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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_armed_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_armed_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 End of the armed campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_armed_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Weaponry and operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Categorisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Strength and support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strength_and_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strength and support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strength_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerical_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerical_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Numerical strength </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerical_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_from_other_countries_and_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_from_other_countries_and_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Support from other countries and organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_from_other_countries_and_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Popular support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sectarian_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sectarian attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vigilantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigilantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Vigilantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigilantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Informers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splinter_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splinter_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Splinter groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splinter_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Provisional Irish Republican Army</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%82%D8%AA" title="الجيش الجمهوري الأيرلندي المؤقت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش الجمهوري الأيرلندي المؤقت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Часовая Ірляндзкая Рэспубліканская Армія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Часовая Ірляндзкая Рэспубліканская Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Временна ирландска републиканска армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Временна ирландска републиканска армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA_Provisional" title="IRA Provisional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IRA Provisional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozat%C3%ADmn%C3%AD_irsk%C3%A1_republik%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Prozatímní irská republikánská armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prozatímní irská republikánská armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byddin_Weriniaethol_Dros_Dro_Iwerddon" title="Byddin Weriniaethol Dros Dro Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Byddin Weriniaethol Dros Dro Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Republicano_Irland%C3%A9s_Provisional" title="Ejército Republicano Irlandés Provisional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Republicano Irlandés Provisional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provizora_irlanda_respublika_armeo" title="Provizora irlanda respublika armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Provizora irlanda respublika armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behin-behineko_Irlandako_Armada_Errepublikazalea" title="Behin-behineko Irlandako Armada Errepublikazalea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behin-behineko Irlandako Armada Errepublikazalea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ارتش موقت جمهوری‌خواه ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش موقت جمهوری‌خواه ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_r%C3%A9publicaine_irlandaise_provisoire" title="Armée républicaine irlandaise provisoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée républicaine irlandaise provisoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tIRA_Sealadach" title="An tIRA Sealadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tIRA Sealadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%B0_%EC%9E%84%EC%8B%9C%ED%8C%8C" title="아일랜드 공화국군 임시파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드 공화국군 임시파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privremena_irska_revolucionarna_armija" title="Privremena irska revolucionarna armija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Privremena irska revolucionarna armija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Republik_Irlandia_Sementara" title="Tentara Republik Irlandia Sementara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Republik Irlandia Sementara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიის დროებითი რესპუბლიკური არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიის დროებითი რესპუბლიკური არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1gi_Hadsereg" title="Ír Köztársasági Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír Köztársasági Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="प्रोव्हिजनल आयरिश रिपब्लिकन आर्मी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोव्हिजनल आयरिश रिपब्लिकन आर्मी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Republikan_Ireland_Sementara" title="Tentera Republikan Ireland Sementara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Republikan Ireland Sementara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRA%E6%9A%AB%E5%AE%9A%E6%B4%BE" title="IRA暫定派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IRA暫定派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_provisoriske_IRA" title="Den provisoriske IRA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den provisoriske IRA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowizoryczna_Irlandzka_Armia_Republika%C5%84ska" title="Prowizoryczna Irlandzka Armia Republikańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowizoryczna Irlandzka Armia Republikańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Republicano_Irland%C3%AAs_Provis%C3%B3rio" title="Exército Republicano Irlandês Provisório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército Republicano Irlandês Provisório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Временная Ирландская республиканская армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Временная Ирландская республиканская армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRA_(Provos)" title="PIRA (Provos) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="PIRA (Provos)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Provisional Irish Republican Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%8Dasn%C3%A1_%C3%ADrska_republik%C3%A1nska_arm%C3%A1da" title="Dočasná írska republikánska armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dočasná írska republikánska armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سوپای کاتیی کۆماریخوازی ئیرلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای کاتیی کۆماریخوازی ئیرلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privremena_irska_revolucionarna_armija" title="Privremena irska revolucionarna armija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Privremena irska revolucionarna armija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4liaikainen_IRA" title="Väliaikainen IRA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väliaikainen IRA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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navigation-not-searchable">"PIRA" redirects here. For the association of physics education professionals and enthusiasts, see <a href="/wiki/Physics_Instructional_Resource_Association" title="Physics Instructional Resource Association">Physics Instructional Resource Association</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pira_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pira (disambiguation)">Pira (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Provos" redirects here. For the Dutch counterculture, see <a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo (movement)</a>. For the Christian martyr, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Probus_of_Side" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Probus of Side">Saint Probus of Side</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Provisional Irish Republican Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Óglaigh na hÉireann<a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/File:Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/200px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/300px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/400px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A Provisional IRA badge, with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> symbolising the group's origins.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1969–2005 (on ceasefire from 1997)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[n 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-allegiance-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-extradition-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bowyerbellengland-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-cooganeurope-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">Irish republican legitimism</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-socialism-10">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> throughout the Troubles<a href="#cite_note-moloneyxviii-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a> (Irish Americans) <a href="#cite_note-cooganlinks-12">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a><a href="#cite_note-connections-14">[13]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Euskadi_Ta_Askatasuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Euskadi Ta Askatasuna">ETA</a><a href="#cite_note-connections-14">[13]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a><a href="#cite_note-connections-14">[13]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="406" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Ulster_Constabulary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a><a href="#cite_note-targets-16">[15]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist paramilitaries</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a><a href="#cite_note-hayes-18">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–69)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Provisional IRA), officially known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA; <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a>) and informally known as the Provos, was an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> force that sought to end British rule in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, facilitate <a href="/wiki/Irish_reunification" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish reunification">Irish reunification</a> and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. It argued that the all-island <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> continued to exist, and it saw itself as that state's army, the sole legitimate successor to the <a href="/wiki/Original_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Original IRA">original IRA</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">designated a terrorist organisation</a> in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, both of whose authority it rejected. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, due to a split within <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">the previous incarnation of the IRA</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican movement">Irish republican movement</a>. It was initially the minority faction in the split compared to the <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> but became the dominant faction by 1972. The Troubles <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles#Late_1960s" title="The Troubles">had begun</a> shortly before when a largely Catholic, nonviolent <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil-rights_movement_(1960s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland civil-rights movement (1960s)">civil rights campaign</a> was met with violence from both <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalists">Ulster loyalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC), culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">August 1969 riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">deployment of British soldiers</a>. The IRA initially focused on defence of Catholic areas, but it began <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">an offensive campaign in 1970</a> that was aided by external sources, including <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> communities within the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> and Libyan leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. It used <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> tactics against the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and RUC in both rural and urban areas, and carried out a bombing campaign in Northern Ireland and England against military, political and economic targets, and British military targets in mainland Europe. They also targeted civilian contractors to the British security forces. The IRA's armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, killed over 1,700 people, including roughly 1,000 members of the British security forces and 500–644 civilians. The Provisional IRA declared a final ceasefire in July 1997, after which its political wing <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> was admitted into multi-party peace talks on the future of Northern Ireland. These resulted in the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, and in 2005 the IRA formally ended its armed campaign and <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">decommissioned its weapons</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">Independent International Commission on Decommissioning</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Splinter_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter group">splinter groups</a> have been formed as a result of splits within the IRA, including the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuity IRA">Continuity IRA</a>, which is still active in the <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">dissident Irish republican campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History of Northern Ireland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/220px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/330px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/440px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a>, issued during the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> against British rule in Ireland</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Original_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Original IRA">original IRA</a> was formed in 1913 as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, at a time when all of Ireland was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylororigins-19">[18]</a> The Volunteers took part in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> against <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule</a> in 1916, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> that followed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> by the revolutionary parliament <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Dáil Éireann</a> in 1919, during which they came to be known as the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-taylororigins-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Ireland was partitioned</a> into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ireland (1921–22)">Southern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, and following the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> in 1922 Southern Ireland, renamed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, became a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> while Northern Ireland chose to remain under <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> as part of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-21">[n 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The Treaty caused a split in the IRA, the pro-Treaty IRA were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_(Ireland)" title="National Army (Ireland)">National Army</a>, which defeated the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Treaty_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Treaty IRA">anti-Treaty IRA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-white1921-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Subsequently, while denying the legitimacy of the Free State, the surviving elements of the anti-Treaty IRA focused on overthrowing the Northern Ireland state and the achievement of a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>, carrying out a <a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">bombing campaign in England in 1939 and 1940</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">campaign in Northern Ireland in the 1940s</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign of 1956–1962</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Following the failure of the Border campaign, internal debate took place regarding the future of the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Chief-of-staff <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Goulding" title="Cathal Goulding">Cathal Goulding</a> wanted the IRA to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> agenda and become involved in politics, while traditional republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a> wanted to increase recruitment and rebuild the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Following partition, Northern Ireland became a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">de facto one-party state</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a>, in which Catholics were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> were given preference in jobs and housing, and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local government constituencies</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandered" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymandered">gerrymandered</a> in places such as <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tayloruvf-33">[31]</a> Policing was carried out by the armed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC) and the <a href="/wiki/B-Specials" class="mw-redirect" title="B-Specials">B-Specials</a>, both of which were almost exclusively Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In the mid-1960s tension between the Catholic and Protestant communities was increasing.<a href="#cite_note-tayloruvf-33">[31]</a> In 1966 Ireland celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising, prompting fears of a renewed IRA campaign.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Feeling under threat, Protestants formed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF), a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group which killed three people in May 1966, two of them Catholic men.<a href="#cite_note-tayloruvf-33">[31]</a> In January 1967 the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> (NICRA) was formed by a diverse group of people, including IRA members and liberal <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whitecr-36">[34]</a> Civil rights marches by NICRA and a similar organisation, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a>, protesting against discrimination were met by <a href="/wiki/Counter-protest" title="Counter-protest">counter-protests</a> and violent clashes with <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalist">loyalists</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a>, a paramilitary group led by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Marches marking the Ulster Protestant celebration <a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a> in July 1969 led to riots and violent clashes in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Derry and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The following month a three-day riot began in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bogside" title="Bogside">Bogside</a> area of Derry, following a march by the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Apprentice_Boys_of_Derry" title="Apprentice Boys of Derry">Apprentice Boys of Derry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylorbogside-41">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a> caused Catholics in Belfast to riot in <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> with the Bogsiders and to try to prevent RUC reinforcements being sent to Derry, sparking retaliation by Protestant mobs.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Arson_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Arson attack">arson attacks</a>, damage to property and intimidation forced 1,505 Catholic families and 315 Protestant families to leave their homes in Belfast in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_riots_of_August_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland riots of August 1969">Northern Ireland riots of August 1969</a><a href="#cite_note-mb117-43">[41]</a> The riots resulted in 275 buildings being destroyed or requiring major repairs, 83.5% of them occupied by Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-mb117-43">[41]</a> A number of people were killed on both sides, some by the police, and the British Army were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">deployed to Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1969-44">[42]</a> The IRA had been poorly armed and failed to properly defend Catholic areas from Protestant attacks,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> which had been considered one of its roles since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Veteran republicans were critical of Goulding and the IRA's Dublin leadership which, for political reasons, had refused to prepare for aggressive action in advance of the violence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> On 24 August a group including <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Steele (republican)">Jimmy Steele</a> came together in Belfast and decided to remove the pro-Goulding Belfast leadership of <a href="/wiki/Billy_McMillen" title="Billy McMillen">Billy McMillen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(Irish_republican)" title="Jim Sullivan (Irish republican)">Jim Sullivan</a> and return to traditional militant republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-mb125-49">[47]</a> On 22 September Twomey, McKee, and Steele were among sixteen armed IRA men who confronted the Belfast leadership over the failure to adequately defend Catholic areas.<a href="#cite_note-mb125-49">[47]</a> A compromise was agreed where McMillen stayed in command, but he was not to have any communication with the IRA's Dublin based leadership.<a href="#cite_note-mb125-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969_split">1969 split</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg/220px-Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg/330px-Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg/440px-Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a>, who was twice <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Republican_Army_chiefs_of_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish Republican Army chiefs of staff">chief-of-staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">pre-1969 IRA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign of 1956–1962</a>, was a member of the first <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">Army Council</a> of the Provisional IRA in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-mallie137-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> The IRA split into "Provisional" and <a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">"Official"</a> factions in December 1969,<a href="#cite_note-taylorsplit-52">[50]</a> after an IRA convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Boyle,_County_Roscommon" title="Boyle, County Roscommon">Boyle, County Roscommon</a>, Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanley145-54">[52]</a> The two main issues at the convention were a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(debate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution (debate)">resolution</a> to enter into a "National Liberation Front" with radical left-wing groups, and a resolution to end <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a>, which would allow participation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Irish</a>, and Northern Ireland parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a> Traditional republicans refused to vote on the "National Liberation Front", and it was passed by twenty-nine votes to seven.<a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-horgantaylor-55">[53]</a> The traditionalists argued strongly against the ending of abstentionism, and the <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">official minutes</a> report the resolution passed by twenty-seven votes to twelve.<a href="#cite_note-58">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-horgantaylor-55">[53]</a> Following the convention the traditionalists canvassed support throughout Ireland, with IRA director of intelligence Mac Stíofáin meeting the disaffected members of the IRA in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Shortly after, the traditionalists held a convention which elected a <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">"Provisional" Army Council</a>, composed of Mac Stíofáin, <a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a>, Paddy Mulcahy, Sean Tracey, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a>, Ó Conaill, and Cahill.<a href="#cite_note-mallie137-50">[48]</a> The term provisional was chosen to mirror the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Irish Republic">Provisional Government of the Irish Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a> and also to designate it as temporary pending <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a> by a further IRA convention.<a href="#cite_note-60">[n 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-mallie137-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Nine out of thirteen IRA units in Belfast sided with the "Provisional" Army Council in December 1969, roughly 120 activists and 500 supporters.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The Provisional IRA issued their first public statement on 28 December 1969,<a href="#cite_note-allegiance-4">[4]</a> stating: <blockquote>We declare our allegiance to the 32 county Irish republic, proclaimed at Easter 1916, established by the first Dáil Éireann in 1919, overthrown by force of arms in 1922 and suppressed to this day by the existing British-imposed six-county and twenty-six-county partition states ... We call on the Irish people at home and in exile for increased support towards defending our people in the North and the eventual achievement of the full political, social, economic and cultural freedom of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-65">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bowyerbell1969-57">[55]</a></blockquote> The Irish republican political party <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> split along the same lines on 11 January 1970 in Dublin, when a third of the delegates walked out of the party's highest deliberative body, the <a href="/wiki/Ard_fheis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ard fheis">ard fheis</a>, in protest at the party leadership's attempt to force through the ending of abstentionism, despite its failure to achieve a two-thirds majority vote of delegates required to change the policy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[n 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylorsplit-52">[50]</a> The delegates that walked out reconvened at another venue where Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and Mulcahy from the "Provisional" Army Council were elected to the Caretaker Executive of "Provisional" Sinn Féin.<a href="#cite_note-70">[n 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> Despite the declared support of that faction of Sinn Féin, the early Provisional IRA avoided political activity, instead relying on <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force republicanism">physical force republicanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> £100,000 was donated by the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Irish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish government">Irish government</a> in 1969 to the Central Citizens Defence Committee in Catholic areas, some of which ended up in the hands of the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-armstrial-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> This resulted in the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Arms Crisis</a> where criminal charges were pursued against two former government ministers and others including <a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a>, an IRA <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">volunteer</a> from Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-armstrial-73">[66]</a> The Provisional IRA maintained the principles of the pre-1969 IRA, considering both British rule in Northern Ireland and the government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> to be illegitimate, and the Army Council to be the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> of the all-island <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> This belief was based on a series of <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican legitimatism">perceived political inheritances</a> which constructed a legal continuity from the <a href="/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il" title="Second Dáil">Second Dáil</a> of 1921–1922.<a href="#cite_note-obrien104-77">[70]</a> The IRA recruited many young nationalists from Northern Ireland who had not been involved in the IRA before, but had been radicalised by the violence that broke out in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloney80-79">[72]</a> These people became known as "sixty niners", having joined after 1969.<a href="#cite_note-82">[n 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloney80-79">[72]</a> The IRA adopted the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> as the symbol of the Irish republican rebirth in 1969, one of its slogans was "out of the ashes rose the Provisionals", representing the IRA's resurrection from the ashes of burnt-out Catholic areas of Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_phase">Initial phase</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_McGuinness_MLA_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Martin_McGuinness_MLA_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> was part of an IRA delegation which took part in peace talks with British politician <a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, in July 1972.