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id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Kirshenbaum" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Kirshenbaum" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Kirshenbaum" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Kirshenbaum" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Taula_de_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taula_de_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Taula de consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taula_de_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taula_de_vocals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taula_de_vocals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taula de vocals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taula_de_vocals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Taula de vocals</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taula_de_vocals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modificadors_de_vocals_i_diacrítics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modificadors_de_vocals_i_diacrítics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Modificadors de vocals i diacrítics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modificadors_de_vocals_i_diacrítics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kirshenbaum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 16 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE" title="কার্শেনবম - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্শেনবম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="キルシェンバウム - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キルシェンバウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Киршенбаум - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киршенбаум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kirshenbaum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Киршенбаум (кодировка) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киршенбаум (кодировка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کرشین بام - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرشین بام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E7%94%B3%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="柯申鲍姆系统 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柯申鲍姆系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q939066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Kirshenbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Kirshenbaum" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Kirshenbaum" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&oldid=32183079" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Kirshenbaum&id=32183079&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKirshenbaum"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKirshenbaum"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kirshenbaum"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kirshenbaum&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q939066" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kirshenbaum</b>, de vegades anomenat <b>ASCII-IPA</b> o <b>erkIPA</b>, és un sistema utilitzat per representar l'alfabet fonètic internacional (AFI) en <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>. D'aquesta manera permet que escriure a màquina símbols de l'AFI en un teclat normal. Va ser desenvolupat per <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, en particular els grups de notícies sci.lang i alt.usage.english. Porta el nom de Evan Kirshenbaum, qui va dirigir el grup de col·laboració que ho va crear. </p><p>El sistema utilitza gairebé totes les lletres minúscules per representar el caràcter corresponent a l'AFI directament, però a diferència de <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> té la notable excepció de la lletra 'r'. Exemples en els quals els dos sistemes tenen una assignació diferent entre els caràcters i els sons són: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>So </th> <th>AFI </th> <th>X-SAMPA </th> <th>Kirshenbaum </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_alveolar" title="Vibrant alveolar">Vibrant alveolar múltiple</a> </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">r</span> </td> <td><tt>r</tt> </td> <td><code>r<trl></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aproximant_alveolar_sonora" title="Aproximant alveolar sonora">Aproximant alveolar</a> </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ɹ</span> </td> <td><tt>r\</tt> </td> <td><tt>r</tt> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocal_quasioberta_anterior_no_arrodonida" title="Vocal quasioberta anterior no arrodonida">Vocal gairebé oberta anterior no arrodonida</a> </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">æ</span> </td> <td>{ </td> <td>& </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocal_oberta_posterior_arrodonida" title="Vocal oberta posterior arrodonida">Vocal oberta posterior arrodonida</a> </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ɒ</span> </td> <td>Q.॥॥ </td> <td><tt>A</tt>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocal semioberta central no arrodonida </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ɜ</span> </td> <td><tt>3</tt> </td> <td><tt>V</tt>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accent primari </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ˈ</span> </td> <td>" </td> <td><tt>'</tt> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accent secundari </td> <td><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">ˌ</span> </td> <td>% </td> <td>, </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aquestes taules es basen en la informació proporcionada en l'especificació Kirshenbaum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pot també ser útil comparar-les amb la taula SAMPA o la taula X-SAMPA. