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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Union of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_for_succession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_for_succession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implications for succession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications_for_succession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications for succession to the throne subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_succession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abdication of King Edward VIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1931" title="تشريع وستمنستر لعام 1931 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشريع وستمنستر لعام 1931" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatutu_de_Westminster_de_1931" title="Estatutu de Westminster de 1931 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estatutu de Westminster de 1931" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931-ci_il_Vestminster_Nizamnam%C9%99si" title="1931-ci il Vestminster Nizamnaməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1931-ci il Vestminster Nizamnaməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_(1931)" title="Вэстмінстэрскі статут (1931) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вэстмінстэрскі статут (1931)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatut_de_Westminster_de_1931" title="Estatut de Westminster de 1931 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estatut de Westminster de 1931" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster-statutten_(1931)" title="Westminster-statutten (1931) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Westminster-statutten (1931)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_von_Westminster_(1931)" title="Statut von Westminster (1931) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statut von Westminster (1931)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatuto_de_Westminster" title="Estatuto de Westminster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estatuto de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuto_de_Westminster_1931" title="Statuto de Westminster 1931 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statuto de Westminster 1931" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_de_Westminster_de_1931" title="Statut de Westminster de 1931 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statut de Westminster de 1931" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%ED%97%8C%EC%9E%A5" title="웨스트민스터 헌장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨스트민스터 헌장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF_(1931)" title="Վեստմինստերյան ստատուտ (1931) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստմինստերյան ստատուտ (1931)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF,_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A7" title="वेस्टमिंस्टर की संविधि, १९३१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेस्टमिंस्टर की संविधि, १९३१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterski_statut" title="Westminsterski statut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Westminsterski statut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Westminster_1931" title="Undang-Undang Westminster 1931 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-Undang Westminster 1931" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuto_di_Westminster_del_1931" title="Statuto di Westminster del 1931 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statuto di Westminster del 1931" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="חוק וסטמינסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק וסטמינסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="უესტმინსტერის სტატუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უესტმინსტერის სტატუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsteras_stat%C5%ABts" title="Vestminsteras statūts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vestminsteras statūts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsterio_statutas" title="Vestminsterio statutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vestminsterio statutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931-es_westminsteri_stat%C3%BAtum" title="1931-es westminsteri statútum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1931-es westminsteri statútum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statuut_van_Westminster" title="Statuut van Westminster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statuut van Westminster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="ウェストミンスター憲章 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストミンスター憲章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster-statutten_(1931)" title="Westminster-statutten (1931) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Westminster-statutten (1931)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_Westminsterski_(1931)" title="Statut Westminsterski (1931) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statut Westminsterski (1931)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatuto_de_Westminster" title="Estatuto de Westminster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatuto de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutul_de_la_Westminster,_1931" title="Statutul de la Westminster, 1931 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statutul de la Westminster, 1931" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вестминстерский статут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестминстерский статут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statute of Westminster 1931" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_1931." title="Вестминстерски статут 1931. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вестминстерски статут 1931." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterin_s%C3%A4%C3%A4d%C3%B6s" title="Westminsterin säädös – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Westminsterin säädös" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterstatuten_(1931)" title="Westminsterstatuten (1931) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Westminsterstatuten (1931)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_1931" title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் சட்டம் 1931 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் சட்டம் 1931" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1931)" title="ธรรมนูญเวสต์มินสเตอร์ (ค.ศ. 1931) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรรมนูญเวสต์มินสเตอร์ (ค.ศ. 1931)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Westminster_Yasas%C4%B1" title="1931 Westminster Yasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1931 Westminster Yasası" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Statute of Westminster, 1931<sup id="cite_ref-comma_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to give effect to certain resolutions passed by Imperial Conferences held in the years 1926 and 1930.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/22_%26_23_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="22 & 23 Geo. 5">22 & 23 Geo. 5</a>. c. 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Thomas" title="J. H. Thomas">J. H. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Territorial extent </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1931</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_1865" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865">Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act 1949">British North America Act 1949</a></li><li>South Africa Act 1962</li><li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1995" title="Merchant Shipping Act 1995">Merchant Shipping Act 1995</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/search?searchTerm=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1931%2Fnov%2F20%2Fstatute-of-westminster-bill">Records of Parliamentary debate relating to the statute</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansard.parliament.uk/">Hansard</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/22-23/4?timeline=false&view=extent">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Statute of Westminster 1931</b><sup id="cite_ref-comma_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comma-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> that sets the basis for the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> (now called <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passed on 11 December 1931, the statute<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased the sovereignty of the self-governing Dominions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It also bound them all to seek each other's approval for changes to monarchical titles and the common line of succession. The statute was effective either immediately or upon ratification. It thus became a statutory embodiment of the principles of equality and common allegiance to the Crown set out in the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>. As the statute removed nearly all of the British parliament's authority to legislate for the Dominions, it was a crucial step in the development of the Dominions as separate, independent, and sovereign states. </p><p>Its modified versions are now domestic law in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>; it has been repealed in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">implicitly</a> in former Dominions that are <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#Former_realms_and_dominions" title="Commonwealth realm">no longer Commonwealth realms</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Special:EditPage/Statute of Westminster 1931">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></div> <p>England, and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Britain after 1707</a>, had colonies outside of Europe since the late 16th century. These early colonies were largely run by private companies rather than the Crown directly, but by the end of the century had (<a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">except for India</a>) been subsumed under Crown control. Oversight of these colonies oscillated between <a href="/wiki/Salutary_neglect" title="Salutary neglect">relatively lax enforcement</a> of laws and centralisation of power depending on the politics of the day, but the Parliament in Westminster always remained supreme. Most colonies in North America <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">broke away from British rule</a> and became independent as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the late 18th century, whereafter British attention turned towards Australia and Asia. </p><p>British policy with regards to the colonies began to be rationalized and streamlined in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a>, wherein colonial governments were held accountable to