CINXE.COM

Física moderna - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Física moderna - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","gener","febrer","març","abril","maig","juny","juliol","agost","setembre","octubre","novembre","desembre"],"wgRequestId":"54bd6a39-7641-4ed2-b1b1-64413cedfb1d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Física_moderna","wgTitle":"Física moderna","wgCurRevisionId":32631154,"wgRevisionId":32631154,"wgArticleId":1202,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Control d'autoritats","Història de la física"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Física_moderna","wgRelevantArticleId":1202,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ca","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ca"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q658544","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","wikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.AltresViccionari","ext.gadget.purgetab","ext.gadget.DocTabs","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","wikibase.client.data-bridge.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ca&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/1200px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="541"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/800px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="361"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/640px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="289"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Física moderna - Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Viquipèdia (ca)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Física_moderna rootpage-Física_moderna skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=F%C3%ADsica+moderna" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=F%C3%ADsica+moderna" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d&#039;usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=F%C3%ADsica+moderna" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=F%C3%ADsica+moderna" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Informació_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informació_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Informació general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informació_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Física moderna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 39 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="فيزياء حديثة - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء حديثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="فيزيا حديثة - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا حديثة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আধুনিক পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আধুনিক পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Модерна физика - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Модерна физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আধুনিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞান - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আধুনিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_fizika" title="Moderna fizika - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moderna fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="فیزیکی ھاوچەرخ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیکی ھاوچەرخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_Physik" title="Moderne Physik - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moderne Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Modern physics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" title="Física moderna - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física moderna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیزیک نوین - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک نوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" title="Física moderna - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Física moderna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פיזיקה מודרנית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקה מודרנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="आधुनिक भौतिकी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधुनिक भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_fizika" title="Moderna fizika - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moderna fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_fizika" title="Modern fizika - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Modern fizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%81_%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ժամանակակից ֆիզիկա - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժամանակակից ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_modern" title="Fisika modern - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika modern" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica_moderna" title="Fisica moderna - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica moderna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="現代物理学 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="現代物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="현대물리학 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현대물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Современа физика - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Современа физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="നവീനഭൗതികം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവീനഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ခေတ်သစ် ရူပဗေဒ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခေတ်သစ် ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مدرن فیزیک - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مدرن فیزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderne_natuurkunde" title="Moderne natuurkunde - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moderne natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਜੋਕੀ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਜੋਕੀ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_fysiks" title="Modern fysiks - pidgin de Nigèria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Modern fysiks" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin de Nigèria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" title="Física moderna - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Física moderna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جديد طبيعيات - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جديد طبيعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasengama_tatrart" title="Tasengama tatrart - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasengama tatrart" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Модерна физика - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модерна физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_fysik" title="Modern fysik - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modern fysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நவீன இயற்பியல் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நவீன இயற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_fizik" title="Modern fizik - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modern fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACzega_moderna" title="Fìzega moderna - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fìzega moderna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Vật lý hiện đại - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý hiện đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現代物理學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="現代物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q658544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:F%C3%ADsica_moderna" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d&#039;aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=history" title="Versions antigues d&#039;aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_moderna"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d&#039;aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/F%C3%ADsica_moderna" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d&#039;aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;oldid=32631154" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&amp;page=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;id=32631154&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FF%25C3%25ADsica_moderna"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FF%25C3%25ADsica_moderna"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=F%C3%ADsica+moderna"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d&#039;aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q658544" title="Enllaç a l&#039;element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l&#039;enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Modernphysicsfields.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/220px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/330px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Modernphysicsfields.svg/440px-Modernphysicsfields.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Física clàssica">física clàssica</a> en general es preocupa de les condicions quotidianes: velocitats molt més baixes que la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum">velocitat de la llum</a>, i mida molt més gran que la dels àtoms. La física moderna es refereix en general amb altes velocitats i distàncies petites.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>física moderna</b> és la concepció post-<a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton">newtoniana</a> de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a>. Això implica que les <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Física clàssica">descripcions clàssiques</a> dels fenòmens no tenen, i precisen, uns "moderna" descripció de <a href="/wiki/Naturalesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalesa">naturalesa</a> i requereixen teories per incorporar elements de la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativitat" title="Teoria de la relativitat"> relativitat d'Einstein</a>, o totes dues. En general, el terme s'utilitza per referir-se a qualsevol branca de la física, ja sigui desenvolupada en el segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> o més endavant, o branques molt influenciades per la física a principis del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>. </p><p>Les velocitats petites i grans distàncies sol ser l'àmbit de la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Física clàssica">física clàssica</a>. La física moderna, però, implica sovint condicions extremes: els efectes quàntics impliquen típicament distàncies comparables als <a href="/wiki/%C3%80toms" class="mw-redirect" title="Àtoms">àtoms</a> (aproximadament <a href="/w/index.php?title=1_E-9_m&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1 E-9 m (encara no existeix)">10<sup>−9</sup>&#160;m</a>), mentre que els efectes relativistes solen incloure velocitats comparables a la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum">velocitat de la llum</a> (aproximadament <a href="/w/index.php?title=1_E8_m/s&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1 E8 m/s (encara no existeix)">10<sup>8</sup>&#160;m/s</a>). En general, hi ha efectes quàntics i relativistes a totes les escales, encara que aquests efectes poden ser molt petites en la <a href="/wiki/Vida_quotidiana" title="Vida quotidiana">vida quotidiana</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informació_general"><span id="Informaci.C3.B3_general"></span>Informació general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Informació general"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En un sentit literal, el terme <i>física moderna</i> significa la física fins a la data. En aquest sentit, una part significativa de l'anomenada <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Física clàssica">física clàssica</a></i> és moderna. No obstant això, des d'aproximadament l'any 1890 els nous descobriments han causat <a href="/wiki/Canvi_de_paradigma" title="Canvi de paradigma">canvis de paradigma</a> significatius: l'adveniment de la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a> (QM), i de <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativitat" title="Teoria de la relativitat">relativitat d'Einstein</a> (ER). La física que incorpora elements de QM o ER (o d'ambdues) es diu que és <i>física moderna</i>. En aquest últim sentit s'utilitza generalment el terme. </p><p>La física moderna es troba sovint quan es tracta de condicions extremes. Els efectes de la mecànica quàntica tendeixen a aparèixer quan es tracta de "baixos" (baixes temperatures, petites distàncies), mentre que els efectes relativistes tendeixen a aparèixer quan es tracta d'"alts" (velocitats altes, grans distàncies), el "centre" és comportament clàssic. Per exemple, en analitzar el comportament d'un <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> en <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_ambient" title="Temperatura ambient">temperatura ambient</a>, la majoria dels fenòmens implicaran la (clàssica) <a href="/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3_de_Maxwell-Boltzmann" title="Distribució de Maxwell-Boltzmann">distribució de Maxwell-Boltzmann</a>. No obstant això, prop de <a href="/wiki/Zero_absolut" title="Zero absolut">zero absolut</a>, la distribució de Maxwell-Boltzmann no té en compte el comportament observat dels gasos, i la (moderna) ha d'utilitzar en el seu lloc la <a href="/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3_de_Fermi-Dirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribució de Fermi-Dirac">distribució de Fermi-Dirac</a> o la de <a href="/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3_de_Bose-Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribució de Bose-Einstein">Bose-Einstein</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Albert_Einstein_(Nobel).