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1972-85">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> In January 1970, the Army Council decided to adopt a three-stage strategy; defence of nationalist areas, followed by a combination of defence and retaliation, and finally launching a guerrilla campaign against the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-english125-86">[78]</a> The Official IRA was opposed to such a campaign because they felt it would lead to sectarian conflict, which would defeat their strategy of uniting the workers from both sides of the sectarian divide.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> The Provisional IRA's strategy was to use force to cause the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Northern Ireland government</a> and to inflict such heavy casualties on the British Army that the British government would be forced by public opinion to withdraw from Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-smith9799-88">[80]</a> Mac Stíofáin decided they would "escalate, escalate and escalate", in what the British Army would later describe as a "classic <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>".<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> In October 1970 the IRA began a bombing campaign against economic targets; by the end of the year there had been 153 explosions.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> The following year it was responsible for the vast majority of the 1,000 explosions that occurred in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> The strategic aim behind the bombings was to target businesses and commercial premises to deter investment and force the British government to pay compensation, increasing the financial cost of keeping Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-94">[n 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-smith9799-88">[80]</a> The IRA also believed that the bombing campaign would tie down British soldiers in static positions guarding potential targets, preventing their deployment in <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-smith9799-88">[80]</a> Loyalist paramilitaries, including the UVF, carried out campaigns aimed at thwarting the IRA's aspirations and maintaining the political union with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> Loyalist paramilitaries tended to target Catholics with no connection to the republican movement, seeking to undermine support for the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-97">[n 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-shanahanloyalists-96">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> As a result of escalating violence, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">internment without trial</a> was introduced by the Northern Ireland government on 9 August 1971, with 342 suspects arrested in the first twenty-four hours.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> Despite loyalist violence also increasing, all of those arrested were republicans, including <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activists</a> not associated with the IRA and student civil rights leaders.<a href="#cite_note-smith1971-101">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> The one-sided nature of internment united all Catholics in opposition to the government, and riots broke out in protest across Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-smith1971-101">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-englishinternment-103">[93]</a> Twenty-two people were killed in the next three days, including six civilians killed by the British Army as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a> on 9 August,<a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> and in Belfast 7,000 Catholics and 2,000 Protestants were forced from their homes by the rioting.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> The introduction of internment dramatically increased the level of violence. In the seven months prior to internment 34 people had been killed, 140 people were killed between the introduction of internment and the end of the year, including thirty soldiers and eleven RUC officers.<a href="#cite_note-smith1971-101">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> Internment boosted IRA recruitment,<a href="#cite_note-smith1971-101">[91]</a> and in Dublin the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch" title="Jack Lynch">Jack Lynch</a>, abandoned a planned idea to introduce internment in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-107">[n 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> IRA recruitment further increased after <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a> in Derry on 30 January 1972, when the British Army killed fourteen unarmed civilians during an anti-internment march.<a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a> Due to the deteriorating security situation in Northern Ireland the British government suspended the Northern Ireland parliament and imposed <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Direct rule (Northern Ireland)">direct rule</a> in March 1972.<a href="#cite_note-109">[98]</a> The suspension of the Northern Ireland parliament was a key objective of the IRA, in order to directly involve the British government in Northern Ireland, as the IRA wanted the conflict to be seen as one between Ireland and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-smith9799-88">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[99]</a> In May 1972 the Official IRA called a ceasefire, leaving the Provisional IRA as the sole active republican paramilitary organisation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[n 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanders-114">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> New recruits saw the Official IRA as existing for the purpose of defence in contrast to the Provisional IRA as existing for the purpose of attack, increased recruitment and <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defections</a> from the Official IRA to the Provisional IRA led to the latter becoming the dominant organisation.<a href="#cite_note-117">[n 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanders-114">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg/220px-Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg/330px-Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg/440px-Birmingham_pub_bombings_plaque_Birmingham_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a>, which killed twenty-one people in November 1974<a href="#cite_note-birmingham-119">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> On 22 June the IRA announced that a ceasefire would begin at midnight on 26 June, in anticipation of talks with the British government.<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a> Two days later Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill held a <a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conference</a> in Dublin to announce the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire_Nua" title="Éire Nua">Éire Nua</a> (New Ireland) policy, which advocated an all-Ireland <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> republic, with <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved governments</a> and parliaments for each of the four historic <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">provinces of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[n 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-éirenua-125">[111]</a> This was designed to deal with the fears of unionists over a united Ireland, an <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> parliament with a narrow Protestant majority would provide them with protection for their interests.<a href="#cite_note-éirenua-125">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> The British government held secret talks with the republican leadership on 7 July, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Conaill, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a>, Twomey, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> flying to England to meet a British delegation led by <a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw,_1st_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1972-85">[77]</a> Mac Stíofáin made demands including British withdrawal, removal of the British Army from sensitive areas, and a release of republican prisoners and an amnesty for fugitives.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1972-85">[77]</a> The British refused and the talks broke up, and the IRA's ceasefire ended on 9 July.<a href="#cite_note-127">[113]</a> In late 1972 and early 1973 the IRA's leadership was being depleted by arrests on both sides of the Irish border, with Mac Stíofáin, Ó Brádaigh and McGuinness all imprisoned for IRA membership.<a href="#cite_note-taylorengland-128">[114]</a> Due to the crisis <a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">the IRA bombed London</a> in March 1973, as the Army Council believed bombs in England would have a greater impact on British public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-taylorengland-128">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery1970s-129">[115]</a> This was followed by an intense period of IRA activity in England that left forty-five people dead by the end of 1974, including twenty-one civilians killed in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birmingham-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery1970s-129">[115]</a> Following an IRA ceasefire over the Christmas period in 1974 and a further one in January 1975, on 8 February the IRA issued a statement suspending "offensive military action" from six o'clock the following day.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-130">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-white1975a-131">[117]</a> A series of meetings took place between the IRA's leadership and British government representatives throughout the year, with the IRA being led to believe this was the start of a process of British withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> Occasional IRA violence occurred during the ceasefire, with bombs in Belfast, Derry, and South Armagh.<a href="#cite_note-134">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[121]</a> The IRA was also involved in <a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit for tat</a> sectarian killings of Protestant civilians, in retaliation for sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-taylortruce-136">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyceasefire-137">[123]</a> By July the Army Council was concerned at the progress of the talks, concluding there was no prospect of a lasting peace without a public declaration by the British government of their intent to withdraw from Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-138">[124]</a> In August there was a gradual return to the armed campaign, and the truce effectively ended on 22 September when the IRA set off 22 bombs across Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-taylortruce-136">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a> The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/old_guard" class="extiw" title="wikt:old guard">old guard</a> leadership of Ó Brádaigh, Ó Conaill, and McKee were criticised by a younger generation of activists following the ceasefire, and their influence in the IRA slowly declined.<a href="#cite_note-140">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylorng-141">[127]</a> The younger generation viewed the ceasefire as being disastrous for the IRA, causing the organisation irreparable damage and taking it close to being defeated.<a href="#cite_note-taylorng-141">[127]</a> The Army Council was accused of falling into a trap that allowed the British breathing space and time to build up <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> on the IRA, and McKee was criticised for allowing the IRA to become involved in sectarian killings, as well a feud with the Official IRA in October and November 1975 that left eleven people dead.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyceasefire-137">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Long_War"">The "Long War"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg/220px-IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/IRA_Resistance_Poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>IRA political poster from the 1980s, featuring a quote from <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a> written on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/1981_hunger_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 hunger strike">1981 hunger strike</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the end of the ceasefire, the British government introduced a new three-part strategy to deal with the Troubles; the parts became known as <a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a>, normalisation, and criminalisation.<a href="#cite_note-taylor202-143">[129]</a> Ulsterisation involved increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> (UDR), a part-time element of the British Army, in order to try to contain the conflict inside Northern Ireland and reduce the number of British soldiers recruited from outside of Northern Ireland being killed.<a href="#cite_note-taylor202-143">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-white124-144">[130]</a> Normalisation involved the ending of internment without trial and <a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Status" title="Special Category Status">Special Category Status</a>, the latter had been introduced in 1972 following a hunger strike led by McKee.<a href="#cite_note-white124-144">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[131]</a> Criminalisation was designed to alter public perception of the Troubles, from an insurgency requiring a military solution to a criminal problem requiring a law enforcement solution.<a href="#cite_note-taylor202-143">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[132]</a> As result of the withdrawal of Special Category Status, in September 1976 IRA prisoner <a href="/wiki/Kieran_Nugent" title="Kieran Nugent">Kieran Nugent</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">blanket protest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze Prison">Maze Prison</a>, when hundreds of prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-147">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[134]</a> In 1977 the IRA evolved a new strategy which they called the "Long War", which would remain their strategy for the rest of the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-149">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[136]</a> This strategy accepted that their campaign would last many years before being successful, and included increased emphasis on political activity through Sinn Féin.<a href="#cite_note-taylorlw-151">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[138]</a> A republican document of the early 1980s states "Both Sinn Féin and the IRA play different but converging roles in the war of national liberation. The Irish Republican Army wages an armed campaign ... Sinn Féin maintains the propaganda war and is the public and political voice of the movement".<a href="#cite_note-153">[139]</a> The 1977 edition of the <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA_training_manual)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (IRA training manual)">Green Book</a>, an induction and training manual used by the IRA, describes the strategy of the "Long War" in these terms: <ol><li>A war of attrition against enemy personnel [British Army] which is aimed at causing as many casualties and deaths as possible so as to create a demand from their [the British] people at home for their withdrawal.</li> <li>A bombing campaign aimed at making the enemy's financial interests in our country unprofitable while at the same time curbing long-term investment in our country.</li> <li>To make the Six Counties ... ungovernable except by colonial military rule.</li> <li>To sustain the war and gain support for its ends by National and International propaganda and publicity campaigns.</li> <li>By defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informers" class="mw-redirect" title="Informers">informers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a></li></ol> The "Long War" saw the IRA's tactics move away from the large bombing campaigns of the early 1970s, in favour of more attacks on members of the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-smith-155">[141]</a> The IRA's new multi-faceted strategy saw them begin to use <a href="/wiki/Armed_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed propaganda">armed propaganda</a>, using the publicity gained from attacks such as the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a> to focus attention on the nationalist community's rejection of British rule.<a href="#cite_note-smith-155">[141]</a> The IRA aimed to keep Northern Ireland unstable, which would frustrate the British objective of installing a <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power sharing</a> government as a solution to the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-smith-155">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/220px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/330px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/440px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a>, an assassination attempt on British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in 1984<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> The prison protest against criminalisation culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike, when seven IRA and three <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> members starved themselves to death in pursuit of political status.<a href="#cite_note-157">[143]</a> The hunger strike leader <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a> were successively elected to the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, and two other protesting prisoners were elected to Dáil Éireann.<a href="#cite_note-158">[144]</a> The electoral successes led to the IRA's armed campaign being pursued in parallel with increased electoral participation by Sinn Féin.<a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a> This strategy was known as the "Armalite and ballot box strategy", named after <a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a>'s speech at the 1981 Sinn Féin ard fheis: <blockquote>Who here really believes that we can win the war through the ballot box? But will anyone here object if with a ballot paper in this hand and an Armalite in this hand we take power in Ireland?<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a></blockquote> Attacks on high-profile political and military targets remained a priority for the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery-162">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a> in London in October 1981 killed two civilians and injured twenty-three soldiers; a week later the IRA struck again in London with an assassination attempt on Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Steuart_Pringle" title="Steuart Pringle">Steuart Pringle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commandant_General_Royal_Marines" title="Commandant General Royal Marines">Commandant General Royal Marines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcgladdery-162">[148]</a> Attacks on military targets in England continued with the <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a> in July 1982, which killed eleven soldiers and injured over fifty people including civilians.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a> In October 1984 they carried out the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a>, an assassination attempt on British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, whom they blamed for the deaths of the ten hunger strikers.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156">[142]</a> The bombing killed five members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> attending a party conference including MP <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a>, with Thatcher narrowly escaping death.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerbrighton-156">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> A planned escalation of the England bombing campaign in 1985 was prevented when six IRA volunteers, including <a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a> and the Brighton bomber <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a>, were arrested in Glasgow.<a href="#cite_note-engdept-165">[151]</a> Plans for a major escalation of the campaign in the late 1980s were cancelled after a ship carrying 150 tonnes of weapons donated by Libya was seized off the coast of France.<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a> The plans, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, relied on the element of surprise which was lost when the ship's captain informed French authorities of four earlier shipments of weapons, which allowed the British Army to deploy appropriate <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[153]</a> In 1987 the IRA began attacking British military targets in mainland Europe, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a>, which was followed by approximately twenty other gun and bomb attacks aimed at <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> personnel and bases between 1988 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-cooganeurope-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_process">Peace process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></div> By the late 1980s the Troubles were at a military and political stalemate, with the IRA able to prevent the British government imposing a settlement but unable to force their objective of Irish reunification.<a href="#cite_note-169">[155]</a> Sinn Féin president Adams was in contact with <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP) leader <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> and a delegation representing the Irish government, in order to find political alternatives to the IRA's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-170">[156]</a> As a result of the republican leadership appearing interested in peace, British policy shifted when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Peter Brooke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, began to engage with them hoping for a political settlement.<a href="#cite_note-niall-171">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Backchannel_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Backchannel diplomacy">Backchannel diplomacy</a> between the IRA and British government began in October 1990, with Sinn Féin being given an advance copy of a planned speech by Brooke.<a href="#cite_note-172">[158]</a> The speech was given in London the following month, with Brooke stating that the British government would not give in to violence but offering significant political change if violence stopped, ending his statement by saying: <blockquote>The British government has no selfish, strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland: Our role is to help, enable and encourage  ... Partition is an acknowledgement of reality, not an assertion of national self-interest.<a href="#cite_note-176">[n 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-o'brienbrooke-177">[162]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sniperatwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg/220px-Sniperatwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg/330px-Sniperatwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>A "Sniper at Work" sign in <a href="/wiki/Crossmaglen" title="Crossmaglen">Crossmaglen</a>. The IRA's <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a> killed seven members of the security forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">single-shot sniper attacks</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> The IRA responded to Brooke's speech by declaring a three-day ceasefire over Christmas, the first in fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> Afterwards the IRA intensified the bombing campaign in England, planting 36 bombs in 1991 and 57 in 1992, up from 15 in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-180">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a> in April 1992 killed three people and caused an estimated £800 million worth of damage, £200 million more than the total damage caused by the Troubles in Northern Ireland up to that point.<a href="#cite_note-181">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[167]</a> In December 1992 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mayhew" title="Patrick Mayhew">Patrick Mayhew</a>, who had succeeded Brooke as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, gave a speech directed at the IRA in <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a>, stating that while Irish reunification could be achieved by negotiation, the British government would not give in to violence.<a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a> The secret talks between the British government and the IRA via <a href="/wiki/Intermediaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediaries">intermediaries</a> continued, with the British government arguing the IRA would be more likely to achieve its objective through politics than continued violence.<a href="#cite_note-186">[n 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylorpeace-185">[170]</a> The talks progressed slowly due to continued IRA violence, including the <a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombing</a> in March 1993 which killed two children and the <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a> a month later which killed one person and caused an estimated £1 billion worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a> In December 1993 a press conference was held at London's <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> by British prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> and the Irish Taoiseach <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[172]</a> They delivered the <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a> which conceded the right of Irish people to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, but with separate referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a> In January 1994 The Army Council voted to reject the declaration, while Sinn Féin asked the British government to clarify certain aspects of the declaration.<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> The British government replied saying the declaration spoke for itself, and refused to meet with Sinn Féin unless the IRA called a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a> On 31 August 1994 the IRA announced a "complete cessation of military operations" on the understanding that Sinn Féin would be included in political talks for a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-192">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a> A new strategy known as "TUAS" was revealed to the IRA's rank-and-file following the ceasefire, described as either "Tactical Use of Armed Struggle" to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican movement">Irish republican movement</a> or "Totally Unarmed Strategy" to the broader Irish nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-moloneytuas-194">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[179]</a> The strategy involved a coalition including Sinn Féin, the SDLP and the Irish government acting in concert to apply leverage to the British government, with the IRA's armed campaign starting and stopping as necessary, and an option to call off the ceasefire if negotiations failed.<a href="#cite_note-moloneytuas-194">[178]</a> The British government refused to admit Sinn Féin to multi-party talks before the IRA <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">decommissioned its weapons</a>, and a standoff began as the IRA refused to disarm before a final peace settlement had been agreed.<a href="#cite_note-taylorcf-196">[180]</a> The IRA regarded themselves as being undefeated and decommissioning as an act of surrender, and stated decommissioning had never been mentioned prior to the ceasefire being declared.<a href="#cite_note-taylorcf-196">[180]</a> In March 1995 Mayhew set out three conditions for Sinn Féin being admitted to multi-party talks.<a href="#cite_note-taylorcf-196">[180]</a> Firstly the IRA had to be willing to agree to "disarm progressively", secondly a scheme for decommissioning had to be agreed, and finally some weapons had to be decommissioned prior to the talks beginning as a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_building_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence building measure">confidence building measure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylorcf-196">[180]</a> The IRA responded with public statements in September calling decommissioning an "unreasonable demand" and a "<a href="/wiki/Delaying_tactic" title="Delaying tactic">stalling tactic</a>" by the British government.<a href="#cite_note-197">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg/220px-1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg/330px-1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg/440px-1996_Docklands_bombing_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">1996 Docklands bombing</a>, which killed two people and ended the IRA's seventeen-month ceasefire<a href="#cite_note-docklands-198">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> On 9 February 1996 a statement from the Army Council was delivered to the Irish national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a> announcing the end of the ceasefire, and just over 90 minutes later the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a> killed two people and caused an estimated £100–150 million damage to some of London's more expensive <a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">commercial property</a>.<a href="#cite_note-docklands-198">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[183]</a> Three weeks later the British and Irish governments issued a joint statement announcing multi-party talks would begin on 10 June, with Sinn Féin excluded unless the IRA called a new ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1996-200">[184]</a> The IRA's campaign continued with the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing</a> on 15 June, which injured over 200 people and caused an estimated £400 million of damage to the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-201">[185]</a> Attacks were mostly in England apart from the <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück mortar attack</a> on a British Army base in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-taylor1996-200">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[186]</a> The IRA's first attack in Northern Ireland since the end of the ceasefire was not until October 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a> killed a British soldier.