legislatures just as the British cabinet was responsible to the British Parliament, was granted to colonies beginning with Nova Scotia in 1848. Confusion existed as to what extent British legislation applied to the colonies; in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, justice <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boothby" title="Benjamin Boothby">Benjamin Boothby</a> caused a nuisance by striking down several local laws as contrary ("repugnant") to the legislation in Britain. Westminster rectified this situation by passing the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_1865" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865">Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865</a>, which allowed the colonies to pass legislation different from that in Britain provided that it was not repugnant to any law expressly passed by the Imperial Parliament to extend to that colony. This had the dual effect of granting colonies autonomy within their borders while subordinating them to the British Parliament otherwise. </p><p>Most of the remaining colonies in North America – everything north of the United States with the exception of Newfoundland – <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">were merged into a federal polity known as "Canada"</a> in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Canada was termed a "<a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>", a term previously used in slightly different contexts in English history, and granted a broad array of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments. Australia was similarly deemed a dominion when it <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federated in 1901</a>, as were Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in the first decades of the 20th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialConference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A monochrome photograph of men wearing white tie with breeches, three of them (Baldwin for the United Kingdom, George V, and King for Canada, from viewer's left to right) seated in the front row and five (Monroe for Newfoundland, Coates for New Zealand, Bruce for Australia, Hertzog for South Africa, and Cosgrave for Ireland, ditto) standing behind them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/220px-ImperialConference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/330px-ImperialConference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/440px-ImperialConference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> surrounded by the prime ministers of the various dominions at the 1926 conference</figcaption></figure> <p>Dominions did not possess full sovereignty on an equal footing with the United Kingdom. The parliament of Canada passed a law barring appeals from <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">its Supreme Court</a> to the imperial <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> in 1888, but in 1925 a judgement of the Privy Council <a href="/wiki/Nadan_v_R" title="Nadan v R">determined that this law was invalid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">King–Byng affair</a> the following year, this bred resentment in Canada and led to its insistence on full sovereignty. The leadership of the Irish Free State, meanwhile, was dominated by those who had fought a <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">war of independence</a> against Britain and who had agreed to dominion status as a compromise; they took a maximalist view of the autonomy they had secured in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> and pushed for recognition of their state's sovereignty, which would have implications for the other dominions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour declaration</a> that dominions were equal in status to one another and to the United Kingdom. Further conferences in 1929 and <a href="/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference" title="1930 Imperial Conference">1930</a> worked out a substantive framework to implement this declaration. This became the Statute of Westminster 1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Statute of Westminster gave effect to certain political resolutions passed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> of <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926</a> and <a href="/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference" title="1930 Imperial Conference">1930</a>; in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>. The main effect was the removal of the ability of the British parliament to legislate for the Dominions, part of which also required the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_1865" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865">Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865</a> in its application to the Dominions. King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> expressed his desire that the laws of royal succession be exempt from the statute's provisions, but it was determined that this would be contrary to the principles of equality set out in the Balfour Declaration. Both Canada and the Irish Free State pushed for the ability to amend the succession laws themselves and section 2(2) (allowing a Dominion to amend or repeal laws of paramount force, such as the succession laws, insofar as they are part of the law of that Dominion) was included in the Statute of Westminster at Canada's insistence.<sup id="cite_ref-Twomey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twomey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the statute was passed, the British parliament could no longer make laws for the Dominions, other than with the request and consent of the government of that Dominion. </p><p>The statute provides in section 4: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom passed after the commencement of this Act shall extend, or be deemed to extend, to a Dominion as part of the law of that Dominion, unless it is expressly declared in that Act that that Dominion has requested, and consented to, the enactment thereof.</p></blockquote> <p>It also provides in section 2(1): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No law and no provision of any law made after the commencement of this Act by the Parliament of a Dominion shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the Law of England, or to the provisions of any existing or future Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, or to any order, rule or regulation made under any such Act, and the powers of the Parliament of a Dominion shall include the power to repeal or amend any such Act, order, rule or regulation in so far as the same is part of the law of the Dominion.</p></blockquote> <p>The whole statute applied to the Dominion of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> without the need for any acts of ratification; the governments of those countries gave their consent to the application of the law to their respective jurisdictions. Section 10 of the statute provided that sections 2 to 6 would apply in the other three Dominions—Australia, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> – only after the respective parliament of that Dominion had legislated to adopt them. </p><p>Since 1931, over a dozen new <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> have been created, all of which now hold the same powers as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand over matters of change to the monarchy, though the Statute of Westminster is not part of their laws.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland and South Africa are now republics and Newfoundland is now part of Canada as a province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Special:EditPage/Statute of Westminster 1931">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22">"Statute of Westminster 1931"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Statute+of+Westminster+1931%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(painting)" title="The Big Picture (painting)">The Big Picture</a></i>, opening of the Parliament of Australia, 9 May 1901, by Tom Roberts</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia adopted sections 2 to 6 of the Statute of Westminster with the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to clarify the validity of certain Australian legislation relating to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>; the adoption was backdated to 3 September 1939, the date that Britain and Australia joined the war. </p><p>Adopting section 2 of the statute clarified that the Parliament of Australia was able to legislate inconsistently with British legislation, adopting section 3 clarified that it could legislate with extraterritorial effect. Adopting section 4 clarified that Britain could legislate with effect on Australia as a whole only with Australia's request and consent. </p><p>Nonetheless, under section 9 of the statute, on matters not within Commonwealth power Britain could still legislate with effect in all or any of the Australian states, without the agreement of the Commonwealth although only to the extent of "the constitutional practice existing before the commencement" of the statute. However, this capacity had never been used. In particular, it was not used to implement the result of the <a href="/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum" title="1933 Western Australian secession referendum">1933 Western Australian secession referendum</a>, as it did not have the support of the Australian government. </p><p>All British power to legislate with effect in Australia ended with the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a>, the British version of which says that it was passed with the request and consent of the Australian Parliament, which had obtained the concurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">parliaments of the Australian states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SydLaw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydLaw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This statute limited the legislative authority of the British parliament over Canada, effectively giving the country legal autonomy as a self-governing Dominion, though the British parliament retained the power to amend Canada's constitution at the request of Canada. That authority remained in effect until the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>, which transferred it to Canada, the final step to achieving full sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>—the written elements (in 1931) of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian constitution</a>—were excluded from the application of the statute because of disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> and the federal government over how the British North America Acts could be otherwise amended.