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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Le_origini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_origini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Le origini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_origini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_conseguenze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_conseguenze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Le conseguenze</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Le_conseguenze-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Le conseguenze</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Le_conseguenze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilancio_vittime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilancio_vittime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bilancio vittime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilancio_vittime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clean_Air_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clean_Air_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clean Air Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clean_Air_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_causa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_causa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>La causa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_causa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grande smog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 40 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_1952" title="الضبخان الكبير في 1952 - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الضبخان الكبير في 1952" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_duman" title="Böyük duman - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük duman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(1952)" title="Голям смог в Лондон (1952) - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голям смог в Лондон (1952)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_boirum_de_Londres_de_1952" title="Gran boirum de Londres de 1952 - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran boirum de Londres de 1952" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_smog_1952" title="Velký smog 1952 - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký smog 1952" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Mwrllwch_Mawr" title="Y Mwrllwch Mawr - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Mwrllwch Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog-Katastrophe_in_London_1952" title="Smog-Katastrophe in London 1952 - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smog-Katastrophe in London 1952" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μεγάλη ομίχλη του Λονδίνου - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλη ομίχλη του Λονδίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Great Smog of London" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_londona_smogo_de_1952" title="Granda londona smogo de 1952 - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda londona smogo de 1952" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Niebla_de_Londres" title="Gran Niebla de Londres - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Niebla de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londoni_suur_sudu" title="Londoni suur sudu - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Londoni suur sudu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952ko_Londresko_Laino_Handia" title="1952ko Londresko Laino Handia - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1952ko Londresko Laino Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مه‌دود بزرگ - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مه‌دود بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoon_suuri_savusumu" title="Lontoon suuri savusumu - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoon suuri savusumu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_smog_de_Londres" title="Grand smog de Londres - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand smog de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952-ngi%C3%A8n_L%C3%B9n-t%C3%BBn_Y%C3%AAn-vu_S%E1%B9%B3-khien" title="1952-ngièn Lùn-tûn Yên-vu Sṳ-khien - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1952-ngièn Lùn-tûn Yên-vu Sṳ-khien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הערפיח הגדול - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הערפיח הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_londoni_szmog" title="Nagy londoni szmog - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy londoni szmog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabut_Asap_London_1952" title="Kabut Asap London 1952 - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabut Asap London 1952" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0" title="ロンドンスモッグ - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドンスモッグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%B8" title="그레이트 스모그 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트 스모그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Големиот смог во Лондон - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големиот смог во Лондон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Smog_van_1952" title="Grote Smog van 1952 - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Smog van 1952" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog" title="Great Smog - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Great Smog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_esm%C3%B2g_de_Londres" title="Grand esmòg de Londres - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand esmòg de Londres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_smog_londy%C5%84ski" title="Wielki smog londyński - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki smog londyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Nevoeiro_de_1952" title="Grande Nevoeiro de 1952 - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Nevoeiro de 1952" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Smog_din_1952" title="Marele Smog din 1952 - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Smog din 1952" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Великий смог - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий смог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Smog of London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_londonski_smog" title="Veliki londonski smog - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki londonski smog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_1952._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Велики смог 1952. године (Лондон) - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики смог 1952. године (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมอกปนควันครั้งใหญ่ของลอนดอน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมอกปนควันครั้งใหญ่ของลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_%C3%96ld%C3%BCren_Sis%27i" title="Londra Öldüren Sis'i - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Öldüren Sis'i" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Великий смог - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий смог" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF" title="لندن کی عظیم اسموگ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن کی عظیم اسموگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciale:Map/0/51.516667/0.116667/it" data-lat="51.516667" data-lon="0.116667" data-overlays="["_b66f307aef11752e06596f0f498c595fe924ddc1"]">51°31′N 0°07′E</a><span class="geo" style="display:none"><span class="latitude">51°31′N</span>, <span class="longitude">0°07′E</span></span></span></div></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:darkseagreen;">Grande Smog<br /><span class="sinottico_sottotitolo"><a href="/wiki/Disastro_ambientale" title="Disastro ambientale">disastro ambientale</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg/260px-Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg/390px-Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg/520px-Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>La <a href="/wiki/Colonna_di_Nelson" title="Colonna di Nelson">colonna di Nelson</a> durante il Grande smog </td></tr><tr><th>Tipo</th><td><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico">Inquinamento atmosferico</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Data</th><td>5-9 dicembre <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Luogo</th><td><a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a> </td></tr><tr><th>Stato</th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regno Unito (bandiera)"><img alt="Regno Unito (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Regno Unito</a><br /> </td></tr><tr><th>Coordinate</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139486644">body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output #coordinates{font-size:85%;line-height:1.5em;white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciale:Map/0/51.516667/0.116667/it" data-lat="51.516667" data-lon="0.116667" data-overlays="["_b66f307aef11752e06596f0f498c595fe924ddc1"]">51°31′N 0°07′E</a><span class="geo" style="display:none"><span class="latitude">51°31′N</span>, <span class="longitude">0°07′E</span></span> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:darkseagreen;">Conseguenze</th></tr><tr><th>Morti</th><td>12.000 </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913640" class="extiw" title="d:Q913640"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Grande smog su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Incidente/man" title="Template:Incidente/man"><span title="Manuale del template Incidente">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Il <b>grande smog</b> è stata una <a href="/wiki/Catastrofe_ambientale" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrofe ambientale">catastrofe ambientale</a> che colpì <a href="/wiki/Londra" title="Londra">Londra</a> nel dicembre 1952, allorché una coltre di <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> densa e maleodorante avvolse la capitale inglese per alcuni giorni<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: il numero di vittime, inizialmente stimato in circa 4 000 persone, fu successivamente accertato essere superiore a 12 000 cui aggiungere 100 000 malati in condizioni gravi.<sup id="cite_ref-berend_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berend-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oltre a costituire il peggior caso d'<a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico">inquinamento atmosferico</a> nella storia del <a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Regno Unito</a>, l'evento rappresentò uno tra i più importanti episodi di impatto scientifico e sulla relativa regolamentazione governativa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_origini">Le origini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Le origini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Le origini"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per tutto il <a href="/wiki/XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="XIX">XIX</a> e l'inizio del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a> Londra fu famosa per le fitte nebbie che spesso scendevano sulla città. Queste non erano tanto un effetto atmosferico, quanto la conseguenza di un inquinamento derivante da un'<a href="/wiki/Urbanizzazione" title="Urbanizzazione">urbanizzazione</a> vasta e molto densa. Le emissioni incontrollate delle fabbriche si mescolarono nell'aria con il fumo di mezzo milione di fuochi domestici; tutto ciò finì per causare un fenomeno per il quale fu coniato un nuovo termine: <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le cause del Grande smog vanno ricercate in un brusco aumento del livello d'<a href="/wiki/Inquinamento" title="Inquinamento">inquinamento</a> verificatosi nei giorni precedenti, a cui seguì un innalzamento smisurato del tasso di mortalità e di morbilità. Tra il 3 e il 4 dicembre 1952 l'<a href="/wiki/Anticiclone" title="Anticiclone">anticiclone</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Azzorre" title="Azzorre">Azzorre</a>, per alcune coincidenze meteorologiche, spostò la propria zona di influenza sull'<a href="/wiki/Atlantico" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a> settentrionale, provocando un'<a href="/wiki/Inversione_termica" title="Inversione termica">inversione termica</a> su Londra. Tutto ciò produsse un denso strato d'aria fredda e stagnante che rimase intrappolato sotto uno strato d'aria più calda, causando la totale assenza di ventilazione e ricambio d'aria.