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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Bengali" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografisk_utbredning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografisk_utbredning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografisk utbredning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografisk_utbredning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Geografisk utbredning</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografisk_utbredning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officiell_ställning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officiell_ställning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Officiell ställning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officiell_ställning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialekter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialekter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dialekter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialekter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talspråks-_och_skriftspråksvarieteter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talspråks-_och_skriftspråksvarieteter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Talspråks- och skriftspråksvarieteter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talspråks-_och_skriftspråksvarieteter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skrift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skrift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Skrift</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skrift-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Skrift</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skrift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Romanisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ljudsystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ljudsystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ljudsystem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ljudsystem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Ljudsystem</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ljudsystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diftonger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diftonger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diftonger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diftonger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Betoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Betoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vokallängd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vokallängd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Vokallängd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vokallängd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsonantkluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonantkluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Konsonantkluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonantkluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammatik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Grammatik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordföljd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordföljd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ordföljd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordföljd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substantiv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantiv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Substantiv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantiv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordförråd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordförråd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ordförråd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordförråd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 175 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggali_Barat" title="Benggali Barat – acehnesiska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Benggali Barat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Бенгалыбзэ – kabardinska" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бенгалыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bengaals" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalische_Sprache" title="Bengalische Sprache – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bengalische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="በንጋልኛ – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በንጋልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बंगाली भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बंगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Bengalisc sprǣc – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bengalisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البنغالية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البنغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bengal%C3%ADn" title="Idioma bengalín – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma bengalín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বঙালী ভাষা – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বঙালী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bengal%C3%ADn" title="Idioma bengalín – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma bengalín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बांग्ला भाषा – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बांग्ला भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengali_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Vengali ñe'ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vengali ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Бенгал мацӀ – avariska" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бенгал мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benqal_dili" title="Benqal dili – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benqal dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنقال دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بنقال دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Benggala" title="Basa Benggala – balinesiska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Benggala" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বাংলা ভাষা – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal-g%C3%AD" title="Bengal-gí – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bengal-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бенгал теле – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенгал теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бенгальская мова – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенгальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бэнгальская мова – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнгальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बंगाली भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बंगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бенгалски език – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalski_jezik" title="Bengalski jezik – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bengalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglaeg" title="Banglaeg – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banglaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Бенгал хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бенгал хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C3%AD" title="Bengalí – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bengalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Бенгал чĕлхи – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бенгал чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_(pinulongan)" title="Bengali (pinulongan) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bengali (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Bengálština – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bengálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChiBengali" title="ChiBengali – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="ChiBengali" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaleg" title="Bengaleg – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bengaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_(sprog)" title="Bengali (sprog) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bengali (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalgiella" title="Bengalgiella – nordsamiska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bengalgiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalische_Sprache" title="Bengalische Sprache – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A9" title="ބެންގާލީ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެންގާލީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_keel" title="Bengali keel – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bengali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βεγγαλική γλώσσα – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βεγγαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bengali language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бенгалонь кель – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бенгалонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bengal%C3%AD" title="Idioma bengalí – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bengalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengala_lingvo" title="Bengala lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalera" title="Bengalera – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bengalera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان بنگالی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان بنگالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_bhasa" title="Bengali bhasa – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bengali bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Bengalskt mál – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bengalskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla" title="Bangla – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bangla" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bengal%C3%AD" title="Lingua bengalí – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua bengalí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" title="孟加拉語 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="孟加拉語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="બંગાળી ભાષા – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બંગાળી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal-ng%C3%AE" title="Bengal-ngî – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bengal-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8%EC%96%B4" title="벵골어 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Բենգալերեն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենգալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बंगाली भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Bengalšćina – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bengalšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalski_jezik" title="Bengalski jezik – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bengalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali-linguo" title="Bengali-linguo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bengali-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Bengali" title="Pagsasao a Bengali – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Bengali" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বাংলা ঠার – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বাংলা ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Bengali" title="Bahasa Bengali – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бенгайлаг æвзаг – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бенгайлаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalska" title="Bengalska – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bengalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bengali" title="Lingua bengali – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua bengali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בנגלית – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಂಗಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಂಗಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бенгал тил – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бенгал тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბენგალური ენა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენგალური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%B2%D9%84%D8%A0_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بَنٛگٲلؠ زَبان – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بَنٛگٲلؠ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Бенгал тілі – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенгал тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalek" title="Bengalek – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bengalek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibengali" title="Kibengali – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibengali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Бенгал кыв – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бенгал кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibang%27la" title="Kibang'la – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibang'la" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_bengal%C3%AE" title="Zimanê bengalî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê bengalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Bengalica" title="Lingua Bengalica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Bengalica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C4%81%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Bengāļu valoda – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bengāļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бенгал чӀал – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бенгал чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Bengalų kalba – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bengalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_bengali" title="Lengua bengali – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua bengali" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bengaals" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_(lingua)" title="Bangla (lingua) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bangla (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_bengalesa" title="Lengua bengalesa – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua bengalesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1li_nyelv" title="Bengáli nyelv – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bengáli nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बाङ्ला भाषा – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाङ्ला भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бенгалски јазик – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бенгалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_bengaly" title="Fiteny bengaly – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny bengaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ബംഗാളി ഭാഷ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗാളി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Penekara" title="Reo Penekara – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Penekara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बंगाली भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बंगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბენგალური ნინა – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბენგალური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="لغه بنجالى – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه بنجالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنگالی – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنگالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Benggali" title="Bahasa