">The bass ostinato at the end of the A section of wich resembles to the bell motif from Wagner's "Parsifal".</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Mahler_4_Mov.3_Coda.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Coda.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Coda.ogg/Mahler_4_Mov.3_Coda.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div><div class="thumbcaption">The coda of the movement (according to Floros), with the triple forte introduction wich he calls the "most splendid" passage of the symphony.</div></div></div></div></div> Cooke calls the opening "a transfigured cradle song".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069-124">[114]</a> Floros views part A's structure as <a href="/wiki/Bar_form" title="Bar form">bar form</a> (two Stollen—the first theme followed by its variation—and an Abgesang) with an Appendix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127-126">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[K]</a> Part A closes with a bass <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a>, which both Bekker and Floros find "bell-like";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767-129">[118]</a> to the latter, the motif is reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Parsifal_bell" title="Parsifal bell">the bell motif</a> from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_127-130">[119]</a> La Grange writes that the <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> bass motif is "always present in some form or other" and gives the movement "a strong <a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a> feeling".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">[85]</a> Part B, marked Viel langsamer (much slower),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767-129">[118]</a> is in three sections and also resembles the bar form structure. In the first section, the <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> introduces the lamenting E minor second theme, which is varied in the second section that climaxes in a fortissimo. Part B's final section, an Abgesang, is described by Floros as "symbolic of deepest mourning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126–127-131">[120]</a> Part A1 is a variation of part A marked Anmutig bewegt (graceful and lively), and Floros describes part B1 as "a very free" and far more intense variation of part B.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993128-132">[121]</a> La Grange identifies part A2 as the "first variation proper" of part A; the first theme undergoes four variations of increasing tempo, reaching Allegro molto before a sudden return to Andante. Part A2 concludes with a variation of part A's Abgesang that fades away into the coda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767-129">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126,_128-133">[122]</a> Floros refers to the coda's introduction as "the most splendid passage ... of the entire Symphony".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993128-132">[121]</a> A triple forte E major chord is played by the winds and strings, and the bass motif is reprised by the <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a>. The horns and trumpets then play the main theme of the Finale before the volume rapidly decreases.<a href="#cite_note-135">[L]</a> As the music slows down and dies away, the movement's final passage includes what Zychowicz calls the Ewigkeit (eternity) motif, which Mahler first used in the Finale of his Second Symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995760,_768-136">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200527-137">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127–128-138">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IV._Sehr_behaglich">IV. Sehr behaglich</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IV. Sehr behaglich">edit</a>]</div> La Grange analyzes the fourth movement as a strophic <a href="/wiki/Through-composed_music" title="Through-composed music">durchkomponiert</a> in three main sections<a href="#cite_note-140">[M]</a> separated by orchestral refrains and ending with a coda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769–770-141">[128]</a> An orchestral prelude in G major begins the Finale:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770-142">[129]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/i/1irgtvz6zwxrkpqk8rysn620nidgjar/1irgtvz6.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/i/1irgtvz6zwxrkpqk8rysn620nidgjar/1irgtvz6.png" width="339" height="77" alt=" \relative c' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 88 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \clef treble \key g \major \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \partial 4*1 \times 2/3 { d8(\pp b' g } | d'2 \slashedGrace { e8 } d2-> | \slashedGrace { e8 } d2-> \slashedGrace { c8 } b8.->[ a16 g8.-> a16] | d,2->) } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/i/1irgtvz6zwxrkpqk8rysn620nidgjar/1irgtvz6.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/1/i/1irgtvz6zwxrkpqk8rysn620nidgjar/1irgtvz6.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> The soprano then sings the first verse or <a href="/wiki/Strophe" title="Strophe">strophe</a> of "Das himmlische Leben", beginning with the movement's main theme over "Wir genießen die himmlischen Freuden" (We revel in heavenly pleasures):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">[127]</a> <dl><dd><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/s/hsfhsdektxhfe7558rnafhxrtpj61gu/hsfhsdek.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/s/hsfhsdektxhfe7558rnafhxrtpj61gu/hsfhsdek.png" width="684" height="83" alt=" \relative c' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 80 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"choir aahs" \clef treble \key g \major \autoBeamOff \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 r d8 d d4 b'8 g | d'8.[( e16 d8. e16] d8.[ e16 d8. e16] | \times 2/3 { d8[ c b]) } \times 2/3 { a[ b] g } d8.([ e16)] d8 } \addlyrics { Wir ge- nie- ßen die himm- li- schen Freu- den, } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/s/hsfhsdektxhfe7558rnafhxrtpj61gu/hsfhsdek.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/h/s/hsfhsdektxhfe7558rnafhxrtpj61gu/hsfhsdek.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></dd></dl> The verse is sung "with childishly gay expression" over text describing the joys of heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104–105-143">[130]</a> It closes with a suddenly slower choralelike figure over "Sankt Peter im Himmel sieht zu" (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> in Heaven looks on),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913105-144">[131]</a> leading into a lively orchestral interlude that reprises the bell opening from the first movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770-142">[129]</a> A contrasting verse (second strophe) depicts a heavenly feast and is sung in E minor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913105-144">[131]</a> this verse closes with another choralelike figure before the bell refrain returns for the interlude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">[127]</a> The third strophe (comprising the third and fourth verses of the text) is in G major again and is sung over a variation of the first strophe's theme and form. After the bell refrain is played once more, the coda's pastoral introduction in E major is heard. This orchestral passage is marked Sehr zart und geheimnisvoll bis zum Schluß (very gentle and mysterious until the end), and the final strophe that follows is sung in E major over a variation of the main theme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770-142">[129]</a> This strophe corresponds to the text's final verse with images of "most gentle restfulness",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993131-145">[132]</a> and Mitchell calls it "an extraordinary experience without parallel elsewhere in Mahler".