엑서지 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-참고자료" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고자료"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>참고자료</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고자료-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">엑서지</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 32개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="إكسرجي – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إكسرجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Эксергія – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эксергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergija" title="Eksergija – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eksergija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergia" title="Exergia – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exergia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergie" title="Exergie – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exergie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exergy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerg%C3%ADa" title="Exergía – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exergía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergia" title="Exergia – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Exergia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="اکسرژی – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergia" title="Eksergia – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eksergia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergie" title="Exergie – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergija" title="Eksergija – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eksergija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergia" title="Exergia – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Exergia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="エクセルギー – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エクセルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergie" title="Exergie – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exergie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergi" title="Eksergi – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eksergi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergi" title="Eksergi – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksergi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzergia" title="Egzergia – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egzergia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergia" title="Exergia – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exergia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergie" title="Exergie – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exergie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эксергия – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эксергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergija" title="Eksergija – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eksergija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergia" title="Exergia – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exergia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergija_in_anergija" title="Eksergija in anergija – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksergija in anergija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksergjia" title="Eksergjia – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eksergjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergi" title="Exergi – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exergi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekserji" title="Ekserji – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekserji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ексергія – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ексергія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%B6%B2" title="㶲 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="㶲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%B6%B2" title="㶲 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="㶲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%B6%B2" title="㶲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="㶲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%B6%B2" title="㶲 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="㶲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663290#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80" title="본문 보기 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>문서</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80" rel="discussion" title="문서의 내용에 대한 토론 문서 [t]" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg/60px-OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg/80px-OOjs_UI_icon_broom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">이 문서는 <b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8" title="위키백과:편집 지침">위키백과의 편집 지침</a></b>에 맞춰 다듬어야 합니다.<span class="hide-when-compact"><br />더 좋은 문서가 되도록 <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80&action=edit">문서 편집을 도와주세요</a></span>. 내용에 대한 의견이 있으시다면 <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80" title="토론:엑서지">토론 문서</a>에서 나누어 주세요.</span> <span class="date-container">(<small><span class="date">2019년 8월 4일</span></small>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>엑서지</b>(exergy, Φ)는 주어진 장치가 주위와 상호작용하며 과정의 끝 상태가 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P0,T0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P0,T0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca0c1bd8567f87a5f036be4db4a8e96311752a84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.741ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P0,T0}"></span>일 때 그 장치로부터 얻어 낼 수 있는 가용 일이다. 즉, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi =W_{out}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi =W_{out}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/214d7a9510668bebc788ee3db3716c679a283eb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.241ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi =W_{out}}"></span>, 주위는 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0},\ T_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0},\ T_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b75ea5aca102a328149d2d16a478c4a34aec8585" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.573ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0},\ T_{0}}"></span>상태</dd></dl> <p>이다. 이 일은 가역 일과 밀접하게 관련된다. </p><p>그림1의 간단한 상황을 살펴보자. 온도가 일정한 매우 큰 저장조로부터 에너지인 열 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>가 전달된다. 최대 일은 가역 열기관에서 얻을 수 있다. 시스템이 주위와 상호작용하므로 일정 온도 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9255930ea136269b30257fa323ba02166cf2c1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.799ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T0}"></span>인 주위가 또 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a> 저장조가 될 수 있다. 