Benggali – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Benggali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Бенгал хэл – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенгал хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘင်္ဂါလီဘာသာစကား – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘင်္ဂါလီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bengaals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बङ्गाली भाषा – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बंगाली भाषा – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बंगाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ベンガル語 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Бенгалхойн мотт – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бенгалхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaals" title="Bengaals – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bengaals" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalin_(lenga)" title="Bengalin (lenga) – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bengalin (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ବଙ୍ଗଳା ଭାଷା – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବଙ୍ଗଳା ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tili" title="Bengal tili – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bengal tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बांग्ला भाषा – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बांग्ला भाषा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بنگالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="بنګالي ژبه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بنګالي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benggali_languij" title="Benggali languij – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Benggali languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali" title="Bengali – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bengali" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_bengali" title="Lenga bengali – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga bengali" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaalsche_Spraak" title="Bengaalsche Spraak – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bengaalsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_bengalski" title="Język bengalski – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język bengalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bengali" title="Língua bengali – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bengali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tili" title="Bengal tili – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bengal tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_bengalez%C4%83" title="Limba bengaleză – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba bengaleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panla_simi" title="Panla simi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Panla simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Бенґальскый язык – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бенґальскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Бенгальский язык – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бенгаал тыла – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бенгаал тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बाङ्गलाभाषा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बाङ्गलाभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_leid" title="Bengali leid – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bengali leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebengali" title="Sebengali – nordsotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sebengali" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nordsotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_bengale" title="Gjuha bengale – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha bengale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="බෙංගාලි බස – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙංගාලි බස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengali language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بنگالي ٻولي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بنگالي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1l%C4%8Dina" title="Bengálčina – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bengálčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Bengalščina – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bengalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7" title="زمانی بەنگلا – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی بەنگلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бенгалски језик – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бенгалски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalski_jezik" title="Bengalski jezik – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bengalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Benggala" title="Basa Benggala – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Benggala" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalin_kieli" title="Bengalin kieli – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Bengali" title="Wikang Bengali – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Bengali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வங்காள மொழி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காள மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_bengalese" title="Lènga bengalese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga bengalese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бенгаль теле – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенгаль теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="బంగ్లా భాష – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బంగ్లా భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาเบงกอล – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเบงกอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони банголӣ – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони банголӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಂಗಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಂಗಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalce" title="Bengalce – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bengalce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_dili" title="Bengal dili – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bengal dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Бенгал дыл – tuviniska" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бенгал дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бенгальська мова – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенгальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بنگالی زبان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگالی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="بېنگال تىلى – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېنگال تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahmanggyalah" title="Vahmanggyalah – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahmanggyalah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalan_kel%27" title="Bengalan kel' – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bengalan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Bengal" title="Tiếng Bengal – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Bengal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4ngal%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Bängalänapük – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bängalänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binengali" title="Binengali – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Binengali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟加拉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9" title="בענגאליש – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בענגאליש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_B%E1%BA%B9%CC%80ng%C3%A1l%C3%AC" title="Èdè Bẹ̀ngálì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Bẹ̀ngálì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="孟加拉文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟加拉文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalki" title="Bengalki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bengalki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalu_kalba" title="Bengalu kalba – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bengalu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Bengali" title="Saro Bengali – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Bengali" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Bengali" title="Bahasa Bengali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Bengali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_zyvon" title="Bengali zyvon – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bengali zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ – marockansk standard-tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marockansk standard-tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9610#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bengali" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Bengali" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bengali"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bengali"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Bengali" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Bengali" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&oldid=54459109" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Bengali&id=54459109&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBengali"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBengali"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bengali"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bengali&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bengali_language" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1011" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9610" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Utm%C3%A4rkta_artiklar" title="Den här artikeln har av Wikipedias skribenter bedömts vara en utmärkt artikel."><img alt="Den här artikeln har av Wikipedias skribenter bedömts vara en utmärkt artikel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Utmarkt_Guld.svg/19px-Utmarkt_Guld.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Utmarkt_Guld.svg/29px-Utmarkt_Guld.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Utmarkt_Guld.svg/38px-Utmarkt_Guld.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas"> <dl><dd><i>Den här artikeln handlar om språket bengali.  För det fiktiva landet, se <a href="/wiki/Bengali_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali (land)">Bengali (land)</a>.  För kattrasen, se <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.  För fyrverkeripjäsen, se <a href="/wiki/Bengalisk_eld" title="Bengalisk eld">Bengalisk eld</a>.  </i></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;background:#c9ffd9;">Bengali</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;background:#c9ffd9;">বাংলা</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Talas i</th><td class="" style=""><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien"><img alt="Indien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a><br /><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td class="" style="">Östra <a href="/wiki/Sydasien" title="Sydasien">Sydasien</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Antal talare</th><td class="" style="">226 miljoner (2010)<br />19,2 miljoner som <a href="/wiki/Andraspr%C3%A5k" title="Andraspråk">andraspråk</a> (Bangladesh 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Status</th><td class="" style="">Världsspråk</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Språkfamilj</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">Indoeuropeiska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indoiranska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranska språk">Indoiranska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">Indoariska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96stindiska_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Östindiska språk [inte skriven än]">Östindiska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali-assamesiska_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali-assamesiska språk [inte skriven än]">Bengali-assamesiska</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bengali</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Officiell status</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Officiellt språk i</th><td class="" style=""><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien"><img alt="Indien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a><br /><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stbengalen" title="Västbengalen">Västbengalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> och <a href="/wiki/Andamanerna_och_Nikobarerna" title="Andamanerna och Nikobarerna">Andamanerna och Nikobarerna</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#c9ffd9;">Språkkoder</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐1</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=bn">bn</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐2</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=53">ben</a></span></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>‐3</th><td class="" style=""><kbd><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ben" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ben">ben</a></kbd></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left; padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL</a></th><td class="" style="">BNG</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bengali</b> (även <b>bengaliska</b> eller <b>bangla</b>) är ett <a href="/wiki/Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariska språk">indoariskt</a> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">språk</a> som talas i östra delen av <a href="/wiki/Indiska_halv%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiska halvön">Indiska halvön</a>. Bengali är ett inhemskt språk i den region i östra <a href="/wiki/Sydasien" title="Sydasien">Sydasien</a> som kallas <a href="/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen">Bengalen</a>, vilken omfattar dagens <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> och den indiska delstaten <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stbengalen" title="Västbengalen">Västbengalen</a>. Bengali är även majoritetsspråket i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. Bengalitalande <a href="/wiki/Minoritet" title="Minoritet">minoriteter</a> finns också bland annat i de indiska delstaterna <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> och <a href="/wiki/Andamanerna_och_Nicobarerna" class="mw-redirect" title="Andamanerna och Nicobarerna">Andamanerna och Nicobarerna</a>. Med nästan 230 miljoner <a href="/wiki/Modersm%C3%A5l" title="Modersmål">modersmålstalare</a> är bengali ett av de mest talade språken i världen (det uppskattas vara det sjätte<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller femte<sup id="cite_ref-eth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> största). Bengali är det huvudsakliga språket i Bangladesh, och det näst mest talade språket i <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a><sup id="cite_ref-secondmost_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondmost-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang1991_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang1991-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Assamesiska" title="Assamesiska">assamesiskan</a> är bengali det geografiskt östligaste av de indoariska språken. Den mest kände <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare" title="Författare">författaren</a> på bengali är <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_litteratur" title="Nobelpriset i litteratur">nobelpristagaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2021-06)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> </p><p>Bengali skrivs med <a href="/wiki/Bengalialfabetet" title="Bengalialfabetet">bengalialfabetet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Assamesiska" title="Assamesiska">Assamesiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya">oriya</a> och <a href="/wiki/Maithili" title="Maithili">maithili</a>, tre andra språk som tillhör maghadagrenen av den indoariska språkfamiljen, är nära besläktade med bengali. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liksom andra östliga indoariska språk uppkom bengali ur de östliga <a href="/wiki/Medelindiska_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Medelindiska språk">medelindiska språken</a> på Indiska halvön. <a href="/wiki/Magadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhi">Magadhi</a>, det äldsta belagda <a href="/wiki/Talspr%C3%A5k" title="Talspråk">talade språket</a> i området, hade utvecklats till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhamagadhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardhamagadhi [inte skriven än]">ardhamagadhi</a> ("halvmagadhi") under första delen av det första årtusendet e.Kr. Ardhamagadhi, liksom alla prakritvarieteter i norra Indien, började ge plats åt vad som nu kallas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhramsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apabhramsa [inte skriven än]">apabhramsaspråk</a> strax före år 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-tb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det lokala apabhramsaspråket på östra Indiska halvön, purvi apabhramsa eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abahatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abahatta [inte skriven än]">apabhramsa abahatta</a>, utvecklades så småningom till regionala dialekter, vilka i sin tur bildade tre grupper: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biharispr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biharispråk [inte skriven än]">biharispråk</a>, oriyaspråk och bengali-assamesiska språk. Vissa hävdar att delningen skedde mycket tidigare, till och med så långt tillbaka som 500 e.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men språket var inte statiskt; olika varieteter samexisterade och författare skrev ofta på flera dialekter. Exempelvis tros magadhiprakrit ha utvecklats till apabhramsa abahatta omkring 500-talet. Detta språk konkurrerade med bengali en tid.<sup id="cite_ref-abahatta_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abahatta-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanligen urskiljer man tre perioder i bengalis historia:<sup id="cite_ref-tb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Fornbengali (900/1000 e.Kr.–1400 e.Kr.) – texter bland andra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charyapada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charyapada [inte skriven än]">Charyapada</a></i>, religiösa sånger; framträdande av pronomen <i>Ami</i>, <i>tumi</i>, etc; verb<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">böjningar</a> -<i>ila</i>, -<i>iba</i>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Oriya" title="Oriya">Oriya</a> och <a href="/wiki/Assamesiska" title="Assamesiska">assamesiska</a> avskiljer sig under denna period.</li> <li>Medelbengali (1400–1800 e.Kr.) – viktiga texter från denna period är bland andra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandidas [inte skriven än]">Chandidas</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srikrishnakirtan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srikrishnakirtan [inte skriven än]">Srikrishnakirtan</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> av <i>ô</i>-ljudet i ordslut; spridning av sammansatta verb; persiskt inflytande. Vissa forskare indelar denna period ytterligare i tidiga och sena medelperioder.</li> <li>Nybengali (sedan 1800 e.Kr.) – förkortning av verb och pronomen, bland andra förändringar (till exempel <i>tahar</i> → <i>tar</i> 'hans'/'hennes'; <i>koriyachhilô</i> → <i>korechhilo</i> <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammatik)" title="Person (grammatik)">han/hon</a> <a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">hade</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspekt" title="Aspekt">gjort</a>).</li></ol> <p>Historiskt sett ligger bengali närmare <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">pali</a> än sanskrit, men under den medelbengaliska perioden (<a href="/wiki/Chaitanya" title="Chaitanya">Chaitanyatiden</a>) och även under den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengaliska_ren%C3%A4ssansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengaliska renässansen [inte skriven än]">bengaliska renässansen</a> påverkades bengali allt mer av sanskrit. Av de moderna indoeuropeiska språken i Sydasien har bengali och <a href="/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi">marathi</a> bevarat ett till stor del sanskritbaserat ordförråd medan <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a> och andra är mer influerade av <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/250px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/375px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg/500px-Shaheed_minar_Roehl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaheed_Minar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaheed Minar [inte skriven än]">Shaheed Minar</a>, eller martyrmonumentet, i <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, högtidlighåller kampen för bengali</figcaption></figure> <p>Den äldsta kända dokumentationen av språkets grammatik härstammar från 1700-talet. Den <a href="/wiki/Portugiser" title="Portugiser">portugisiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Mission%C3%A4r" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionär">missionären</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manoel_da_Assumpcam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manoel da Assumpcam [inte skriven än]">Manoel da Assumpcam</a> skrev <i>Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes</i> mellan år 1734 och 1742, då han tjänstgjorde i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhawal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhawal [inte skriven än]">Bhawal</a>. Boken är en ordbok och grammatika över bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-firstgram_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstgram-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">brittiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatiker">grammatikern</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Brassey_Halhed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Brassey Halhed [inte skriven än]">Nathaniel Brassey Halhed</a> skrev en modern bengaligrammatik (<i>A Grammar of the Bengal Language</i> 1778). Denna bok var den första som använde bengali<a href="/wiki/Typ_(tryckningsprocess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ (tryckningsprocess)">typer</a> i tryck.<sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy [inte skriven än]">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>, den store bengaliske reformatorn, skrev också en "Grammar of the Bengali Language" (1832). </p><p>Under denna period utvecklades <i>Choltibhasha</i>-formen, som använder förenklade böjningar och andra förändringar, från <i>Shadhubhasha</i> (äldre form) som den föredragna formen av skriven bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-SKumar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKumar-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengali var 1951 i fokus för <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%B6relse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Språkrörelse [inte skriven än]">språkrörelsen</a> (<i>Bhasha Andolon</i>) i det dåvarande <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stpakistan" title="Östpakistan">Östpakistan</a> (nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fastän bengalitalarna var fler i <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistans</a> befolkning, var <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">urdu</a> enligt lag det enda nationella språket. Den 21 februari <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> gick protesterande studenter och aktivister in i poliseld vid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhaka_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhaka University [inte skriven än]">Dhaka University</a> och tre unga studenter och flera andra dödades. Efter detta har <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> förklarat <a href="/wiki/21_februari" title="21 februari">21 februari</a> som <a href="/wiki/Internationella_modersm%C3%A5lsdagen" title="Internationella modersmålsdagen">internationella modersmålsdagen</a>. I en enskild händelse i maj 1961 dödade polisen i <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a> i Indien elva personer som protesterade mot den lagstiftning som påbjöd användande av assamesiska.<sup id="cite_ref-Assam1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam1-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assam2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam2-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografisk_utbredning">Geografisk utbredning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Geografisk utbredning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Geografisk utbredning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_of_Bengal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Bengal.svg/200px-Map_of_Bengal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Bengal.svg/300px-Map_of_Bengal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_Bengal.svg/400px-Map_of_Bengal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Geografisk utbredning för bengali som inhemskt språk</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengali är inhemskt språk i den region i östra Sydasien som kallas <a href="/wiki/Bengalen" title="Bengalen">Bengalen</a>, vilken omfattar Bangladesh och den indiska delstaten Västbengalen. Omkring 98 % av Bangladeshs totala befolkning talar bengali som modersmål.<sup id="cite_ref-BDFacts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDFacts-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finns också betydande bengalitalande grupper bland invandrare i <a href="/wiki/Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Mellanöstern">Mellanöstern</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stv%C3%A4rlden" title="Västvärlden">Västvärlden</a> och <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officiell_ställning"><span id="Officiell_st.C3.A4llning"></span>Officiell ställning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Officiell ställning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Officiell ställning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali är det nationella och officiella språket i <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> och ett av de 23 <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Indiens_nationella_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista över Indiens nationella språk">nationella språk</a> som erkänns av Indien.<sup id="cite_ref-secondmost2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondmost2-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det är det officiella språket i delstaten <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stbengalen" title="Västbengalen">Västbengalen</a> och ett av de officiella språken i delstaten <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> och i <a href="/wiki/Unionsterritorium" title="Unionsterritorium">unionsterritoriet</a> <a href="/wiki/Andamanerna_och_Nikobarerna" title="Andamanerna och Nikobarerna">Andamanerna och Nikobarerna</a>. Bengalitalarna är i majoritet på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Islands [inte skriven än]">Neil Islands</a> och <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Island" title="Havelock Island">Havelock Island</a>. Det är också medofficiellt språk i Assam, som har tre övervägande <a href="/wiki/Sylheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti">sylheti</a>-språkiga distrikt i södra Assam: <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_(distrikt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimganj (distrikt)">Karimganj</a> och <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_(distrikt)" title="Hailakandi (distrikt)">Hailakandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Både Indiens och Bangladeshs <a href="/wiki/Nationals%C3%A5ng" title="Nationalsång">nationalsånger</a> skrevs på bengali av <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialekter">Dialekter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dialekter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dialekter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den regionala variationen i talad bengali utgör ett <a href="/wiki/Dialektkontinuum" title="Dialektkontinuum">dialektkontinuum</a>. Lingvisten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suniti_Kumar_Chatterjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterjee [inte skriven än]">Suniti Kumar Chatterjee</a> grupperade dessa dialekter i fyra stora grupper – radh, banga, kamarupa och varendra;<sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men många alternativa grupperingsmodeller har också föreslagits.<sup id="cite_ref-morshed_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morshed-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sylheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagoniska" title="Chittagoniska">chittagoniska</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakma [inte skriven än]">chakma</a> är några språk som ofta klassas som bengalidialekter. Även om språken är ömsesidigt begripliga med andra dialekter av bengali, skulle dessa inte förstås av en som talar standardbengali. </p><p>De sydvästliga dialekterna (radh) bildar grunden för talad standardbengali, medan bangali är den dominerande dialektgruppen i Bangladesh. I de dialekter som är utbredda i stora delar av östra och sydöstra Bengalen (områdena <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> i Bangladesh) motsvaras många av de västbengaliska <a href="/wiki/Klusil" title="Klusil">klusilerna</a> och <a href="/wiki/Affrikata" title="Affrikata">affrikatorna</a> av <a href="/wiki/Frikativa" title="Frikativa">frikativor</a>. Västliga <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_konsonant" title="Postalveolar konsonant">palatoalveolara</a> affrikator চ [<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;"> tʃ</span>], ছ [<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;"> tʃʰ</span>], জ [[<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">dʒ</span>]] motsvaras i östliga dialekter av <span class="Unicode"> চʻ</span> [<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ts</span>], ছ় [<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">s</span>], <span class="Unicode">জʻ</span> [<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">dz</span>]~[[<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">z</span>]]. Inflytande från <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-burmanska_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-burmanska språk">tibeto-burmanska språk</a> på ljudsystemet i östlig bengali märks i frånvaron av <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vokal" title="Nasal vokal">nasala</a> <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokaler</a>. Vissa varianter av bengali, särskilt chittagoniska och chakma, har kontrastiva <a href="/wiki/Ordton" title="Ordton">toner</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajbangsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajbangsi [inte skriven än]">Rajbangsi</a>, kharia thar och mal paharia är nära besläktade med västbengaliska dialekter, men brukar vanligtvis räknas som separata språk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hajong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hajong [inte skriven än]">Hajong</a> betraktas också som ett separat språk, fast det har likheter med nordliga bengalidialekter.