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quando l'aria umida entrò in contatto con il terreno, si raffreddò fino a raggiungere il <a href="/wiki/Punto_di_rugiada" title="Punto di rugiada">punto di rugiada</a> formando <a href="/wiki/Condensa" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensa">condensa</a>. L'inversione termica spinse l'aria satura verso l'alto, provocando la formazione di uno strato di nebbia, che si estendeva dai 100 ai 200 metri, contenente oltre le gocce d'acqua anche il fumo proveniente da innumerevoli camini delle case.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il fenomeno fu amplificato dalle rigide temperature di quel periodo, che costrinsero gli abitanti ad aumentare il consumo di <a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone">carbone</a> per il <a href="/wiki/Riscaldamento_domestico" class="mw-redirect" title="Riscaldamento domestico">riscaldamento domestico</a>. L'unico carbone disponibile per il consumo era di bassissima qualità (quello più pregiato, economicamente più remunerativo, veniva esportato) e ad alto contenuto di <a href="/wiki/Zolfo" title="Zolfo">zolfo</a> che fece aumentare la quantità di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_solforosa" title="Anidride solforosa">anidride solforosa</a> nei fumi. Ad esso si aggiunse l'inquinamento derivante dagli scarichi dei veicoli e quello prodotto dalle <a href="/wiki/Ciminiera" title="Ciminiera">ciminiere</a> industriali.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La concentrazione di fumi di combustione, e la presenza di particelle nero catramose di fuliggine conferirono allo smog il suo colore giallo-verdastro che ha dato il suo nome "zuppa di piselli".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La mancata conoscenza dei problemi ambientali a quell'epoca, fu fattore determinante per il consumarsi della tragedia. </p><p>Nei quattro giorni sopra detti furono rilasciate nell'atmosfera enormi quantità delle seguenti sostanze impure: </p> <ul><li>1 000 tonnellate di particelle di <a href="/wiki/Fumo" title="Fumo">fumo</a></li> <li>140 tonnellate di <a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">acido cloridrico</a></li> <li>14 tonnellate di composti di <a href="/wiki/Fluoro" title="Fluoro">fluoro</a></li> <li>370 tonnellate di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_solforosa" title="Anidride solforosa">anidride solforosa</a> convertite in 800 tonnellate di <a href="/wiki/Acido_solforico" title="Acido solforico">acido solforico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_conseguenze">Le conseguenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Le conseguenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Le conseguenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La nebbia fu così spessa che la circolazione divenne difficoltosa o addirittura impossibile; la gente camminava appoggiandosi ai muri e le autorità raccomandarono di tenere a casa i bambini per il rischio che potessero perdersi. Lo smog denso entrò perfino dentro gli edifici: scuole, concerti, rappresentazioni teatrali e proiezioni cinematografiche furono sospese poiché la scena o lo schermo non erano visibili al pubblico;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la maggior parte dei trasporti pubblici non furono in grado di operare in quelle condizioni e l'esterno degli edifici di tutta la città fu contaminato da <a href="/wiki/Particolato_carbonioso" title="Particolato carbonioso">particolato carbonioso</a>. Persino i bovini allo <a href="/wiki/Smithfield_(Londra)" title="Smithfield (Londra)">Smithfield Market</a> morirono di <a href="/wiki/Asfissia" title="Asfissia">asfissia</a>, mentre quelli ancora in vita furono dotati di maschere antigas per prevenire ulteriori perdite.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I servizi medici compilarono statistiche secondo le quali, nella prima settimana, ci furono 4 000 decessi dovuti a infezioni dell'apparato respiratorio, <a href="/wiki/Ipossia" title="Ipossia">ipossia</a> dovuta all'ostruzione del passaggio di aria nei polmoni a causa del <a href="/wiki/Pus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pus">pus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insufficienza_respiratoria" title="Insufficienza respiratoria">insufficienza respiratoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchite_acuta" title="Bronchite acuta">bronchite acuta</a> e <a href="/wiki/Polmonite" title="Polmonite">polmonite</a>. I ricoveri ospedalieri, le segnalazioni, le richieste di assistenza fecero seguito all'aggravarsi dell'inquinamento atmosferico che portò ad un elevato tasso di mortalità, soprattutto di anziani e bambini.<sup id="cite_ref-gradwohl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gradwohl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilancio_vittime">Bilancio vittime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bilancio vittime" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bilancio vittime"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il livello di mortalità nelle settimane e nei mesi successivi all'episodio fu superiore a quello normale: si registrarono circa 4 500 decessi in più durante la prima settimana dopo l'episodio. I tassi di mortalità furono superiori all'80% rispetto all'anno precedente per il dicembre del 1952 e furono rispettivamente del 50 e del 40% più alti, per gennaio e febbraio del 1953. Dal dicembre 1952 al marzo 1953, ci furono oltre 13 500 morti in più rispetto al normale.