<a href="#cite_note-auto-203">[187]</a> In February 1997 an <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">IRA sniper team</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Lance_Bombadier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance Bombadier">Lance Bombadier</a> Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier to be killed by the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-204">[188]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">May 1997 UK general election</a> Major was replaced as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moloney1997-205">[189]</a> The new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Mo_Mowlam" title="Mo Mowlam">Mo Mowlam</a>, had announced prior to the election she would be willing to include Sinn Féin in multi-party talks without prior decommissioning of weapons within two months of an IRA ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-moloney1997-205">[189]</a> After the IRA declared a new ceasefire in July 1997, Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party talks, which produced the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in April 1998.<a href="#cite_note-taylor354-206">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-english297-207">[191]</a> One aim of the agreement was that all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland fully disarm by May 2000.<a href="#cite_note-208">[192]</a> The IRA began decommissioning in a process that was monitored by Canadian General <a href="/wiki/John_de_Chastelain" title="John de Chastelain">John de Chastelain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_on_Decommissioning" title="Independent International Commission on Decommissioning">Independent International Commission on Decommissioning</a> (IICD),<a href="#cite_note-209">[193]</a> with some weapons being decommissioned on 23 October 2001 and 8 April 2002.<a href="#cite_note-210">[194]</a> The October 2001 decommissioning was the first time an Irish republican paramilitary organisation had voluntarily disposed of its arms.<a href="#cite_note-212">[n 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-boyne403-211">[195]</a> In October 2002 the devolved <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> was suspended by the British government and direct rule returned, in order to prevent a unionist walkout.<a href="#cite_note-214">[n 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[197]</a> This was partly triggered by <a href="/wiki/Stormontgate" title="Stormontgate">Stormontgate</a>—allegations that republican spies were operating within the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI)<a href="#cite_note-217">[n 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[199]</a>—and the IRA temporarily broke off contact with de Chastelain.<a href="#cite_note-219">[200]</a> However, further decommissioning took place on 21 October 2003.<a href="#cite_note-220">[201]</a> In the aftermath of the December 2004 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bank_robbery" title="Northern Bank robbery">Northern Bank robbery</a>, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)" title="Michael McDowell (politician)">Michael McDowell</a> stated there could be no place in government in either Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland for a party that supported or threatened the use of violence, possessed explosives or firearms, and was involved in criminality.<a href="#cite_note-boyne-221">[202]</a> At the beginning of February 2005, the IRA declared that it was withdrawing a decommissioning offer from late 2004.<a href="#cite_note-boyne-221">[202]</a> This followed a demand from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>, under Paisley, insisting on photographic evidence of decommissioning.<a href="#cite_note-boyne-221">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_armed_campaign">End of the armed campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(2000%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (2000–09)">Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (2000–09)</a></div> On 28 July 2005, the IRA, with a statement read to the media by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-read-222">[203]</a> declared an end to the armed campaign, affirming that it would work to achieve its aims solely through peaceful political means and ordering volunteers to end all paramilitary activity.<a href="#cite_note-boyne408-223">[204]</a> The IRA also stated it would complete the process of disarmament as quickly as possible.<a href="#cite_note-boyne408-223">[204]</a> The IRA invited two independent witnesses to view the secret disarmament work, Catholic priest Father <a href="/wiki/Alec_Reid" title="Alec Reid">Alec Reid</a> and Protestant minister Reverend <a href="/wiki/Harold_Good" title="Harold Good">Harold Good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[206]</a> On 26 September 2005, the IICD announced that "the totality of the IRA's arsenal" had been decommissioned.<a href="#cite_note-226">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a> estimated that the IRA weaponry decommissioned in September 2005 included: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg/220px-Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg/330px-Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg/440px-Kongsberg_AG-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>An AG-3, Norwegian made variant of the <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3" title="Heckler & Koch G3">Heckler & Koch G3</a>. Over 50 of these, from a batch of 100 stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a>, ended up with the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-228">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RPG-7_detached.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/RPG-7_detached.jpg/220px-RPG-7_detached.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/RPG-7_detached.jpg/330px-RPG-7_detached.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/RPG-7_detached.jpg/440px-RPG-7_detached.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a>, first obtained by the IRA from Libya in 1972<a href="#cite_note-229">[210]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1,000 rifles</li> <li>2 tonnes of the plastic explosive <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a></li> <li>20–30 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-portable air-defense systems">surface-to-air missiles</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a></li> <li>1,200 <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonators</a></li> <li>11 <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> launchers</li> <li>90 <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handguns</a></li> <li>100+ <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[211]</a></li></ul> Having compared the weapons decommissioned with the British and Irish security forces' estimates of the IRA's arsenal, and because of the IRA's full involvement in the process of decommissioning the weapons, the IICD concluded that all IRA weaponry had been decommissioned.<a href="#cite_note-232">[n 20]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[213]</a> The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Peter Hain</a>, said he accepted the conclusion of the IICD.<a href="#cite_note-234">[214]</a> Since then, there have been occasional claims in the media that the IRA had not decommissioned all of its weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-boyne414-235">[215]</a> In response to such claims, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a> (IMC) stated in its 10th report that the IRA had decommissioned all weaponry under its control.<a href="#cite_note-boyne414-235">[215]</a> The report stated that if any weapons had been kept they would have been kept by individuals and against IRA orders.<a href="#cite_note-238">[n 21]</a><a href="#cite_note-boyne414-235">[215]</a> In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Garda_Commissioner" title="Garda Commissioner">Garda Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn_O%27Sullivan" title="Nóirín O'Sullivan">Nóirín O'Sullivan</a> stated that the Republic of Ireland's police service, the <a href="/wiki/Garda%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardaí">Gardaí</a>, have no evidence that the IRA's military structure remains operational or that the IRA is engaged in criminal activity.<a href="#cite_note-239">[218]</a> In August 2015, <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(Northern_Ireland_police_officer)" title="George Hamilton (Northern Ireland police officer)">George Hamilton</a>, the PSNI <a href="/wiki/Chief_constable" title="Chief constable">chief constable</a>, stated that the IRA no longer exists as a paramilitary organisation.<a href="#cite_note-psni2015-240">[219]</a> He added that some of its structure remains, but that the group is committed to following a peaceful political path and is not engaged in criminal activity nor directing violence.<a href="#cite_note-psni2015-240">[219]</a> He pointed out, however, that some of its members have engaged in criminal activity or violence for their own, individual ends.<a href="#cite_note-psni2015-240">[219]</a> The statement was made in response to the killings of former Belfast IRA commanders Kevin McGuigan and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Davison" title="Gerard Davison">Gerard Davison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psni2015-240">[219]</a> McGuigan was shot dead in what was believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Revenge_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge killing">revenge killing</a> by former IRA members over the shooting death three months earlier of Davison.<a href="#cite_note-241">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[n 22]</a> The Chief Constable stated there was no evidence that the killing of McGuigan was sanctioned by the IRA leadership.<a href="#cite_note-psni2015-240">[219]</a> Also in response, the British government commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Assessment_on_Paramilitary_Groups_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland">Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland</a>. The assessment, concluded in October 2015, was that "all the main paramilitary groups operating during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> are still in existence, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a>, the Provisional IRA, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a>."<a href="#cite_note-243">[221]</a> But, it added, "the leaderships of the main paramilitary groups [including the IRA's] are committed to peaceful means to achieve their political objectives."<a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-244">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weaponry_and_operations">Weaponry and operations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_arms_importation" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA arms importation">Provisional IRA arms importation</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_used_by_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army">List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_campaign_1969-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997">Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">Barrack buster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg/220px-Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg/330px-Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg/440px-Armalite_18-IMG_6519-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Armalite_AR-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Armalite AR-18">Armalite AR-18</a>, obtained by the IRA from the United States in the early 1970s, was a symbol of its armed campaign<a href="#cite_note-246">[224]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early days of <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> the IRA was poorly armed: in Derry in early 1972 the IRA's weaponry consisted of six <a href="/wiki/M1_carbine" title="M1 carbine">M1 carbines</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine guns</a>, one or two <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a> rifles, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handguns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[226]</a> As a result of black market arms deals and donations from sympathisers, the IRA obtained a large array of weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-air missiles">surface-to-air missiles</a>; <a href="/wiki/M60_machine_gun" title="M60 machine gun">M60 machine guns</a>; <a href="/wiki/ArmaLite_AR-18" title="ArmaLite AR-18">ArmaLite AR-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/FN_FAL" title="FN FAL">FN FAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> and <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifles</a>; <a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a> heavy machine guns; <a href="/wiki/LPO-50" title="LPO-50">LPO-50</a> flamethrowers; and <a href="/wiki/Barrett_M90" title="Barrett M90">Barrett M90</a> sniper rifles.<a href="#cite_note-249">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[228]</a> The IRA also used a variety of bombs during its armed campaign, such as <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car and truck bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb" title="Time bomb">time bombs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer51-251">[229]</a> using explosives including <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> donated by IRA supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a> Semtex donated by the Libyan government.<a href="#cite_note-252">[230]</a> The IRA's engineering department also manufactured <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">a series of improvised mortars</a> in the Republic of Ireland, which by the 1990s were built to a standard comparable to military models.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[231]</a> The IRA's development of mortar tactics was a response to the heavy fortifications on RUC and British Army bases; as IRA mortars generally <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">fired indirectly</a> they were able to bypass some <a href="/wiki/Perimeter_security" title="Perimeter security">perimeter security</a> measures.<a href="#cite_note-mortar-254">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[233]</a> The mortars used a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Firing_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing mechanism">firing mechanisms</a> including delay timers, this combined with the disposable nature of the weapons allowed IRA volunteers to reduce the risk of being arrested at the scene.<a href="#cite_note-mortar-254">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[234]</a> The IRA was mainly active in Northern Ireland, although it also attacked targets in England and mainland Europe, and limited activity also took place in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-bowyerbellengland-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-cooganeurope-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[235]</a> The IRA's offensive campaign mainly targeted the British Army (including the UDR) and the RUC, with British soldiers being the IRA's preferred target.<a href="#cite_note-targets-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[236]</a> Other targets included British government officials, politicians, <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> figures, and senior British Army and police officers.<a href="#cite_note-259">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[238]</a> The bombing campaign principally targeted political, economic and military targets, and was described by counter-terrorism expert <a href="/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer" title="Andy Oppenheimer">Andy Oppenheimer</a> as "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history".<a href="#cite_note-261">[239]</a> Economic targets included shops, restaurants, hotels, railway stations and other public buildings.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimer51-251">[229]</a> The IRA was blamed for the <a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a> in March 1972, when a bomb exploded without warning killing two women and injuring many people.<a href="#cite_note-265">[n 23]</a><a href="#cite_note-abercorn-262">[240]</a> Due to negative publicity after the Abercorn bombing, the IRA introduced a system of telephoned coded warnings to try to avoid civilian casualties while still causing the intended damage to properties and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-268">[n 24]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[245]</a> Civilian deaths were counter-productive to the IRA, as they provided the British with <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> coups and affected recruitment and funding.<a href="#cite_note-270">[246]</a> Despite this IRA bombs continued to kill civilians, generally due to IRA mistakes and incompetence or errors in communication.<a href="#cite_note-bowyerbell87-263">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-coogan1972-271">[247]</a> These included the <a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a> which killed seven people including four civilians, and <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a>, when nine people, five of them civilians, were killed when twenty-two bombs were planted in a one-mile radius of Belfast city centre.<a href="#cite_note-coogan1972-271">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-266">[243]</a> Premature explosions were another cause of civilian deaths, such as the <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a> which killed eleven people including ten civilians,<a href="#cite_note-272">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[249]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a> which killed ten people including eight civilians.<a href="#cite_note-274">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a detailed breakdown of casualties caused by and inflicted on the IRA, see <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_campaign_1969-1997#Casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997">Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 § Casualties</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogside_(18),_August_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG/220px-Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG/330px-Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG/440px-Bogside_%2818%29%2C_August_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to members of the IRA's <a href="/wiki/Derry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></figcaption></figure> The IRA was responsible for more deaths than any other organisation during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-275">[251]</a> Two detailed studies of deaths in the Troubles, the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN), and the book <a href="/wiki/Lost_Lives" title="Lost Lives">Lost Lives</a>, differ slightly on the numbers killed by the IRA and the total number of conflict deaths.<a href="#cite_note-quillgan-276">[252]</a> According to CAIN, the IRA was responsible for 1,705 deaths, about 48% of the total conflict deaths.<a href="#cite_note-277">[253]</a> Of these, 1,009 (about 59%) were members or former members of the British security forces, while 508 (about 29%) were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-crosstabs-278">[254]</a> According to Lost Lives, the IRA was responsible for 1,781 deaths, about 47% of the total conflict deaths.<a href="#cite_note-ll1536-279">[255]</a> Of these, 944 (about 53%) were members of the British security forces, while 644 (about 36%) were civilians (including 61 former members of the security forces).<a href="#cite_note-ll1536-279">[255]</a> The civilian figure also includes civilians employed by British security forces, politicians, members of the judiciary, and alleged criminals and <a href="/wiki/Informers" class="mw-redirect" title="Informers">informers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ll1536-279">[255]</a> Most of the remainder were loyalist or republican paramilitary members, including over 100 IRA members accidentally killed by their own bombs or shot for being security force agents or informers.<a href="#cite_note-280">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[257]</a> Overall, the IRA was responsible for 87–90% of the total British security force deaths, and 27–30% of the total civilian deaths.<a href="#cite_note-crosstabs-278">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-ll1536-279">[255]</a> During the IRA's campaign in England it was responsible for at least 488 incidents causing 2,134 injuries and 115 deaths, including 56 civilians and 42 British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-284">[n 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[261]</a> Between 275 and 300 IRA members were killed during the Troubles,<a href="#cite_note-ll1531-287">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-288">[263]</a> with the IRA's biggest loss of life in a single incident being the <a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a> in 1987, when eight volunteers attempting to bomb a police station were killed by the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG/220px-PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG/330px-PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG/440px-PIRAcolourpartyDublin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Republican colour party in Dublin, March 2009. The blue flag being carried at the front is that of "Dublin Brigade IRA".</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRA_Southern_Command" title="IRA Southern Command">IRA Southern Command</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">Active service unit</a></div> All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to General Army Conventions.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> The convention was the IRA's supreme decision-making authority, and was supposed to meet every two years,<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> or every four years following a change to the IRA's constitution in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-291">[n 26]</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution-1">[1]</a> Before 1969 conventions met regularly, but owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret,<a href="#cite_note-293">[n 27]</a><a href="#cite_note-gac-294">[267]</a> while the IRA's armed campaign was ongoing they were only held in September 1970,<a href="#cite_note-gac-294">[267]</a> October 1986,<a href="#cite_note-gac-294">[267]</a> and October or November 1996.<a href="#cite_note-auto-203">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[268]</a> After the 1997 ceasefire they were held more frequently, and are known to have been held in October 1997,<a href="#cite_note-296">[269]</a> May 1998,<a href="#cite_note-297">[270]</a> December 1998 or early 1999,<a href="#cite_note-298">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[272]</a> and June 2002.<a href="#cite_note-300">[273]</a> The convention elected a 12-member Executive, which selected seven members, usually from within the Executive, to form the Army Council.<a href="#cite_note-303">[n 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-structure-304">[276]</a> Any vacancies on the Executive would then be filled by substitutes previously elected by the convention.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> For day-to-day purposes, authority was vested in the Army Council which, as well as directing policy and taking major tactical decisions, appointed a <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">chief-of-staff</a> from one of its number or, less often, from outside its ranks.<a href="#cite_note-305">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-306">[278]</a> The chief-of-staff would be assisted by an <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general" title="Adjutant general">adjutant general</a> as well as a General Headquarters (GHQ) staff, which consisted of a <a href="/wiki/IRA_Quartermaster_General" title="IRA Quartermaster General">quartermaster general</a>, and directors of finance, engineering, training, intelligence, publicity, operations, and security.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-structure-304">[276]</a> GHQ's largest department, the quartermaster general's, accounted for approximately 20% of the IRA's personnel, and was responsible for acquiring weapons and smuggling them to Ireland where they would be hidden in arms dumps, and distributed them to IRA units as needed.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> The next most important department was engineering, which manufactured <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> and improvised mortars.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> Below GHQ, the IRA was divided into a Northern Command and a Southern Command.<a href="#cite_note-structure-304">[276]</a> Northern Command operated in Northern Ireland as well as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border">border</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Leitrim" title="County Leitrim">Leitrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cavan" title="County Cavan">Cavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">Louth</a>, while Southern Command operated in the remainder of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-northerncommand-307">[279]</a> In 1977, parallel to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">cell structures</a> at the local level, command of the "war-zone" was given to the Northern Command, which facilitated coordinated attacks across Northern Ireland and rapid alterations in tactics.<a href="#cite_note-northerncommand-307">[279]</a> Southern Command consisted of the Dublin Brigade and a number of smaller units in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-structure-304">[276]</a> Its main responsibilities were support activities for Northern Command, such as importation and storage of arms, providing <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe houses</a>, raising funds through robberies, and organising <a href="/wiki/Training_camp" title="Training camp">training camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[281]</a> Another department attached to GHQ but separate from all other IRA structures was the England department, responsible for the bombing campaign in England.<a href="#cite_note-engdept-165">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloney29-310">[282]</a> The IRA referred to its ordinary members as volunteers (or óglaigh in Irish), to reflect the IRA being an <a href="/wiki/Irregular_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular army">irregular army</a> which people were not forced to join and could leave at any time.<a href="#cite_note-311">[283]</a> Until the late 1970s, IRA volunteers were organised in units based on conventional military structures.<a href="#cite_note-312">[284]</a> Volunteers living in one area formed a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>, which could be part of a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-313">[285]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrone_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[286]</a> In late 1973 the Belfast Brigade restructured, introducing clandestine cells named <a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">active service units</a>, consisting of between four and ten members.<a href="#cite_note-315">[287]</a> Similar changes were made elsewhere in the IRA by 1977, moving away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-316">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[289]</a> The old structures were used for support activities such as policing nationalist areas, <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">intelligence-gathering</a>, and hiding weapons,<a href="#cite_note-318">[290]</a> while the bulk of attacks were carried out by active service units, using weapons controlled by the brigade's <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-structure-304">[276]</a> The exception to this reorganisation was the South Armagh Brigade, which retained its traditional hierarchy and battalion structure.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac-2">[2]</a> Only a handful of volunteers from the South Armagh Brigade were convicted of serious offences, and it had fewer arrests than any other area, meaning that the security forces struggled to recruit informers.<a href="#cite_note-322">[n 29]</a><a href="#cite_note-harnden34–35-321">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tommy_McKearney_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tommy_McKearney_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>Former IRA volunteer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a>, who left the IRA in 1986 and formed the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans" title="League of Communist Republicans">League of Communist Republicans</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[294]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#169B62; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; color:black; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Republic_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/122px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/183px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/244px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">Abstentionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">Dissident republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire_Nua" title="Éire Nua">Éire Nua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimism" title="Irish republican legitimism">Irish republican legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish rebellion of 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland_rebellion" title="Young Ireland rebellion">Young Ireland rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland" title="1918 United Kingdom general election in Ireland">1918 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Plan" title="S-Plan">S-Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Arms Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Blaney" title="Neil Blaney">Neil Blaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Goulding" title="Cathal Goulding">Cathal Goulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(Irish_nationalist)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (Irish nationalist)">Thomas J. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_MacSwiney" title="Terence MacSwiney">Terence MacSwiney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey" title="Bernadette Devlin McAliskey">Bernadette Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peadar_O%27Donnell" title="Peadar O'Donnell">Peadar O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Russell" title="Seán Russell">Seán Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone" title="Wolfe Tone">Wolfe Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Twomey" title="Moss Twomey">Moss Twomey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Active parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Éirígí">Éirígí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Network_for_Unity" title="Republican Network for Unity">Republican Network for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ireland_Anti-Partition_League" title="All Ireland Anti-Partition League">All Ireland Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aontacht_%C3%89ireann" title="Aontacht Éireann">Aontacht Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_Poblachta" title="Clann na Poblachta">Clann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_%C3%89ireann" title="Clann Éireann">Clann Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ras_na_Poblachta" title="Córas na Poblachta">Córas na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_Poblachta" title="Cumann na Poblachta">Cumann na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_Poblachta_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann">Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_Uladh" title="Fianna Uladh">Fianna Uladh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Independent Fianna Fáil">Independent Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Anti-Partition_League" title="Irish Anti-Partition League">Irish Anti-Partition League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Irish Socialist Republican Party">Irish Socialist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Workers%27_Group_(1976)" title="Irish Workers' Group (1976)">Irish Workers' Group (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Council_for_Unity" title="Northern Council for Unity">Northern Council for Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Congress" title="Republican Congress">Republican Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Labour_Party" title="Republican Labour Party">Republican Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire" title="Saor Éire">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo%E2%80%93Leitrim_Independent_Socialist_Organisation" title="Sligo–Leitrim Independent Socialist Organisation">SLISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republican_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Republican Party (Ireland)">Socialist Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Militant groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New IRA</a></li></ul> Inactive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Column" title="Connolly Column">Connolly Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(World_War_I)" title="Irish Brigade (World War I)">Irish Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Irish National Invincibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Revolutionary_Forces" title="Irish Revolutionary Forces">Irish Revolutionary Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Republican Action Against Drugs">Republican Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Defence_Army" title="Republican Defence Army">Republican Defence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%931975)" title="Saor Éire (1967–1975)">Saor Éire (1967–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_Uladh" title="Saor Uladh">Saor Uladh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Active Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialist_Action_Ireland" title="Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland">Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Youth_Movement" title="Connolly Youth Movement">Connolly Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRPWA" title="IRPWA">IRPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Congress" title="Irish National Congress">Irish National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Committees_of_North_America" title="Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America">IRSCNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association,_Belfast" title="National Graves Association, Belfast">National Graves Association, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Graves_Association" title="National Graves Association">National Graves Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Housing_League" title="Revolutionary Housing League">Revolutionary Housing League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone_Societies" title="Wolfe Tone Societies">Wolfe Tone Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93gra_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Ógra Fianna Fáil">Ógra Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93gra_Shinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Ógra Shinn Féin">Ógra Shinn Féin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Clann na hÉireann">Clann na hÉireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_na_Poblachta" title="Comhairle na Poblachta">Comhairle na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_Clubs" title="Dungannon Clubs">Dungannon Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Irish_Freedom" title="Friends of Irish Freedom">Friends of Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Voice" title="Irish Republican Voice">Irish Republican Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Federation" title="Irish Socialist Federation">Irish Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communist_Republicans" title="League of Communist Republicans">League of Communist Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Resistance_Movement" title="Northern Resistance Movement">Northern Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_National_and_Literary_Society" title="Phoenix National and Literary Society">Phoenix National and Literary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Press" title="Evening Press">Evening Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Days_in_Ireland" title="Guerrilla Days in Ireland">Guerrilla Days in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRIS_Magazine" title="IRIS Magazine">IRIS Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom" title="Irish Freedom">Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoirse_Irish_Freedom" title="Saoirse Irish Freedom">Saoirse Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_(newspaper)" title="Sinn Féin (newspaper)">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gaelic_American" title="The Gaelic American">The Gaelic American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hibernia_Magazine" title="The Hibernia Magazine">The Hibernia Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Felon" title="The Irish Felon">The Irish Felon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People_(1863_newspaper)" title="The Irish People (1863 newspaper)">The Irish People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Press" title="The Irish Press">The Irish Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(magazine)" title="The Phoenix (magazine)">The Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Plough_(magazine)" title="The Starry Plough (magazine)">The Starry Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Press" title="The Sunday Press">The Sunday Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishman_(1848_newspaper)" title="United Irishman (1848 newspaper)">United Irishman (1848 newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishman_(1948_newspaper)" title="United Irishman (1948 newspaper)">United Irishman (1948 newspaper)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christy_Moore" title="Christy Moore">Christy Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dubliners" title="The Dubliners">The Dubliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebel_song" title="Irish rebel song">Irish rebel songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneecap_(band)" title="Kneecap (band)">Kneecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wolfe_Tones" title="The Wolfe Tones">The Wolfe Tones</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_republicanism" title="Template:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_republicanism" title="Template talk:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_republicanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish republicanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The IRA's goal was an all-Ireland <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> republic.<a href="#cite_note-324">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">Richard English</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>, writes that while the IRA's adherence to socialist goals has varied according to time and place, radical ideas, specifically socialist ones, were a key part of IRA thinking.<a href="#cite_note-socialism-10">[9]</a> Former IRA volunteer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a> states that while the IRA's goal was a socialist republic, there was no coherent analysis or understanding of socialism itself, other than an idea that the details would be worked out following an IRA victory.<a href="#cite_note-325">[296]</a> This was in contrast to the Official IRA and the Irish National Liberation Army, both of which adopted clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> positions.<a href="#cite_note-326">[297]</a> Similarly, the Northern Ireland left-wing politician <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_McCann" title="Eamonn McCann">Eamonn McCann</a> has remarked that the Provisional IRA was considered a non-socialist IRA compared to the Official IRA.<a href="#cite_note-327">[298]</a> During the 1980s, the IRA's commitment to socialism became more solidified as IRA prisoners began to engage with works of political and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a> by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chi_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Chi Minh">Ho-Chi Minh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Giap" class="mw-redirect" title="General Giap">General Giap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reinisch-328">[299]</a> Members felt that an Irish version of the Tet Offensive could possibly be the key to victory against the British, pending on the arrival of weapons secured from Libya.<a href="#cite_note-reinisch-328">[299]</a> However, this never came to pass, and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin wall</a> in 1989 brought a dogmatic commitment to socialism back into question, as possible socialist allies in Eastern Europe wilted away.<a href="#cite_note-reinisch-328">[299]</a> In the years that followed, IRA prisoners began to look towards South African politics and the example being set by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reinisch-328">[299]</a> Many of the imprisoned IRA members saw parallels between their own struggle and that of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and were encouraged by Mandela's use of compromise following his ascent to power in South Africa to consider compromise themselves.<a href="#cite_note-reinisch-328">[299]</a> The Provisionals considered their campaign to be a continuation of events such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a> of 1916-1923, with IRA leader <a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a> describing their campaign as "the current phase of the age-old Irish republican struggle".<a href="#cite_note-329">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorisation">Categorisation</h2></div> The IRA is a proscribed organisation in the United Kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000" title="Terrorism Act 2000">Terrorism Act 2000</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ta2000-330">[301]</a> and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland under the Offences Against the State Acts, where IRA volunteers are tried in the non-jury <a href="/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court" title="Special Criminal Court">Special Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[n 30]</a><a href="#cite_note-conway-333">[303]</a> A similar system was introduced in Northern Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Emergency_Provisions)_Act_1973" title="Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973">Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Diplock_court" title="Diplock court">Diplock court</a> consisting of a single judge and no jury.<a href="#cite_note-334">[304]</a> The IRA rejected the authority of the courts in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and its <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">standing orders</a> did not allow volunteers on trial in a criminal court to enter a <a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">plea</a> or recognise the authority of the court, doing so could lead to expulsion from the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-336">[n 31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ó_Faoleán-335">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[306]</a> These orders were relaxed in 1976 due to sentences in the Republic of Ireland for IRA membership being increased from two years to seven years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Ó_Faoleán-335">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[307]</a> IRA prisoners in the UK and the Republic of Ireland were granted conditional early release as part of the Good Friday Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-339">[308]</a> IRA members were often refused <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">travel visas</a> to enter the United States, due to previous criminal convictions or because the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act</a> bars the entry of people who are members of an organisation which advocates the overthrow of a government by force.<a href="#cite_note-343">[n 32]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcerlath-342">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[312]</a> American TV news broadcasts used the terms "activists", "guerrillas", and "terrorists" to describe IRA members, while British TV news broadcasts commonly used the term "terrorists", particularly the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> as part of its editorial guidelines published in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-345">[313]</a> Republicans reject the label of terrorism, instead describing the IRA's activity as war, military activity, armed struggle or armed resistance.<a href="#cite_note-346">[314]</a> The IRA prefer the terms <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighter</a>, soldier, <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a>, or volunteer for its members.<a href="#cite_note-347">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[317]</a> The IRA has also been described as a "<a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private army</a>".<a href="#cite_note-350">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[319]</a> The IRA saw the Irish War of Independence as a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> which accomplished some of its aims, with some remaining "unfinished business".<a href="#cite_note-352">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[321]</a> An internal British Army document written by General Sir <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Mike Jackson (British Army officer)">Mike Jackson</a> and two other senior officers was released in 2007 under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quillgan-276">[252]</a> It examined the British Army's 37 years of deployment in Northern Ireland, and described the IRA as "a professional, dedicated, highly skilled and resilient force", while loyalist paramilitaries and other republican groups were described as "little more than a collection of gangsters".<a href="#cite_note-quillgan-276">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strength_and_support">Strength and support</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerical_strength">Numerical strength</h3></div> It is unclear how many people joined the IRA during the Troubles, as it did not keep detailed records of personnel.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyxviii-11">[10]</a> Journalists Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop state roughly 8,000 people passed through the ranks of the IRA in the first 20 years of its existence, many of them leaving after arrest, retirement or disillusionment.<a href="#cite_note-mallie12-354">[322]</a> McGuinness, who held a variety of leadership positions,<a href="#cite_note-357">[n 33]</a> estimated a total membership of 10,000 over the course of the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyxviii-11">[10]</a> The British Army estimates the IRA had 500 volunteers in July 1971, 130 in Derry and 340 in Belfast,<a href="#cite_note-359">[n 34]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[326]</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Ed Moloney</a> states by the end of the year the IRA in Belfast had over 1,200 volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> After the late 1970s restructure,<a href="#cite_note-361">[327]</a> the British Army estimated the IRA had 500 full-time volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-english344-362">[328]</a> A 1978 British Army report by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/James_Glover_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Glover (British Army officer)">James Glover</a> stated that the restructured IRA did not require the same number of volunteers as the early 1970s, and that a small number of volunteers could "maintain a disproportionate level of violence".<a href="#cite_note-taylorlw-151">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[329]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(journalist)" title="Brendan O'Brien (journalist)">Brendan O'Brien</a> states by the late 1980s the IRA had roughly 300 active volunteers and 450 more in support roles,<a href="#cite_note-364">[330]</a> while historian Richard English states in 1988 the IRA was believed to have no more than thirty experienced gunmen and bombers, with a further twenty volunteers with less experience and 500 more in support roles.<a href="#cite_note-english344-362">[328]</a> Moloney estimates in October 1996 the IRA had between 600 and 700 active volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-gacsecurity-292">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_from_other_countries_and_organisations">Support from other countries and organisations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland">Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_arms_importation" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA arms importation">Provisional IRA arms importation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKM_automatkarbin_-_7,62x39mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg/220px-AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg/330px-AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg/440px-AKM_automatkarbin_-_7%2C62x39mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>1,200 <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> assault rifles were donated by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in the 1980s<a href="#cite_note-libya2-365">[331]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semtex_H_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg/220px-Semtex_H_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg/330px-Semtex_H_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Semtex_H_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Over two tonnes of the plastic explosive Semtex were donated by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in the 1980s<a href="#cite_note-libya2-365">[331]</a></figcaption></figure> Libyan leader Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> was a supplier of arms to the IRA, donating two shipments of arms in the early 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-366">[332]</a> and another five in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-libya-367">[333]</a> The final shipment in 1987 was intercepted by French authorities,<a href="#cite_note-libya-367">[333]</a> but the prior four shipments included 1,200 AKM <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, 26 DShK <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a>, 40 <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun" title="General-purpose machine gun">general-purpose machine guns</a>, 33 <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a> rocket launchers, 10 SAM-7 surface-to-air missiles, 10 LPO-50 flamethrowers, and over two tonnes of plastic explosive Semtex.<a href="#cite_note-libya2-365">[331]</a> He also gave $12 million in cash to the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-368">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> (both Irish immigrants and natives of Irish descent) also donated weapons and money.<a href="#cite_note-cooganlinks-12">[11]</a> The financial backbone of IRA support in the United States was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (<a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a>), founded by Irish immigrant and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">IRA</a> veteran <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flannery" title="Michael Flannery">Michael Flannery</a>. NORAID officially raised money for the families of IRA prisoners but was strongly accused by opponents of being a <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front</a> for the IRA and being involved in IRA gunrunning.<a href="#cite_note-371">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[338]</a> The key IRA transatlantic gunrunning network was run by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a>, who estimated to have smuggled 2,000–2,500 weapons and approximately 1 million rounds of ammunition to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-373">[339]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) arrested Harrison for IRA arms smuggling in June 1981, thereby blocking the IRA's arms supply from America.<a href="#cite_note-374">[340]</a> This forced the IRA to focus on importing weaponry from its already-established networks in Europe and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-375">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[342]</a> In addition, Irish American support for the Republican cause began to weaken in the mid-1970s and gradually diminished in the 1980s due to bad publicity surrounding IRA atrocities and NORAID.<a href="#cite_note-377">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[344]</a> By 1998, only $3.6 million were raised in America for the Irish Republican cause,<a href="#cite_note-379">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-BHTYA-380">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[348]</a> in which many historians and scholars agreed such an amount was too small to make an actual difference in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-383">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWADWD-384">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-BHTYA-380">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_New_Zealanders" title="Irish New Zealanders">Irish New Zealanders</a> were also active in supporting the Republican cause.<a href="#cite_note-385">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[353]</a> More than A$20,000 were sent per year to the Provisionals from supporters in Australia by the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-388">[354]</a> Canadian supporters did not just fundraise and import weapons,<a href="#cite_note-389">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[358]</a> but also smuggled IRA and Sinn Féin members into the United States, which, unlike Canada, enacted a visa ban on such members on the basis of advocating violence since the early 1970s. Gearóid Ó Faoleán wrote that "[i]n 1972, inclement weather forced a <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aeroplane</a> to reroute to <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a> from <a href="/wiki/Farranfore" title="Farranfore">Farranfore</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, where IRA volunteers had been awaiting its arrival. The plane, piloted by a Canadian [IRA supporter], had flown from Libya with at least one cargo of arms that included RPG-7 rocket launchers" where IRA smuggled these weapons into safe houses for its armed campaign.<a href="#cite_note-393">[359]</a> In 1974, seven Canadian residents (six who were originally from Belfast) were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) for smuggling weapons to the IRA after "raids in <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Zorra-Tavistock" title="East Zorra-Tavistock">Tavistock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and at the U.S. border at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>". Philip Kent, one of those arrested, was discovered in his car for having "fifteen <a href="/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle" title="L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle">FN rifles</a> and a <a href="/wiki/.50_calibre_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title=".50 calibre machine gun">.50 calibre machine gun</a>".<a href="#cite_note-394">[360]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> agent Willie Carlin said that one of the main reasons why the IRA Army Council did not attack Scotland during the conflict was because doing so would reduce support from Scots and have a negative impact on its fundraising and other activities there. Carlin explained that "[t]here were politicians in Scotland, a lot of whom were very sympathetic to the nationalist cause, and even the Sinn Fein cause". He also noted that while much of the money was donated by supporters in Glasgow, funds also came from all over the country, from "farmers up there who had family and relatives in Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-395">[361]</a> The IRA had links with the <a href="/wiki/Basque_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque separatist">Basque separatist</a> group <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cooganlinks-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_McGuire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria McGuire">Maria McGuire</a> states the IRA received fifty <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a> from ETA in exchange for explosives training.<a href="#cite_note-geraghty-396">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[363]</a> In 1973 the IRA was accused by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish police">Spanish police</a> of providing explosives for the assassination of Spanish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a> in Madrid, and the following year an ETA spokesman told German magazine Der Spiegel they had "very good relations" with the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-cooganlinks-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-geraghty-396">[362]</a> In 1977 a representative of the Basque political party <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Iraultzarako_Alderdia" title="Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia">Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia</a> attended Sinn Féin's 1977 ard fheis, and Ó Brádaigh had a close relationship with Basque separatists, regularly visiting the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque region</a> between 1977 and 1983.<a href="#cite_note-398">[364]</a> The IRA received support from the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) in the 1970s, with volunteers attending training camps in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cooganlinks-12">[11]</a> In 1977 a shipment of arms from the PLO was seized in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-boyneplo-399">[365]</a> The shipment included twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifles, twenty-nine French <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a>, seven RPG-7 rocket launchers and sixty rocket-propelled grenades, two <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren light machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> and ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-boyneplo-399">[365]</a> PLO leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> distanced himself from the IRA following the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-400">[366]</a> In May 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>, Russia's internal security service, accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had bought weapons from arms dealers linked to Estonia's volunteer defence force, <a href="/wiki/Kaitseliit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaitseliit">Kaitseliit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[367]</a> In 2001, three Irishmen, known as the <a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a>, were arrested and accused of training Colombian guerrillas, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC).<a href="#cite_note-402">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyfarc-403">[369]</a> The Irish Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform stated the IRA was to be paid up to $35 million to train FARC in bomb-making techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane_bomb" title="Propane bomb">propane bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a> and the construction of mortars.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyfarc-403">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-404">[370]</a> In 2005 a commander in the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army of Colombia</a> stated IRA techniques were being used all over Colombia by FARC, and British military experts confirmed bombs used by FARC had previously been used by the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-404">[370]</a> The Colombia Three were acquitted at trial in April 2004, before this was reversed at an appeal court in December 2004 although the men had fled the country and returned to Ireland before the appeal court verdict.<a href="#cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-404">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Paramilitary finances in the Troubles</a></div> While overseas financial support was generally appreciated, the vast majority of the IRA revenue came from activities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-405">[371]</a> Since the Troubles began, the IRA was involved in criminal activities such as robberies, <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection rackets</a>, kidnapping for ransom, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel laundering">fuel laundering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette smuggling">cigarette smuggling</a> in order to fund its armed campaign.<a href="#cite_note-connelly-406">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dingley_2012_195-407">[373]</a> The IRA also raised funds by running legitimate businesses such as taxi firms, nightclubs, offices, and nursing homes.<a href="#cite_note-connelly-406">[372]</a> British law enforcement estimated that, by the 1990s, the IRA needed £10.5 million a year to operate.<a href="#cite_note-408">[374]</a> IRA supporters argue that as it was a clandestine organisation it was forced to use extra legal methods of fundraising, which were justified in order to achieve a political goal.<a href="#cite_note-connelly-406">[372]</a> However, this activity allowed the British government to portray the IRA as no more than a criminal gang.