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999216-146">[133]</a> The coda ends on an orchestral postlude in pianissimo that gradually fades away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999216-146">[133]</a> Adorno finds that there is an ambiguity as to whether the music and its heavenly vision has "fallen asleep for ever", and <a href="/wiki/David_Schiff" title="David Schiff">David Schiff</a> interprets the Finale's depiction of Heaven as "untouchable, outside experience". Both agree that the Finale's promises of joy are present yet unattainable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995772–773-147">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_movement_text">Fourth movement text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fourth movement text">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="de" class="poem"> "Das himmlische Leben" (aus Des Knaben Wunderhorn)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069–70-148">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995305–306-149">[136]</a> Wir genießen die himmlischen Freuden, D'rum tun wir das Irdische meiden. Kein weltlich' Getümmel Hört man nicht im Himmel! Lebt alles in sanftester Ruh'! Wir führen ein englisches Leben! Sind dennoch ganz lustig daneben! Wir tanzen und springen, Wir hüpfen und singen! Sankt Peter im Himmel sieht zu! Johannes das Lämmlein auslasset, Der Metzger Herodes d'rauf passet! Wir führen ein geduldig's, Unschuldig's, geduldig's, Ein liebliches Lämmlein zu Tod! Sankt Lucas den Ochsen tät schlachten Ohn' einig's Bedenken und Achten; Der Wein kost' kein Heller Im himmlischen Keller; Die Englein, die backen das Brot. Gut' Kräuter von allerhand Arten, Die wachsen im himmlischen Garten! Gut' Spargel, Fisolen Und was wir nur wollen, Ganze Schüsseln voll sind uns bereit! Gut' Äpfel, gut' Birn' und gut' Trauben; Die Gärtner, die alles erlauben! Willst Rehbock, willst Hasen? Auf offener Straßen Sie laufen herbei! Sollt' ein Fasttag etwa kommen, Alle Fische gleich mit Freuden      angeschwommen! Dort läuft schon Sankt Peter Mit Netz und mit Köder, Zum himmlischen Weiher hinein.<a href="#cite_note-151">[N]</a> Sankt Martha die Köchin muß sein! Kein' Musik ist ja nicht auf Erden, Die unsrer verglichen kann werden. Elftausend Jungfrauen Zu tanzen sich trauen! Sankt Ursula selbst dazu lacht! Cäcilia mit ihren Verwandten Sind treffliche Hofmusikanten! Die englischen Stimmen Ermuntern die Sinnen! Daß alles für Freuden erwacht. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> "The Heavenly Life" (from <a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069–70-148">[135]</a> We revel in heavenly pleasures, Leaving all that is earthly behind us. No worldly turmoil Is heard in heaven; We all live in sweetest peace. We lead an angelic existence, And so we are perfectly happy. We dance and leap, And skip and sing; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> in Heaven looks on. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Saint John</a> has lost his lambkin, And butcher <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> is lurking: We lead a patient, Guiltless, patient, Darling lambkin to death. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Luke">Saint Luke</a> is slaying the oxen, Without the least hesitation; Wine costs not a farthing In the Heavenly tavern; The angels bake the bread. Fine sprouts of every description, Are growing in Heaven's garden. Fine asparagus, fine herbs, And all we desire, Huge platefuls for us are prepared. Fine apples, fine pears and fine grapes, The gardeners let us pick freely. You want venison, hare? In the open streets They go running around. And when there's a holiday near, All the fishes come joyfully      swimming; And off runs Saint Peter With net and with bait, Towards the celestial pond. Saint <a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a> will have to be cook! There's no music at all on the earth Which can ever compare with ours. Eleven thousand virgins Are set dancing. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ursula" title="Saint Ursula">Saint Ursula</a> herself laughs to see it! <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a> with her companions Are splendid court musicians. The angelic voices Delight the senses, For all things awake to joy. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revisions_and_publication">Revisions and publication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Revisions and publication">edit</a>]</div> Following the 1901 world premiere, Mahler revised the symphony a number of times, including changes in instrumentation, dynamics, and articulation for <a href="/wiki/Julius_Buths" title="Julius Buths">Julius Buths</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1903);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995264–265-152">[138]</a> revisions for a 3 November 1905 performance in <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995266-153">[139]</a> changes made in the summer of 1910; and Mahler's last autographed revisions in 1911, made after his final performances of the symphony in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995756-154">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268-155">[141]</a> The symphony's first edition was published in 1902 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Doblinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Doblinger (page does not exist)">Ludwig Doblinger</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikverlag_Doblinger" class="extiw" title="de:Musikverlag Doblinger">de</a>] of Vienna as a <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> score.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268-155">[141]</a> The symphony was later taken up by the Vienna publisher <a href="/wiki/Universal_Edition" title="Universal Edition">Universal Edition</a>, which reprinted the score in <a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a> format (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268–269-156">[142]</a> Universal Edition published a subsequent edition in 1906,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973708-157">[143]</a> incorporating Mahler's early revisions, and reprinted this edition in 1910 and 1925.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995269-158">[144]</a> However, Universal Edition failed to carry out any of Mahler's further changes since the 1906 edition. Publishing rights of some of the symphony's editions were later transferred to <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a>, but their 1943 edition also failed to include the final revisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995269-158">[144]</a> Universal Edition eventually published a new edition in 1963, which saw <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Ratz" title="Erwin Ratz">Erwin Ratz</a> incorporate Mahler's yet unincluded revisions. These changes were met with criticism from <a href="/wiki/Hans_Redlich" title="Hans Redlich">Hans Redlich</a>, who wrote in 1966: "Only the musical texts of the Symphony published between 1902 and 1910 carry full authenticity for posterity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995271-159">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Venantius_von_W%C3%B6ss" title="Josef Venantius von Wöss">Josef Venantius von Wöss</a> arranged the symphony for four-hands piano, a version which was on sale at the time of the symphony's first publishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995478-160">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Stein" title="Erwin Stein">Erwin Stein</a>'s 1921 and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Simon" title="Klaus Simon">Klaus Simon</a>'s 2007 arrangements both call for a reduced orchestration, though the former is scored for a smaller ensemble than the latter since Stein omits the <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a> parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(History)-161">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the discography, see <a href="/wiki/Mahler_Symphony_No._4_discography" title="Mahler Symphony No. 4 discography">Mahler Symphony No. 4 discography</a>.</div> The Fourth Symphony was first commercially recorded on 28 and 29 May 1930, with <a href="/wiki/Hidemaro_Konoye" title="Hidemaro Konoye">Hidemaro Konoye</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/New_Symphony_Orchestra_of_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo">New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo</a> and the soprano Sakaye Kitasaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999548-162">[148]</a> The recording was released under Japanese Parlophone and is the first electrical recording of any Mahler symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoley199693-163">[149]</a> Since then, the symphony has been recorded by ensembles in Europe, the United States, and Japan, including multiple recordings each from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Concertgebouw_Orchestra" title="Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoley199681–105-164">[150]</a> In his 2020 <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a> review of Fourth Symphony recordings, David Gutman selects <a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Fischer" title="Iván Fischer">Iván Fischer</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Willem_Mengelberg" title="Willem Mengelberg">Willem Mengelberg</a> (1939), <a href="/wiki/Lorin_Maazel" title="Lorin Maazel">Lorin Maazel</a> (1983), and <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a>'s (2009) interpretations of the symphony for his choice recordings, while also sampling recordings conducted by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> (1961), and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman2020-81">[73]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The piano and voice score of "Das himmlische Leben" was completed on 10 February 1892, and the orchestra and voice score was completed on 12 March 1892.