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1954 il Ministero della Salute britannico in un primo rapporto governativo avanzò l'ipotesi che responsabile dell'alta mortalità, nei mesi successivi all'episodio, fosse stata l'influenza. Tale ipotesi fu ritenuta improbabile perché le stime sul numero di decessi per influenza - calcolate seguendo diversi criteri sia utilizzando le osservazioni della <a href="/wiki/Medicina_generale" title="Medicina generale">medicina generale</a> nell'area di Londra e analizzando lo studio sui vaccini condotto all'epoca - indicavano che solo una frazione dei decessi registrati nei mesi successivi allo smog poteva essere attribuita all'influenza. Un'analisi più approfondita rivelò che solo un'epidemia estremamente estensiva poteva spiegare un numero così ampio di vittime:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> si capì allora che i decessi causati da inquinamento atmosferico erano più di quanto si credesse inizialmente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clean_Air_Act">Clean Air Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Clean Air Act" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Clean Air Act"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonostante le resistenze iniziali del governo, allora presieduto da <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, negli anni successivi venne preparata una legge per ridurre le emissioni. Il Clean Air Act<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Decreto Aria Pulita) fu un atto promulgato dal <a href="/wiki/Parlamento_del_Regno_Unito" title="Parlamento del Regno Unito">Parlamento del Regno Unito</a> e approvato dalla regina <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabetta II">Elisabetta II</a> il 5 luglio 1956. Il decreto fu in vigore fino al 1964 e servì ad evitare che si ripetesse un'altra crisi ambientale come quella del 1952. </p><p>Trattandosi di uno dei primi atti legislativi riguardanti il problema dell'inquinamento dell'aria, l'introduzione di questo provvedimento è, ancora oggi, considerata pietra miliare della storia del <a href="/wiki/Movimento_ecologista" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento ecologista">movimento ecologista</a> nel Novecento.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tra i suoi maggiori sostenitori, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Nabarro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Nabarro (la pagina non esiste)">Gerald Nabarro</a>, deputato conservatore, propose diverse misure atte a ridurre le emissioni inquinanti derivanti dagli impianti di riscaldamento e di produzione di elettricità, come l'istituzione di "aree di controllo del fumo" ovvero zone in cui era vietata la combustione di sostanze producenti <a href="/wiki/Polveri_sottili" class="mw-redirect" title="Polveri sottili">polveri sottili</a>, favorendo così il consumo di altre fonti di calore più pulite e riducendo la quantità di <a href="/wiki/Anidride_solforosa" title="Anidride solforosa">anidride solforosa</a> nell'aria. La legge includeva anche il decentramento delle fabbriche al di fuori dei centri urbani.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per migliorare la qualità dell'aria e ridurre gli inquinanti atmosferici, la maggior parte delle case di Londra passò al <a href="/wiki/Gas_naturale" title="Gas naturale">gas naturale</a> e ad altri combustibili a basse emissioni. Questa legge costrinse settori industriali, residenziali e commerciali a migliorare il modo con cui consumavano energia, sostituendo il carbone a combustibili più puliti e a minor consumo di carburante.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al Clean Air Act del 1956 ne seguì un altro nel 1968 che ampliò e migliorò il primo in seguito ad altri nuovi episodi di nebbie di smog a Londra tra la fine degli anni Cinquanta e l’inizio degli anni Sessanta.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successivamente entrambi gli atti furono consolidati e combinati nel 1993 costituendo un precedente per la legislazione ambientale di tutto il mondo. L'obiettivo del Clean Air Act del 1993 fu quindi quello di controllare le emissioni di fumo, polvere e sabbia nell'atmosfera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_causa">La causa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione La causa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: La causa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nel 2016 un gruppo di ricercatori internazionali, guidato da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renyi_Zhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renyi Zhang (la pagina non esiste)">Renyi Zhang</a>, professore di <a href="/wiki/Scienze_atmosferiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Scienze atmosferiche">scienze atmosferiche</a> della <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, pubblicò uno studio in cui venne spiegato il processo chimico attraverso cui le sostanze inquinanti si trasformarono in una nebbia densa e maleodorante che fu letale per migliaia di esseri umani.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una delle caratteristiche principali di quella catastrofe ambientale fu l'alta concentrazione di <a href="/wiki/Solfato" title="Solfato">solfato</a> nella nebbia. I ricercatori hanno infatti dimostrato come a causa dell'interazione chimica tra il <a href="/wiki/Biossido_di_zolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Biossido di zolfo">biossido di zolfo</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Biossido_di_azoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Biossido di azoto">biossido di azoto</a>, il solfato si sia legato alle gocce d'acqua che compongono la nebbia; i risultati dello studio mostrarono come il processo di formazione di particelle di <a href="/wiki/Acido_solforico" title="Acido solforico">acido solforico</a> derivanti dal biossido di zolfo sia stato facilitato dal biossido di azoto che, diluendosi nelle particelle d'acqua, si diffuse nella città intossicando la popolazione.