<sup id="cite_ref-hajong_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajong-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När bengali standardiserades i slutet av 1800-talet och början av 1900-talet var Bengalens huvudstad <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> också Bengalens kulturella centrum. Det som idag accepteras som standardformen av bengali i både Västbengalen och Bangladesh är baserat på den väst-centrala dialekten i <a href="/wiki/Nadia_(distrikt)" title="Nadia (distrikt)">Nadia</a>-distriktet i närheten av Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-daniul_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniul-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det finns fall där talare av standardbengali i Västbengalen använder ett annat ord än en talare av standardbengali i Bangladesh, fastän båda ord är av inhemskt bengaliskt ursprung. Exempelvis motsvarar <i>nun</i> (salt) i väster <i>lôbon</i> i öster.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglabetelco_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglabetelco-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talspråks-_och_skriftspråksvarieteter"><span id="Talspr.C3.A5ks-_och_skriftspr.C3.A5ksvarieteter"></span>Talspråks- och skriftspråksvarieteter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Talspråks- och skriftspråksvarieteter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Talspråks- och skriftspråksvarieteter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali uppvisar en stark <a href="/wiki/Diglossi" title="Diglossi">diglossi</a> mellan de skrivna och talade formerna av språket. Två skriftliga stilar, vilka innehåller något olika ordförråd och syntax, har utvecklats:<sup id="cite_ref-daniul_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniul-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daniul1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daniul1-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Shadhubhasha</i> (সাধু <i>shadhu</i> = 'kysk' eller 'vis man'; ভাষা <i>bhasha</i> = 'språk') är det mer formella skriftspråket. <i>Shadhubhasha</i> kännetecknas av längre verbböjningar och av att mer av ordförrådet kommer från sanskrit (তৎসম <i>tôtshôm</i>). Sånger som Indiens nationalhymn <i><a href="/wiki/Jana-Gana-Mana" title="Jana-Gana-Mana">Jana-Gana-Mana</a></i> (av <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>) och nationalsång <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vande_M%C4%81taram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vande Mātaram [inte skriven än]">Vande Mātaram</a></i> (av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay [inte skriven än]">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>) skrevs på <i>shadhubhasha</i>. Användningen av <i>shadhubhasha</i> i modernt skriftspråk avtar dock.</li> <li><i>Choltibhasha</i> (চলতিভাষা ) eller <i>cholitobhasha</i> (চলিত <i>cholito</i> = 'strömmande' eller 'löpande') är ett mer talspråksnära skriftspråk och är standarden för skriven bengali idag. Denna form blev populär mot slutet av 1800-talet och företräddes bland annat av författarna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peary_Chand_Mitra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peary Chand Mitra [inte skriven än]">Peary Chand Mitra</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaler_Gharer_Dulal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alaler Gharer Dulal [inte skriven än]">Alaler Gharer Dulal</a></i>, 1857),<sup id="cite_ref-alal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alal-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pramatha_Chowdhury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pramatha Chowdhury [inte skriven än]">Pramatha Chowdhury</a> (<i>Sabujpatra</i>, 1914) och, i hans senare skrifter, Rabindranath Tagore. <i>Choltibhasha</i> utgår från dialekten som talas i <a href="/wiki/Shantipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantipur">Shantipurområdet</a> i distriktet Nadia i Västbengalen. Denna form av bengali kallas ofta "nadiastandarden".<sup id="cite_ref-morshed_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morshed-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Fastän formell talad bengali bygger på <i>choltibhasha</i> kan de flesta bengalier kommunicera på fler än en <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvarietet" class="mw-redirect" title="Språkvarietet">språkvarietet</a> – ofta kan en talare både flytande <i>choltibhasha</i> och en eller flera regionala dialekter.<sup id="cite_ref-SKumar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKumar-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Även inom standardbengali är delar av ordförrådet uppdelade mellan den <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">muslimska</a> befolkningen och den <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">hinduiska</a> befolkningen. På grund av kulturella och religiösa traditioner kan hinduer och muslimer använda ord med ursprung i sanskrit respektive persiska och arabiska. Några exempel på lexikalisk växling mellan dessa två former är:<sup id="cite_ref-Banglabetelco_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglabetelco-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>hej: <i>nômoshkar</i> (S) motsvarar <i>assalamualaikum/slamalikum</i> (A)</li> <li>inbjudan: <i>nimontron/nimontonno</i> (S) motsvarar <i>daoat</i> (A)</li> <li>farbror: <i>kaka</i> (S) motsvarar <i>chacha</i> (S/Hindi)</li></ul> <p>(här S = härstammar från sanskrit; A = härstammar från arabiska) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skrift">Skrift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Skrift" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Skrift"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Bengalialfabetet" title="Bengalialfabetet">Bengalialfabetet</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Bengali skrivs med <a href="/wiki/Bengalialfabetet" title="Bengalialfabetet">bengalialfabetet</a>, en skrift av <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidatyp</a>. Alfabetet tros ha utvecklats från en modifierad <a href="/wiki/Brahmiskrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmiskrift">brahmiskrift</a> omkring 1000 e.Kr.,<sup id="cite_ref-akhor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akhor-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och liknar <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">devanagariskriften</a> som används för <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">hindi</a>, sanskrit och många andra indoariska språk. Bengaliskriften omfattar elva <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokaltecken</a> och trettionio <a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonanttecken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-akhor_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akhor-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liksom i alla abugidaskrifter har varje konsonant i bengaliskriften vanligen ett "inneboende" vokalljud, i detta fall <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[ɔ]</span> eller <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[o]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-it46_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-it46-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exempelvis kan den enkla bokstaven ম representera konsonanten [<b>m</b>] i ett ord som কম <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[kɔ<b>m</b>]</span> "mindre". I ett annat ord kan dock samma bokstav ম representera följderna <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>mɔ</b>]</span> eller <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>mo</b>]</span>, som i মত <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>mɔ</b>t̪]</span> "åsikt" och মন <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>mo</b>n]</span> "sinne", utan något extra tecken för vokalerna <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>ɔ</b>]</span> eller <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[<b>o</b>]</span>. Om konsonantljudet följs av något annat vokalljud i uttalet kan detta skrivas med ett antal olika vokal<a href="/wiki/Diakritiskt_tecken" title="Diakritiskt tecken">diakriter</a> över, under, före, efter eller omkring konsonanten som de hör till. Vokaler som inte är knutna till en konsonant (till exempel vokaler i början av ett ord) skrivs med särskilda symboler. För att eftertryckligt visa att en konsonant inte uttalas med den inneboende vokalen kan ett extra diakritiskt tecken tillföras under konsonanten. <a href="/wiki/Konsonantkluster" title="Konsonantkluster">Konsonantkluster</a> visas vanligen med <a href="/wiki/Ligatur" title="Ligatur">ligaturer</a> av två eller flera konsonanttecken. </p><p>Trots vissa modifieringar under 1800-talet är bengalis stavningssystem fortfarande baserat på sanskritalfabetet,<sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och tar därför inte hänsyn till vissa ljudförändringar som har skett i det talade språket. Exempelvis har alfabetet två bokstäver för ljudet <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[dʒ]</span> (জ och য) och tre för ljudet <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[ʃ]</span> (শ, ষ och স). Bengalis <a href="/wiki/Skiljetecken" title="Skiljetecken">skiljetecken</a>, förutom daŗi (|), som motsvarar <a href="/wiki/Punkt_(tecken)" title="Punkt (tecken)">punkt</a>, har tagits över från västerländska språk.<sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg/250px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg/375px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg/500px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="59" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagores</a> namnteckning – ett exempel på <a href="/wiki/Skrivstil" title="Skrivstil">skrivstil</a> på bengali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samma skrift, med några små modifieringar, används även för att skriva <a href="/wiki/Assamesiska" title="Assamesiska">assamesiska</a>. Andra besläktade språk i området använder också bengalialfabetet. <a href="/wiki/Meitei" title="Meitei">Meitei</a>, ett <a href="/wiki/Sinotibetanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Sinotibetanska språk">sinotibetanskt språk</a> som används i den indiska staten <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, har skrivits med bengaliskriften i århundraden, även om det har verkats för <a href="/wiki/Meitei-mayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei-mayek">meitei-mayek</a> (meitei-abugidan) på senare tid. Skriften har även tagits i bruk för att skriva språket <a href="/wiki/Sylheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti">sylheti</a>, istället för den gamla sylheti-nagoriskriften.<sup id="cite_ref-sylnagri_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sylnagri-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanisering"><a href="/wiki/Romanisering_(lingvistik)" title="Romanisering (lingvistik)">Romanisering</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Romanisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Romanisering"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det finns flera konventioner för att skriva indiska språk, inklusive bengali, med <a href="/wiki/Latinska_alfabetet" title="Latinska alfabetet">latinska alfabetet</a>, däribland "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" eller <a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">IAST</a> (baserat på diakritiska tecken),<sup id="cite_ref-IAST1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAST1-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Indian languages Transliteration" eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=ITRANS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ITRANS [inte skriven än]">ITRANS</a> (använder versalalfabet som passar för tangentbord med <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ITRANS1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITRANS1-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och det system som används av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalbiblioteket_i_Calcutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalbiblioteket i Calcutta [inte skriven än]">Nationalbiblioteket i Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatLib_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatLib-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengaliord skrivs för närvarande på Wikipedia med en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonematisk_ortografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonematisk ortografi [inte skriven än]">fonematisk transkription</a>, där uttalet representeras utan hänsyn till stavningen. Wikipedias <a href="/wiki/Romanisering_(lingvistik)" title="Romanisering (lingvistik)">romanisering</a> visas i tabellen nedan, med <a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">IPA</a>-transkriptioner under rubriken "ljudsystem". </p> <table style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Vokaler</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Främre</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Bakre </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Hög </th> <td>i</td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Hög-mellan </th> <td>e</td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Låg-mellan </th> <td>ê</td> <td> </td> <td>ô </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Låg </th> <td> </td> <td>a</td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Konsonanter</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Labial</th> <th>Dental</th> <th>Apiko-<br />alveolar</th> <th>Apiko-<br />postalveolar</th> <th>Lamino-<br />postalveolar</th> <th>Velar</th> <th>Glottal </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonlösa<br />klusiler </th> <td>p<br />f</td> <td>t<br />th</td> <td> </td> <td>ţ<br />ţh</td> <td>ch<br />chh</td> <td>k<br />kh</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonande<br />klusiler </th> <td>b<br />bh</td> <td>d<br />dh</td> <td> </td> <td>đ<br />đh</td> <td>j<br />jh</td> <td>g<br />gh</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonlösa<br />frikativor </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>s</td> <td> </td> <td>sh</td> <td> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Nasaler </th> <td>m</td> <td> </td> <td>n</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ng</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Likvidor </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l, r</td> <td>ŗ</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ljudsystem">Ljudsystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ljudsystem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ljudsystem"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengalis <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemuppsättning</a> består av 29 konsonanter och 14 vokaler, inklusive de sju <a href="/wiki/Nasalvokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalvokal">nasalvokalerna</a>. Ett ungefärligt <a href="/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik">fonetiskt</a> schema ges nedan i det <a href="/wiki/Internationella_fonetiska_alfabetet" title="Internationella fonetiska alfabetet">Internationella fonetiska alfabetet</a>. </p> <table style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Vokaler</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Främre</th> <th>Centrala</th> <th>Bakre </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Hög </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">i</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">u</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Hög-mellan </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">e</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">o</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Låg-mellan </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">æ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Låg </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">a</span></td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Konsonanter</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Labial</th> <th>Dental</th> <th>Apiko-<br />alveolar</th> <th>Apiko-<br />postalveolar</th> <th>Lamino-<br />Postalveolar</th> <th>Velar</th> <th>Glottal </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonlösa<br />klusiler </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">p</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">pʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">t̪</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">t̪ʰ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʈ</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʈʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʧ</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʧʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">k</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">kʰ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonande<br />klusiler </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">b</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">bʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">d̪</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">d̪ʰ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɖ</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɖʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʤ</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʤʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɡ</span><br /><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɡʰ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Tonlösa<br />frikativor </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">s</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ʃ</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">h</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Nasaler </th> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">m</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">n</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ŋ</span></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>Likvidor </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">l</span>, <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">r</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">ɽ</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diftonger">Diftonger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Diftonger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Diftonger"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magadhaspråk som bengali är kända för sin stora uppsättning <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftonger</a>, det vill säga kombinationer av vokaler inom samma <a href="/wiki/Stavelse" title="Stavelse">stavelse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flera vokalkombinationer kan anses som äkta enstaviga diftonger, bestående av en huvudsaklig vokal (<b>kärnan</b>) och en efterföljande vokal. Nästan alla andra vokalkombinationer är möjliga då vokalerna hör till olika stavelser, som den tvåstaviga vokalkombinationen <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">[u.a]</span> i কুয়া <i>kua</i> "väl". Så många som 25 vokalkombinationer kan återfinnas, men några av de nyare kombinationerna har inte passerat stadiet mellan två stavelser och en diftongisk stavelse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption><b>Diftonger</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Translitterering</th> <th>Exempel </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ij/</span></td> <td>ii</td> <td>nii "jag tar" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/iw/</span></td> <td>iu</td> <td>biubhôl "upprörd" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ej/</span></td> <td>ei</td> <td>nei "det finns inte" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ee̯/</span></td> <td>ee</td> <td>khee "havande ätit" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ew/</span></td> <td>eu</td> <td>đheu <i>"wave"</i> (engelska) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/eo̯/</span></td> <td>eo</td> <td>kheona "ät inte" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/æe̯/</span></td> <td>êe</td> <td>nêe "hon tar" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/æo̯/</span></td> <td>êo</td> <td>nêo "du tar" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/aj/</span></td> <td>ai</td> <td>pai "jag finner" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ae̯/</span></td> <td>ae</td> <td>pae "hon finner" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/aw/</span></td> <td>au</td> <td>pau "skivat bröd" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ao̯/</span></td> <td>ao</td> <td>pao "du finner" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ɔe̯/</span></td> <td>ôe</td> <td>nôe "hon är inte" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ɔo̯/</span></td> <td>ôo</td> <td>nôo "du är inte" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/oj/</span></td> <td>oi</td> <td>noi "jag är inte" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/oe̯/</span></td> <td>oe</td> <td>dhoe "hon tvättar" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/oo̯/</span></td> <td>oo</td> <td>dhoo "du tvättar" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/ow/</span></td> <td>ou</td> <td>nouka "båt" </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Arial Unicode MS, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Code2000, Doulos SIL; font-family :inherit;">/uj/</span></td> <td>ui</td> <td>dhui "jag tvättar" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betoning">Betoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Betoning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Betoning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I standardbengali ligger <a href="/wiki/Betoning" title="Betoning">betoningen</a> i huvudsak på första stavelsen. Orden i bengali är nästan alla <a href="/wiki/Trok%C3%A9" title="Troké">trokéiska</a>; den huvudsakliga betoningen faller på ordets inledande stavelse, medan sekundär betoning ofta faller på alla uddataliga stavelser därefter, vilket ger strängar såsom <i><b>shô</b>-ho-<b>jo</b>-gi-<b>ta</b></i> "samarbete", där <b>fetstil</b> syftar på primär och sekundär betoning. Den första stavelsen uppbär den starkaste betoningen, den tredje är något svagare betonad och alla efterföljande uddataliga stavelser har mycket svag betoning. I ord som har inlånats från sanskrit har dock rotstavelsen betoning.<sup id="cite_ref-suniti_stress_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suniti_stress-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> läggs till ett ord flyttas betoningen normalt åt vänster. Exempelvis har ordet <i><b>shob</b>-bho</i> "civiliserad" huvudbetoning på den första stavelsen [<b>shob</b>], men om man lägger till det <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negerande</a> prefixet [ô-] blir resultatet <i><b>ô</b>-shob-bho</i> "ociviliserad", där huvudbetoningen nu ligger på den nytillagda första stavelsen অ <i><b>ô</b></i>. I alla händelser förändrar ordbetoning inte ett ords betydelse, och är alltid underordnad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsbetoning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satsbetoning [inte skriven än]">satsbetoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suniti_stress_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suniti_stress-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intonation">Intonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Intonation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Intonation"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intonation eller röstläge har mindre betydelse för ord på bengali, förutom i vissa isolerade fall. I satser spelar dock intonation en betydelsefull roll.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I en enkel <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5st%C3%A5endesats" title="Påståendesats">påståendesats</a> har de flesta ord och/eller fraser på bengali ett stigande <a href="/wiki/Tonem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonem">tonem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-inton0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inton0-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> med undantag av sista ordet i satsen, som alltid har en låg ton. Detta <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Intonation (språk)">intonationsmönster</a> ger en musikalitet åt den typiska bengalimeningen, med omväxlande låga och höga toner fram till den slutliga sänkningen i tonhöjd som markerar satsslutet. </p><p>I satser som innehåller <a href="/wiki/Fokus_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" title="Fokus (språkvetenskap)">fokuserade</a> ord och/eller fraser varar de stigande tonerna endast till det fokuserade ordet; alla följande ord har låg ton.<sup id="cite_ref-inton0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inton0-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta intonationsmönster gäller för frågor som börjar med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogativt_pronomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogativt pronomen [inte skriven än]">frågepronomen</a>, eftersom frågepronomen vanligen anses vara fokuserade. I ja-nej-frågor kan de stigande tonerna vara mer utpräglade och framför allt har den sista stavelsen i det sista ordet i satsen hög fallande ton istället för låg jämn ton.<sup id="cite_ref-inton1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inton1-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vokallängd"><span id="Vokall.C3.A4ngd"></span>Vokallängd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vokallängd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vokallängd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokall%C3%A4ngd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokallängd [inte skriven än]">Vokallängd</a> är inte kontrastiv i bengali; under i övrigt lika förhållanden finns ingen betydelseskillnad mellan en "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kort_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kort vokal [inte skriven än]">kort vokal</a>" och en "<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A5ng_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lång vokal [inte skriven än]">lång vokal</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Bhattacharya_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharya-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> till skillnad från i många andra indiska språk. När <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfemgränser</a> spelar in kan dock vokallängd ibland skilja annars likljudande ord. Detta beror på att <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96ppen_stavelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öppen stavelse [inte skriven än]">öppna stavelser</a> (det vill säga stavelser som slutar på vokal) i enstaviga ord har något längre vokaler än andra stavelsetyper.<sup id="cite_ref-munier_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munier-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exempelvis är vokalen i <i>cha:</i> "te" något längre än det första vokalen i <i>chaţa</i> "slickande", eftersom <i>cha:</i> är ett ord med bara en stavelse, och ingen avslutande konsonant. (Den långa vokalen markeras med kolon : i dessa exempel.) <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">Suffixet</a> <i>ţa</i>, som fungerar som <a href="/wiki/Best%C3%A4md_artikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestämd artikel">bestämd artikel</a>, kan tillföras till <i>cha:</i> så att ordet <i>cha:ţa</i> "teet" bildas. Även när ett annat morfem läggs till <i>cha:</i> bevaras den långa vokalen. På grund av detta kan vissa intressanta fall av synbart distinktiv vokallängd hittas. I allmänhet tenderar bengalis vokaler att inte ha extrem vokalartikulation.<sup id="cite_ref-munier_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munier-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dessutom kan, med en form av <a href="/wiki/Reduplikation" title="Reduplikation">reduplikation</a> som kallas "ekande reduplikation", den långa vokalen i <i>cha:</i> kopieras in i det reduplicerande <i>ţa:</i>, så att det ger <i>cha:ţa:</i> "te och allt som hör till det". Därmed finns förutom <i>cha:ţa</i> "teet" (första vokalen lång) och <i>chaţa</i> "slickande" (inga långa vokaler) även <i>cha:ţa:</i> "te och allt som hör till det" (båda vokalerna långa). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsonantkluster">Konsonantkluster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konsonantkluster" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konsonantkluster"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhemska bengaliord (<i>tôdbhôb</i>) tillåter inte initiala <a href="/wiki/Konsonantkluster" title="Konsonantkluster">konsonantkluster</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> den maximala stavelsestrukturen är KVK (det vill säga en vokal med en konsonant på vardera sida). Många bengalitalare begränsar sitt ljudsystem till detta mönster, även när de använder lånord från sanskrit eller engelska, såsom গেরাম <i>geram</i> (KV.KVK) för গ্রাম <i>gram</i> (KKVK) "by" eller ইস্কুল <i>iskul</i> (KC.KVK) för স্কুল <i>skul</i> (KKVK) "skola". </p><p>Sanskritord (তৎসম <i>tôtshôm</i>) som har lånats in i bengali har dock en stor uppsättning kluster, vilket utökar den maximala stavelsestrukturen till KKKVK. Vissa av dessa kluster, såsom <i>mr</i> i মৃত্যু <i>mrittu</i> "död" eller <i>sp</i> i স্পষ্ট <i>spôshţo</i> "klar", har blivit mycket vanliga, och kan anses som giltiga konsonantkluster på bengali. Engelska och andra utländska (বিদেশী <i>bideshi</i>) lånord tillför ännu fler klustertyper i bengali, och ökar stavelsekapaciteten ytterligare till KKKVKKKK, då allmänt brukade lånord såsom ট্রেন <i>ţren</i> "tåg" och গ্লাস <i>glash</i> "glas" nu inkluderas även i ledande bengaliordböcker. </p><p>Finala konsonantkluster är sällsynta i bengali.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De flesta finala konsonantkluster har inlånats från engelskan, som iলিফ্‌ট <i>lifţ</i> "hiss" och ব্যাংক <i>bêņk</i> "bank". Finala kluster finns dock i några inhemska bengaliord, men sällan i standarduttal. Ett exempel på en final kluster i ett standardbengaliord är গঞ্জ <i>gônj</i>, som återfinns i hundratals namn på städer och orter runtom i Bengalen, däribland নবাবগঞ্জ <i>Nôbabgônj</i> och মানিকগঞ্জ <i>Manikgônj</i>. Vissa ickestandardvarieteter av bengali använder finala kluster ganska ofta. Till exempel är det i vissa östliga dialekter vanligt med finala konsonantkluster som består av en nasal och dess motsvarande orala klusil, som i চান্দ <i>chand</i> "måne". Motsvarigheten till <i>chand</i> i standardbengali skulle vara চাঁদ <i>chãd</i>, med en nasalvokal istället för slutklustret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatik">Grammatik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grammatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grammatik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantiv i bengali har inte <a href="/wiki/Grammatiskt_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatiskt genus">genus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">Adjektiv</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">böjs</a> inte i någon större utsträckning. Substantiv och pronomen <a href="/wiki/Deklination_(lingvistik)" title="Deklination (lingvistik)">deklineras</a> dock i fyra <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a> och verb <a href="/wiki/Konjugation" title="Konjugation">konjugeras</a> i stor utsträckning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordföljd"><span id="Ordf.C3.B6ljd"></span>Ordföljd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ordföljd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ordföljd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali har <a href="/wiki/Grundordf%C3%B6ljd" title="Grundordföljd">ordföljden</a> <a href="/wiki/SOV-spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV-språk">subjekt objekt verb</a>, även om variationer på detta är vanliga.