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995725-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Bekker surmises that the Fourth Symphony's plans were made "almost at the same time" as the Third's (in the summer of 1895), but <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Floros" title="Constantin Floros">Constantin Floros</a> believes the sketch's title of "Symphony No. 4" suggests it was made after the Third's completion (after the summer of 1896).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Mahler originally labeled this movement with a duplicate Roman numeral "V", which James L. Zychowicz considers to be "a slip of the pen" in the six-movement plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200548-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a> regards "Die Welt als ewige Jetztzeit" as the "suppressed title" of the symphony's first movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005258-27">[24]</a> and Floros explains that the final version's Scherzo and Adagio movements do not correspond with the sketch's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Mitchell notes that Mahler originally inscribed 6 August 1900 at the end of the Adagio movement, but the composer's additional inscription of "Sunday" leads Mitchell to conclude that "it must have been the 5th" on which Mahler completed the symphony (the 6th was a Monday).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999194-31">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a> also believes that the real date was "undoubtedly" 5 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995755-32">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Michalek was one of Mahler's favorite singers when he was director of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Vienna Hofoper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995198-49">[44]</a> La Grange believes "there is no convincing evidence to prove or disprove" the rumor that Mahler's interest in Michalek was "more than artistic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995107-50">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Other works on the premiere's concert program included a <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> Symphony in G major (either <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Mozart)">K. 74</a> or <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._17_(Mozart)" title="Symphony No. 17 (Mozart)">K. 129</a>), Weingartner's orchestral work Wallfahrt nach Kevlaar, <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brahms" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahms">Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumann">Schumann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Egmont_(Beethoven)" title="Egmont (Beethoven)">Egmont Overture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995397-52">[46]</a> Members of the audience included musicians <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Schillings" title="Max von Schillings">Max von Schillings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Thuille" title="Ludwig Thuille">Ludwig Thuille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegmund_von_Hausegger" title="Siegmund von Hausegger">Siegmund von Hausegger</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_vom_Rath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix vom Rath (page does not exist)">Felix vom Rath</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_vom_Rath" class="extiw" title="de:Felix vom Rath">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973650-53">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Other works performed on the tour include <a href="/wiki/Berlioz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Overtures_by_Hector_Berlioz#Le_roi_Lear" title="Overtures by Hector Berlioz">King Lear Overture</a>, Brahms's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)">Fourth Symphony</a>, and Beethoven's Egmont and <a href="/wiki/Fidelio#Overtures" title="Fidelio">Leonore No. 3</a> Overtures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406-60">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> During the 12 October 1901 rehearsal with the Vienna Philharmonic, Mahler was not satisfied with the violin's sound and delegated the "fiddle" part to a solo <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, still played by the Philharmonic's leader <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ros%C3%A9" title="Arnold Rosé">Arnold Rosé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005303-116">[108]</a> Mahler reversed this decision for the 1904 Dutch premiere in Amsterdam, which apparently used a violin with normal tuning. The present score calls for a scordatura violin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764–765-117">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Floros writes that the double theme and variation classification of the third movement was first used by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Paul Stefan</a> in his 1920 study of Gustav Mahler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_353-122">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> In La Grange's analysis, part A is instead divided into three "periods", with the last period corresponding to the Appendix in Floros's analysis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766–767-127">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> La Grange's analysis does not consider this section (mm. 315–325), from the triple forte to the main theme in the brass, as part of the coda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768-134">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> La Grange's three "sections" are analogous to Floros's first three "verses" and Zychowicz's first three "strophes" in their respective analyses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mahler here omitted the following four lines of the original poem: "Willst Karpfen, willst Hecht, willst Forellen / Gut Stockfisch und frische Sardellen? / Sankt Lorenz hat müssen / Sein Leben einbüßen" ("Would you like carp, hake, or trout / Good dried fish, or sardines? / <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a> had / To forfeit his life").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993129-150">[137]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford197022-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford197022_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford1970">Barford 1970</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200545-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200545_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005311-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005311_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan191385-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan191385_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefan1913">Stefan 1913</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz20059-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz20059_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz20059_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200535-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200535_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973581-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973581_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973581_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 581. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200518-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200518_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198067-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198067_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995725-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995725_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 725. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973249-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973249_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200537-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200537_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200537_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995304-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995304_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200540–42-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200540–42_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, pp. 40–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlaukopf1973">Blaukopf 1973</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200524-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200524_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200524_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973583-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973583_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 583. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110–111,_347-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993110–111,_347_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 110–111, 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200548-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200548_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139,_258-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005139,_258_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, pp. 139, 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005258-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005258_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111–112-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993111–112_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995754–755-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995754–755_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 754–755. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999194-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999194_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995755-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995755_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 755. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973585-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973585_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993112-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993112_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973606,_708-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973606,_708_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 606, 708. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200531-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200531_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973582-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973582_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973634-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973634_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 634. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 635. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995375-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995375_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635–636,_942-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973635–636,_942_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 635–636, 942. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973645–647-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973645–647_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 645–647. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995301_44-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973646–647-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973646–647_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 646–647. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973647-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973647_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973647_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 647. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999201-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999201_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Munich)-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Munich)_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Munich)">Mahler Foundation (Munich)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995198-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995198_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995107-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995107_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995397-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995397_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973650-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973650_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973650_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 652. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652–653-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973652–653_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 652–653. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973653-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973653_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973653_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 653. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973654-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973654_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 654. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406–408-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406–408_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 406–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995406_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973656-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973656_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973656_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 656. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973657-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973657_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 657. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995408-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995408_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973658–659-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973658–659_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 658–659. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995471-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995471_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995472–475-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995472–475_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 472–475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995557-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995557_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995604-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995604_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 604. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Mainz)-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Mainz)_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Mainz)">Mahler Foundation (Mainz)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995671-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995671_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 671. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Amsterdam)-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Amsterdam)_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Amsterdam)">Mahler Foundation (Amsterdam)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrich1904-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldrich1904_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAldrich1904">Aldrich 1904</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1904-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1904_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1904">Smith 1904</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999553-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999553_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC">BBC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Frankfurt)-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(Frankfurt)_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Frankfurt)">Mahler Foundation (Frankfurt)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_a)-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_a)_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_a)">Mahler Foundation (New York, a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_b)-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_b)_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_b)">Mahler Foundation (New York, b)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973241-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973241_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlaukopf1973">Blaukopf 1973</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman2020-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman2020_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman2020_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman2020">Gutman 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsova1999526-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsova1999526_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsova1999">Barsova 1999</a>, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999550-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999550_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999199-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999199_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz2005166-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz2005166_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200514_86-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913103-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913103_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefan1913">Stefan 1913</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2001626-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin2001626_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin2001">Franklin 2001</a>, p. 626. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995761_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 761. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200513-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200513_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764_92-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 764. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766_93-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 766. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200515-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200515_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768–769-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768–769_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 768–769. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200516_96-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995759-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995759_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 759. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz199518,_20-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz199518,_20_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, pp. 18, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198066-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198066_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 769. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198068_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198068_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198068_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993117-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993117_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995762_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 762. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993119-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993119_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993119_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999209–210-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999209–210_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, pp. 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993118,_120-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993118,_120_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 118, 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993122_107-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200528-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200528_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefan1913">Stefan 1913</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995763-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995763_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 763. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995765-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995765_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995765_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 765. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198068–69-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198068–69_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123–124-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993123–124_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302–303-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995302–303_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, pp. 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005303-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005303_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764–765-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995764–765_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 764–765. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995303-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995303_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159–160-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaukopf1973159–160_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlaukopf1973">Blaukopf 1973</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200512-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200512_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_353-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_353_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 125, 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198069_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198069_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarford197033-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarford197033_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarford1970">Barford 1970</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766–767-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995766–767_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 766–767. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995767_129-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 767. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_127-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993125,_127_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 125, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126–127-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126–127_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993128-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993128_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993128_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126,_128-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993126,_128_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 126, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995768_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 768. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995760,_768-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995760,_768_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 760, 768. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200527-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz200527_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz2005">Zychowicz 2005</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127–128-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993127–128_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993130_139-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769–770-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995769–770_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 769–770. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995770_142-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 770. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104–105-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913104–105_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefan1913">Stefan 1913</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStefan1913105-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913105_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStefan1913105_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStefan1913">Stefan 1913</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993131-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993131_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999216-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999216_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999216_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995772–773-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995772–773_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, pp. 772–773. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke198069–70-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198069–70_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke198069–70_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995305–306-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995305–306_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>, pp. 305–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros1993129-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros1993129_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloros1993">Floros 1993</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995264–265-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995264–265_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995266-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995266_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995756-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995756_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 756. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268–269-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995268–269_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973708-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1973708_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1973">La Grange 1973</a>, p. 708. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995269-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995269_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995269_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995271-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZychowicz1995271_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZychowicz1995">Zychowicz 1995</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995478-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Grange1995478_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Grange1995">La Grange 1995</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(History)-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler_Foundation_(History)_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(History)">Mahler Foundation (History)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999548-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1999548_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell1999">Mitchell 1999</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoley199693-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmoley199693_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmoley1996">Smoley 1996</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmoley199681–105-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmoley199681–105_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmoley1996">Smoley 1996</a>, pp. 81–105. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarford1970" class="citation book cs1">Barford, Philip (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahlersymphonies0000barf">Mahler Symphonies and Songs</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-09274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-09274-2"><bdi>0-563-09274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahler+Symphonies+and+Songs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-563-09274-2&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahlersymphonies0000barf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsova1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barsova, Inna (1999). "Mahler and Russia". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Mitchell, Donald</a> & Nicholson, Andrew (eds.). The Mahler Companion. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816376-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816376-2"><bdi>0-19-816376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahler+and+Russia&rft.btitle=The+Mahler+Companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-816376-2&rft.aulast=Barsova&rft.aufirst=Inna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaukopf1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Blaukopf" title="Kurt Blaukopf">Blaukopf, Kurt</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahler00blau">Gustav Mahler</a>. Translated by Goodwin, Inge. New York: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-109467">73-109467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-109467&rft.aulast=Blaukopf&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahler00blau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Cooke, Deryck</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahlerintr00cook">Gustav Mahler: An Introduction to his Music</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23175-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23175-2"><bdi>0-521-23175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%3A+An+Introduction+to+his+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-23175-2&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Deryck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahlerintr00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloros1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Floros" title="Constantin Floros">Floros, Constantin</a> (1993). Pauly, Reinhard G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahlersymp0000flor">Gustav Mahler: The Symphonies</a>. Translated by Wicker, Vernon. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-62-4"><bdi>0-931340-62-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%3A+The+Symphonies&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-931340-62-4&rft.aulast=Floros&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahlersymp0000flor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Franklin, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0015unse/page/602">"Mahler, Gustav"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 15 (2 ed.). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-239-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-239-0"><bdi>1-56159-239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahler%2C+Gustav&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56159-239-0&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovedictiona0015unse%2Fpage%2F602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Grange1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">La Grange, Henry-Louis</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahler0000lagr">Mahler</a>. Vol. 1. Garden City, New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday & Company, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00524-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00524-5"><bdi>0-385-00524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahler&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-385-00524-5&rft.aulast=La+Grange&rft.aufirst=Henry-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahler0000lagr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Grange1995" class="citation book cs1">La Grange, Henry-Louis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahler02lagr">Gustav Mahler</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315159-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315159-6"><bdi>0-19-315159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-315159-6&rft.aulast=La+Grange&rft.aufirst=Henry-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahler02lagr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Mitchell, Donald</a> (1999). "'Swallowing the Programme': Mahler's Fourth Symphony" and "The Mahler Renaissance in England: Its Origins and Chronology". In Mitchell, Donald & Nicholson, Andrew (eds.). The Mahler Companion. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816376-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816376-2"><bdi>0-19-816376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Swallowing+the+Programme%27%3A+Mahler%27s+Fourth+Symphony%22+and+%22The+Mahler+Renaissance+in+England%3A+Its+Origins+and+Chronology&rft.btitle=The+Mahler+Companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-816376-2&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahlerwund0000mitc">Gustav Mahler: The Wunderhorn Years</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">The Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-003-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-003-5"><bdi>1-84383-003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%3A+The+Wunderhorn+Years&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84383-003-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahlerwund0000mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoley1996" class="citation book cs1">Smoley, Lewis M. (1996). Gustav Mahler's Symphonies: Critical Commentary on Recordings Since 1986. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29771-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29771-1"><bdi>0-313-29771-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%27s+Symphonies%3A+Critical+Commentary+on+Recordings+Since+1986&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29771-1&rft.aulast=Smoley&rft.aufirst=Lewis+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gustavmahlerstud00stefuoft">Gustav Mahler: A Study of His Personality and Work</a>. Translated by Clark, T. E. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer,_Inc." title="G. Schirmer, Inc.">G. Schirmer, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahler%3A+A+Study+of+His+Personality+and+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+Schirmer%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Stefan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgustavmahlerstud00stefuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symphonylistener00stei">The Symphony: A Listener's Guide</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506177-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506177-2"><bdi>0-19-506177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symphony%3A+A+Listener%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-506177-2&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymphonylistener00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZychowicz2005" class="citation book cs1">Zychowicz, James L. (2005). Mahler's Fourth Symphony. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816206-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816206-5"><bdi>0-19-816206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahler%27s+Fourth+Symphony&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-816206-5&rft.aulast=Zychowicz&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1904" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldrich_(music_critic)" title="Richard Aldrich (music critic)">Aldrich, Richard</a> (6 November 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51773652/mahler-symphony-no-4/">"Gustav Mahler – His Personality and His New Symphony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Vol. 54, no. 17111. p. IV(4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818173857/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51773652/mahler-symphony-no-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com" title="Ancestry.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gustav+Mahler+%E2%80%93+His+Personality+and+His+New+Symphony&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=17111&rft.pages=IV%284%29&rft.date=1904-11-06&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F51773652%2Fmahler-symphony-no-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman2020" class="citation web cs1">Gutman, David (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/mahler-s-symphony-no-4-a-complete-guide-to-the-best-recordings">"Mahler's Symphony No 4: a complete guide to the best recordings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030085631/https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/mahler-s-symphony-no-4-a-complete-guide-to-the-best-recordings">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Mahler%27s+Symphony+No+4%3A+a+complete+guide+to+the+best+recordings&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Farticle%2Fmahler-s-symphony-no-4-a-complete-guide-to-the-best-recordings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1904" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Max (4 December 1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3884282/mahler-symp-4-review-slc-tribune-4/">"Mahler's Symphony No. 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. Vol. 70, no. 51. p. IV(15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818180830/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3884282/mahler-symp-4-review-slc-tribune-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mahler%27s+Symphony+No.+4&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=IV%2815%29&rft.date=1904-12-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F3884282%2Fmahler-symp-4-review-slc-tribune-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZychowicz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zychowicz, James L. (1995). "Toward an Ausgabe letzter Hand: The Publication and Revision of Mahler's Fourth Symphony". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a>. 13 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 260–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F764107">10.2307/764107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/764107">764107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Toward+an+Ausgabe+letzter+Hand%3A+The+Publication+and+Revision+of+Mahler%27s+Fourth+Symphony&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-276&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F764107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F764107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zychowicz&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Munich)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/munich/1901-concert-munich-25-11-1901/">"1901 Concert Munich 25-11-1901 – Symphony No. 4 (Premiere)"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 6 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029111418/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/munich/1901-concert-munich-25-11-1901/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1901+Concert+Munich+25-11-1901+%E2%80%93+Symphony+No.+4+%28Premiere%29&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Fgermany%2Fmunich%2F1901-concert-munich-25-11-1901%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Amsterdam)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/netherlands/amsterdam/1904-concert-amsterdam-23-10-1904/">"1904 Concert Amsterdam 23-10-1904 – Symphony No. 4 (twice)"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 5 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822191339/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/netherlands/amsterdam/1904-concert-amsterdam-23-10-1904/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1904+Concert+Amsterdam+23-10-1904+%E2%80%93+Symphony+No.+4+%28twice%29&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Fnetherlands%2Famsterdam%2F1904-concert-amsterdam-23-10-1904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Mainz)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/mainz/1904-concert-mainz-23-03-1904/">"1904 Concert Mainz 23-03-1904 – Symphony No. 4"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 6 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822181237/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/mainz/1904-concert-mainz-23-03-1904/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1904+Concert+Mainz+23-03-1904+%E2%80%93+Symphony+No.+4&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Fgermany%2Fmainz%2F1904-concert-mainz-23-03-1904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(Frankfurt)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/frankfurt/1907-concert-frankfurt-am-main-18-01-1907/">"1907 Concert Frankfurt am Main 18-01-1907 – Symphony No. 4"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 5 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822182747/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/germany/frankfurt/1907-concert-frankfurt-am-main-18-01-1907/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1907+Concert+Frankfurt+am+Main+18-01-1907+%E2%80%93+Symphony+No.+4&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Fgermany%2Ffrankfurt%2F1907-concert-frankfurt-am-main-18-01-1907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(New_York,_a)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/america/new-york-city/1911-concert-new-york-17-01-1911/">"1911 Concert New York 17-01-1911 – Symphony No. 4"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 6 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822182749/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/america/new-york-city/1911-concert-new-york-17-01-1911/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. 