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il drammatico dato emerso da questo studio è che, sotto determinate condizioni atmosferiche, un evento simile al Grande smog di Londra ha forti probabilità di ripresentarsi, soprattutto nelle metropoli o negli agglomerati urbani già molto inquinati.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Paolo Filo Della Torre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/12/08/1952-incubo-del-grande-smog.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">1952, l'incubo del Grande Smog</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica_(quotidiano)" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">la Repubblica</a></span>, 8 dicembre 2002, p. 14.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berend-2"><a href="#cite_ref-berend_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Ivan T. Berend, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economichistoryt00bere"><span style="font-style:italic;">An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economichistoryt00bere/page/n329">312</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-67268-9" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-521-67268-9">978-0-521-67268-9</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> M.C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,6/articleid,0049_01_1952_0290_0006_12058700/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tutto fermo a Londra per la nebbia eccezionale</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Nuova Stampa</a></span>, 7 dicembre 1952, p. 6.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legambiente.it/temi/città/smog"><span style="font-style:italic;">Smog</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">legambiente.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225064910/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Teaching_Packs/Key_Stage_4/Air_Quality/02.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Great London Smog</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ace.mmu.ac.uk</span> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Teaching_Packs/Key_Stage_4/Air_Quality/02.html">url originale</abbr> il 25 febbraio 2009)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/weather-phenomena/case-studies/great-smog"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Great Smog of 1952</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">metoffice.gov.uk</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latelanera.com/grandi-disastri-tragedie/evento-drammatico.asp?id=281"><span style="font-style:italic;">Grande Smog di Londra: gli eventi che causarono la catastrofe</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">latelanera.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linkiesta.it/it/article/2016/12/21/londra-risolto-il-mistero-della-nebbia-che-uccise-12mila-persone-in-ci/32443/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Londra, risolto il mistero della nebbia che uccise 12mila persone in cinque giorni</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">linkiesta.it</span>, 21 dicembre 2016. <small>URL consultato il 22 dicembre 2016</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf">50 Years On - The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952 (page 7)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125444/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf">Archiviato</a> il 10 ottobre 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_10-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_10-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Smog-of-London"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Great Smog of London</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">britannica.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gradwohl-11"><a href="#cite_ref-gradwohl_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Francis E. Camps, <span style="font-style:italic;">Gradwohl's Legal Medicine, 3rd edition</span>, Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd, p. 236.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2545747.stm">BBC NEWS | Health | Historic smog death toll rises</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/15026/1/ehp0112-000006.pdf">The Role of Inﬂuenza and Pollution</a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789/"><span style="font-style:italic;">A retrospective assessment of mortality from the London smog episode of 1952: the role of influenza and pollution.</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/4-5/52/enacted"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clean Air Act 1956</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">legislation.gov.uk</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pochestorie.corriere.it/2017/12/05/il-grande-smog-di-londra-che-uccise-12-mila-persone-in-cinque-giorni/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il Grande smog di Londra che uccise 12 mila persone in cinque giorni</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pochestorie.corriere.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilpost.it/2016/07/05/la-legge-che-ripuli-un-po-laria-di-londra/"><span style="font-style:italic;">La legge che ripulì un po’ l’aria di Londra</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ilpost.it</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.air-quality.org.uk/03.php"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il 1956 Clean Air Act</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">air-quality.org.uk</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203235826/http://battlecentral.xpg.com.br/forum/archive/index.php/t-110246.