<a href="#cite_note-connelly-406">[372]</a> Armed robberies of banks, trains and small businesses across Ireland were a significant source of funding for the IRA, with over 1,000 raids on <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post offices</a> in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-409">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[376]</a> The PSNI, the IMC, and the British and Irish governments all accused the IRA of involvement in the biggest bank raid in British history—the 2004 Northern Bank robbery—when £26.5 million was stolen, which the IRA denied.<a href="#cite_note-411">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[378]</a> In April 1987, RUC chief constable John Hermon told government ministers at the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference">Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a> that "[i]t costs the IRA £2-£3 million per year to maintain its activity. That amount is no problem to them and they have no shortage of money to purchase weapons."<a href="#cite_note-413">[379]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee">Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee</a> in its 26 June 2002 report stated that "the importance of overseas donations has been exaggerated and donations from the USA have formed only a small portion of IRA income." It identified <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, fuel laundering, rum-running, tobacco smuggling, armed robbery, and counterfeiting in Ireland and Britain as the primary sources of funding for both Republican and Loyalist militants throughout and after the Troubles, while "the sums involved [from overseas] [were and] are comparatively small". The committee estimated that the Provisional IRA made £5-8 million a year while spending £1.5m annually to carry out its campaign.<a href="#cite_note-DWADWD-384">[350]</a> One IRA interviewee stated that starting in the 1970s for example: <blockquote>Belfast ran itself for years on its [social] clubs. You know the clubs? They formed the clubs, earlier on they formed it and ... the car parks, you know, not building them but taking over areas and running them as car parks. There was no one to say how much you took in and how much you took out and so, you know, if there was twenty-thousand coming in every week you could say there's twelve-thousand coming in and then there's eight-thousand going one way, and you paid your people and say there's so much going every week. And that financed the movement.<a href="#cite_note-414">[380]</a></blockquote> Generally, the IRA was against drug dealing and prostitution, because it would be unpopular within Catholic communities and for moral reasons.<a href="#cite_note-415">[381]</a> The chief of the RUC Drugs Squad, Kevin Sheehy, said the IRA tried to prevent volunteers being directly involved with drugs, and noted one occasion when an IRA member caught with a small amount of cannabis was "disowned and humiliated" in his local area.<a href="#cite_note-416">[382]</a> The IRA targeted drug dealers with <a href="/wiki/Punishment_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="Punishment shootings">punishment shootings</a> and ordered them to leave Ireland, and some were killed using the covername <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[384]</a> However, there are claims the IRA "licensed" certain dealers to operate and forced them to pay protection money.<a href="#cite_note-419">[385]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">murder of Robert McCartney</a> in 2005, the IRA expelled three IRA volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-420">[386]</a> Adams said at Sinn Féin's 2005 ard fheis "There is no place in republicanism for anyone involved in criminality", while adding "we refuse to criminalise those who break the law in pursuit of legitimate political objectives".<a href="#cite_note-421">[387]</a> This was echoed shortly after by an IRA statement issued at Easter, saying that criminality within the ranks would not be tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-422">[388]</a> In 2008, the IMC stated that the IRA was no longer involved in criminality, but that some members have engaged in criminality for their own ends, without the sanction or support of the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-423">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_support">Popular support</h3></div> Support for the IRA within nationalist communities and within the Republic of Ireland has fluctuated over the course of the conflict. In September 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a> conducted a wide-ranging survey of attitudes to the IRA in the Republic. Its findings showed that 20.7% broadly supported IRA activities, while 60.5% opposed them. Meanwhile, when respondents were asked whether they sympathised or rejected their motives, 44.8% of respondents expressed some level of sympathy with their motives while 33.5% broadly rejected them.<a href="#cite_note-424">[390]</a> A study in 1999 showed amongst Catholics in Northern Ireland, 42% of respondents expressed sympathy with republican violence while 52% said they had no sympathy. The same study found 39.7% of respondents in the Republic of Ireland sympathised with republican violence.<a href="#cite_note-425">[391]</a> According to a 2022 poll, 69% of Irish nationalists polled believe there was no option but "violent resistance to British rule during the Troubles".<a href="#cite_note-426">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectarian_attacks">Sectarian attacks</h3></div> The IRA publicly condemned sectarianism and sectarian attacks, however some IRA members did carry out sectarian attacks.<a href="#cite_note-english173-427">[393]</a> Of those killed by the IRA, Malcolm Sutton classifies 130 (about 7%) of them as sectarian killings of Protestants, 88 of them committed between 1974 and 1976.<a href="#cite_note-428">[394]</a> Unlike loyalists, the IRA denied responsibility for sectarian attacks and the members involved used cover names, such as "<a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Action Force">Republican Action Force</a>", which was used to claim responsibility for the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a> where ten Protestant civilians were killed in a gun attack.<a href="#cite_note-429">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[396]</a> They stated that their attacks on Protestants were retaliation for attacks on Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-english173-427">[393]</a> Many in the IRA opposed these sectarian attacks, but others deemed them effective in preventing similar attacks on Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-431">[397]</a> Robert White, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, states the IRA was generally not a sectarian organisation,<a href="#cite_note-432">[398]</a> and Rachel Kowalski from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_War_Studies,_King%27s_College_London" title="Department of War Studies, King's College London">Department of War Studies</a>, King's College London states that the IRA acted in a way that was mostly blind to religious diversity.<a href="#cite_note-433">[399]</a> Protestants in the rural border areas of counties <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a>, where the number of members of the security forces killed was high, viewed the IRA's campaign as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-434">[400]</a> Henry Patterson, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-435">[401]</a> Although the IRA did not specifically target these people because of their religious affiliation, more Protestants joined the security forces so many people from that community believed the attacks were sectarian.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-434">[400]</a> McKearney argues that due to the British government's Ulsterisation policy increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and UDR, the IRA had no choice but to target them because of their local knowledge, but acknowledges that Protestants viewed this as a sectarian attack on their community.<a href="#cite_note-leahysect-434">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provo-landOmagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Provo-landOmagh.jpg/200px-Provo-landOmagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Provo-landOmagh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>An IRA signpost with the word "Provoland" underneath in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a></figcaption></figure> During the Troubles, the IRA took on the role of policing in some nationalist areas of Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer-437">[403]</a> Many nationalists did not trust the official police force—the RUC—and saw it as biased against their community.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer-437">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[404]</a> The RUC found it difficult to operate in certain nationalist neighbourhoods and only entered in armoured convoys due to the risk of attack, preventing <a href="/wiki/Community_policing" title="Community policing">community policing</a> that could have occurred if officers patrolled on foot.<a href="#cite_note-439">[405]</a> In these neighbourhoods, many residents expected the IRA to act as a policing force,<a href="#cite_note-weitzer-437">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[406]</a> and such policing had propaganda value for the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-441">[407]</a> The IRA also sought to minimise contact between residents and the RUC, because residents might pass on information or be forced to become a police informer.<a href="#cite_note-weitzer-437">[403]</a> The IRA set up <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> panels that would adjudicate and investigate complaints from locals about criminal or 'anti-social' activities.<a href="#cite_note-hamill-442">[408]</a> First time offenders may have been given a warning, or for more serious offences a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> may have been imposed.<a href="#cite_note-hamill2-443">[409]</a> Those responsible for more serious and repeat offences could have been given a punishment beating, or banished from the community.<a href="#cite_note-hamill2-443">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kneecapping" title="Kneecapping">Kneecapping</a> was also used by the IRA as a form of punishment.<a href="#cite_note-444">[410]</a> No punishment attacks have been officially attributed to the IRA since February 2006.<a href="#cite_note-445">[411]</a> The vigilantism of the IRA and other paramilitary organisations has been condemned as "<a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">summary justice</a>".<a href="#cite_note-446">[412]</a> In January 1971, the IRA and British Army held secret talks aimed at stopping persistent rioting in <a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballymurphy, Belfast">Ballymurphy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reed-447">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyballymurphy-448">[414]</a> It was agreed that the IRA would be responsible for policing there, but the agreement was short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-reed-447">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-moloneyballymurphy-448">[414]</a> During the 1975 ceasefire incident centres were set up across Northern Ireland, staffed by Sinn Féin members who dealt with incidents that might endanger the truce.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-130">[116]</a> Residents went there to report crime as well as to make complaints about the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-findlay-449">[415]</a> The incident centres were seen by locals as "IRA police stations" and gave some legitimacy to the IRA as a policing force.<a href="#cite_note-findlay-449">[415]</a> Following the end of the ceasefire the incident centres remained open as Sinn Féin offices where crime continued to be reported, to be dealt with by the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-hamill-442">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informers">Informers</h3></div> Throughout the Troubles, some members of the IRA passed information to the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-450">[416]</a> In the 1980s, many IRA members were arrested after being implicated by former IRA members known as "<a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergrass (informer)">supergrasses</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[n 35]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[419]</a> There have been some high-profile allegations of senior IRA figures having been British informers.<a href="#cite_note-455">[420]</a> In May 2003, an American website named <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a> as being a British spy code-named <a href="/wiki/Stakeknife" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeknife">Stakeknife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[421]</a> Scappaticci was said to be a high-level IRA informer working for the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a>, while he was head of the IRA's <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a>, which interrogated and killed suspected informers.<a href="#cite_note-leahy3-457">[422]</a> Scappaticci denies being Stakeknife, and involvement in IRA activity.<a href="#cite_note-leahy3-457">[422]</a> In December 2005, Sinn Féin member and former IRA volunteer <a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a> appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-donaldson-458">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[424]</a> Donaldson, who ran Sinn Féin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party.<a href="#cite_note-donaldson-458">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-leahy2-460">[425]</a> On 4 April 2006, Donaldson was shot dead by the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a> splinter group at his retreat near <a href="/wiki/Glenties" title="Glenties">Glenties</a> in County Donegal.<a href="#cite_note-461">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[427]</a> Other prominent informers include <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-leahy-452">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan" title="Sean O'Callaghan">Sean O'Callaghan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-306">[278]</a> and Roy McShane, who worked as a driver for the leadership of Sinn Féin including Adams.<a href="#cite_note-leahy2-460">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[428]</a> The IRA regarded informers as traitors,<a href="#cite_note-464">[429]</a> and a threat to the organisation and lives of its members.<a href="#cite_note-465">[430]</a> Suspected informers were dealt with by the IRA's Internal Security Unit, which carried out an investigation and interrogated the suspects.<a href="#cite_note-466">[431]</a> Following this a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> would take place, consisting of three members of equal or higher rank than the accused, plus a member of GHQ or the Army Council acting as an observer.<a href="#cite_note-informers-467">[432]</a> Any <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a> would be ratified by the Army Council, who would be informed of the verdict by the observer.<a href="#cite_note-informers-467">[432]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Original_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Original IRA">original IRA</a>, as well as all the major paramilitary organisations active during the Troubles, also killed alleged informers.<a href="#cite_note-468">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[434]</a> The IRA usually killed informers with a single shot to the head,<a href="#cite_note-moloney29-310">[282]</a> and left many of their bodies in public to deter other informers.<a href="#cite_note-470">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[436]</a> There was also a group of sixteen people known as the <a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared</a> who were secretly buried between 1972 and 1985, which included alleged informers, agents for the security forces, and people that stole IRA weapons and used them in armed robberies.<a href="#cite_note-473">[n 36]</a><a href="#cite_note-english160-474">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[439]</a> In March 1999 the IRA apologised for the "prolonged anguish" caused to the families of the Disappeared, and stated it had identified the burial places of nine people,<a href="#cite_note-476">[440]</a> including the most high-profile victim, <a href="/wiki/Jean_McConville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean McConville">Jean McConville</a>, a Catholic civilian and widowed mother-of-ten.<a href="#cite_note-gillespie-477">[441]</a> This led to the recovery of three bodies later in 1999, although Jean McConville's body was not recovered until August 2003.<a href="#cite_note-gillespie-477">[441]</a> As of 2019, the bodies of <a href="/wiki/Columba_McVeigh" title="Columba McVeigh">Columba McVeigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lynskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Lynskey">Joe Lynskey</a>, and undercover British Army intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac</a> have yet to be recovered.<a href="#cite_note-478">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Splinter_groups">Splinter groups</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissident_republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident republicans">Dissident republicans</a></div> Former IRA volunteers are involved in various dissident republican <a href="/wiki/Splinter_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter group">splinter groups</a>, which are active in the low-level <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">dissident Irish republican campaign</a>. The oldest dissident group is the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuity IRA">Continuity IRA</a>, which formed in 1986 following a split in the republican movement, over the decision to allow members, if elected, to take seats in Dáil Éireann.<a href="#cite_note-horgan1986-479">[443]</a> This group was inactive for several years while acquiring weapons and finance,<a href="#cite_note-480">[444]</a> their first attack was in 1994 during the Provisional IRA's first ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-481">[445]</a> The Real IRA was formed in November 1997 when senior Provisional IRA members, including quartermaster-general <a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a>, resigned over acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[n 37]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[448]</a> The Real IRA is best known for the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a> which killed 29 civilians, and the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Massereene_Barracks_shooting" title="Massereene Barracks shooting">Massereene Barracks shooting</a> which killed two British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-486">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[450]</a> In 2005/6 some Provisional IRA members defected and formed <a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a>, which became active in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-horganonh-488">[451]</a> This group also included former members of the Irish National Liberation Army and a faction that splintered from the Real IRA.<a href="#cite_note-horganonh-488">[451]</a> In 2011 a group calling itself "the IRA" claimed responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ronan_Kerr" title="Murder of Ronan Kerr">murder of Ronan Kerr</a>, a Catholic member of the PSNI.<a href="#cite_note-horganira-489">[452]</a> The group was believed to have formed in 2008, and included former senior Provisional IRA members unhappy at Sinn Féin's direction and the peace process.<a href="#cite_note-horganira-489">[452]</a> Also in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Republican Action Against Drugs">Republican Action Against Drugs</a> (RAAD) was formed in Derry.<a href="#cite_note-horganraad-490">[453]</a> This vigilante group's membership included former Provisional IRA members and members of other republican groups.<a href="#cite_note-horganraad-490">[453]</a> RAAD, "the IRA", and some smaller groups merged with the Real IRA in 2012 to form the <a href="/wiki/New_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="New IRA">New IRA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The Provisional IRA rejected the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, instead claiming its Army Council to be the provisional government of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">revolutionary Irish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-allegiance-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The Irish Free State subsequently changed its name to Ireland and in 1949 became a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> fully independent of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The vote was a show of hands and the result is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> It has been variously reported as twenty-eight votes to twelve,<a href="#cite_note-white1969gac-53">[51]</a> or thirty-nine votes to twelve.<a href="#cite_note-bowyerbell1969-57">[55]</a> The official minutes state out of the forty-six delegates scheduled to attend, thirty-nine were in attendance, and the result of the second vote was twenty-seven votes to twelve.<a href="#cite_note-horgantaylor-55">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Following a convention in September 1970 the "Provisional" Army Council announced that the provisional period had finished, but the name stuck.<a href="#cite_note-mallie137-50">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The Provisional IRA issued all its public statements under the pseudonym "P. O'Neill" of the "Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, Dublin".<a href="#cite_note-poneill-63">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a>, the IRA's director of publicity, came up with the name.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a>, the pseudonym "S. O'Neill" was used during the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-poneill-63">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> When the resolution failed to achieve the necessary two-thirds majority to change Sinn Féin policy the leadership announced a resolution recognising the "Official" Army Council, which would only require a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</a> vote to pass.<a href="#cite_note-taylorsplit-52">[50]</a> At this point <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a> led the walkout after declaring allegiance to the "Provisional" Army Council.<a href="#cite_note-taylorsplit-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The provisional period for "Provisional" Sinn Féin ended at an ard fheis in October 1970, when the Caretaker Executive was dissolved and an <a href="/wiki/Ard_Chomhairle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ard Chomhairle">Ard Chomhairle</a> was elected, with <a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="President of Sinn Féin">president of Sinn Féin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mac_Giolla" title="Tomás Mac Giolla">Tomás Mac Giolla</a>, president of the pre-split Sinn Féin since 1962,<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> continued as president of <a href="/wiki/Official_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Sinn Féin">Official Sinn Féin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> The IRA also used "forties men" for volunteers such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a> who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Northern campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> and "fifties men" for volunteers who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> In the early 1970s insurance companies cancelled <a href="/wiki/Insurance_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance cover">cover</a> for damage caused by bombs in Northern Ireland, so the British government paid compensation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> This was due to the difficulty in identifying members of the IRA, ease of targeting, and many loyalists believing ordinary Catholics were in league with the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-shanahanloyalists-96">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Internment had been effective during the IRA's <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign of 1956–1962</a> as it was used on both sides of the Irish border denying the IRA a safe operational base,<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> but due to Lynch cancelling his plans IRA fugitives had a safe haven south of the border due to public sympathy for the IRA's cause.<a href="#cite_note-moloneyinternment-102">[92]</a> The Republic of Ireland's Extradition Act 1965 contained a <a href="/wiki/Political_offence_exception" title="Political offence exception">political offence exception</a> that prevented IRA members being <a href="/wiki/Extradited" class="mw-redirect" title="Extradited">extradited</a> to Northern Ireland and numerous extradition requests were rejected before <a href="/wiki/Dominic_McGlinchey" title="Dominic McGlinchey">Dominic McGlinchey</a> became the first republican paramilitary to be extradited in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-extradition-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> In 1974 <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a>, an Official IRA member who led a faction opposed to its ceasefire, was expelled and formed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[100]</a> This organisation remained active until 1994 when it began a "no-first-strike" policy, before declaring a ceasefire in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-inla-112">[101]</a> Its armed campaign, which caused the deaths of 113 people, was formally ended in October 2009 and in February 2010 it <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">decommissioned its weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-inla-112">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> After the Official IRA's ceasefire, the Provisional IRA were typically referred to as simply the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> The Army Council withdrew its support for Éire Nua in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> It remained <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> policy until 1982.<a href="#cite_note-122">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Brooke's speech is known as the Whitbread Speech as it was given at the Whitbread Restaurant in London, in front of the British Association of Canned Food Importers & Distributors.<a href="#cite_note-niall-171">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[159]</a> It is regarded as a key moment in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Bradley" title="Denis Bradley">Denis Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Duddy" title="Brendan Duddy">Brendan Duddy</a> were used as intermediaries.<a href="#cite_note-184">[169]</a> The intermediary would receive messages from a British government representative either face-to-face or by using a safe telephone or <a href="/wiki/Fax_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax machine">fax machine</a>, and would forward the messages to the IRA leadership.<a href="#cite_note-taylorpeace-185">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> After its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> in 1923 and at the end of the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border campaign</a> in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">IRA</a> issued orders to retain weapons, and the <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> also retained its weapons following its 1972 ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-boyne403-211">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> The assembly remained suspended until May 2007, when <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> became <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> In 2001 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> was reformed and renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Patten_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Patten Report">Patten Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> In 1992 <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Gaddafi">Colonel Gaddafi</a> is understood to have given the British government a detailed inventory of weapons he'd supplied to the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-231">[212]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> General de Chastelain has also stated weapons might have been lost due to a person responsible for them having died.<a href="#cite_note-236">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a>, the IRA's quartermaster-general who left to form the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a>, was known to have taken <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> from IRA arm dumps.<a href="#cite_note-237">[217]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> The PSNI eventually revealed that McGuigan had been "spoken to" by the police as part of the Davison investigation but only "as a potential witness, not a suspect". A 2021 inquest hearing was told that detectives had not considered Mr McGuigan a suspect in Mr Davison's murder, though the inquest's report added that "others" did. McGuigan's son Pearse subsequently insisted that had "the police acted and published the information they have, it would have dispelled the rumours in the community and saved my father's life." See "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/01/10/news/kevin-mcguigan-s-son-claims-his-father-exonerated-over-gerard-jock-davison-murder-2555709/">Kevin McGuigan's son claims his father 'exonerated' over Gerard 'Jock' Davison murder</a>", <a href="/wiki/Irish_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish News">Irish News</a>, 10 January 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> The number of people injured has been variously reported as 70,<a href="#cite_note-abercorn-262">[240]</a> 130,<a href="#cite_note-bowyerbell87-263">[241]</a> and 136.<a href="#cite_note-264">[242]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> IRA bomb warnings included a code word known to the authorities, so it could be determined if a bomb warning was authentic.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-266">[243]</a> They were also used when issuing public statements to media organisations.<a href="#cite_note-267">[244]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> In addition to bombings and occasional gun attacks in England, the IRA also used hoax <a href="/wiki/Bomb_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb threats">bomb threats</a> to disrupt the transport <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[258]</a> A hoax bomb threat also forced the evacuation of <a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree Racecourse</a>, postponing the <a href="/wiki/1997_Grand_National" title="1997 Grand National">1997 Grand National</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[259]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> In addition to the scheduled General Army Conventions, the Executive, by a <a href="/wiki/Majority_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority vote">majority vote</a> of its 12 members, had the power to order an Extraordinary General Army Convention, which would be attended by the delegates of the previous General Army Convention, where possible.