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Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1911+Concert+New+York+20-01-1911+%E2%80%93+Symphony+No.+4&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Famerica%2Fnew-york-city%2F1911-concert-new-york-20-01-1911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler_Foundation_(History)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/compositions/symphony-no-4/symphony-no-4-history/">"History Symphony No. 4"</a>. Mahler Foundation. 19 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822233439/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/compositions/symphony-no-4/symphony-no-4-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Symphony+No.+4&rft.pub=Mahler+Foundation&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Fcompositions%2Fsymphony-no-4%2Fsymphony-no-4-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/erz2fx">"Prom 58"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109085651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/erz2fx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prom+58&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fevents%2Ferz2fx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bekker" title="Paul Bekker">Bekker, Paul</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GustavMahlersSinfonien">Gustav Mahlers Sinfonien</a> [Gustav Mahler's Symphonies] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Mahlers+Sinfonien&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGustavMahlersSinfonien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Translated into English in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Hansen, Kelly Dean (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/x920fx12c">Gustav Mahler's Symphonies (Gustav Mahlers Sinfonien) by Paul Bekker (1921): A Translation with Commentary</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Gustav+Mahler%27s+Symphonies+%28Gustav+Mahlers+Sinfonien%29+by+Paul+Bekker+%281921%29%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary&rft.inst=University+of+Colorado+Boulder&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Kelly+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.colorado.edu%2Fconcern%2Fgraduate_thesis_or_dissertations%2Fx920fx12c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymphony+No.+4+%28Mahler%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symphony_No._4_(Mahler)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Symphony_No.4_(Mahler,_Gustav)" class="extiw" title="scores:Symphony No.4 (Mahler, Gustav)">Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611213449/http://www.andante.com/profiles/Mahler/symph4.cfm">History and analysis</a> by the Mahler scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gustav_Mahler" title="Template:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gustav_Mahler" title="Template talk:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gustav_Mahler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gustav Mahler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gustav_Mahler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Gustav_Mahler" title="List of compositions by Gustav Mahler">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Mahler)">No. 1 (Titan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)">No. 2 (Resurrection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">No. 3</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">No. 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahler_Symphony_No._4_discography" title="Mahler Symphony No. 4 discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">No. 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)">No. 6 (Tragic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">No. 7 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Mahler)">No. 8 (Symphony of a Thousand)</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahler_Symphony_No._8_discography" title="Mahler Symphony No. 8 discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_von_der_Erde" title="Das Lied von der Erde">Das Lied von der Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)">No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 10 (Mahler)">No. 10</a> (unfinished)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quartet_(Mahler)" title="Piano Quartet (Mahler)">Piano Quartet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_klagende_Lied" title="Das klagende Lied">Das klagende Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieder_und_Ges%C3%A4nge_(Mahler)" title="Lieder und Gesänge (Mahler)">Lieder und Gesänge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieder_eines_fahrenden_Gesellen" title="Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen">Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Knaben_Wunderhorn_(Mahler)" title="Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Mahler)">Des Knaben Wunderhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCckert-Lieder" title="Rückert-Lieder">Rückert-Lieder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindertotenlieder" title="Kindertotenlieder">Kindertotenlieder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Mahler</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler_Jugendorchester" title="Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester">Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(crater)" title="Mahler (crater)">Mahler (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Mahler Chamber Orchestra">Mahler Chamber Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_Spur" title="Mahler Spur">Mahler Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_Musicale_Mahler" title="Médiathèque Musicale Mahler">Médiathèque Musicale Mahler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_(film)" title="Mahler (film)">Mahler</a> (1974 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_the_Wind" title="Bride of the Wind">Bride of the Wind</a> (2001 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahler_on_the_Couch" title="Mahler on the Couch">Mahler on the Couch</a> (2010 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">Alma Mahler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Mahler" title="Anna Mahler">Anna Mahler</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mahler" title="Arthur Mahler">Arthur Mahler</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mahler" title="Fritz Mahler">Fritz Mahler</a> (father's cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Mahler" title="Otto Mahler">Otto Mahler</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Blaukopf" title="Kurt Blaukopf">Kurt Blaukopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Carr_(writer)" title="Jonathan Carr (writer)">Jonathan Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">Henry-Louis de La Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mitchell_(writer)" title="Donald Mitchell (writer)">Donald Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Ratz" title="Erwin Ratz">Erwin Ratz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Paul Stefan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Problem" title="Alma Problem">Alma Problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernstein%E2%80%93Mahler_cycle" title="Bernstein–Mahler cycle">Bernstein–Mahler cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_MahlerFest" title="Colorado MahlerFest">Colorado MahlerFest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_hut_of_Gustav_Mahler_(Attersee)" title="Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Attersee)">Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Attersee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_hut_of_Gustav_Mahler_(W%C3%B6rthersee)" title="Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Wörthersee)">Composing hut of Gustav Mahler (Wörthersee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler_Conducting_Competition" title="Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition">Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler%27s_orchestration_of_Beethoven%27s_Symphony_No._9" title="Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9">Gustav Mahler's orchestration of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repertory_of_the_Vienna_Court_Opera_under_Gustav_Mahler" title="Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler">Repertory of the Vienna Court Opera under Gustav Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Earth_(ballet)" title="Song of the Earth (ballet)">Song of the Earth</a> (ballet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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