<sup id="cite_ref-tb16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb16-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengali använder <a href="/wiki/Postposition" title="Postposition">postpositioner</a>, i motsats till <a href="/wiki/Preposition" title="Preposition">prepositioner</a> som används i de flesta europeiska språk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonstrativ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demonstrativ [inte skriven än]">Demonstrativer</a> följer substantivet, medan <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4kneord" title="Räkneord">räkneord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiv</a> och possessivuttryck föregår substantivet.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA1-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ja-nej-frågor kräver ingen ändring av den grundläggande ordföljden. I stället byts den låga tonen i slutstavelsen ut mot en fallande hög ton. Dessutom kan valfria <a href="/wiki/Partikel_(lingvistik)" title="Partikel (lingvistik)">partiklar</a> (till exempel কি <i>-ki</i>, না <i>-na</i>, etc.) ofta hängas på det första eller sista ordet i en ja-nej-fråga. </p><p>Frågesatser med frågepronomen bildas genom att frågepronomenet sätts på fokuspositionen, vilket vanligen är det första eller andra ordet i utsagan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantiv">Substantiv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Substantiv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Substantiv"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantiv och pronomen böjs efter <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>, nämligen <a href="/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ">nominativ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ackusativ" title="Ackusativ">objektiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitiv" title="Genitiv">genitiv</a> och <a href="/wiki/Lokativ" title="Lokativ">lokativ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tb_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vilket kasusmönster som används för varje substantiv beror på dess grad av <a href="/wiki/Animacitet" title="Animacitet">animacitet</a>. När en <a href="/wiki/Best%C3%A4md_artikel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestämd artikel">bestämd artikel</a> såsom -টা <i>-ţa</i> (singular) eller -গুলা <i>-gula</i> (plural) tilläggs, som i tabellerna nedan, böjs substantiv också efter <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>. </p> <table style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Substantivböjning i singular</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Animat </th> <th>Inanimat </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominativ </th> <td>ছাত্রটা<br />chhatro-ţa<br />studenten </td> <td>জুতাটা<br /> juta-ţa<br />skon </td></tr> <tr> <th>Objektiv </th> <td>ছাত্রটা<b>কে</b><br /> chhatro-ţa-<b>ke</b><br />studenten </td> <td>জুতাটা<br /> juta-ţa<br />skon </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitiv </th> <td>ছাত্রটা<b>র</b><br /> chhatro-ţa-<b>r</b><br />studentens </td> <td>জুতাটা<b>র</b><br /> juta-ţa-<b>r</b><br />skons </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokativ </th> <td>- </td> <td>জুতাটা<b>য়</b><br /> juta-ţa-<b>(t)e</b><br />on/i skon </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Pluralböjning av substantiv</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Animat </th> <th>Inanimat </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominativ </th> <td>ছাত্র<b>রা</b><br />chhatro-<b>ra</b><br />studenterna </td> <td>জুতাগুলা<br /> juta-gula<br />skorna </td></tr> <tr> <th>Objektiv </th> <td>ছাত্র<b>দের(কে)</b><br />chhatro-<b>der(ke)</b><br />studenterna </td> <td>জুতাগুলা<br /> juta-gula<br />skorna </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitiv </th> <td>ছাত্র<b>দের</b><br />chhatro-<b>der</b><br />studenternas </td> <td>জুতাগুলা<b>র</b><br /> juta-gula-<b>r</b><br />skornas </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lokativ </th> <td>- </td> <td>জুতাগুলা<b>তে</b><br />juta-gula-<b>te</b><br />on/i skorna </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>När de räknas tar substantiv ett av en liten uppsättning <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A5ttsord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Måttsord [inte skriven än]">måttsord</a>. Liksom i många asiatiska språk (till exempel <a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">kinesiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanska" title="Japanska">japanska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Thai" title="Thai">thai</a>) kan substantiv på bengali inte räknas genom att sätter räkneord direkt bredvid substantivet. Substantivets måttsord ("MO") måste användas mellan räkneordet och substantivet. De flesta substantiv tar det allmänna måttsordet -টা <i>-ţa</i>, fastän andra måttsord anger semantiska klasser (till exempel -জন <i>-jon</i> för människor). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><b>Måttsord</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bengali </th> <th>Bengali i translitterering </th> <th>Bokstavlig översättning </th> <th>Översättning </th></tr> <tr> <td>নয়<b>টা</b> গরু </td> <td>Nôe-<b>ţa</b> goru </td> <td>Nio-<b>MO</b> ko </td> <td>Nio kor </td></tr> <tr> <td>কয়<b>টা</b> বালিশ </td> <td>Kôe-<b>ţa</b> balish </td> <td>Hur många-<b>MO</b> kudde </td> <td>Hur många kuddar </td></tr> <tr> <td>অনেক<b>জন</b> লোক </td> <td>Ônek-<b>jon</b> lok </td> <td>Många-<b>MO</b> person </td> <td>Många människor </td></tr> <tr> <td>চার-পাঁচ<b>জন</b> শিক্ষক </td> <td>Char-pañch-<b>jon</b> shikkhôk </td> <td>Fyra-fem-<b>MO</b> lärare </td> <td>Fyra eller fem lärare </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Att räkna upp substantiv på bengali utan deras motsvarande måttsord (till exempel আট বিড়াল <i>aţ biŗal</i> istället för আট<b>টা</b> বিড়াল <i>aţ-<b>ţa</b> biŗal</i> "åtta katter") skulle vanligen anses som ogrammatiskt. Att utelämna substantivet och bevara måttsordet är däremot vanligt förekommande. Till exempel skulle শুধু এক<b>জন</b> থাকবে। <i>Shudhu êk-<b>jon</b> thakbe.</i> (bokstavligen "Endast en-<b>MO</b> kommer att vara kvar.") förstås som "Endast en <b>person</b> kommer att vara kvar.", givet den semantiska klassen som är implicit i -জন <i>-jon</i>. </p><p>I denna mening liknar alla substantiv i bengali, till skillnad från i de flesta andra indoeuropeiska språk, <a href="/wiki/Massord" class="mw-redirect" title="Massord">massord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb">Verb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Verb" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Verb"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verb indelas i två klasser: <a href="/wiki/Finit_verb" title="Finit verb">finita</a> och infinita. Infinita verb böjs inte efter <a href="/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus">tempus</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Person_(grammatik)" title="Person (grammatik)">person</a>, medan finita verb böjs efter person (första, andra, tredje), tempus (presens, dåtid, futurum), <a href="/wiki/Aspekt" title="Aspekt">aspekt</a> (enkel, perfekt, progressiv), och <a href="/wiki/Artighet" title="Artighet">artighetsgrad</a> (intim, familjär och formell), men <i>inte</i> efter <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konditionalis" title="Konditionalis">Konditionalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ">imperativ</a>, och andra särskilda <a href="/wiki/Modus" title="Modus">modusböjningar</a> kan ersätta tempus- och aspektsuffixen. Antalet böjningar kan för många verbrötter överstiga 200. </p><p><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">Böjningssuffix</a> i bengalis <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(lingvistik)" title="Morfologi (lingvistik)">morfologi</a> varierar från region till region, liksom mindre skillnader i <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. </p><p>Bengali skiljer sig från de flesta indoariska språk i <a href="/wiki/Kopula" title="Kopula">kopulan</a> ("är") oftast saknas i <a href="/wiki/Presens" title="Presens">presens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huq_sarkar-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alltså blir "han är lärare" <i>she shikkhôk</i> (bokstavligen "han lärare").<sup id="cite_ref-hacche-bangali_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hacche-bangali-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I detta avseende liknar bengali exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Ryska" title="Ryska">ryska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Ungerska" title="Ungerska">ungerska</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordförråd"><span id="Ordf.C3.B6rr.C3.A5d"></span>Ordförråd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Ordförråd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Ordförråd"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 200px"> <div style="background-color: white; margin: auto; position: relative; width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden"> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r44099286">.mw-parser-output .transborder{border:solid transparent}</style><div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0;border-color:#ff82ab"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r44099286"><div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px;border-left-color:#8b4726"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#8b4726"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#8b4726"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r44099286"><div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:87.630668004386px 48.175367410172px 0 0;border-top-color:#ffdab9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#ffdab9"></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Diagram över bengalis ordförråd. </p> <div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#ffdab9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><i>Tôdbhôb</i> (inhemska ordförråd) (67 %) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#8b4726; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><i>Tôtshôm</i> (lånord från sanskrit) (28 %) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><span style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 2px 1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:#ff82ab; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> </td> <td><i>Bideshi</i> (lånord från främmande språk) (5 %) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> </div></div> <p>Bengali har så många som 75 000 olika ord, av vilka 50 000 (67 %) bedöms som <i>tôtshôm</i> (direkta lån från sanskrit), 21 100 (28 %) är <i>tôdbhôb</i> (inhemska bengaliord) och resten är <i>bideshi</i> (utländska) och <i>deshi</i> (inhemska <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austroasiatiska språk">austroasiatiska</a>) ord. </p><p>Dessa siffror tar dock inte i beaktande att en stor del av dessa ord är ålderdomliga eller mycket tekniska och inte används i någon större utsträckning. Det <a href="/wiki/Produktiv_(grammatik)" title="Produktiv (grammatik)">produktiva</a> ordförrådet som används i moderna litterära verk består mestadels (67 %) av <i>tôdbhôb</i>-ord, medan <i>tôtshôm</i> bara utgör 25 %.<sup id="cite_ref-bhoumick_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhoumick-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhoumick1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhoumick1-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Deshi</i>- och <i>bideshi</i>-ord utgör tillsammans de återstående 8 % av ordförrådet i modern bengalilitteratur. </p><p>På grund av århundraden av kontakt med <a href="/wiki/Europ%C3%A9er" title="Européer">européer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogulriket" title="Mogulriket">moguler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araber" title="Araber">araber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkar" title="Turkar">turkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perser" title="Perser">perser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">afghaner</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stasien" title="Östasien">östasiater</a> har bengali <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord">lånat</a> många ord från främmande språk. De vanligaste lånen från främmande språk kommer från tre olika sorters kontakt. Nära kontakt med grannfolk underlättade inlåning av ord från hindi, assamesiska, <a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">kinesiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmesiska" title="Burmesiska">burmesiska</a> och flera inhemska austroasiatiska språk i Bengalen. Efter århundraden av invasioner från <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Mellan%C3%B6stern" title="Mellanöstern">Mellanöstern</a> togs många <a href="/wiki/Turkiska" title="Turkiska">turkiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Persiska" title="Persiska">persiska</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">pashtunska</a> ord upp i bengali. <a href="/wiki/Portugisiska" title="Portugisiska">Portugisiska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndska" title="Nederländska">nederländska</a> och <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelska</a> ord var senare tillskott under den <a href="/wiki/Brittiska_Indien" title="Brittiska Indien">koloniala perioden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ben/">”Bengali”</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ben/">http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ben/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 juli 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bengali&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Fben%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-2"><a href="#cite_ref-encarta_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203134724/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">”Languages spoken by more than 10 million people”</a>. Encarta Encyclopedia. 25 november 2007. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">originalet</a> den 3 december 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203134724/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20071203134724/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 mars 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Languages+spoken+by+more+than+10+million+people&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+november+2007&rft.pub=Encarta+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071203134724%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fmedia_701500404%2FLanguages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth-3"><a href="#cite_ref-eth_3-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=country">”Statistical Summaries”</a>. Ethnologue. 25 november 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=country">http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=country</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 mars 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Statistical+Summaries&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+november+2005&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fethno_docs%2Fdistribution.asp%3Fby%3Dcountry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondmost-4"><a href="#cite_ref-secondmost_4-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFGordon2005">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed. (25 november 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN">”Languages of India”</a>. <i><span>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.