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These disagreements were resolved only in time for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a>, thus completing the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of the Canadian constitution to Canada. </p><p>At that time, the Parliament of the United Kingdom also repealed ss 4 and 7(1) of the Statute of Westminster as applied to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Statute of Westminster, as amended, remains a part of the constitution of Canada by virtue of section 52(2)(<i>b</i>) of and the schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982. The Newfoundland Terms of Union expressly provide for the application of the Statute of Westminster to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of the statute's adoption, the Parliament of Canada gained the ability to abolish appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. Criminal appeals were abolished in 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while civil appeals continued until 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the Statute of Westminster meant that changes in British legislation governing the succession to the throne no longer automatically applied to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Free_State">Irish Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irish Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> never formally adopted the Statute of Westminster, its <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council</a> (cabinet) taking the view that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1921 had already ended Westminster's right to legislate for the Irish Free State.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Free State's constitution</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas of the Irish Free State">the Oireachtas</a> "sole and exclusive power of making laws". Hence, even before 1931, the Irish Free State did not arrest <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserters</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> on its territory, even though the UK believed post-1922 British laws gave the Free State's <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> the power to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK's <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922</a> said, however, "<span class="nowrap">[n]othing</span> in the [Free State] Constitution shall be construed as prejudicing the power of [the British] Parliament to make laws affecting the Irish Free State in any case where, in accordance with constitutional practice, Parliament would make laws affecting other self-governing Dominions".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins" title="Kevin O'Higgins">Kevin O'Higgins</a>, the Free State's <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a>, declared that "Ireland secured by that 'surrender' [the Treaty] a constitutional status equal to that of Canada. 'Canada,' said the late Mr. <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>,' is by the full admission of British statesmen equal in status to Great Britain and as free as Great Britain'. The constitutional status of Ireland, therefore, as determined by the Treaty of 1921, is a status of co-equality with Britain within the British Commonwealth. The second Article of the Constitution of the Free State", he added, "declares that 'All powers of Government and all authority, legislative, executive and judicial, in Ireland are derived from the people of Ireland' ".<sup id="cite_ref-Three_years_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three_years-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motions of approval of the Report of the Commonwealth Conference had been passed by the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad</a> in May 1931<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final form of the Statute of Westminster included the Irish Free State among the Dominions the British Parliament could not legislate for without the Dominion's request and consent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the UK government had wanted to exclude from the Statute of Westminster the legislation underpinning the 1921 treaty, from which the Free State's constitution had emerged. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council President</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a> objected, although he promised that the Executive Council would not amend the legislation unilaterally. The other Dominions backed Cosgrave and, when an amendment to similar effect was proposed at Westminster by <a href="/wiki/John_Gretton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gretton">John Gretton</a>, parliament duly voted it down.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the statute became law in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGilligan_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Patrick McGilligan (Fine Gael politician)">Patrick McGilligan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_External_Affairs_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for External Affairs (Ireland)">Free State Minister for External Affairs</a>, stated: "It is a solemn declaration by the British people through their representatives in Parliament that the powers inherent in the Treaty position are what we have proclaimed them to be for the last ten years."<sup id="cite_ref-difp1317_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-difp1317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to present the statute as largely the fruit of the Free State's efforts to secure for the other Dominions the same benefits it already enjoyed under the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-difp1317_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-difp1317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Statute of Westminster had the effect of granting the Irish Free State internationally recognised independence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> led <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> to victory in the <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">Free State election of 1932</a> on a platform of republicanising the Free State from within. Upon taking office, de Valera began removing the monarchical elements of the Constitution, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance</a>. De Valera initially considered invoking the Statute of Westminster in making these changes, but <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hearne" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Hearne">John J. Hearne</a> advised him not to.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abolishing the Oath of Allegiance in effect <a href="/wiki/Denunciation_(international_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denunciation (international law)">abrogated</a> the 1921 treaty. Generally, the British thought that this was morally objectionable but legally permitted by the Statute of Westminster. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lyon_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lyon Moore (page does not exist)">Robert Lyon Moore</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Irish_Unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Irish Unionism (page does not exist)">Southern Unionist</a> from <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>, challenged the legality of the abolition in the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924" title="Courts of Justice Act 1924">Irish Free State's courts</a> and then appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> (JCPC) in London.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_v_AG_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore_v_AG-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Free State had also abolished the right of appeal to the JCPC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, the JCPC ruled that both abolitions were valid under the Statute of Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_v_AG_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore_v_AG-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish Free State, which <a href="/wiki/Enactment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactment of the Constitution of Ireland">in 1937</a> was <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">renamed <i>Ireland</i></a>, left the Commonwealth in 1949 upon the <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">coming into force</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">Parliament of New Zealand</a> adopted the Statute of Westminster by passing its <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947</a> in November 1947. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Amendment_Act_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947">New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act</a>, passed the same year, empowered the New Zealand Parliament to change the constitution, but did not remove the ability of the British Parliament to legislate regarding the New Zealand constitution. The remaining role of the British Parliament was removed by the New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> and the Statute of Westminster was repealed in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-SydLaw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SydLaw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Newfoundland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> never adopted the Statute of Westminster, especially because of financial troubles and corruption there. By request of the Dominion's government, the United Kingdom established the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">Commission of Government</a> in 1934, resuming direct rule of Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-comm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That arrangement remained until <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Province_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland became a province of Canada</a> in 1949 following <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">referendums on the issue in 1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historyquatre_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyquatre-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Statute of Westminster became applicable to Newfoundland when it was admitted to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_South_Africa">Union of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Union of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws—the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Union_Act,_1934" title="Status of the Union Act, 1934">Status of the Union Act, 1934</a>, and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act of 1934—were passed to confirm South Africa's status as a fully sovereign state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_for_succession_to_the_throne">Implications for succession to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Implications for succession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingBaldwin1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg/220px-KingBaldwin1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg/330px-KingBaldwin1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Prime Minister">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> (left) and his <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British counterpart</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> (right), 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>The preamble to the Statute of Westminster sets out a guideline for changing the rules of succession to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. The second paragraph of the preamble to the statute reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by way of preamble to this act that, inasmuch as the Crown is the symbol of the free association of the members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown, it would be in accord with the established constitutional position of all the members of the Commonwealth in relation to one another that any alteration in the law touching the succession to the throne or the royal style and titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom:</p></blockquote> <p>Though a preamble is not considered to have the force of statute law, that of the Statute of Westminster has come to be a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>, which "has always been treated in practice as though it were a binding requirement".