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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ouki" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ouki" title="You're encouraged to log in; 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ouki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient lake in modern Bolivia</div> <p><b>Ouki</b> was an ancient lake in the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>. Its existence was postulated in 2006 by a group of scientists who had subdivided the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a> lake cycle into several lake phases. The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a> cycle had been previously identified in 1904 as a now disappeared lake in the central Altiplano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201540_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201540-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sediments attributed to Lake Minchin may rather be part of Ouki. The dating is uncertain, with <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-thorium_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-thorium dating">uranium-thorium dating</a> yielding different dates spanning the time between 28,200 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. </p><p>Whether Ouki existed is a subject of controversy. In 2011, scientists claimed that the lake did not exist outside of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Poopo">Lake Poopo</a> basin. The formation of Ouki is associated with a major glaciation and was probably caused by increased precipitation, which has also been observed elsewhere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ouki may have reached a water level of approximately 3,735 metres (12,254 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with preserved shorelines at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Lake Poopó</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LunaBookhagen2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LunaBookhagen2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it may have covered the <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salar de Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a> and the Lake Poopó area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011240_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011240-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Uyuni" title="Uyuni">Uyuni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Coipasa">Coipasa</a> basins may rather have been filled by a separate postulated lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Salinas" title="Lake Salinas">Lake Salinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the surface area depend on the assumed lake levels and whether the lake covered only the Lake Poopó basin or also the Uyuni/Coipasa basins. Estimates range from 10,400–46,500 square kilometres (4,000–18,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013103_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013103-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ouki lake is one of the so-called deep lake cycles, along with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Tauca</a>, from which it may have separated during a period when water levels dropped below 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) altitude. At a locality called Vinto, it has left characteristic <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> deposits which have shapes of inverted cones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depth of the lake did not exceed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 80 metres (260 ft). The subsequent Salinas lake cycle may simply be a shrinking stage of the Ouki lake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the existence of Lake Minchin may be in part based on misattributing deposits left by Ouki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ouki lake cycle may be subdivided into individual phases in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ouki lake may have been populated by species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pisidium" title="Pisidium">Pisidium</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostracode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracode">ostracodes</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Biomphalaria_andecola" title="Biomphalaria andecola">Biomphalaria andecola</a></i> snail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters had a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011236_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011236-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While one model inferred from strontium isotope data assumes that most of the Ouki water was contributed by the Poopó basin, another called "Ouki B" assumes a 69% contribution by waters from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> and no contribution from the Coipasa and Uyuni basins, which is less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011239_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011239-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waters from the Poopó basin would have spilled into the Uyuni/Coipasa basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011241_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011241-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drying of the lake left deposits containing <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> feldspar, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner200611_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner200611-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various radiometric dates have been obtained for the postulated Ouki paleolake from tufa, wood and fossils of <a href="/wiki/Bulimulidae" title="Bulimulidae">Bulimulidae</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Littoridina" title="Littoridina">Littoridina</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly within the basin of Lake Poopo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is noticeable disagreement between <a href="/wiki/Radiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiometric">radiometric</a> dates obtained by <a href="/wiki/Uranium-thorium_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-thorium dating">uranium-thorium dating</a> and dates obtained by <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dating, probably because Ouki is so old that radiocarbon dating becomes unreliable. The former yield ages ranging between 120,000 and 98,000 years ago. The latter produce ages between 45,200 and 28,200 years ago. Radiocarbon dates of such old samples can easily suffer from contamination by modern carbon, creating spuriously young ages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006518_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006518-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uranium-thorium dates range between 96,740 ±5,560 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. The exact lake level history is poorly known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but between 115,000 and 100,000 years ago, the water was higher than 3,720 metres (12,200 ft) elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ouki stage took place during <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">marine isotope stage</a> 5.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017712_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017712-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Episodes of increased lake size lake level changes coincide with cold periods in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, if radiocarbon dates of 44,609 ± 927 to 33,422 ± 1937 are attributed to Ouki, sediments in the Uyuni basin attributed to Lake Minchin would instead belong to Ouki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845–46_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845–46-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lake Ouki's formation may have been caused by an increase in precipitation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006530_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006530-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be further associated with changes in the position of the <a href="/wiki/ITCZ" class="mw-redirect" title="ITCZ">ITCZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Nina" class="mw-redirect" title="La Nina">La Nina</a>-like conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-ZechZech2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZechZech2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase of precipitation may have amounted to 50–100%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013104_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013104-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ouki lake cycle occurred during a major <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017714_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017714-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZechZech2009_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZechZech2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that may also be recorded from <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> deposits