<a href="#cite_note-moloneygac2-290">[265]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Delegates might spend over a day travelling to the General Army Convention, due to the elaborate security and <a href="/wiki/Countersurveillance" title="Countersurveillance">countersurveillance</a> arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-gacsecurity-292">[266]</a> Delegates for the 1996 convention had to stop at four locations in order to change vehicles and be scanned for <a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">covert listening devices</a>, and they were not permitted to bring mobile telephones or other electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-gacsecurity-292">[266]</a> The convention was guarded by the IRA's <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a>, who also monitored the local <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> station.<a href="#cite_note-gacsecurity-292">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Pre-arranged escape plans</a> were in place in case of a <a href="/wiki/Police_raid" title="Police raid">police raid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gacsecurity-292">[266]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> The Executive and Army Council elected in September 1970 remained in place until 1986, filling vacancies by <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-option</a> when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-301">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[275]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a> did not have similar security problems as other brigades for a variety of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-leahy187–188-319">[291]</a> The locals were familiar with the terrain, in particular potential locations for <a href="/wiki/Observation_post" title="Observation post">covert observation posts</a> used by soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-harnden122–125-320">[292]</a> Local farmers frequently searched using dogs, and were known to pass on the locations of soldiers to the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-harnden122–125-320">[292]</a> The small, close-knit communities also made it difficult for undercover soldiers to operate, as unfamiliar people and vehicles were immediately noticed by the locals.<a href="#cite_note-harnden122–125-320">[292]</a> The brigade also introduced new recruits slowly, training them over a period of several years with more experienced volunteers which built up mutual trust.<a href="#cite_note-harnden34–35-321">[293]</a> This, combined with the brigade's willingness to halt an operation if they feared it was compromised or conditions were not ideal, resulted in few arrests in the area.<a href="#cite_note-harnden34–35-321">[293]</a> The lack of arrests, as well as IRA volunteers living across the border in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, meant it was difficult for the security forces to recruit informers.<a href="#cite_note-leahy187–188-319">[291]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Prior to May 1972 IRA volunteers in the Republic of Ireland were tried in normal courts. The three judge Special Criminal Court was re-introduced following a series of regional court cases where IRA volunteers were acquitted or received light sentences from <a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification" title="Jury nullification">sympathetic juries</a> and judges, and also to prevent <a href="/wiki/Jury_tampering" title="Jury tampering">jury tampering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[302]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> There were occasional exceptions to this, there are several instances of female IRA volunteers being permitted to ask for <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> and/or present a defence. This generally happened where the volunteer had children whose father was dead or imprisoned. There are some other cases where male IRA volunteers were permitted to present a defence.<a href="#cite_note-Ó_Faoleán-335">[305]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> There were occasional exceptions to this, such as in 1994 when US president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> instructed the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> to issue a visa to <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a>, despite his <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal record</a> including a conviction for the murder of an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a> officer in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-feeney-340">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[310]</a> Cahill, who had been banned from entering the US since 1971, was permitted entry to brief <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a> supporters about the impending IRA ceasefire at a critical point in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-feeney-340">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcerlath-342">[311]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Leadership positions <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> was reported to have held in the IRA include <a href="/wiki/Officer_commanding" title="Officer commanding">officer commanding</a> (OC) of the <a href="/wiki/Derry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a> (1970–1971), director of operations (1972), OC of <a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">Northern Command</a> (1976), member of the <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">Army Council</a> (1977 onwards), and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">chief-of-staff</a> (late 1970s–1982).<a href="#cite_note-355">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[324]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> At the same time there were 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular army</a> soldiers deployed in Northern Ireland, in addition to 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> soldiers and 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> officers.<a href="#cite_note-358">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> Thirty-five people implicated by Gilmour were acquitted following a six-month trial in 1984, with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lowry">Lord Lowry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland">Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland</a>, describing Gilmour as a "man to whose lips a lie invariably came more naturally than the truth".<a href="#cite_note-451">[417]</a> While some convictions were obtained in other supergrass trials, the verdicts were overturned by Northern Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a>. This was due to convictions being based solely on the evidence of dubious witnesses, as most supergrasses were paramilitaries giving evidence in return for a shorter prison sentence or <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity from prosecution">immunity from prosecution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leahy-452">[418]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> One of the Disappeared, Seamus Ruddy, was killed by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[437]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> The Mitchell Principles were ground rules written by US senator <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a> governing the entry of political parties to all-party talks, which included a commitment to non-violence and the decommissioning of weapons.<a href="#cite_note-482">[446]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-constitution-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constitution_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoloney2007">Moloney 2007</a>, pp. 602–608. </li> <li id="cite_note-moloneygac-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneygac_2-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoloney2007">Moloney 2007</a>, pp. 377–379. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2017">White 2017</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-allegiance-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allegiance_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allegiance_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allegiance_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish2003">English 2003</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-extradition-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extradition_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extradition_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallieBishop1988">Mallie & Bishop 1988</a>, pp. 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-bowyerbellengland-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowyerbellengland_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowyerbellengland_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowyer_Bell2000">Bowyer Bell 2000</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-cooganeurope-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cooganeurope_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganeurope_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganeurope_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan2000">Coogan 2000</a>, pp. 588–589. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1999">O'Brien 1999</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-socialism-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-socialism_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-socialism_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish2003">English 2003</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-moloneyxviii-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moloneyxviii_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneyxviii_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneyxviii_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoloney2007">Moloney 2007</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-cooganlinks-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cooganlinks_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganlinks_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganlinks_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganlinks_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooganlinks_12-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan2000">Coogan 2000</a>, p. 436. </li> <li 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Irish Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libyan+leader+Gaddafi%27s+IRA+support+revealed+in+secret+Irish+State+Papers&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.au=Paddy+Clancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fgaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McCullagh,_Conor_McMorrow_and_Justin_McCarthy2021" class="citation news cs1">David McCullagh, Conor McMorrow and Justin McCarthy (28 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1228/1267955-state-papers-libya-ira/">"Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extent+of+Libyan+backing+for+IRA+%27shocked%27+British&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.au=David+McCullagh%2C+Conor+McMorrow+and+Justin+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2021%2F1228%2F1267955-state-papers-libya-ira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence">"Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>. 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+Extent+of+Gaddafi%27s+financial+support+for+IRA+stunned+British+intelligence&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Flibya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1998">Taylor 1998</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoloney2007">Moloney 2007</a>, pp. 421–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland1989">Holland 1989</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2001" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Jack (1 February 2001). 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Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8812-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-8812-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+and+the+War+for+Legitimacy&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8812-8&rft.au=Andrew+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mitrovica2001" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Mitrovica (13 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say/article4154732/">"Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+let+IRA+members+slip+through%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2001-10-13&rft.au=Andrew+Mitrovica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcanada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say%2Farticle4154732%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungJesser1997" class="citation book cs1">Young, Peter; Jesser, Peter (13 October 1997). The Media and the Military. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+the+Military&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997-10-13&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Jesser%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 2015. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945"><bdi>9-7813-1744-8945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Ireland+%28RLE%3A+Terrorism+%26+Insurgency%29&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9-7813-1744-8945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Wilson2022" class="citation book cs1">David A. Wilson (30 May 2022). Canadian Spy Story: Irish Revolutionaries and the Secret Police. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-2801-3617" title="Special:BookSources/9-7802-2801-3617"><bdi>9-7802-2801-3617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Spy+Story%3A+Irish+Revolutionaries+and+the+Secret+Police&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.isbn=9-7802-2801-3617&rft.au=David+A.+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_G._Molinaro2021" class="citation book cs1">Dennis G. Molinaro (2021). Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718" title="Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718"><bdi>9-7814-8752-3718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+in+the+Parks%3A+The+Five+Eyes+and+Cold+War+Counter-Intelligence&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9-7814-8752-3718&rft.au=Dennis+G.+Molinaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Bell2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Bell (28 February 2008). Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223" title="Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223"><bdi>9-7804-7015-6223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Terror%3A+How+Canada+Nurtures+and+Exports+Terrorism+Around+the+World&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=9-7804-7015-6223&rft.au=Stewart+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_SandersF._Stuart_Ross2020" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew Sanders; F. Stuart Ross (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321">"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict"</a>. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 201. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321">27041321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Dimension+to+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=201&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27041321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Andrew+Sanders&rft.au=F.+Stuart+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27041321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Mackay2019" class="citation news cs1">Neil Mackay (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland/">"Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+story%3A+Why+the+IRA+never+attacked+Scotland&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft.au=Neil+Mackay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geraghty-396">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geraghty_396-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-geraghty_396-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeraghty1998">Geraghty 1998</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallieBishop1988">Mallie & Bishop 1988</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2006">White 2006</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-boyneplo-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boyneplo_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boyneplo_399-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyne2006">Boyne 2006</a>, pp. 168–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoogan2000">Coogan 2000</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyne2006">Boyne 2006</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimer2008">Oppenheimer 2008</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-moloneyfarc-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moloneyfarc_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moloneyfarc_403-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoloney2007">Moloney 2007</a>, pp. 511–512. </li> <li id="cite_note-oppenheimerfarc-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oppenheimerfarc_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oppenheimerfarc_404-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oppenheimerfarc_404-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOppenheimer2008">Oppenheimer 2008</a>, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 78 and 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=78+and+101&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-connelly-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-connelly_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-connelly_406-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-connelly_406-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-connelly_406-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnelly2012">Connelly 2012</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dingley_2012_195-407"><a href="#cite_ref-Dingley_2012_195_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDingley2012">Dingley 2012</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBierstekerEckertWilliams2007">Biersteker, Eckert & Williams 2007</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowyer_Bell1997">Bowyer Bell 1997</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Faoleán2019">Ó Faoleán 2019</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrampton2009">Frampton 2009</a>, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Leary2019b">O'Leary 2019b</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Hutton2017" class="citation news cs1">Brian Hutton (29 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cost-of-running-ira-was-up-to-3m-a-year-in-1980s-1.3333565">"Cost of running IRA was 'up to £3m a year' in 1980s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cost+of+running+IRA+was+%27up+to+%C2%A33m+a+year%27+in+1980s&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.au=Brian+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fcost-of-running-ira-was-up-to-3m-a-year-in-1980s-1.3333565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. Merrion Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDingley2012">Dingley 2012</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehy2008">Sheehy 2008</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnglish2003">English 2003</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyne2006">Boyne 2006</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorganTaylor1999">Horgan & Taylor 1999</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Leary2019b">O'Leary 2019b</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrampton2009">Frampton 2009</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBean2007">Bean 2007</a>, pp. 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIndependent_Monitoring_Commission2006">Independent Monitoring Commission 2006</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland | BERNADETTE C. HAYES & IAN MCALLISTER | 1999 | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/staffpages/uploads/soc207/polviolence.pdf">Link</a> | p=607. </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> ATTITUDES IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND RELEVANT TO THE NORTHERN IRELAND PROBLEM' VOL. I – Descriptive Analysis and Some Comparisons with Attitudes in Northern Ireland and Great Britain | E. E. DAVIS and R. SINNOTT |1979 | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/84097/GRS97.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Link</a> | p=99. </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2022" class="citation news cs1">Breen, Suzanne (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/seven-in-10-nationalists-agree-with-michelle-oneill-that-there-was-no-alternative-to-iras-campaign-of-violence-new-poll-reveals/41924287.html">"Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals"</a>. 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Gunrunners: The Covert Arms Trail to Ireland. <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Press">O'Brien Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-908-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-908-7"><bdi>0-86278-908-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunrunners%3A+The+Covert+Arms+Trail+to+Ireland&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86278-908-7&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Joseph M. (2020). Force of Words: The Logic of Terrorist Threats. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231193696" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231193696"><bdi>978-0231193696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+of+Words%3A+The+Logic+of+Terrorist+Threats&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0231193696&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Anne (24 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/regionals/argus/news/no-info-provos-involved-in-crimes-31018052.html">"'No info' provos involved in crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=%27No+info%27+provos+involved+in+crimes&rft.date=2015-02-24&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fregionals%2Fargus%2Fnews%2Fno-info-provos-involved-in-crimes-31018052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2010" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Mary-Alice C. (2010). Peace Without Consensus: Power Sharing Politics in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754678311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754678311"><bdi>978-0754678311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Without+Consensus%3A+Power+Sharing+Politics+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0754678311&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Mary-Alice+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeJohnston2001" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Liam; Johnston, Kathryn (2001). Martin McGuinness: From Guns to Government. <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing" title="Mainstream Publishing">Mainstream Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781840-184730" title="Special:BookSources/9-781840-184730"><bdi>9-781840-184730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+McGuinness%3A+From+Guns+to+Government&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9-781840-184730&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Connelly" title="Mark Connelly">Connelly, Mark</a> (2012). The IRA on Film and Television: A History. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786447367" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786447367"><bdi>978-0786447367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+IRA+on+Film+and+Television%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0786447367&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2015" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Vicky (2015). Policing Twentieth Century Ireland: A History of An Garda Síochána. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138899988" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138899988"><bdi>978-1138899988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+Twentieth+Century+Ireland%3A+A+History+of+An+Garda+S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1138899988&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a> (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin's Griffin">St. Martin's Griffin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312294182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312294182"><bdi>978-0312294182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles%3A+Ireland%27s+Ordeal+and+the+Search+for+Peace&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0312294182&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a> (2000). The I.R.A. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006531555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006531555"><bdi>978-0006531555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+I.R.A.&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0006531555&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxGuelkeStephen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Cox, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Guelke" title="Adrian Guelke">Guelke, Adrian</a>; Stephen, Fiona (2006). A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719071157" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719071157"><bdi>978-0719071157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Farewell+to+Arms%3F+Beyond+the+Good+Friday+Agreement&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0719071157&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Guelke%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Stephen%2C+Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempster2019" class="citation book cs1">Dempster, Lauren (2019). Transitional Justice and the 'Disappeared' of Northern Ireland: Silence, Memory, and the Construction of the Past. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815375647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815375647"><bdi>978-0815375647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitional+Justice+and+the+%27Disappeared%27+of+Northern+Ireland%3A+Silence%2C+Memory%2C+and+the+Construction+of+the+Past&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0815375647&rft.aulast=Dempster&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dillon" title="Martin Dillon">Dillon, Martin</a> (1990). The Dirty War. <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow Books">Arrow Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-984520-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-984520-2"><bdi>0-09-984520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dirty+War&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-09-984520-2&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dillon" title="Martin Dillon">Dillon, Martin</a> (1996). 25 Years of Terror: The IRA's war against the British. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-40773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-40773-0"><bdi>978-0-553-40773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Years+of+Terror%3A+The+IRA%27s+war+against+the+British&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-553-40773-0&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingley2008" class="citation book cs1">Dingley, James (2008). Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415367332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415367332"><bdi>978-0415367332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combating+Terrorism+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0415367332&rft.aulast=Dingley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingley2012" class="citation book cs1">Dingley, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irairishrepublic0000ding">The IRA: The Irish Republican Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313387036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313387036"><bdi>978-0313387036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+IRA%3A+The+Irish+Republican+Army&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313387036&rft.aulast=Dingley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firairishrepublic0000ding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">English, Richard</a> (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49388-4"><bdi>0-330-49388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Struggle%3A+The+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-330-49388-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksson2009" class="citation book cs1">Eriksson, Anna (2009). Justice in Transition: Community restorative justice in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Willan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Willan Publishing">Willan Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843925187" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843925187"><bdi>978-1843925187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+in+Transition%3A+Community+restorative+justice+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1843925187&rft.aulast=Eriksson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayMorrisseySmyth1999" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Marie-Therese; Morrissey, Mike; <a href="/wiki/Marie_Breen_Smyth" title="Marie Breen Smyth">Smyth, Marie</a> (1999). Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745313795" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745313795"><bdi>978-0745313795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+Troubles%3A+The+Human+Costs&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0745313795&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Marie-Therese&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+Mike&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2002" class="citation book cs1">Feeney, Brian (2002). Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years. <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Press">O'Brien Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862786953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862786953"><bdi>978-0862786953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in%3A+A+Hundred+Turbulent+Years&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0862786953&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlay1993" class="citation book cs1">Findlay, Mark (1993). Alternative Policing Styles: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9065447104" title="Special:BookSources/978-9065447104"><bdi>978-9065447104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Policing+Styles%3A+Cross-Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9065447104&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrampton2009" class="citation book cs1">Frampton, Martyn (2009). The Long March: The Political Strategy of Sinn Féin, 1981-2007. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230202177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230202177"><bdi>978-0230202177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+March%3A+The+Political+Strategy+of+Sinn+F%C3%A9in%2C+1981-2007&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230202177&rft.aulast=Frampton&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghty1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Geraghty" title="Tony Geraghty">Geraghty, Tony</a> (1998). The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638674-2"><bdi>978-0-00-638674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War%3A+The+Military+History+of+a+Domestic+Conflict&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638674-2&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2009" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Gordon (2009). The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810868823"><bdi>978-0810868823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810868823&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, Michael (2001). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War - America, Britain, Israel and the Future (Studies in Military History and International Affairs). <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275973780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275973780"><bdi>978-0275973780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Reason+Fails%3A+Portraits+of+Armies+at+War+-+America%2C+Britain%2C+Israel+and+the+Future+%28Studies+in+Military+History+and+International+Affairs%29&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0275973780&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2001" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Patrick (2001). Rhetoric and Violence in Northern Ireland, 1968-98: Hardened to Death. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-42006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-42006-3"><bdi>978-1-349-42006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+Violence+in+Northern+Ireland%2C+1968-98%3A+Hardened+to+Death&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-349-42006-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamill2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Hamill" title="Heather Hamill">Hamill, Heather</a> (2010). The Hoods: Crime and Punishment in Belfast: Crime and Punishment in West Belfast. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691119632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691119632"><bdi>978-0691119632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hoods%3A+Crime+and+Punishment+in+Belfast%3A+Crime+and+Punishment+in+West+Belfast&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0691119632&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(Northern_Ireland_police_officer)" title="George Hamilton (Northern Ireland police officer)">Hamilton, George</a> (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824022205/http://www.psni.police.uk/index/news-archive/newpage-4/august-2015/chief_constable_s_statement___psni_s_assessment_of_the_current_status_of_the_provisional_ira.">"Chief Constable's statement – PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psni.police.uk/index/news-archive/newpage-4/august-2015/chief_constable_s_statement___psni_s_assessment_of_the_current_status_of_the_provisional_ira.">the original</a> on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chief+Constable%27s+statement+%E2%80%93+PSNI%27s+assessment+of+the+current+status+of+the+Provisional+IRA&rft.pub=Police+Service+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psni.police.uk%2Findex%2Fnews-archive%2Fnewpage-4%2Faugust-2015%2Fchief_constable_s_statement___psni_s_assessment_of_the_current_status_of_the_provisional_ira.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanleyMillar2010" class="citation book cs1">Hanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2010). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141028453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141028453"><bdi>978-0141028453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Revolution%3A+The+Story+of+the+Official+IRA+and+the+Workers%27+Party&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0141028453&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Millar%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2002" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Thomas (9 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ireland/1406680/IRAs-hardline-faction-gets-a-stronger-voice.html">"IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=IRA%27s+hardline+faction+gets+a+stronger+voice&rft.date=2002-09-09&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fireland%2F1406680%2FIRAs-hardline-faction-gets-a-stronger-voice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnden1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Harnden" title="Toby Harnden">Harnden, Toby</a> (1999). Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71736-X"><bdi>0-340-71736-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandit+Country%3A+The+IRA+%26+South+Armagh&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-340-71736-X&rft.aulast=Harnden&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1980" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, David (1980). Terrorists and Freedom Fighters : People, Politics and Powers Series. Main Line Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853406525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853406525"><bdi>978-0853406525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorists+and+Freedom+Fighters+%3A+People%2C+Politics+and+Powers+Series&rft.pub=Main+Line+Book+Co&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0853406525&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesMcAllister2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Bernadette C.; <a href="/wiki/Ian_McAllister_(political_scientist)" title="Ian McAllister (political scientist)">McAllister, Ian</a> (2005). "Public Support for Political Violence and Paramilitarism in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 17 (4): 599–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F095465590944569">10.1080/095465590944569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:331741">331741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Public+Support+for+Political+Violence+and+Paramilitarism+in+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Republic+of+Ireland&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=599-617&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F095465590944569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A331741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Bernadette+C.&rft.au=McAllister%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy2013" class="citation book cs1">Hennessy, Thomas (2013). Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher's Battle with the IRA: 1980-1981. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press" title="Irish Academic Press">Irish Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716531760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716531760"><bdi>978-0716531760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunger+Strike%3A+Margaret+Thatcher%27s+Battle+with+the+IRA%3A+1980-1981&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0716531760&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)" title="Jack Holland (writer)">Holland, Jack</a> (1989). The American Connection: US Guns, Money and Influence in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Press" title="Poolbeg Press">Poolbeg Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853710568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853710568"><bdi>978-1853710568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Connection%3A+US+Guns%2C+Money+and+Influence+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Poolbeg+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1853710568&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandMcDonald2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)" title="Jack Holland (writer)">Holland, Jack</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_McDonald_(writer)" title="Henry McDonald (writer)">McDonald, Henry</a> (2010). INLA Deadly Divisions. <a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Press" title="Poolbeg Press">Poolbeg Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842234389" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842234389"><bdi>978-1842234389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INLA+Deadly+Divisions&rft.pub=Poolbeg+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1842234389&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorganTaylor1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Horgan (political psychologist)">Horgan, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Taylor_(psychologist)" title="Max Taylor (psychologist)">Taylor, Max</a> (1997). "Proceedings of the Irish Republican Army General Army Convention, December 1969". <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 9 (4): 151–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559708427434">10.1080/09546559708427434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Irish+Republican+Army+General+Army+Convention%2C+December+1969&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=151-158&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546559708427434&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorganTaylor1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Horgan (political psychologist)">Horgan, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Taylor_(psychologist)" title="Max Taylor (psychologist)">Taylor, Max</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911211621/http://www.apgml.org/frameworks/docs/7/IRA%20financing%20models.pdf">"Playing the 'Green Card' – Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 11 (2): 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559908427502">10.1080/09546559908427502</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apgml.org/frameworks/docs/7/IRA%20financing%20models.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Playing+the+%27Green+Card%27+%E2%80%93+Financing+the+Provisional+IRA%3A+Part+1&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546559908427502&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apgml.org%2Fframeworks%2Fdocs%2F7%2FIRA%2520financing%2520models.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(political_psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Horgan (political psychologist)">Horgan, John</a> (2013). Divided We Stand: The Strategy and Psychology of Ireland's Dissident Terrorists. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199772858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199772858"><bdi>978-0199772858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+We+Stand%3A+The+Strategy+and+Psychology+of+Ireland%27s+Dissident+Terrorists&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199772858&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_Monitoring_Commission2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Commission" title="Independent Monitoring Commission">Independent Monitoring Commission</a> (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/imc/imc041006.pdf">"Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twelfth+report+of+the+Independent+Monitoring+Commission&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Independent+Monitoring+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fpolitics%2Fdocs%2Fimc%2Fimc041006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngramHarkin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ingram" title="Martin Ingram">Ingram, Martin</a>; Harkin, Greg (2004). Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Press">O'Brien Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862788438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862788438"><bdi>978-0862788438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stakeknife%3A+Britain%27s+Secret+Agents+in+Ireland&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0862788438&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Harkin%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonBreen_SmythGunning2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Marie_Breen_Smyth" title="Marie Breen Smyth">Breen Smyth, Marie</a>; Gunning, Jeroen (2009). Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415455077" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415455077"><bdi>978-0415455077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Terrorism+Studies%3A+A+New+Research+Agenda&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415455077&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Breen+Smyth%2C+Marie&rft.au=Gunning%2C+Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liam_Kennedy_(historian)" title="Liam Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, Liam</a> (2020). Who Was Responsible for the Troubles? The Northern Ireland Conflict. <a href="/wiki/McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s_University_Press" title="McGill–Queen's University Press">McGill–Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0228003687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0228003687"><bdi>978-0228003687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Responsible+for+the+Troubles%3F+The+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0228003687&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kowalski, Rachel Caroline (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:663d1e8c-a973-495f-821d-c7c7678945f9">"The role of sectarianism in the Provisional IRA campaign, 1969–1997"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 30 (4): 658–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1205979">10.1080/09546553.2016.1205979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147762525">147762525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=The+role+of+sectarianism+in+the+Provisional+IRA+campaign%2C+1969%E2%80%931997&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=658-683&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1205979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147762525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A663d1e8c-a973-495f-821d-c7c7678945f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahy2020" class="citation book cs1">Leahy, Thomas (2020). The Intelligence War against the IRA. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108487504" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108487504"><bdi>978-1108487504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intelligence+War+against+the+IRA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108487504&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamonn_McCann" title="Eamonn McCann">McCann, Eamonn</a> (1993). War and an Irish Town. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745307251" title="Special:BookSources/9780745307251"><bdi>9780745307251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+an+Irish+Town&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780745307251&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcErlath2000" class="citation book cs1">McErlath, Karen (2000). Unsafe Haven: The United States, the IRA and Political Prisoners. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745313221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745313221"><bdi>978-0745313221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsafe+Haven%3A+The+United+States%2C+the+IRA+and+Political+Prisoners&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0745313221&rft.aulast=McErlath&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGladdery2006" class="citation book cs1">McGladdery, Gary (2006). The Provisional IRA in England: The Bombing Campaign 1973–1997. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press" title="Irish Academic Press">Irish Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716533733" title="Special:BookSources/9780716533733"><bdi>9780716533733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA+in+England%3A+The+Bombing+Campaign+1973%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780716533733&rft.aulast=McGladdery&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKearney2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">McKearney, Tommy</a> (2011). The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3074-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-3074-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA%3A+From+Insurrection+to+Parliament&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3074-7&rft.aulast=McKearney&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickKeltersFeeneyThornton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">McKittrick, David</a>; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian; Thornton, Chris; McVea, David (2004). <a href="/wiki/Lost_Lives" title="Lost Lives">Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing" title="Mainstream Publishing">Mainstream Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1840185041" title="Special:BookSources/978-1840185041"><bdi>978-1840185041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+Who+Died+as+a+Result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1840185041&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kelters%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Feeney%2C+Brian&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Chris&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickMcVea2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">McKittrick, David</a>; McVea, David (2012). Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241962657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241962657"><bdi>978-0241962657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Troubles%3A+A+History+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0241962657&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallieBishop1988" class="citation book cs1">Mallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988). The Provisional IRA. <a href="/wiki/Corgi_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Corgi Books">Corgi Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2"><bdi>0-7475-3818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7475-3818-2&rft.aulast=Mallie&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoloney2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Moloney, Ed</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/A_Secret_History_of_the_IRA" title="A Secret History of the IRA">A Secret History of the IRA</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141028767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141028767"><bdi>978-0141028767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secret+History+of+the+IRA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0141028767&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulroe2017" class="citation book cs1">Mulroe, Patrick (2017). Bombs, Bullets and the Border: Policing Ireland's Frontier. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press" title="Irish Academic Press">Irish Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911024491" title="Special:BookSources/978-1911024491"><bdi>978-1911024491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombs%2C+Bullets+and+the+Border%3A+Policing+Ireland%27s+Frontier&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1911024491&rft.aulast=Mulroe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunck1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Munck" title="Ronaldo Munck">Munck, Ronnie</a> (1992). "The Making of the Troubles in Northern Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 27 (2): 211–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949202700201">10.1177/002200949202700201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260908">260908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154412345">154412345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Troubles+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-229&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154412345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949202700201&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordstromMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Nordstrom, Carolyn; Martin, JoAnn (1992). The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520073166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520073166"><bdi>978-0520073166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paths+to+Domination%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Terror&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0520073166&rft.aulast=Nordstrom&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Martin%2C+JoAnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Brien_(Irish_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brendan O'Brien (Irish journalist)">O'Brien, Brendan</a> (1999). The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin. <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Press">O'Brien Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-606-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-606-1"><bdi>0-86278-606-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+War+%E2%80%93+The+IRA+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-86278-606-1&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Dochartaigh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ó Dochartaigh, Niall (2015). "The Longest Negotiation: British Policy, IRA Strategy and the Making of the Northern Ireland Peace Settlement". <a href="/wiki/Political_Studies_(journal)" title="Political Studies (journal)">Political Studies</a>. 63 (1): 202–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.12091">10.1111/1467-9248.12091</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F6839">10379/6839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220121839">220121839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Longest+Negotiation%3A+British+Policy%2C+IRA+Strategy+and+the+Making+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Peace+Settlement&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=202-220&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10379%2F6839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220121839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9248.12091&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Dochartaigh&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Ó Faoleán, Gearóid (2019). A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980. <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrion Press">Merrion Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785372452" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785372452"><bdi>978-1785372452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1785372452&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Gear%C3%B3id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2019a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">O'Leary, Brendan</a> (2019a). A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I: Colonialism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199243341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199243341"><bdi>978-0199243341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Northern+Ireland%2C+Volume+I%3A+Colonialism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0199243341&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2019b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">O'Leary, Brendan</a> (2019b). A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III: Consociation and Confederation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198830580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198830580"><bdi>978-0198830580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Northern+Ireland%2C+Volume+III%3A+Consociation+and+Confederation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0198830580&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_O%27Sullivan" title="Noël O'Sullivan">O'Sullivan, Noël</a> (1986). Terrorism, Ideology And Revolution: The Origins Of Modern Political Violence. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367289928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367289928"><bdi>978-0367289928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Ideology+And+Revolution%3A+The+Origins+Of+Modern+Political+Violence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0367289928&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer" title="Andy Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, A.R.</a> (2008). IRA: The Bombs and the Bullets: A History of Deadly Ingenuity. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press" title="Irish Academic Press">Irish Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716528951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716528951"><bdi>978-0716528951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRA%3A+The+Bombs+and+the+Bullets%3A+A+History+of+Deadly+Ingenuity&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0716528951&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Oppenheimer" title="Andy Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Andy</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808044939/http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/article/IRA+TECHNOLOGY/177490/18521/article.html">"IRA Technology"</a>. The Counter Terrorist. 2 (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-8639">1941-8639</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/article/IRA+TECHNOLOGY/177490/18521/article.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Counter+Terrorist&rft.atitle=IRA+Technology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1941-8639&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ipcprintservices.com%2Farticle%2FIRA%2BTECHNOLOGY%2F177490%2F18521%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Patterson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Patterson (historian) (page does not exist)">Patterson, Henry</a> (2010). "Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland". <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 22 (3): 337–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546551003659335">10.1080/09546551003659335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145671577">145671577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Sectarianism+Revisited%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+Campaign+in+a+Border+Region+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-356&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546551003659335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145671577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilligan2013" class="citation book cs1">Quilligan, Michael (2013). Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence. Clarity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985335397" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985335397"><bdi>978-0985335397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Shadows%3A+The+Corrupt+Use+of+Intelligence&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0985335397&rft.aulast=Quilligan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1984" class="citation book cs1">Reed, David (1984). Ireland: The Key to the British Revolution. Larkin Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0905400044" title="Special:BookSources/978-0905400044"><bdi>978-0905400044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+The+Key+to+the+British+Revolution&rft.pub=Larkin+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0905400044&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinisch2018" class="citation web cs1">Reinisch, Dieter (7 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://me.eui.eu/dieter-reinisch/blog/irish-tet/">"Dreaming of an "Irish Tet Offensive": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dreaming+of+an+%22Irish+Tet+Offensive%22%3A+Irish+Republican+prisoners+%26+the+origins+of+the+Peace+Process&rft.pub=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.aulast=Reinisch&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fme.eui.eu%2Fdieter-reinisch%2Fblog%2Firish-tet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan2003" class="citation book cs1">Rowan, Brian (2003). The Armed Peace: Life and Death after the Ceasefires. <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing" title="Mainstream Publishing">Mainstream Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-754-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84018-754-9"><bdi>1-84018-754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Peace%3A+Life+and+Death+after+the+Ceasefires&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84018-754-9&rft.aulast=Rowan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Andrew (2012). Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans And The War For Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+The+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+And+The+War+For+Legitimacy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4696-8&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2019" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Andrew (2019). The Long Peace Process: The United States of America and Northern Ireland, 1960-2008. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-044-5"><bdi>978-1-78694-044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Peace+Process%3A+The+United+States+of+America+and+Northern+Ireland%2C+1960-2008&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-044-5&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanahan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shanahan_(philosopher)" title="Timothy Shanahan (philosopher)">Shanahan, Timothy</a> (2008). The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Morality of Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748635306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748635306"><bdi>978-0748635306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+Irish+Republican+Army+and+the+Morality+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748635306&rft.aulast=Shanahan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehy2008" class="citation book cs1">Sheehy, Kevin (2008). More Questions Than Answers: Reflections on a Life in the RUC. <a href="/wiki/Gill_%26_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill & Macmillan">Gill & Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717143962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717143962"><bdi>978-0717143962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Questions+Than+Answers%3A+Reflections+on+a+Life+in+the+RUC&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0717143962&rft.aulast=Sheehy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairAntonius2013" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (2013). The Political Psychology of Terrorism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199925926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199925926"><bdi>978-0199925926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Psychology+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199925926&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Justin&rft.au=Antonius%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.L.R. (1995). Fighting for Ireland: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415091619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415091619"><bdi>978-0415091619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Ireland%3A+The+Military+Strategy+of+the+Irish+Republican+Movement&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415091619&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAIN:_Crosstabulations_(two-way_tables)" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Crosstabulations+%28two-way+tables%29&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAIN:_Organisation_Responsible_for_the_death." class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Responsible.