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Einstein, fundador de la teoria de la relativitat."><img alt="Albert Einstein, fundador de la teoria de la relativitat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/212px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, fundador de la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativitat" title="Teoria de la relativitat">teoria de la relativitat</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Max_Planck_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Max Planck, fundador de la mecànica quàntica."><img alt="Max Planck, fundador de la mecànica quàntica." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/241px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/362px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/483px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, fundador de la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">mecànica quàntica</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Molt sovint és possible trobar - o "recuperar" - el comportament clàssic en la descripció moderna mitjançant l'anàlisi de la descripció moderna a baixes velocitats i distàncies grans (prenent un <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADmit_(matem%C3%A0tiques)" class="mw-redirect" title="Límit (matemàtiques)">límit</a>, o fent una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_l%27aproximaci%C3%B3" title="Teoria de l&#39;aproximació">aproximació</a>). En fer-ho, el resultat es diu el <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADmit_cl%C3%A0ssic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Límit clàssic (encara no existeix)">límit clàssic</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Black_body.svg&amp;lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/langca-220px-Black_body.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/langca-330px-Black_body.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Black_body.svg/langca-440px-Black_body.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Física clàssica (<a href="/wiki/Llei_de_Rayleigh%E2%80%93Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Llei de Rayleigh–Jeans">Llei de Rayleigh–Jeans</a>, línia negra) no aconsegueix explicar la <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_de_cos_negre" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiació de cos negre">radiació de cos negre</a> – l'anomenada <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0strofe_ultraviolada" title="Catàstrofe ultraviolada">catàstrofe ultraviolada</a>. La descripció quàntica (<a href="/wiki/Llei_de_Planck" title="Llei de Planck">Llei de Planck</a>, línies de color) es considera <i>física moderna</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:&#123;&#123;#switch:left&#124;center=both&#124;#default=left;"> <table style="margin:auto; width:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px; text-align:left; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:#B2B7F2;">« </td> <td valign="middle" align="left" style="">El terme "física moderna", pres literalment, significa, per descomptat, la <i>suma total</i> del coneixement en el cap de la física actual. En aquest sentit, la física de 1890 segueix sent moderna; molt poques declaracions realitzades en un bon text de física de 1890 haurien de ser eliminats avui com a falses ... <br /><br />D'altra banda ... s'han produït enormes avenços en la física, i alguns d'aquests avenços han posat en dubte, o han contradit directament, certes teories que semblaven estar fortament recolzades per evidències experimentals.<br /><br />Per exemple pocs, si de cas algun, dels físics en 1890 van posar en dubte la <a href="/wiki/Llum" title="Llum">teoria ondulatòria de la llum</a>. Els seus triomfs sobre la vella <a href="/wiki/Teoria_corpuscular_de_la_llum" title="Teoria corpuscular de la llum">teoria corpuscular</a> semblaven complets i definitius, sobretot després dels brillants <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">experiments de Hertz</a> en 1887, el que demostra, sense cap dubte, la solidesa fonamental de <a href="/wiki/Equacions_de_Maxwell" title="Equacions de Maxwell">teoria electromagnètica de Maxwell de la llum</a>. I no obstant això ... aquests mateixos experiments de Hertz van treure a la llum un nou fenomen: l'<a href="/wiki/Efecte_fotoel%C3%A8ctric" title="Efecte fotoelèctric">efecte fotoelèctric</a>, que va tenir un paper important en l'establiment de la <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">teoria quàntica</a>. L'última teoria ... és diametralment oposada a la teoria ondulatòria de la llum; de fet, la reconciliació d'aquestes dues teories ... va ser un dels grans problemes del primer quart del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="font-size:35px; padding:0 10px 10px; text-align:right; font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-weight:bold; color:#B2B7F2;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller;">— <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floyd_K._Richtmyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer (encara no existeix)">F.K. Richtmyer</a>, E.H. Kennard, T. Lauritsen, <cite><i>Introduction to Modern Physics</i>, 5th edition (1955)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fites">Fites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Fites"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Història de la mecànica quàntica">Història de la mecànica quàntica</a></div> <p>Aquests són generalment considerats els temes qualificats com el "nucli" de la fundació de la física moderna: </p> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_at%C3%B2mica" title="Teoria atòmica">Teoria atòmica</a> i l'evolució del <a href="/wiki/Model_at%C3%B2mic" class="mw-disambig" title="Model atòmic">model atòmic</a>, en general,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_del_cos_negre" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiació del cos negre">Radiació del cos negre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_de_Franck-Hertz" title="Experiment de Franck-Hertz">Experiment de Franck-Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_de_Rutherford" title="Experiment de Rutherford">Experiment de Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lent_gravitacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Lent gravitacional">Lent gravitacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_de_Michelson-Morley" title="Experiment de Michelson-Morley">Experiment de Michelson-Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efecte_fotoel%C3%A8ctric" title="Efecte fotoelèctric">Efecte fotoelèctric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Termodinàmica quàntica">Termodinàmica quàntica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3_radioactiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Desintegració radioactiva">Fenòmens radioactius</a>, en general,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proves_de_la_relativitat_general#_Precessió_periheli_de_Mercuri" title="Proves de la relativitat general">Precessió periheli de Mercuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_de_Stern-Gerlach" title="Experiment de Stern-Gerlach">Experiment de Stern-Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualitat_ona-part%C3%ADcula" title="Dualitat ona-partícula">Dualitat ona-partícula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_de_l%27estat_s%C3%B2lid" title="Física de l&#39;estat sòlid">Física de l'estat sòlid</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A0nica_qu%C3%A0ntica" title="Mecànica quàntica">Mecànica quàntica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Física clàssica">Física clàssica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floyd_K._Richtmyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer (encara no existeix)">F.K. Richtmyer</a>;&#32;E.H. Kennard;&#32;T. Lauristen <i>Introduction to Modern Physics</i>. 