in the southern <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Puna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Luna2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luna2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as at a time of low summer insolation in the southern hemisphere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with a southward expansion of the South American <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terrizzano2017_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terrizzano2017-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake levels in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huinaymarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Huinaymarca">Lake Huinaymarca</a>, the southern basin of Lake Tauca, were low during the proposed Ouki period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sediments in the <a href="/wiki/Majes_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Majes River">Majes River</a> valley indicate humid conditions during the proposed Ouki period,<sup id="cite_ref-SteffenSchlunegger2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteffenSchlunegger2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do lake level records in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama">Atacama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saez2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saez2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The humid period in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> during the Ouki phase may be associated with several large <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> such as the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40 cubic kilometres (9.6 cu mi) <a href="/wiki/Chuquibamba" title="Chuquibamba">Chuquibamba</a> landslide complex<sup id="cite_ref-Pánek2019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pánek2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caqilluco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caqilluco (page does not exist)">Caqilluco</a> landslides,<sup id="cite_ref-Delgado2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgado2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other researchers did not find an increase in landslide activity there.<sup id="cite_ref-Schildgen2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schildgen2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accumulation of sediments in the <a href="/wiki/Pativilca" title="Pativilca">Pativilca</a> valley<sup id="cite_ref-Litty2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litty2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fluvial activity at <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a><sup id="cite_ref-Viveen2024_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viveen2024-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Lachay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomas de Lachay">Lomas de Lachay</a> in Peru also coincide with the Ouki humid period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalicki2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalicki2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of this lake was questioned in 2011, based on the lack of evidence for such a lake in drill cores of Salar de Uyuni.<sup id="cite_ref-HanselmanBush2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanselmanBush2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown whether the Poopó basin lake extended to the Uyuni/Coipasa basins as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sill separating the Poopó and Uyuni/Coipasa basins may not have been breached until 80,000–60,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201541_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201541-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, it was suggested that the "L4" lacustrine stage, which has been identified in drill cores taken from Salar de Uyuni, may be the Ouki/<a href="/wiki/Salinas_(ancient_lake)" title="Salinas (ancient lake)">Salinas</a> lake phase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013101_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013101-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201540-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerFritz201540_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerFritz2015">Baker & Fritz 2015</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006528_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LunaBookhagen2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LunaBookhagen2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLunaBookhagenNiedermannRugel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Luna, Lisa V.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Niedermann, Samuel; Rugel, Georg; Scharf, Andreas; Merchel, Silke (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:3468888">"Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>500</b>: 249. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E&PSL.500..242L">2018E&PSL.500..242L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.07.034">10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134780354">134780354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Glacial+chronology+and+production+rate+cross-calibration+of+five+cosmogenic+nuclide+and+mineral+systems+from+the+southern+Central+Andean+Plateau&rft.volume=500&rft.pages=249&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.07.034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134780354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0012-821X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018E%26PSL.500..242L&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Lisa+V.&rft.au=Bookhagen%2C+Bodo&rft.au=Niedermann%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Rugel%2C+Georg&rft.au=Scharf%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Merchel%2C+Silke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A3468888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011240-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011240_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011242_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013103-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013103_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2013">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006520_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006523_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011233_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006521_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011236-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011236_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011239-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011239_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011241-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2011241_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2011">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner200611-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner200611_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner2006">Placzek et al. 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006518-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006518_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017712-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017712_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017">Zech et al. 2017</a>, p. 712.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2013106_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2013">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845–46-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty200845–46_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty2008">Gosling et al. 2008</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006530-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaczekQuadePatchett2006530_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2006">Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZechZech2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZechZech2009_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZechZech2009_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZechZechKubikVeit2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zech, Jana; Zech, Roland; Kubik, Peter W.; Veit, Heinz (December 2009). 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(February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015JF003607">"Landscape response to late Pleistocene climate change in NW Argentina: Sediment flux modulated by basin geometry and connectivity"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. <b>121</b> (2): 393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRF..121..392S">2016JGRF..121..392S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015JF003607">10.1002/2015JF003607</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2097%2F34092">2097/34092</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=Landscape+response+to+late+Pleistocene+climate+change+in+NW+Argentina%3A+Sediment+flux+modulated+by+basin+geometry+and+connectivity&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2097%2F34092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015JF003607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JGRF..121..392S&rft.aulast=Schildgen&rft.aufirst=Taylor+F.