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Organisation+responsible+for+the+death&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FOrganisation_Responsible.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAIN:_Revised_and_Updated_Extracts_from_Sutton's_Book." class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/book/">"Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revised+and+Updated+Extracts+from+Sutton%27s+Book&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAIN:_Select_and_Crosstabulations" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/selecttabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Select+and+Crosstabulations&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fselecttabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAIN:_Status_of_the_person_killed." class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Status+of+the+person+killed&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FStatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1993). States of Terror. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-36774-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-36774-1"><bdi>0-563-36774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+of+Terror&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-563-36774-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1998). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2"><bdi>0-7475-3818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provos+The+IRA+%26+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7475-3818-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brits00pete">Brits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-5806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-5806-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-5806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brits&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-5806-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrits00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonge2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tonge" title="Jonathan Tonge">Tonge, Johnathan</a> (2001). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582424005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582424005"><bdi>978-0582424005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Conflict+and+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0582424005&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongeMurray2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tonge" title="Jonathan Tonge">Tonge, Johnathan</a>; Murray, Gerard (2005). Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-649-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+and+the+SDLP%3A+From+Alienation+to+Participation&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-649-4&rft.aulast=Tonge&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft.au=Murray%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Weitzer" title="Ronald Weitzer">Weitzer, Ronald John</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/policingunderfir0000weit">Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/079142247X" title="Special:BookSources/079142247X"><bdi>079142247X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+Under+Fire%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+and+Police-Community+Relations+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=079142247X&rft.aulast=Weitzer&rft.aufirst=Ronald+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolicingunderfir0000weit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1993" class="citation book cs1">White, Robert (1993). Provisional Irish Republicans: An Oral and Interpretive History. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313285646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313285646"><bdi>978-0313285646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provisional+Irish+Republicans%3A+An+Oral+and+Interpretive+History&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0313285646&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1997" class="citation journal cs1">White, Robert (1997). "The Irish Republican Army: An assessment of sectarianism". <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Terrorism and Political Violence">Terrorism and Political Violence</a>. 9 (1): 20–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546559708427385">10.1080/09546559708427385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Republican+Army%3A+An+assessment+of+sectarianism&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-55&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546559708427385&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation book cs1">White, Robert (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253347084" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253347084"><bdi>978-0253347084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruair%C3%AD+%C3%93+Br%C3%A1daigh%3A+The+Life+and+Politics+of+an+Irish+Revolutionary&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0253347084&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Robert (2017). Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement. <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrion Press">Merrion Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785370939" title="Special:BookSources/9781785370939"><bdi>9781785370939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Ashes%3A+An+Oral+History+of+the+Provisional+Irish+Republican+Movement&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781785370939&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonRutherfordStoreyWortley2020" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Steve; Rutherford, Helen; Storey, Tony; Wortley, Natalie; Kotecha, Birju (2020). English Legal System. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198853800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198853800"><bdi>978-0198853800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Legal+System&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0198853800&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Helen&rft.au=Storey%2C+Tony&rft.au=Wortley%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Kotecha%2C+Birju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Irish+Republican+Army" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/organ/ira/statements.htm">CAIN (Conflict Archive Internet) Archive of IRA statements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ira/">Behind the Mask: The IRA & Sinn Fein</a>—<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a> documentary on the subject</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214182616/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552676">The IRA and American funding</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dean_Peter_Krogh_Foreign_Affairs_Digital_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bell, J. Bowyer</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850609508435269">Dragonworld (II): Deception, Tradecraft, and the Provisional IRA</a>". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence" title="International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence">International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence</a>. Volume 8, No. 1., Spring 1995. pp. 21–50. Published online 9 January 2008. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233361040_Dragonworld_%28II%29_Deception_tradecraft_and_the_provisional_IRA">available at</a> <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091152/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/misc/opbanner.pdf">"Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PIRA" title="Template:PIRA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PIRA" title="Template talk:PIRA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA)" title="The Green Book (IRA)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Haughey arms crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">IRA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_IRA_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional IRA actions">Chronology of Provisional IRA actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation">Arms importation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_used_by_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">Barrack buster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">Blanket protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">Dirty protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Southern_Command" title="IRA Southern Command">IRA Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">Active service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_East_Tyrone_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">1970 Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Honey_Trap_killings" title="Provisional IRA Honey Trap killings">Honey Trap killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">1973 Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Houses of Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow School bombing">Harrow School bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s_Club_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks's Club bombing">Brooks's Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Airways_bombing_attempt" title="1974 British Airways bombing attempt">British Airways bombing attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">London pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone exchange bombings">Telephone exchange bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Oxford_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Oxford Street bombing">1974 Oxford Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_land_mine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhill land mine attack">Forkhill attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">London Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trattoria_Fiore_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trattoria Fiore bombing">Trattoria Fiore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Oyster_Bar_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott's Oyster Bar bombing">Scott's Oyster Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Crossmaglen_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Crossmaglen ambush">Crossmaglen ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessbrook_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessbrook landmine attack">1981 Bessbrook attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Royal_Artillery_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Royal Artillery Barracks bombing">Royal Artillery Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_attack_on_Enniskillen_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar attack on Enniskillen barracks">Enniskillen mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">RUC Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglis Barracks bombing">Inglis Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Barracks bombing">Clive Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayobridge_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayobridge landmine attack">Mayobridge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1990–1991)">1990–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Downpatrick_roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Downpatrick roadside bomb">Downpatrick roadside bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">1990 Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable Artillery Company bombing">Honourable Artillery Company bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield gun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">RFA Fort Victoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria station bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road_Prison_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumlin Road Prison bombing">Crumlin Road Prison bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1992%E2%80%931999)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1992–1999)">1992–1997</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Science Laboratory bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington Road bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of the Long Knives (1992)">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Road bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">1993 Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Hammersmith_Bridge_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Hammersmith Bridge bombing">Hammersmith Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 Northern Ireland riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of members of the Irish Republican Army">Personalities</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">(Volunteers)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Agnew_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Agnew (Irish republican)">Paddy Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declan_Arthurs" title="Declan Arthurs">Declan Arthurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Begley" title="Thomas Begley">Thomas Begley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Black_(Irish_republican)" title="Patricia Black (Irish republican)">Patricia Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Breslin" title="Charles Breslin">Charles Breslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward Butler (Irish republican)">Edward Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(politician)" title="Paul Butler (politician)">Paul Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Campbell" title="Liam Campbell">Liam Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Carey" title="Malachy Carey">Malachy Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(Irish_republican)" title="Gerard Casey (Irish republican)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A1l_N%C3%AD_Chuil%C3%ADn" title="Carál Ní Chuilín">Carál Ní Chuilín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cleary" title="Gabriel Cleary">Gabriel Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cleary" title="Peter Cleary">Peter Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Coen" title="Kevin Coen">Kevin Coen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Copeland" title="Eddie Copeland">Eddie Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Coyle" title="Marion Coyle">Marion Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Davison" title="Gerard Davison">Gerard Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Devlin_(Irish_republican)" title="Matt Devlin (Irish republican)">Matt Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Doherty (Irish republican)">Hugh Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Doherty" title="Joe Doherty">Joe Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Doherty_(hunger_striker)" title="Kieran Doherty (hunger striker)">Kieran Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Doherty (Irish republican)">Martin Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Doherty_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Pat Doherty (Northern Ireland politician)">Pat Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duffy" title="Colin Duffy">Colin Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Dugdale" title="Rose Dugdale">Rose Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Ellis" title="Dessie Ellis">Dessie Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Farrell" title="Mairéad Farrell">Mairéad Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(Irish_republican)" title="William Fleming (Irish republican)">William Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Fleming" title="Kieran Fleming">Kieran Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fox_(Irish_republican)" title="Bernard Fox (Irish republican)">Bernard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Fusco" title="Angelo Fusco">Angelo Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Grew" title="Dessie Grew">Dessie Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Hughes" title="Brendan Hughes">Brendan Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hughes" title="Francis Hughes">Francis Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hurson" title="Martin Hurson">Martin Hurson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kelly" title="Gerry Kelly">Gerry Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Kelly" title="Patrick Joseph Kelly">Patrick Joseph Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Irish_republican)" title="Sean Kelly (Irish republican)">Sean Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lynagh" title="Jim Lynagh">Jim Lynagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_Airt" title="Proinsias Mac Airt">Proinsias Mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_Mac_Cionnaith" title="Breandán Mac Cionnaith">Breandán Mac Cionnaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mac_Giolla_Bhrighde" title="Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde">Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_MacManus" title="Joseph MacManus">Joseph MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magee" title="Paul Magee">Paul Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Maguire" title="Donna Maguire">Donna Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marlowe_(Irish_republican)" title="Paul Marlowe (Irish republican)">Paul Marlowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Maskey" title="Alex Maskey">Alex Maskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_McAuley" title="Pearse McAuley">Pearse McAuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">Daniel McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_McCann" title="Fra McCann">Fra McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_McCann" title="Jennifer McCann">Jennifer McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCartney" title="Raymond McCartney">Raymond McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCaughey" title="Martin McCaughey">Martin McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCreesh" title="Raymond McCreesh">Raymond McCreesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McDonnell_(hunger_striker)" title="Joe McDonnell (hunger striker)">Joe McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_McElwaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Séamus McElwaine">Séamus McElwaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McElwee" title="Thomas McElwee">Thomas McElwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_McFarlane" title="Brendan McFarlane">Brendan McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McFeely" title="Tom McFeely">Tom McFeely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_McGeough" title="Gerry McGeough">Gerry McGeough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McGeown" title="Pat McGeown">Pat McGeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_McGirl" title="John Joe McGirl">John Joe McGirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_McKearney" title="Pádraig McKearney">Pádraig McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McKenna_(Irish_republican)" title="Kevin McKenna (Irish republican)">Kevin McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_McKeown" title="Laurence McKeown">Laurence McKeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMahon_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)">Thomas McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_McMullan" title="Jackie McMullan">Jackie McMullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Meehan (Irish republican)">Martin Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Milne" title="Ian Milne">Ian Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_(Irish_politician)" title="Arthur Morgan (Irish politician)">Arthur Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Murphy" title="Conor Murphy">Conor Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas "Slab" Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Nugent" title="Kieran Nugent">Kieran Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward O'Brien (Irish republican)">Ed O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (Irish republican)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_B._O%27Hagan" title="Joe B. O'Hagan">Joe B. O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_O%27Hanlon" title="Siobhán O'Hanlon">Siobhán O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_O%27Hare" title="Rita O'Hare">Rita O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_O%27Neill" title="Diarmuid O'Neill">Diarmuid O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolours_Price" title="Dolours Price">Dolours Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Quinn" title="Liam Quinn">Liam Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Quinn_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Quinn (Irish republican)">Paddy Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Reid_(Irish_republican)" title="Billy Reid (Irish republican)">Billy Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Savage" title="Seán Savage">Seán Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Sheehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Pat Sheehan (Irish republican)">Pat Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Stagg (Irish republican)">Frank Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(Irish_republican)" title="Jimmy Steele (Irish republican)">Jimmy Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Storey" title="Bobby Storey">Bobby Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Tuite" title="Gerard Tuite">Gerard Tuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Walsh" title="Roy Walsh">Roy Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Espionage and <a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)" title="Supergrass (informant)">Supergrasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fulton" title="Kevin Fulton">Kevin Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGartland" title="Martin McGartland">Martin McGartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan" title="Sean O'Callaghan">Sean O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a> (allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Stakeknife" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeknife">Stakeknife</a>")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Johnathan Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Matthew_Burns" title="Murder of Matthew Burns">Matthew Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cahill" title="Martin Cahill">Martin Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Evans" title="Gerard Evans">Gerard Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Heidi_Hazell" title="Killing of Heidi Hazell">Heidi Hazell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kaberry,_Baron_Kaberry_of_Adel" title="Donald Kaberry, Baron Kaberry of Adel">Donald Kaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Kearney" title="Murder of Andrew Kearney">Andrew Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Baroness Brabourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe" title="Killing of Jerry McCabe">Jerry McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville" title="Murder of Jean McConville">Jean McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_McVeigh" title="Columba McVeigh">Columba McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Stephen Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver" title="Murder of Thomas Oliver">Thomas Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Tim Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn" title="Murder of Paul Quinn">Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">Robert McCartney</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joseph_Rafferty" title="Murder of Joseph Rafferty">Joseph Rafferty</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Sammy Smyth (loyalist)">Sammy Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Nick Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Tibble" title="Murder of Stephen Tibble">Stephen Tibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Willetts" title="Michael Willetts">Michael Willetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_Republican_groups_in_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IRAs" title="Template:IRAs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IRAs" title="Template talk:IRAs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IRAs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IRAs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_Republican_groups_in_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republican</a> groups in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> Earlier organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> (Army of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> <ul><li>Anti-treaty <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Revolutionary_Forces" title="Irish Revolutionary Forces">Irish Revolutionary Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%931975)" title="Saor Éire (1967–1975)">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare#Kidnapping_and_second_imprisonment" title="Dessie O'Hare">Irish Revolutionary Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army#Internal_tension_and_splits" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Óglaigh na hÉireann (Continuity IRA splinter group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Liberation_Army" title="Irish Republican Liberation Army">Irish Republican Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Irish_Republican_Army" title="New Irish Republican Army">New IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_na_Poblachta" title="Arm na Poblachta">Arm na Poblachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Movement">Irish Republican Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Troubles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Troubles" title="Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Troubles" title="Template talk:The Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troubles" class="hlist wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">State security forces</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">United Kingdom</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Ireland</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Republicanism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%9375)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saor Éire (1967–75)">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare#Kidnapping_and_second_imprisonment" title="Dessie O'Hare">Irish Revolutionary Brigade</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Third Force (Northern Ireland)">Ulster Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Volunteer Service Corps">Ulster Volunteer Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Orange_Welfare" title="Down Orange Welfare">Down Orange Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force" title="Protestant Action Force">Protestant Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodvale_Defence_Association" title="Woodvale Defence Association">Woodvale Defence Association</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Action" title="Ulster Protestant Action">Ulster Protestant Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Service Corps">Ulster Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Volunteers_(1972)" title="Orange Volunteers (1972)">Orange Volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Major events</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1967–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></li> <li>1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li>1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Direct rule (Northern Ireland)">Beginning of direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 coach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin & Monaghan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li>1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li>1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li>1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li>1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li>1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Republican hunger strike</a></li> <li>1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li>1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li>1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a></li> <li>1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a></li> <li>1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Start of peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">IRA attacks in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li>1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Attack on Derryard checkpoint</a></li> <li>1990–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper campaign</a></li> <li>1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Augher Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li>1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">Cappagh killings</a></li> <li>1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Falls_Road_Office_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Falls Road Office shooting"> Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a></li> <li>1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li> <li>1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles#First_ceasefire" title="The Troubles">Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC</a></li> <li>1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing</a></li> <li>1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles#Second_ceasefire" title="The Troubles">Second IRA ceasefire</a></li> <li>1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Political parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Political_parties" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Official Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">Communist Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Unity (Northern Ireland)">Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Political_parties" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party" title="Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party">Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Other parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace lines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Troubles_films" title="List of The Troubles films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Status" title="Special Category Status">Special Category Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">Shoot-to-kill policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">Five techniques</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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