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention was then adopted by every country that subsequently gained its independence from Britain and became a Commonwealth realm.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII">Abdication of King Edward VIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abdication of King Edward VIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_abdication.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/220px-Edward_abdication.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/330px-Edward_abdication.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/440px-Edward_abdication.png 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption>Instrument of abdication signed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> and his three brothers, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">George</a>, 10 December 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication crisis</a> in 1936, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> consulted the Commonwealth prime ministers at the request of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>. The King wanted to marry <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, whom Baldwin and other British politicians considered unacceptable as Queen, as she was an American divorcée. Baldwin was able to get the then-five Dominion prime ministers to agree with this and, thus, register their official disapproval at the King's planned marriage. The King later requested the Commonwealth prime ministers be consulted on a compromise plan, in which he would wed Simpson under a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, pursuant to which she would not become queen. Under Baldwin's pressure, this plan was also rejected by the Dominions. All of these negotiations occurred at a diplomatic level and never went to the Commonwealth parliaments. The enabling legislation that allowed for the actual abdication (<a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936</a>) did require the assent of each Dominion parliament to be passed and the request and consent of the Dominion governments so as to allow it to be part of the law of each Dominion. For expediency and to avoid embarrassment, the British government had suggested the Dominion governments regard whoever is monarch of the UK to automatically be their monarch, but the Dominions rejected this. Prime Minister of Canada <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> pointed out that the Statute of Westminster required Canada's request and consent to any legislation passed by the British Parliament before it could become part of Canada's laws and affect the line of succession in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Twomey_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twomey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text of the British act states that Canada requested and consented (the only Dominion to formally do both<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to the act applying in Canada under the Statute of Westminster, while Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa simply assented. </p><p>In February 1937, the South African Parliament formally gave its assent by passing <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty_King_Edward_the_Eighth%27s_Abdication_Act,_1937" title="His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937">His Majesty King Edward the Eighth's Abdication Act, 1937</a>, which declared that Edward VIII had abdicated on 10 December 1936; that he and his descendants, if any, would have no right of succession to the throne; and that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act 1772</a> would not apply to him or his descendants, if any.<sup id="cite_ref-sac_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sac-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move was largely done for symbolic purposes, in an attempt by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">J. B. M. Hertzog</a> to assert South Africa's independence from Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Canada, the federal Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_1937" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 1937">Succession to the Throne Act, 1937</a>, to assent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act and ratify the government's request and consent to it. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> used the departure of Edward VIII as an opportunity to remove all explicit mention of the monarch from the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936</a>, passed on 11 December 1936. The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act</a> provided for the king to carry out certain diplomatic functions, if authorised by law; the same act also brought Edward VIII's Instrument of Abdication into effect for the purposes of Irish law (s. 3(2)).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>, with a president, was approved by Irish voters in 1937, with the Irish Free State becoming simply "Ireland", or, in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>. The head of state of Ireland remained <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">unclear until 1949</a>, when Ireland unambiguously became a republic outside the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> by enacting <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries where the Statute of Westminster forms a part of the constitution, the anniversary of the date of the passage of the original British statute is commemorated as Statute of Westminster Day. In Canada, it is mandated that, on 11 December, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Royal Union Flag</a> (as the Union Jack is called by law in Canada) is to be flown at properties owned by the federal Crown,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the requisite second flagpole is available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations_membership_criteria" title="Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria">Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">Canadian sovereignty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-comma-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comma_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-comma_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">Short title</a> as conferred by section 12 of the act. When originally enacted, the title contained a comma, reading "Statute of Westminster, 1931. The comma was removed by an amendment to the act at a later date. Modern convention for citation of short titles in the UK is to omit the comma preceding the date.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMackinlay2005" class="citation web cs1">Mackinlay, Andrew (10 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2004-05/895">"Early day motion 895: Morganatic Marriage and the Statute of Westminster 1931"</a>. Queen's Printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204147/http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2004-05/895">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+day+motion+895%3A+Morganatic+Marriage+and+the+Statute+of+Westminster+1931&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft.aulast=Mackinlay&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fedm%2F2004-05%2F895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpga_19310004_en.pdf">"Statute of Westminster 1931"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives (UK). 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222222020/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpga_19310004_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Statute+of+Westminster+1931&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1931%2F4%2Fpdfs%2Fukpga_19310004_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nadan v The King</i>, [1926] AC 482 (PC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounger1988" class="citation book cs1">Younger, Calton (1988). <i>Ireland's Civil War</i> (6th ed.). London: Fontana. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686098-3"><bdi>978-0-00-686098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686098-3&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=Calton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twomey-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twomey_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twomey_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Anne Twomey</a> (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/108335929"><i>Professor Anne Twomey – Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada?</i></a> (Digital video). London: University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Anne+Twomey+%E2%80%93+Succession+to+the+Crown%3A+foiled+by+Canada%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F108335929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943287">"Changing the Rules of Succession to the Throne"</a>. Sydney Law School. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943287">1943287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+the+Rules+of+Succession+to+the+Throne&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Sydney+Law+School&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1943287%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1943287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sowaa1942379/">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></i> (Cth)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SydLaw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SydLaw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SydLaw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwomey2011">Twomey 2011</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx">"Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982"</a>. <i>Canada.ca</i>. Government of Canada. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083245/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/proclamation-constitution-act-1982/Pages/proclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Proclamation+of+the+Constitution+Act%2C+1982&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bac-lac.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fdiscover%2Fpolitics-government%2Fproclamation-constitution-act-1982%2FPages%2Fproclamation-constitution-act-1982.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-statute-worth-75-cheers/article1329730/">"A statute worth 75 cheers"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. 17 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081156/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/a-statute-worth-75-cheers/article1329730/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=A+statute+worth+75+cheers&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Fa-statute-worth-75-cheers%2Farticle1329730%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouture2017" class="citation web cs1">Couture, Christa (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/2017/canada-is-celebrating-150-years-of-what-exactly-1.3883315">"Canada is celebrating 150 years of… what, exactly?"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210001343/http://www.cbc.ca/2017/canada-is-celebrating-150-years-of-what-exactly-1.3883315">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion — that would be us, Canada — chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how to amend the Constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Canada+is+celebrating+150+years+of%E2%80%A6+what%2C+exactly%3F&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Couture&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2F2017%2Fcanada-is-celebrating-150-years-of-what-exactly-1.3883315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office" class="citation web cs1">Privy Council Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805231601/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=hist&doc=westminster-eng.htm">"Intergovernmental Affairs > History > Why, in 1931, Canada Chose Not to Exercise its Full Autonomy as Provided for Under the Statute of Westminster"</a>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=hist&doc=westminster-eng.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Affairs+%3E+History+%3E+Why%2C+in+1931%2C+Canada+Chose+Not+to+Exercise+its+Full+Autonomy+as+Provided+for+Under+the+Statute+of+Westminster&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.au=Privy+Council+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pco-bcp.gc.ca%2Faia%2Findex.asp%3Flang%3Deng%26page%3Dhist%26doc%3Dwestminster-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution Act, 1982, s 53(1) & Schedule, Item 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newfoundland Act, Schedule, Term 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Criminal Code Amendment Act</i>, S.C. 1932–33, c. 53, s. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Supreme Court Amendment Act</i>, S.C. 1949 (2nd. session), c. 37, s. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Twomey2013" class="citation web cs1">Anne Twomey (4 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426014326/http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/cru/2013/02/the_royal_succession_and_the_d.html">"The royal succession and the de-patriation of the Canadian Constitution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.usyd.edu.au/cru/2013/02/the_royal_succession_and_the_d.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+royal+succession+and+the+de-patriation+of+the+Canadian+Constitution&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft.au=Anne+Twomey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.usyd.edu.au%2Fcru%2F2013%2F02%2Fthe_royal_succession_and_the_d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2011_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/handle/10197/6058/British_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Sovereignty.pdf?sequence=1">"British Imperial Statutes and Irish Sovereignty: Statutes Passed After the Creation of the Irish Free State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2011.559120">10.1080/01440365.2011.559120</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F6058">10197/6058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144062978">144062978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204194448/http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/handle/10197/6058/British_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Sovereignty.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=British+Imperial+Statutes+and+Irish+Sovereignty%3A+Statutes+Passed+After+the+Creation+of+the+Irish+Free+State&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F6058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144062978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2011.559120&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10197%2F6058%2FBritish_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Sovereignty.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/handle/10197/6055/British_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Law.pdf?sequence=1">"British Imperial Statutes and Irish Law: Imperial Statutes Passed Before the Creation of the Irish Free State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440365.2010.525930">10.1080/01440365.2010.525930</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F6055">10197/6055</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144573032">144573032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124528/http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/handle/10197/6055/British_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Law.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=British+Imperial+Statutes+and+Irish+Law%3A+Imperial+Statutes+Passed+Before+the+Creation+of+the+Irish+Free+State&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F6055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144573032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440365.2010.525930&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10197%2F6055%2FBritish_Imperial_Statutes_and_Irish_Law.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three_years-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Three_years_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_hUigín1924" class="citation book cs1">Ó hUigín, Caoimhghín Críostóir (31 October 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threeyearshardla00ohig"><i>THREE YEARS HARD LABOUR An Address Delivered to the Irish Society of Oxford University on the 31st October, 1924</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THREE+YEARS+HARD+LABOUR+An+Address+Delivered+to+the+Irish+Society+of+Oxford+University+on+the+31st+October%2C+1924&rft.date=1924-10-31&rft.aulast=%C3%93+hUig%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Caoimhgh%C3%ADn+Cr%C3%ADost%C3%B3ir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreeyearshardla00ohig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1931-07-17/4/">"Report of the Commonwealth Conference. - Motion of Approval (Resumed) – Vol. 39 No. 18"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></i>. 17 July 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322090546/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1931-07-17/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oireachtas&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commonwealth+Conference.+-+Motion+of+Approval+%28Resumed%29+%E2%80%93+Vol.+39+No.+18&rft.date=1931-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1931-07-17%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/1931-07-23/2/">"Report of Commonwealth Conference—Motion of Approval – Vol. 14 No. 30"</a>. <i>Oireachtas</i>. 23 July 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oireachtas&rft.atitle=Report+of+Commonwealth+Conference%E2%80%94Motion+of+Approval+%E2%80%93+Vol.+14+No.+30&rft.date=1931-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fseanad%2F1931-07-23%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statute of Westminster 1931, §§1,10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1931/nov/24/new-clause-saving-with-respect-to-irish">"NEW CLAUSE.—(Saving with respect to Irish Free State and Northern Ireland.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 24 November 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020182535/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1931/nov/24/new-clause-saving-with-respect-to-irish">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=NEW+CLAUSE.%E2%80%94%28Saving+with+respect+to+Irish+Free+State+and+Northern+Ireland.%29&rft.date=1931-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1931%2Fnov%2F24%2Fnew-clause-saving-with-respect-to-irish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-difp1317-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-difp1317_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-difp1317_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=1317">"Press statement by Patrick McGilligan on the Statute of Westminster, Dublin"</a>. <i>Documents on Irish Foreign Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a>. 11 December 1931. No. 617 NAI DFA 5/3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214729/http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=1317">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documents+on+Irish+Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Press+statement+by+Patrick+McGilligan+on+the+Statute+of+Westminster%2C+Dublin&rft.pages=No.+617+NAI+DFA+5%2F3&rft.date=1931-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.difp.ie%2Fviewdoc.asp%3FDocID%3D1317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore_v_AG-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moore_v_AG_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moore_v_AG_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/34740D4947655F668025765E0036AE51/$FILE/Moore%20v%20AG_1935.rtf"><i>Moore v Attorney General</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314144253/http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/34740D4947655F668025765E0036AE51/$FILE/Moore%20v%20AG_1935.rtf">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [1935] 1 I.R.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._22)_Act_1933" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933">Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1933/act/45/enacted/en/html">No. 45 of 1933</a>). Enacted on 16 November 1933. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119061408/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1933/en/act/pub/0045/print.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a> on 18 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.E. Currie, <i>New Zealand and the Statute of Westminster, 1931</i> (Butterworth, 1944).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comm-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comm_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2003" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Jeff A. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html">"The Commission of Government, 1934–1949"</a>. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171931/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Commission+of+Government%2C+1934%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage+Web+Site+%282007%29&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Jeff+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Flaw%2Fcommission_gov.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyquatre-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyquatre_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720173301/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/nfldhistory/NewfoundlandJoinsCanada-Confederation1949.htm">"Newfoundland Joins Canada) and Newfoundland and Confederation (1949)"</a>. .marianopolis.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.marianopolis.edu/nfldhistory/NewfoundlandJoinsCanada-Confederation1949.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newfoundland+Joins+Canada%29+and+Newfoundland+and+Confederation+%281949%29&rft.pub=.marianopolis.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.marianopolis.edu%2Fnfldhistory%2FNewfoundlandJoinsCanada-Confederation1949.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newfoundland Act, Schedule, Term 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugardBethlehemDu_Plessis2005" class="citation book cs1">Dugard, John; Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Du Plessis, Max (2005). <i>International law: a South African perspective</i>. Juta & Co. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7021-7121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7021-7121-5"><bdi>978-0-7021-7121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law%3A+a+South+African+perspective&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Juta+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7021-7121-5&rft.aulast=Dugard&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bethlehem%2C+Daniel+L.&rft.au=Du+Plessis%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brazier, Rodney (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/27983732/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF">"Royal Incapacity and Constitutional Continuity: The Regent and Counsellors of State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cambridge Law Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008197305006896">10.1017/S0008197305006896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894787">144894787</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416190442/https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/27983732/POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Royal+Incapacity+and+Constitutional+Continuity%3A+The+Regent+and+Counsellors+of+State&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=572&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008197305006896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144894787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brazier&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.manchester.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F27983732%2FPOST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2023" class="citation web cs1">Torrance, David (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf">"The Crown and the Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. House of Commons Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302033737/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8885/CBP-8885.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+the+Constitution&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FCBP-8885%2FCBP-8885.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1937" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._C._S._Wade" title="E. C. S. Wade">Wade, E. C. S.</a> (June 1937). "Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936". <i>Modern Law Review</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1089160">1089160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Abdication+Act%2C+1936&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1937-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1089160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=E.+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sac-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sac_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, H. J. (1949). <i>The South African Constitution</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1936/act/58/enacted/en/print">"Executive Authority (External Relations) Act, 1936"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073402/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1936/act/58/enacted/en/print">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Executive+Authority+%28External+Relations%29+Act%2C+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1936%2Fact%2F58%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2006" class="citation web cs1">Kinsella, Noël (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218201437/http://www.sen.parl.gc.ca/nkinsella/PDF/SpecialEvents/StatuteWestminster-e.pdf">"Statute of Westminster Day"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sen.parl.gc.ca/nkinsella/PDF/SpecialEvents/StatuteWestminster-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statute+of+Westminster+Day&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sen.parl.gc.ca%2Fnkinsella%2FPDF%2FSpecialEvents%2FStatuteWestminster-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatute+of+Westminster+1931" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Kenneth H. "The Statute of Westminster." <i>Australian Quarterly</i> 3.12 (1931): 24–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20628961">online</a></li> <li>Mansergh, Nicholas. <i>Survey of British Commonwealth affairs: problems of external policy, 1931–1939</i> (Oxford University Press, 1952).</li> <li>Nicolson, Harold. <i>King George V</i> (1953) pp 470–488. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinggeorgefifthh00nico">online</a></li> <li>Wheare, K. C. <i>The Statute of Westminster, 1931</i> (Clarendon Press, 1933).</li> <li>Wheare, K. C. <i>The Statute of Westminster and dominion status</i> (Oxford University Press, 1953).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_Westminster_1931&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1931_22and23G5c4">Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/1931.htm">1 – Canada and the Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html">2 – Canada and the Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020225041228/http://gov.ns.ca/legislature/legc/westmins.htm">Statute of Westminster, 1931 (text)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601205107/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=25">Australia and the Statute of Westminster</a></li></ul> <div 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the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_198226" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_constitutional_laws_affecting_Ireland103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_constitutions" title="Template:Irish constitutions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_constitutions" title="Template talk:Irish constitutions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_constitutions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish constitutions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_constitutional_laws_affecting_Ireland103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional laws</a> affecting <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a> (1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a> (1495)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act</a> (1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Grattan's constitution</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> (1800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">Irish Church Act</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Act">Reform Acts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Westminster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Constitution_Act_1973" title="Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973">Northern Ireland Constitution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_Constitution" title="Dáil Constitution">Dáil Constitution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Free State Constitution</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oireachtas Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_and_Secretaries_Acts" title="Ministers and Secretaries Acts">Ministers and Secretaries Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924" title="Courts of Justice Act 1924">Courts of Justice Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Third Amendment of the Constitution Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Ireland)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland)">European Communities Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_Act_2003" title="European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003">Human Rights Act</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties of the EU</a> (1973–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Key_documents_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Nations_key_documents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Nations key documents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Key_documents_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Key documents of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a> (1927)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Westminster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Declaration" title="Singapore Declaration">Singapore Declaration</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Declaration" title="Lusaka Declaration">Lusaka Declaration</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkawi_Declaration" title="Langkawi Declaration">Langkawi Declaration</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare_Declaration" title="Harare Declaration">Harare Declaration</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Commonwealth_Action_Programme" title="Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme">Millbrook