두 저장조의 온도가 일정하므로 열기관은 카르노 사이클로 운전되며 일은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>에너지: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{revHE}=Q-Q_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{revHE}=Q-Q_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd87f14a7a4134d597fae5bfcf36bfd36b0b425" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.115ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{revHE}=Q-Q_{0}}"></span></dd> <dd>엔트로피: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q}{T}}-{\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {Q}{T}}-{\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2608e68e772b21d913abc3dfa058982e6f703008" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.244ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q}{T}}-{\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg/120px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg/180px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg/240px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> <b>그림 1</b> 온도가 일정한 에너지원 </p><p><br /> 따라서 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q\left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q\left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0f6dd5a2fb2fceebf04fbbd5abc164765105608" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.615ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q\left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>이다. 열전달의 일부 만이 일로 바뀌며, 그 일부가 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>의 엑서지 가치이다. 이는 카르노사이클효율에 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>를 곱한 것과 같다. 그림2의 T-s선도에 에너지를 나누어 나타내었다. 음영 면적 전체가 열 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>이다. 열 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>중 온도 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9255930ea136269b30257fa323ba02166cf2c1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.799ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T0}"></span>아랫부분은 열기관에 의해 일로 변환될 수 없으므로 버려지는, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>의 비가용 부분이다. </p><p>다음으로 그림3과 같은 간단한 열교환기가 있다. 일정한 압력의 열원으로부터 열 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>가 전달된다는 점을 제외하고 이전과 같은 상황이다. 앞에서 사용한 한 개의 카르노 사이클을 여러 대의 카르노 사이클 열기관으로 대치하여야 하며, 그 결과는 그림3-(b)와 같다. 두 예의 다른 점은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15a2efec755f08f95da4e8d1f7f2682861fb59be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S}"></span>에 해당하는 적분해야 한다는 것이다. </p> <dl><dd> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int {\frac {\delta Q_{rev}}{T}}={\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int {\frac {\delta Q_{rev}}{T}}={\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/803904612ed352502025e9cb4c2bedea404c795a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.668ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int {\frac {\delta Q_{rev}}{T}}={\frac {Q_{0}}{T_{0}}}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(1)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>제1 법칙에 대입하면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q-T_{0}\Delta S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q-T_{0}\Delta S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9bd0a51d69a0cd5a11c6fa887feca7f8fccaa2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.243ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{QT}=W_{revHE}=Q-T_{0}\Delta S}"></span></dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg/120px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg/180px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg/240px-J%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> <b>그림 2</b> 온도가 일정한 에너지원에 대한 선도 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg/120px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg/180px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg/240px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul><p><b>그림 3</b> 온도가 변하는 에너지원 </p><p><br /> 위 식의 ΔS에는 일반적인 부호의 약속을 적용하지 않고 있다. ΔS는 그림3에 나타낸 엔트로피 변화량에 해당한다. 전체 에너지 Q 중에서 가용 부분은 식(1)으로 결정된다. 이 상황에서 일을 생산하는 데 이용할 수 없는 에너지 부분은 그림3에서 T0 아래의 면적이다. </p><p>지금까지 여러 다른 열원에서 열을 받는 단순 열기관 사이클을 알아보았다. 이제는 일반적인 검사 체적에서 일어나는 실제 비가역 과정을 해석하기로 한다. </p><p><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg/120px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg/180px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg/240px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul><p><b>그림4</b> 비가역 과정이 있는 실제 검사 체적 </p><p><br /> 그림4의 실제 검사 체적에 저장항을 포함하여 질량 전달과 에너지 전달을 나타내면 이 검사 체적에 대한 연속 방정식, 에너지 식, 엔트로피 식이며 각각 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd></dd></dl> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dm_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dm_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8817aae9b0452b378bc7b24c181032ca7cc29144" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:27ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dm_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(a)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd></dd></dl> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99b5d70d57b8dc39fc6cb18efef0e13bb80f1f56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:50.944ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(b)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd></dd></dl> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}-{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}-{\dot {S}}_{genac}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de1486aedcb4fce15227eae1d88e72682a1ac7a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:49.244ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}=\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}-{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(c)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>우리는 이 실제 과정의 비가역 정도를 에너지로 표현하여 계량하는 수단을 도입하고자 한다. 그 방법은 가역 과정만이 있는 이상적인 검사 체적과 비교하는 것이다. 실제 검사 체적에 대응하는 이 이상적인 검사 체적은 가능한 한 여러 가지 면에서 실제 검사 체적과 같아야 한다. 저장항(각 식의 좌변항)이 같고, 온도 Tj에서 열전달 Qj가 같으며, 같은 상태에서 질량 유량이 같아서 식 (b)와 (c)에서 앞의 네 개 항이 같아야 한다. 차이가 있다면, 식 (c)의 실제 엔트로피 생성항은 양수이지만, 이상적인 (가역) 엔트로피 생성 항은 0이다. 따라서(등호를 유지하기 위해) 식 (c)의 마지막 항을 양의 가역 엔트로피 플럭스로 대체하여야 하며, 엔트로피를 증가시킬 수 있는 유일한 가역 과정은 유입 열전달이므로 온도 T0의 주위로부터 열전달 Q0rev이있다고 가정한다. 이상 검사 체적에 대한 에너지 식에도 이 열전달 Q0rev이 나타나야 하며, 이 열전달과 실제일을 더한 것이 가역 일과 같아야 한다. 