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taula_de_consonants">Taula de consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Taula de consonants"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Taula Kirshenbaum de <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> (cada parell és sord/sonor) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27articulaci%C3%B3" title="Punt d'articulació">Punt d'articulació</a> → </td> <th colspan="2">Labial </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_coronal" title="Consonant coronal">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Dorsal </th> <th colspan="1">Radical </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Glotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glotal">Glotal</a> </th> <th colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_alveolar" title="Consonant alveolar">Alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant_lateral" title="Consonant lateral">lateral</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_bilabial" title="Consonant bilabial">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_labiodental" title="Consonant labiodental">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_dental" title="Consonant dental">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_alveolar" title="Consonant alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_retroflexa" title="Consonant retroflexa">Retroflexa</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_postalveolar" title="Consonant postalveolar">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_palatal" title="Consonant palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_velar" title="Consonant velar">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_uvular" title="Consonant uvular">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_labiovelar" title="Consonant labiovelar">Labiovelar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:4em;">Faríngea </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Mode_d%27articulaci%C3%B3" title="Mode d'articulació">Mode d'articulació</a> ↓ </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td><tt>m</tt> </td> <td><tt>M</tt> </td> <td><tt>n[</tt> </td> <td><tt>n</tt> </td> <td><tt>n.</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>n^</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>n"</tt> </td> <td><tt>n<lbv></tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center">Oclusiva </th> <td><tt>p b</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>t[ d[</tt> </td> <td><tt>t d</tt> </td> <td><tt>t. d. </tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>c J</tt> </td> <td><tt>k g</tt> </td> <td><tt>q G</tt> </td> <td><tt>t<lbv> d<lbv></tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>?</tt> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_fricativa" title="Consonant fricativa">Fricativa</a> </th> <td><tt>P B</tt> </td> <td><tt>f</tt> </td> <td><tt>T D</tt> </td> <td><tt>s z</tt> </td> <td><tt>s. z.</tt> </td> <td><tt>S Z</tt> </td> <td><tt>C C<vcd></tt> </td> <td><tt>x</tt> </td> <td><tt>X g"</tt> </td> <td><tt>w<vls> w</tt> </td> <td><tt>H H<vcd></tt> </td> <td><tt>h<?</tt><tt>></tt> </td> <td><tt>s<lat> z<lat></tt> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_aproximant" title="Consonant aproximant">Aproximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><tt>r<lbd></tt> </td> <td><tt>r[</tt> </td> <td><tt>r</tt> </td> <td><tt>r.</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>j</tt> </td> <td><tt>j<vel></tt> </td> <td><tt>g"</tt> </td> <td><tt>w</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>h</tt> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_lateral" title="Consonant lateral">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>l[</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>l.</tt> </td> <td><tt>l</tt> </td> <td><tt>l^</tt> </td> <td><tt>L</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_vibrant" title="Consonant vibrant">Vibrant múltiple</a> </th> <td><tt>b<trl></tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>r<trl></tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>r"</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_bategant" title="Consonant bategant">Vibrant simple</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>  *</tt> </td> <td><tt>  *.</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>*<lat></tt> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_ejectiva" title="Consonant ejectiva">Ejectiva</a> </th> <td><tt>p`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>t[`</tt> </td> <td><tt>t`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>c`</tt> </td> <td><tt>k`</tt> </td> <td><tt>q`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center">Implosiva </th> <td><tt>b`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>d`</tt> </td> <td><tt>d`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>J`</tt> </td> <td><tt>g`</tt> </td> <td><tt>G`</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Clic_(fon%C3%A8tica)" title="Clic (fonètica)">Clic</a> </th> <td><tt>p!</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>t!</tt> </td> <td><tt>c!</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>c!</tt> </td> <td><tt>k!</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>l!</tt> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>La taula de consonants de l'AFI, per comparació, utilitza molts símbols que són suportats menys extensament: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taula_de_vocals">Taula de vocals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Taula de vocals"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5"><b>Taula simplificada de Kirshenbaum de</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Vocal" title="Vocal">vocals</a></b><br /> <p><br /> (cada parell és no arrodonit/arrodonit; els símbols en parèntesis designen vocals que existeixen en alguns <i>idiomes</i>, però no tenen símbols en l'AFI) </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td width="20%"><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_anterior" title="Vocal anterior">Anterior</a></b> </td> <td width="20%"><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_central" title="Vocal central">Central</a></b> </td> <td width="20%"><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_posterior" title="Vocal posterior">Posterior</a></b> </td> <td width="20%"><b>Ròtica</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>Tancada</b> </td> <td><tt>i y</tt> </td> <td>i" u" </td> <td><tt>u- u</tt> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_quasitancada" title="Vocal quasitancada">Gairebé tancada</a></b> </td> <td><tt>I I</tt>. </td> <td> </td> <td>(U-) U </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_semitancada" title="Vocal semitancada">Semitancada</a></b> </td> <td><tt>e Y</tt> </td> <td><tt>@</tt><umd> @. </td> <td><tt>o- o</tt> </td> <td>R<umd> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>Intermèdia</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>@</tt> </td> <td> </td> <td><tt>R</tt> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vocal_semioberta" title="Vocal semioberta">Semioberta</a></b> </td> <td><tt>E W</tt> </td> <td>V" O" </td> <td><tt>V O</tt> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>Gairebé oberta</b> </td> <td>& </td> <td>&" </td> <td>(<i>no symbols</i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>Oberta</b> </td> <td><tt>a</tt>. </td> <td>(a" A".