Action Programme</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Declaration" title="Edinburgh Declaration">Edinburgh Declaration</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latimer_House_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latimer House Principles (page does not exist)">Latimer House Principles</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Charter of the Commonwealth">Charter of the Commonwealth</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Australia164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Constitution" title="Template talk:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Australia164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia"> Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)"> Federal Executive Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Kirby;_Ex_parte_Boilermakers%27_Society_of_Australia" title="R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia"> Boilermakers' Case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-State_Commission" title="Inter-State Commission">Inter-State Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia#Appeals_to_the_Privy_Council" title="High Court of Australia"> Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutional_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitutional Law">Australian Constitutional Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)#Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Constitutional conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_political_communication" title="Freedom of political communication">Implied freedom of political communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_immunity_(Australia)" title="Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)">Implied immunity of instrumentalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power"> Reserve power (sovereign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers_doctrine" title="Reserved powers doctrine"> Reserved State powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendum process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_Senate_elections_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian Senate elections referendum">Senate elections (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" title="1910 Australian referendum (State Debts)">1st State debts (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum (State Debts)">2nd State debts (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_referendum_(Social_Services)" title="1946 Australian referendum (Social Services)">Social services (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">Aboriginals (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)">Casual vacancies (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Referendums)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Referendums)">Referendums (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Retirement_of_Judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Australian referendum (Retirement of Judges)">Retirement of judges (1977)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution_(Public_Record_Copy)_Act_1990" title="Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990">Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional history of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">The Dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">Constitutional Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_Constitutional_Convention" title="1998 Australian Constitutional Convention">1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_parliamentary_eligibility_crisis" title="2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis">2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">List of proposed states of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Separatist movements within Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By chapter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">I: The Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">II: The Executive Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">III: The Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter IV of the Constitution of Australia">IV: Finance and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter V of the Constitution of Australia">V: The States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VI of the Constitution of Australia">VI: New States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter VII of the Constitution of Australia">VII: Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 2 of the Constitution of Australia">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 3 of the Constitution of Australia">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 4 of the Constitution of Australia">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 6 of the Constitution of Australia">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 7 of the Constitution of Australia">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 8 of the Constitution of Australia">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 9 of the Constitution of Australia">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 10 of the Constitution of Australia">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 11 of the Constitution of Australia">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 12 of the Constitution of Australia">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 14 of the Constitution of Australia">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 15 of the Constitution of Australia">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 16 of the Constitution of Australia">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 17 of the Constitution of Australia">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 18 of the Constitution of Australia">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 19 of the Constitution of Australia">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 20 of the Constitution of Australia">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 21 of the Constitution of Australia">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 22 of the Constitution of Australia">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 23 of the Constitution of Australia">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 24 of the Constitution of Australia">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 25 of the Constitution of Australia">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 26 of the Constitution of Australia">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 27 of the Constitution of Australia">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 28 of the Constitution of Australia">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 29 of the Constitution of Australia">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 30 of the Constitution of Australia">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 31 of the Constitution of Australia">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 32 of the Constitution of Australia">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 33 of the Constitution of Australia">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 34 of the Constitution of Australia">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 35 of the Constitution of Australia">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_36_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 36 of the Constitution of Australia">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_37_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 37 of the Constitution of Australia">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_38_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 38 of the Constitution of Australia">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_39_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 39 of the Constitution of Australia">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_40_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 40 of the Constitution of Australia">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_41_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_42_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 42 of the Constitution of Australia">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_43_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 43 of the Constitution of Australia">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_44_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_45_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 45 of the Constitution of Australia">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_46_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 46 of the Constitution of Australia">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_47_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 47 of the Constitution of Australia">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_48_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 48 of the Constitution of Australia">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_49_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 49 of the Constitution of Australia">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_50_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 50 of the Constitution of Australia">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution of Australia">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_53_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 53 of the Constitution of Australia">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_54_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 54 of the Constitution of Australia">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_55_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 55 of the Constitution of Australia">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_56_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 56 of the Constitution of Australia">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_57_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 57 of the Constitution of Australia">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_58_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 58 of the Constitution of Australia">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_59_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 59 of the Constitution of Australia">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_60_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 60 of the Constitution of Australia">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_62_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 62 of the Constitution of Australia">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 63 of the Constitution of Australia">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_64_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 64 of the