5th.&#32; Nova York:&#32;<a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>,&#32;1955,&#32;p.&#160;1. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Control_de_la_Biblioteca_del_Congr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Nombre de Control de la Biblioteca del Congrés">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/55006862">55006862</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Physics&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMcGraw-Hill%5D%5D&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pages=1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">A. Beiser. <i>Concepts of Modern Physics</i>. 6th.&#32; <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>,&#32;2003. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-07-123460-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-07-123460-8">ISBN 0-07-123460-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Modern+Physics&amp;rft.au=A.+Beiser&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMcGraw-Hill%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-07-123460-8"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">P. Tipler, R. Llewellyn. <i>Modern Physics</i>. 4th.&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._H._Freeman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="W. H. Freeman (encara no existeix)">W. H. Freeman</a>,&#32;2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7167-4345-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7167-4345-0">ISBN 0-7167-4345-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+Physics&amp;rft.au=P.+Tipler%2C+R.+Llewellyn&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BW.+H.+Freeman%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-7167-4345-0"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4711780-1">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph122938&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐568dbbbfd9‐72pgz Cached time: 20241110231124 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.129 seconds Real time usage: 0.274 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1109/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12889/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5046/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3251/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.035/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 946082/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 124.414 1 -total 31.16% 38.769 1 Plantilla:Article_principal 27.88% 34.691 1 Plantilla:Autoritat 14.47% 18.000 3 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 13.62% 16.947 1 Plantilla:Referències 6.67% 8.297 1 Plantilla:Cquote 4.72% 5.877 1 Plantilla:Cita 4.70% 5.848 1 Plantilla:Columns-list 3.45% 4.287 3 Plantilla:Segle 1.88% 2.341 3 Plantilla:If_both --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:idhash:1202-0!canonical and timestamp 20241110231124 and revision id 32631154. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Física_moderna&amp;oldid=32631154">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Física_moderna&amp;oldid=32631154</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_f%C3%ADsica" title="Categoria:Història de la física">Història de la física</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria oculta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d&#039;autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 2 nov 2023 a les 16:53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. Vegeu les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/ca">Condicions d'ús</a>. Wikipedia&#174; (Viquipèdia™) és una <a href="/wiki/Marca_comercial" title="Marca comercial">marca registrada</a> de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc</a>.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Política de privadesa</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Quant_a_la_Viquip%C3%A8dia">Quant al projecte Viquipèdia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Av%C3%ADs_d%27exempci%C3%B3_de_responsabilitat">Descàrrec de responsabilitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Codi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolupadors</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ca.wikipedia.org">Estadístiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaració de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%ADsica_moderna&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versió per a mòbils</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bgqhr","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.129","walltime":"0.274","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1109,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":12889,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5046,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3251,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 124.414 1 -total"," 31.16% 38.769 1 Plantilla:Article_principal"," 27.88% 34.691 1 Plantilla:Autoritat"," 14.47% 18.000 3 Plantilla:Ref-llibre"," 13.62% 16.947 1 Plantilla:Referències"," 6.67% 8.297 1 Plantilla:Cquote"," 4.72% 5.877 1 Plantilla:Cita"," 4.70% 5.848 1 Plantilla:Columns-list"," 3.45% 4.287 3 Plantilla:Segle"," 1.88% 2.341 3 Plantilla:If_both"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.035","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":946082,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-568dbbbfd9-72pgz","timestamp":"20241110231124","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"F\u00edsica moderna","url":"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F%C3%ADsica_moderna","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q658544","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q658544","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-06T07:13:09Z","dateModified":"2023-11-02T15:53:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/56\/Modernphysicsfields.svg"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10