<tt>)</tt> </td> <td><tt>A A</tt>. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>La taula de vocals de l'AFI, per comparació, utilitza molts símbols que són suportats menys extensament: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modificadors_de_vocals_i_diacrítics"><span id="Modificadors_de_vocals_i_diacr.C3.ADtics"></span>Modificadors de vocals i diacrítics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Modificadors de vocals i diacrítics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modificadors i diacrítics segueixen el símbol que modifiquen. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Modificador/diacrític </td> <td>Significat </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>~ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasalitzaci%C3%B3" title="Nasalització">Nasalizada</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>: </td> <td>Llarga </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><tt>-</tt> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrodoniment_voc%C3%A0lic" title="Arrodoniment vocàlic">No arrodonida</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrodoniment_voc%C3%A0lic" title="Arrodoniment vocàlic">Arrodonida</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>" </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocal_central" title="Vocal central">Centralitzada</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><?<tt>></tt> </td> <td>Murmurada </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><r> </td> <td>Rotizada </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>L<tt><b>'</b></tt><b><tt></tt></b>accent és indicat per ' per a l'accent primari, i, per a l'accent secundari, col·locat abans de la síl·laba tònica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Antecedents"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kirshenbaum es va començar a desenvolupar a l'agost de 1992 a través d'un grup <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, després de "estar fart amb descriure el so de les paraules mitjançant l'ús d'altres paraules" Hauria de ser utilitzable tant per a la transcripció fonèmica i fonètica.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hauria de ser possible representar tots els símbols i els diacrítics en el AFI.</li> <li>La pauta anterior no obstant això, s'espera que (com en el passat) la majoria de l'ús serà en la transcripció de l'anglès, així que on siguin necessàries compensacions, les decisions han de prendre's en favor de la facilitat de la representació dels fonemes que són comuns en l'anglès.</li> <li>La representació ha de ser llegible.</li> <li>Hauria de ser possible traduir mecànicament de la representació d'un conjunt de caràcters que inclou AFI. El contrari també seria bo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Els desenvolupadors van decidir usar l'alfabet AFI existent, assignant cada segment a un sol caràcter del teclat, i afegint caràcters ASCII addicionals opcionalment pels els diacrítics del AFI. Un conjunt primerenc (1993), diferent en ASCII va ser derivat de la guia de pronunciació en <i>New Collegiate Dictionary</i> de Merriam-Webster, que utilitza lletres directament per descriure el so.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2016-04-19 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html">http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040219055232/http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Evan_Kirshenbaum/IPA/faq.html">Arxivat</a> 2004-02-19 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926075623/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/index.html">Kirschenbaum.net</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/index.html">original</a> el 2011-09-26. [Consulta: 26 setembre 2015].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">original</a> el 2016-04-19. [Consulta: 26 setembre 2015].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808105359/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/english.html">Earlier ASCII version: Miriam-Webster's</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/english.html">original</a> el 2011-08-08. [Consulta: 26 setembre 2015].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">especificació per Kirshenbaum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419125856/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/ascii-ipa.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2016-04-19 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (arxiu <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alt-usage-english.org/ipa/ascii_ipa_combined.shtml">Tutorial i guia amb exemples de so</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/index.html">Història</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926075623/http://www.kirshenbaum.net/IPA/index.html">Arxivat</a> 2011-09-26 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&oldid=32183079">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirshenbaum&oldid=32183079</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Fon%C3%A8tica" title="Categoria:Fonètica">Fonètica</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_refer%C3%A8ncies_sense_format" title="Categoria:Articles amb referències sense format">Articles amb referències sense format</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 6 jul 2023 a les 17:54.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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