Constitution of Australia">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_65_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 65 of the Constitution of Australia">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_66_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 66 of the Constitution of Australia">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_67_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 67 of the Constitution of Australia">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_68_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 68 of the Constitution of Australia">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_69_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 69 of the Constitution of Australia">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_70_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 70 of the Constitution of Australia">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_71_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 71 of the Constitution of Australia">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_72_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 72 of the Constitution of Australia">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_73_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 73 of the Constitution of Australia">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_74_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 74 of the Constitution of Australia">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_76_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 76 of the Constitution of Australia">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_77_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 77 of the Constitution of Australia">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_78_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 78 of the Constitution of Australia">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_79_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 79 of the Constitution of Australia">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_80_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 80 of the Constitution of Australia">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_81_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 81 of the Constitution of Australia">81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_82_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 82 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">82</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_83_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 83 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">83</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_84_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 84 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_85_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 85 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">85</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_86_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 86 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_87_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 87 of the Constitution of Australia">87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_88_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 88 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_89_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 89 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_90_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 90 of the Constitution of Australia">90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_91_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 91 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia">92</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_93_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 93 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_94_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 94 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">94</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_95_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 95 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_96_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 96 of the Constitution of Australia">96</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_97_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 97 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_98_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 98 of the Constitution of Australia">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_99_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 99 of the Constitution of Australia">99</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_100_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 100 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_101_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 101 of the Constitution of Australia">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_102_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 102 of the Constitution of Australia">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_103_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 103 of the Constitution of Australia">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_104_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 104 of the Constitution of Australia">104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_105_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 105 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_105A_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 105A of the Constitution of Australia">105A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_106_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 106 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_107_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 107 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_108_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 108 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_109_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia">109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_110_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 110 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_111_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 111 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_112_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 112 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_113_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 113 of the Constitution of Australia">113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_114_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 114 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_115_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 115 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_117_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 117 of the Constitution of Australia">117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_118_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 118 of the Constitution of Australia">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_119_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_120_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 120 of the Constitution of Australia">120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_121_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 121 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_122_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 122 of the Constitution of Australia">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_123_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 123 of the Constitution of Australia">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_124_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 124 of the Constitution of Australia">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia">125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_126_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 126 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 127 of the Constitution of Australia">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Enumerated legislative<br /> powers (Section 51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Powers of</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(i)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(i) of the Constitution of Australia">(i) Interstate trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_basis_of_taxation_in_Australia" title="Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia">(ii) Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(v)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(v) of the Constitution of Australia">(v) Post and telegraph (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(vi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia">(vi) Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(ix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(ix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(ix) Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(x)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(x) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(x) Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_(xii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51 (xii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xii) Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiii) Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiv) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiv) Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xviii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xix) Naturalization and aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xx) Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxi) Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxii) Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiii) Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiiiA)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiiiA) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiiiA) Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvi) Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvii) Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxix) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxix) External affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxx) Pacific islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxi) Acquisition of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxv) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxvi) Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxvii) Referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxviii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxviii) Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxix) Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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