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">La nebbia di Londra ha ucciso migliaia di persone</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">battlecentral.xpg.com.br</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2018</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://battlecentral.xpg.com.br/forum/archive/index.php/t-110246.html">url originale</abbr> il 3 febbraio 2018)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156414/research-on-chinese-haze-helps-crack-mystery-of-londons-deadly-1952-fog"><span style="font-style:italic;">Research On Chinese Haze Helps Crack Mystery Of London's Deadly 1952 Fog</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">npr.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/09/1616540113.full#sec-7"><span style="font-style:italic;">Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pnas.org</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motherboard.vice.com/it/article/pg3nb7/grande-smog-londra-pianura-padana-pnas-ricerca"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gli stessi processi chimici che hanno contribuito alla catastrofe londinese, stanno ancora avvenendo nei cieli di alcune città cinesi e indiane, e anche la pianura padana ha tutte le carte in regola per ospitare un fenomeno simile</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">motherboard.vice.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Inquinamento atmosferico">Inquinamento atmosferico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Great Smog of London"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Smog_of_London?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Smog_of_London?uselang=it">Grande smog</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2542315.stm">Days of toxic darkness</a> BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2545747.stm">Historic smog death toll rises</a> BBC, 2002-12-02.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_4506000/4506390.stm">1952: London fog clears after days of chaos</a> BBC News, 1952-12-09.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=873954"><span style="font-style:italic;">NPR: The Killer Fog of '52</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">npr.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2543875.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Pollution call on smog anniversary</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">news.bbc.co.uk</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013234208/http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Description of smog</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk</span>. <small>URL consultato il 5 febbraio 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm">url originale</abbr> il 13 ottobre 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614172751/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/69.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">National Pollutant Inventory - Particulate matter fact sheet</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">npi.gov.au</span>. <small>URL consultato il 5 febbraio 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/69.html">url originale</abbr> il 14 giugno 2006)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen 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Catastrofi</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_d1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ecologia e ambiente"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sunflower_d1.png/23px-Sunflower_d1.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sunflower_d1.png/36px-Sunflower_d1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sunflower_d1.png/47px-Sunflower_d1.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Ecologia_e_ambiente" title="Portale:Ecologia e ambiente">Portale Ecologia e ambiente</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Londra"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg/31px-Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Greater_London_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="222" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Londra" title="Portale:Londra">Portale Londra</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meteorologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="419" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Meteorologia" title="Portale:Meteorologia">Portale Meteorologia</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&oldid=141791757">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_smog&oldid=141791757</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Catastrofi_nel_1952" title="Categoria:Catastrofi nel 1952">Catastrofi nel 1952</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Disastri_ambientali" title="Categoria:Disastri ambientali">Disastri ambientali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Storia_di_Londra" title="Categoria:Storia di Londra">Storia di Londra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Inquinamento_atmosferico" title="Categoria:Inquinamento atmosferico">Inquinamento atmosferico</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Template_Webarchive_-_collegamenti_all%27Internet_Archive" title="Categoria:Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive">Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_modulo_citazione_e_parametro_pagine" title="Categoria:Voci con modulo citazione e parametro pagine">Voci con modulo citazione e parametro pagine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P625_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P625 letta da Wikidata">P625 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P18_uguale_su_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P18 uguale su Wikidata">P18 uguale su Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1120_differente_su_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1120 differente su Wikidata">P1120 differente su Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pagine_che_utilizzano_l%27estensione_Kartographer" title="Categoria:Pagine che utilizzano l'estensione Kartographer">Pagine che utilizzano l'estensione Kartographer</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 24 ott 2024 alle 16:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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