식 (b), (c)의 실제 검사 체적에 대한 항들을 이상 검사 체적에 대한 항들과 비교하면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>실제 검사 체적 항        이상 검사 체적 항</dd> <dd><dl><dd></dd></dl> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {S}}_{genac}={\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}{T_{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {S}}_{genac}={\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}{T_{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b17502392904701bdd047c60c442fa906c2de90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.238ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {S}}_{genac}={\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}{T_{0}}}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(d)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd></dd></dl> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}^{rev}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}^{rev}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5620ca7acaf74c78717af432622c0acd27f39122" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.772ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}^{rev}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(e)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>식 (d)에서 엔트로피 생성항과 엔트로피 플럭스가 같으므로 </p> <dl><dd> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9624cec8731b5d4148893d83dd749d40070b0dc9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.814ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(f)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>이고, 식 (e)로부터 가역일은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}^{rev}={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}^{rev}={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3d9f82fed63c59f5c25c5b05956c1af8554dc7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.963ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {W}}^{rev}={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(g)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>실제 검사 체적이 단열일지라도 이상 검사 체적에는 주위로부터의 열전달이 있다. 실제 검사 체적이 가역일 때만 이 열전달이 0이고 두 검사 체적은 동일하다. </p><p>가역일을 실제 검사 체적의 유동과 플럭스를 이용하여 나타내기 위해 식 (c )를 풀어서 엔트로피 생성률을 구하고, 그것을 식 (f)에 대입한 결과를 식 (g)에 적용한다. 또한 실제일을 에너지 식 (b)에서 구하여 식 (f)에 적용하면, 가역일은 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}\\&=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}\\&+\left[{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}-\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}\right]\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}\\&=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}\\&+\left[{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}-\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}\right]\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf24995149ac6f7ccadeeaba2d075d1173a8204d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.838ex; width:51.493ex; height:16.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&={\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}+{\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}\\&=\sum {\dot {Q}}_{j}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}h_{i}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}h_{c}-{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}\\&+\left[{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}-\sum {\frac {{\dot {Q}}_{j}}{T_{j}}}-\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}s_{i}+\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}s_{c}\right]\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>유사 항을 조합하고 재배치하면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><div style="margin:0;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&=\sum \left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T_{j}}}\right)\cdot {Q}_{j}\\&+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}\left(h_{i}-T_{0}s_{i}\right)-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}\left(h_{c}-T_{0}s_{c}\right)\\&-\left[{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}-T_{0}{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}\right]\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>+</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mo>∑</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&=\sum \left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T_{j}}}\right)\cdot {Q}_{j}\\&+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}\left(h_{i}-T_{0}s_{i}\right)-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}\left(h_{c}-T_{0}s_{c}\right)\\&-\left[{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}-T_{0}{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}\right]\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99a4da6340c05a872dd81da64ee61468a4c0aead" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.671ex; width:47.957ex; height:16.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {W}}^{rev}&=\sum \left(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T_{j}}}\right)\cdot {Q}_{j}\\&+\sum {\dot {m}}_{i}\left(h_{i}-T_{0}s_{i}\right)-\sum {\dot {m}}_{c}\left(h_{c}-T_{0}s_{c}\right)\\&-\left[{\frac {dE_{C.V.}}{dt}}-T_{0}{\frac {dS_{C.V.}}{dt}}\right]\end{aligned}}}"></span></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"> <div style="margin:0;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; background:none; margin:0; border:none; width:99%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="width:100%; border:none; padding:0.08em;"><p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td> <td style="border:none; padding:0.08em;" rowspan="2"><p style="margin:0; font-size:4pt;"> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:none; border-top:0px none #e5e5e5; border-right:none; border-bottom:none; padding:0.08em;"> <p style="margin:0; font-size:1pt;"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0.08em;" class="nowrap"><p style="margin:0pt;"><b>(h)</b></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>열전달에 의한 가역일은 독립적인 것으로 나타난다. 마치 가가의 열이 카르노 열기관을 통하여 낮은 온도 T0 로 전달되면서 일을 생산하는 것과 같다. 각 유동은 고유의 가역 일을 만들어 낸다. 저장항은 마지막 대괄호 안에 나타내었다. 이 결과는 일반적인 검사 체적에 의해 생산되는 일률의 이론적인 상한 극한치를 나타내며, 실제 일과 비교하여 실제 검사 체적을 평가하는 수단을 제공한다. 이 가역 일과 실제 일의 차이를 비가역성(irreversibiliI 라 한다. 즉 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>I</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06039e634157befcf74e67d42caaac9f4ab681c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.109ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>이다. 이것은 이론적으로 가능한 값과 실제 생산값의 차이를 나타내며 손실일(lost work)이라고도 한다. 그러나 에너지 손실이 있는 것은 아니다. 에너지는 보존되므로 이는 어떤 다른 형태의 에너지를 일로 전환할 수 있는 기회의 손실이다. 비가역성을 다른 형태로 표현하기 위해 식 (f), (g)를 이용하면 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>I</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>W</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>S</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e49f7644c5ab205ead25c5a8867b6c2c2731f44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.022ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {I}}={\dot {W}}^{rev}-{\dot {W}}_{C.V.ac}={\dot {Q}}_{0}^{rev}=T_{0}{\dot {S}}_{genac}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>이 된다. 즉 비가역성은 엔트로피 생성량에 직접 비례하지만 에너지 단위로 나타내며, 이를 위해 필요한 것은, 일반적으로 사용이 가능한 고정된 그리고 알려진 기준 온도 T0이다. 가역일이 실제일보다 양(1)의 비가역성만큼 크다는 것에 유의한다. 장치가 터빈 또는 팽창일이 있는 엔진의 피스톤-실린더일 때에는 실제일은 양수이고 가역일은 그보다 크다. 따라서 더 많은 일을 가역 과정에서 생산할 수 있다. 반면에 장치가 펌프나 압축기처럼 입력일을 필요로 할 때에는 실제일은 음수이고 가역일은 0에 가까운 큰 값이다. 따라서 가역 장치가 적은 입력일을 필요로 한다. 이를 그림5에 나타내었으며, 양의 실제일을 경우 1로, 음의 실제일을 경우 2로 표시하였다. </p> <p><br /></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg/89px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg/134px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg/178px-%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul><p><b>그림 5</b> 실제 일률과 가역 일률 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고자료"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0.EC.9E.90.EB.A3.8C"></span>참고자료</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 참고자료"><span>편집</span></a><span 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