</span></i>. SIL International<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Languages+of+India&rft.atitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Fifteenth+edition.&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.%2C+Jr.+%28ed.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Raymond+G.%2C+Jr.+%28ed.&rft.date=25+november+2005&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DIN&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang1991-5"><a href="#cite_ref-lang1991_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103055753/http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang_table1.PDF">”Languages in Descending Order of Strength - India, States and Union Territories - 1991 Census”</a>. <i><span>Census Data Online</span></i>. Office of the Registrar General, India. sid. 1. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang_table1.PDF">originalet</a> den 3 november 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103055753/http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang_table1.PDF">https://web.archive.org/web/20061103055753/http://www.censusindia.net/cendat/language/lang_table1.PDF</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Languages+in+Descending+Order+of+Strength+-+India%2C+States+and+Union+Territories+-+1991+Census&rft.atitle=Census+Data+Online&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B1&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+General%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061103055753%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.net%2Fcendat%2Flanguage%2Flang_table1.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tb-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-tb_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tb_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tb_6-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Bhattacharya 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Sen 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abahatta-8"><a href="#cite_ref-abahatta_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/A_0001.htm">Abahattha</a> i Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstgram-9"><a href="#cite_ref-firstgram_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRahman,_Aminur">Rahman, Aminur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325055344/http://banglapedia.org/HT/G_0193.HTM">”Grammar”</a>. <i><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banglapedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banglapedia [inte skriven än]">Banglapedia</a></span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/G_0193.htm">originalet</a> den 25 mars 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325055344/http://banglapedia.org/HT/G_0193.HTM">https://web.archive.org/web/20070325055344/http://banglapedia.org/HT/G_0193.HTM</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Grammar&rft.atitle=%5B%5BBanglapedia%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Rahman%2C+Aminur&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Aminur&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070325055344%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FG_0193.HTM&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huq_sarkar-10">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huq_sarkar_10-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/B_0137.htm">Bangla language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070318174529/http://banglapedia.org/HT/B_0137.htm">Arkiverad</a> 18 mars 2007 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. i <a href="#CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh2003">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKumar-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SKumar_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKumar_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFRay,_S_Kumar">Ray, S Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925204904/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html">”The Bengali Language and Translation”</a>. <i><span>Translation Articles</span></i>. Kwintessential. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html">originalet</a> den 25 september 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925204904/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20060925204904/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Bengali+Language+and+Translation&rft.atitle=Translation+Articles&rft.aulast=Ray%2C+S+Kumar&rft.au=Ray%2C+S+Kumar&rft.pub=Kwintessential&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060925204904%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwintessential.co.uk%2Ftranslation%2Farticles%2Fbengali-language.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Baxter 1997, s 62-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assam1-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Assam1_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFAhsan,_MB">Ahsan, MB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20070813092611/http://www.thedailystar.net/dailystarnews/200302/28/n3022802.htm">”All about language”</a>. The Daily Star. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/dailystarnews/200302/28/n3022802.htm">originalet</a> den 13 augusti 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.is/20070813092611/http://www.thedailystar.net/dailystarnews/200302/28/n3022802.htm">https://archive.is/20070813092611/http://www.thedailystar.net/dailystarnews/200302/28/n3022802.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=All+about+language&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ahsan%2C+MB&rft.au=Ahsan%2C+MB&rft.pub=The+Daily+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20070813092611%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fdailystarnews%2F200302%2F28%2Fn3022802.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assam2-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Assam2_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp">”No alliance with BJP, says AGP chief”</a>. The Telegraph<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp">http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031227/asp/northeast/story_2721710.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=No+alliance+with+BJP%2C+says+AGP+chief&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1031227%2Fasp%2Fnortheast%2Fstory_2721710.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDFacts-15"><a href="#cite_ref-BDFacts_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101071339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html">”The World Fact Book”</a>. <i><span>Bangladesh</span></i>. CIA. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html">originalet</a> den 1 januari 2021<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210101071339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20210101071339/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210101071339%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fbg.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondmost2-16"><a href="#cite_ref-secondmost2_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN">”Languages of India”</a>. Ethnologue Report<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Languages+of+India&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Ethnologue+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DIN&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFNIC,_Assam_State_Centre,_Guwahati,_Assam">NIC, Assam State Centre, Guwahati, Assam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225557/http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp">”Language”</a>. Government of Assam. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp">originalet</a> den 26 augusti 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225557/http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp">https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225557/http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 juni 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Language&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=NIC%2C+Assam+State+Centre%2C+Guwahati%2C+Assam&rft.au=NIC%2C+Assam+State+Centre%2C+Guwahati%2C+Assam&rft.pub=Government+of+Assam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060826225557%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.assam.gov.in%2Flanguage.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morshed-18">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-morshed_18-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morshed_18-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFMorshed,_Abul_Kalam_Manjoor">Morshed, Abul Kalam Manjoor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111204/http://banglapedia.org/HT/D_0212.htm">”Dialect”</a>. <i><span>Banglapedia</span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/D_0212.htm">originalet</a> den 29 september 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111204/http://banglapedia.org/HT/D_0212.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111204/http://banglapedia.org/HT/D_0212.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dialect&rft.atitle=Banglapedia&rft.aulast=Morshed%2C+Abul+Kalam+Manjoor&rft.au=Morshed%2C+Abul+Kalam+Manjoor&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070929111204%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FD_0212.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajong-19"><a href="#cite_ref-hajong_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj">”Hajong”</a>. The Ethnologue Report<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Hajong&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+Ethnologue+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dhaj&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniul-20">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-daniul_20-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daniul_20-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHuq,_Mohammad_Daniul">Huq, Mohammad Daniul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102801/http://banglapedia.org/HT/C_0103.htm">”Chalita Bhasa”</a>. <i><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banglapedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banglapedia [inte skriven än]">Banglapedia</a></span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/C_0103.htm">originalet</a> den 29 september 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102801/http://banglapedia.org/HT/C_0103.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102801/http://banglapedia.org/HT/C_0103.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chalita+Bhasa&rft.atitle=%5B%5BBanglapedia%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.au=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070929102801%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FC_0103.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banglabetelco-21">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Banglabetelco_21-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banglabetelco_21-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707230420/http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html">”History of Bangla (Banglar itihash)”</a>. <i><span>Bangla</span></i>. Bengal Telecommunication and Electric Company. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html">originalet</a> den 7 juli 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707230420/http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20110707230420/http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=History+of+Bangla+%28Banglar+itihash%29&rft.atitle=Bangla&rft.pub=Bengal+Telecommunication+and+Electric+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110707230420%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.betelco.com%2Fbd%2Fbangla%2Fbangla.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniul1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-daniul1_22-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHuq,_Mohammad_Daniul">Huq, Mohammad Daniul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111225/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0014.htm">”Sadhu Bhasa”</a>. <i><span>Banglapedia</span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0014.htm">originalet</a> den 29 september 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111225/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0014.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111225/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0014.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sadhu+Bhasa&rft.atitle=Banglapedia&rft.aulast=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.au=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070929111225%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FS_0014.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alal-23"><a href="#cite_ref-alal_23-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFHuq,_Mohammad_Daniul">Huq, Mohammad Daniul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501124519/http://banglapedia.org/HT/A_0152.HTM">”Alaler Gharer Dulal”</a>. <i><span>Banglapedia</span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/A_0152.htm">originalet</a> den 1 maj 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501124519/http://banglapedia.org/HT/A_0152.HTM">https://web.archive.org/web/20060501124519/http://banglapedia.org/HT/A_0152.HTM</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alaler+Gharer+Dulal&rft.atitle=Banglapedia&rft.aulast=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.au=Huq%2C+Mohammad+Daniul&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060501124519%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FA_0152.HTM&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akhor-24">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-akhor_24-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-akhor_24-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Script">Bangla Script</a> i <a href="#CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh2003">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-it46-25"><a href="#cite_ref-it46_25-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFEscudero_Pascual_Alberto">Escudero Pascual Alberto (23 oktober 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090319013436/http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf">”Writing Systems/ Scripts”</a> (PDF). <i><span>Primer to Localization of Software</span></i>. IT +46. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf">originalet</a> den 19 mars 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090319013436/http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf">https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090319013436/http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems%2F+Scripts&rft.atitle=Primer+to+Localization+of+Software&rft.aulast=Escudero+Pascual+Alberto&rft.au=Escudero+Pascual+Alberto&rft.date=23+oktober+2005&rft.pub=IT+%2B46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwayback.archive-it.org%2Fall%2F20090319013436%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.it46.se%2Fdocs%2Fcourses%2FICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sylnagri-26"><a href="#cite_ref-sylnagri_26-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFIslam,_Muhammad_Ashraful">Islam, Muhammad Ashraful. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083208/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0656.htm">”Sylheti Nagri”</a>. <i><span>Banglapedia</span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0656.htm">originalet</a> den 29 september 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083208/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0656.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083208/http://banglapedia.org/HT/S_0656.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 17 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sylheti+Nagri&rft.atitle=Banglapedia&rft.aulast=Islam%2C+Muhammad+Ashraful&rft.au=Islam%2C+Muhammad+Ashraful&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070929083208%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fbanglapedia.org%2FHT%2FS_0656.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAST1-27"><a href="#cite_ref-IAST1_27-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html">”Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration”</a>. <i><span>Sanskrit 3 - Learning transliteration</span></i>. Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html">originalet</a> den 12 februari 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Learning+International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+3+-+Learning+transliteration&rft.pub=Gabriel+Pradiipaka+%26+Andr%C3%A9s+Muni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070212100431%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar%2Fenglish%2Fsanskrit%2Fsanskrit3.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITRANS1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-ITRANS1_28-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/">”ITRANS - Indian Language Transliteration Package”</a>. Avinash Chopde<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/">http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=ITRANS+-+Indian+Language+Transliteration+Package&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Avinash+Chopde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aczoom.com%2Fitrans%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatLib-29"><a href="#cite_ref-NatLib_29-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf">”Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration”</a> (PDF). <i><span>Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange - ISCII</span></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Indian_Standards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of Indian Standards [inte skriven än]">Bureau of Indian Standards</a>. 1 april 1999. sid. 32<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf">http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Annex-F%3A+Roman+Script+Transliteration&rft.atitle=Indian+Standard%3A+Indian+Script+Code+for+Information+Interchange+-+ISCII&rft.date=1+april+1999&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B32&rft.pub=%5B%5BBureau+of+Indian+Standards%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaramozhi.sourceforge.net%2Fiscii91.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Masica 1991, s. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Chatterji 1926, s. 415-416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suniti_stress-32">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-suniti_stress_32-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suniti_stress_32-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Chatterji 1921, s. 19-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Chatterji 1921, s. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inton0-34">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-inton0_34-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inton0_34-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Hayes och Lahiri 1991, s. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inton1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-inton1_35-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hayes och Lahiri 1991, s. 57-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhattacharya-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhattacharya_36-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bhattacharya 2000, s. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munier-37">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-munier_37-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munier_37-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Ferguson och Chowdhury 1960, s. 16-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Masica 1991, s. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Masica 1991, s. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tb16-40"><a href="#cite_ref-tb16_40-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bhattacharya 2000, s. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLA1_41-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715213818/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004">”Bengali”</a>. <i><span>UCLA Language Materials project</span></i>. University of California, Los Angeles. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004">originalet</a> den 15 juli 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715213818/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004">https://web.archive.org/web/20070715213818/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bengali&rft.atitle=UCLA+Language+Materials+project&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070715213818%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2FProfile.aspx%3FLangID%3D84%26menu%3D004&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hacche-bangali-42"><a href="#cite_ref-hacche-bangali_42-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bland bengalitalare som har vuxit upp i angränsande språkområden (till exempel hindi) kan den förlorade kopulan visa sig i utsagor som <i>she shikkhôk hochchhe</i>. Detta uppfattas som ogrammatiskt av andra talare, och de som talar denna varietet kallas ibland (skämtsamt) "hochchhe-Bangali".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhoumick-43"><a href="#cite_ref-bhoumick_43-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0087.htm">Tatsama</a> i Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhoumick1-44"><a href="#cite_ref-bhoumick1_44-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0010.htm">Tatbhava</a> i Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=21" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_language&oldid=108313727">tidigare version</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>Där anges följande som referenser: </p> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHaldar,_Gopal2000">Haldar, Gopal (2000). <i><span>Languages of India</span></i>. National Book Trust, India. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/81-237-2936-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/81-237-2936-7">ISBN 81-237-2936-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+India&rft.aulast=Haldar%2C+Gopal&rft.au=Haldar%2C+Gopal&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFAlam,_M2000">Alam, M (2000). <i><span>Bhasha Shourôbh: Bêkorôn O Rôchona (The Fragrance of Language: Grammar and Rhetoric)</span></i>. S. N. Printers, Dhaka</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhasha+Shour%C3%B4bh%3A+B%C3%AAkor%C3%B4n+O+R%C3%B4chona+%28The+Fragrance+of+Language%3A+Grammar+and+Rhetoric%29&rft.aulast=Alam%2C+M&rft.au=Alam%2C+M&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=S.+N.+Printers%2C+Dhaka&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFAsiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh2003">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (2003). <i><span>Banglapedia, the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh</span></i>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%2C+the+national+encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.aulast=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.au=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh%2C+Dhaka&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCardona,_G_och_Jain,_D2003">Cardona, G och Jain, D (2003). <i><span>The Indo-Aryan languages</span></i>. RoutledgeCurzon, London</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.aulast=Cardona%2C+G+och+Jain%2C+D&rft.au=Cardona%2C+G+och+Jain%2C+D&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon%2C+London&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChatterji,_SK1921">Chatterji, SK (1921). <i><span>Bengali Phonetics</span></i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Phonetics&rft.aulast=Chatterji%2C+SK&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+SK&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChatterji">Chatterji. <i><span>The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language</span></i>. Calcutta Univ. Press</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Development+of+the+Bengali+Language&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.au=Chatterji&rft.pub=Calcutta+Univ.+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFFerguson">Ferguson. <i><span>The Phonemes of Bengali</span></i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonemes+of+Bengali&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.au=Ferguson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHayes">Hayes. <i><span>Bengali intonational phonology</span></i>. Springer Science</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+intonational+phonology&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.au=Hayes&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKlaiman,_MH1987">Klaiman, MH (1987). <i><span>The World's Major Languages</span></i>. Croon Helm, London and Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0195065115" title="Special:Bokkällor/0195065115">ISBN 0195065115</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.aulast=Klaiman%2C+MH&rft.au=Klaiman%2C+MH&rft.date=1987&rft.pub=Croon+Helm%2C+London+and+Sydney&rft.isbn=0195065115&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMasica,_C1991">Masica, C (1991). <i><span>The Indo-Aryan Languages</span></i>. Cambridge Univ. Press</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.aulast=Masica%2C+C&rft.au=Masica%2C+C&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRadice,_W1994">Radice, W (1994). <i><span>Teach Yourself Bengali: A Complete Course for Beginners</span></i>. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8442-3752-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8442-3752-3">ISBN 0-8442-3752-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Bengali%3A+A+Complete+Course+for+Beginners&rft.aulast=Radice%2C+W&rft.au=Radice%2C+W&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=NTC%2FContemporary+Publishing+Company&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFRay,_P,_Hai,_MA_och_Ray,_L1966">Ray, P, Hai, MA och Ray, L (1966). <i><span>Bengali language handbook</span></i>. Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington. ISBN ASIN: B000B9G89C</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+language+handbook&rft.aulast=Ray%2C+P%2C+Hai%2C+MA+och+Ray%2C+L&rft.au=Ray%2C+P%2C+Hai%2C+MA+och+Ray%2C+L&rft.date=1966&rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Linguistics%2C+Washington&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSen,_D1996">Sen, D (1996). <i><span>Bengali Language and Literature</span></i>. International Centre for Bengal Studies, Calcutta</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali+Language+and+Literature&rft.aulast=Sen%2C+D&rft.au=Sen%2C+D&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Bengal+Studies%2C+Calcutta&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBhattacharya,_T2000">Bhattacharya, T (2000). Gary, J. and Rubino. C.. red. <i><span>Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages)</span></i>. WW Wilson, New York. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8242-0970-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8242-0970-2">ISBN 0-8242-0970-2</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World%27s+Languages%3A+Past+and+Present+%28Facts+About+the+World%27s+Languages%29&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya%2C+T&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+T&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=WW+Wilson%2C+New+York&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBaxter,_C1997">Baxter, C (1997). <i><span>Bangladesh, From a Nation to a State</span></i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8133-3632-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8133-3632-5">ISBN 0-8133-3632-5</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%2C+From+a+Nation+to+a+State&rft.aulast=Baxter%2C+C&rft.au=Baxter%2C+C&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bengali"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali&action=edit&section=22" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="floatright metadata"> <table style="font-size: 90%; width: 22em; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: .5em 0 .5em 1em; border-spacing: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0.5em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> har en <i><b><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bn:">upplaga på <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">Bengali</span></a></b></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85013150">sh85013150</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4005498-6">4005498-6</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119359872">cb119359872</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119359872">(data)</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Nationella_parlamentsbiblioteket" title="Nationella parlamentsbiblioteket">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560592">00560592</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph210492&CON_LNG=ENG">ph210492</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali&oldid=54459109">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali&oldid=54459109</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bengali" title="Kategori:Bengali">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Indien" title="Kategori:Språk i Indien">Språk i Indien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Indoariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Indoariska språk">Indoariska språk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Spr%C3%A5k_i_Bangladesh" title="Kategori:Språk i Bangladesh">Språk i Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Romanisering" title="Kategori:Romanisering">Romanisering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Subjekt%E2%80%93objekt%E2%80%93verb-spr%C3%A5k" title="Kategori:Subjekt–objekt–verb-språk">Subjekt–objekt–verb-språk</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor">Alla artiklar som behöver källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor">Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor_2021-06" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2021-06">Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2021-06</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Enwp" title="Kategori:Enwp">Enwp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar_med_identifierare_fr%C3%A5n_LCCN" title="Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN">Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar_med_identifierare_fr%C3%A5n_GND" title="Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från GND">Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar_med_identifierare_fr%C3%A5n_BNF" title="Kategori:Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF">Wikipediaartiklar med identifierare från BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia:Utm%C3%A4rkta_artiklar" title="Kategori:Wikipedia:Utmärkta artiklar">Wikipedia:Utmärkta artiklar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia:Basartiklar" title="Kategori:Wikipedia:Basartiklar">Wikipedia:Basartiklar</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 22 februari 2024 kl. 08.18.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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