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Ruth+A.+J.&rft.au=Savi%2C+Sara&rft.au=Phillips%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Joel+Q.+G.&rft.au=Bookhagen%2C+Bodo&rft.au=Scherler%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Tofelde%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Alonso%2C+Ricardo+N.&rft.au=Kubik%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Binnie%2C+Steven+A.&rft.au=Strecker%2C+Manfred+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2015JF003607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litty2018-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Litty2018_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittySchluneggerAkçarDelunel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Litty, Camille; Schlunegger, Fritz; Akçar, Naki; Delunel, Romain; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boris.unibe.ch/116603/7/LItty_et_al_2018.pdf">"Chronology of alluvial terrace sediment accumulation and incision in the Pativilca Valley, western Peruvian Andes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geomorphology</i>. <b>315</b>: 55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Geomo.315...45L">2018Geomo.315...45L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2018.05.005">10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-555X">0169-555X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134540130">134540130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+alluvial+terrace+sediment+accumulation+and+incision+in+the+Pativilca+Valley%2C+western+Peruvian+Andes&rft.volume=315&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2018.05.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134540130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0169-555X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Geomo.315...45L&rft.aulast=Litty&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Schlunegger%2C+Fritz&rft.au=Ak%C3%A7ar%2C+Naki&rft.au=Delunel%2C+Romain&rft.au=Christl%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Vockenhuber%2C+Christof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboris.unibe.ch%2F116603%2F7%2FLItty_et_al_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viveen2024-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viveen2024_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViveenSanjurjo‐SanchezBravo‐LembckeUribe‐Ventura2024" class="citation journal cs1">Viveen, Willem; Sanjurjo‐Sanchez, Jorge; Bravo‐Lembcke, Gustavo; Uribe‐Ventura, Rodrigo (4 April 2024). [10.1002/esp.5831 "A 121‐ka record of Western Andean fluvial response to suborbital climate cycles recorded by rhythmic grain size variations of the Lima fluvial fan"]. <i>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fesp.5831">10.1002/esp.5831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-9337">0197-9337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Surface+Processes+and+Landforms&rft.atitle=A+121%E2%80%90ka+record+of+Western+Andean+fluvial+response+to+suborbital+climate+cycles+recorded+by+rhythmic+grain+size+variations+of+the+Lima+fluvial+fan&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fesp.5831&rft.issn=0197-9337&rft.aulast=Viveen&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Sanjurjo%E2%80%90Sanchez%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Bravo%E2%80%90Lembcke%2C+Gustavo&rft.au=Uribe%E2%80%90Ventura%2C+Rodrigo&rft_id=10.1002%2Fesp.5831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalicki2020-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalicki2020_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalickiKalicki2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kalicki, Tomasz; Kalicki, Piotr (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X20300593">"Fluvial activity in the Lomas de Lachay during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene"</a>. <i>Geomorphology</i>. <b>357</b>: 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geomo.35707087K">2020Geomo.35707087K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2020.107087">10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-555X">0169-555X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214164504">214164504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Fluvial+activity+in+the+Lomas+de+Lachay+during+the+upper+Pleistocene+and+Holocene&rft.volume=357&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2020.107087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214164504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0169-555X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Geomo.35707087K&rft.aulast=Kalicki&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Kalicki%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0169555X20300593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HanselmanBush2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HanselmanBush2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanselmanBushGoslingCollins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Bush, Mark B.; Gosling, William D.; Collins, Aaron; Knox, Christopher; Baker, Paul A.; <a href="/wiki/Sherilyn_C._Fritz" title="Sherilyn C. Fritz">Fritz, Sheri C.</a> (May 2011). 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"Nature and causes of Quaternary climate variation of tropical South America". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>124</b>: 31–47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015QSRv..124...31B">2015QSRv..124...31B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.06.011">10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Nature+and+causes+of+Quaternary+climate+variation+of+tropical+South+America&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=31-47&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2015.06.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015QSRv..124...31B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft.au=Fritz%2C+Sherilyn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoslingBushHanselmanChepstow-Lusty2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gosling, William D.; Bush, Mark B.; Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Chepstow-Lusty, Alex (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/10215/1/Gosling_Huin_151k_Palaeo3_2007.pdf">"Glacial-interglacial changes in moisture balance and the impact on vegetation in the southern hemisphere tropical Andes (Bolivia/Peru)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>259</b> (1): 35–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...259...35G">2008PPP...259...35G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.02.050">10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Glacial-interglacial+changes+in+moisture+balance+and+the+impact+on+vegetation+in+the+southern+hemisphere+tropical+Andes+%28Bolivia%2FPeru%29&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-50&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.02.050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PPP...259...35G&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Bush%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Hanselman%2C+Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Chepstow-Lusty%2C+Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foro.open.ac.uk%2F10215%2F1%2FGosling_Huin_151k_Palaeo3_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaczekPatchettQuadeWagner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Placzek, Christa; Patchett, P. 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Jonathan (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/20610/1/QuaternaryResearch2011.pdf">"Isotopic tracers of paleohydrologic change in large lakes of the Bolivian Altiplano"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Quaternary Research</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 231–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011QuRes..75..231P">2011QuRes..75..231P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2010.08.004">10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54069269">54069269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Isotopic+tracers+of+paleohydrologic+change+in+large+lakes+of+the+Bolivian+Altiplano&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=231-244&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54069269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2010.08.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011QuRes..75..231P&rft.aulast=Placzek&rft.aufirst=Christa+J.&rft.au=Quade%2C+Jay&rft.au=Patchett%2C+P.+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F20610%2F1%2FQuaternaryResearch2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaczekQuadePatchett2013" class="citation journal cs1">Placzek, C.J.; Quade, J.; Patchett, P.J. (February 2013). "A 130ka reconstruction of rainfall on the Bolivian Altiplano". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>363</b>: 97–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013E&PSL.363...97P">2013E&PSL.363...97P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.12.017">10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+130ka+reconstruction+of+rainfall+on+the+Bolivian+Altiplano&rft.volume=363&rft.pages=97-108&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.12.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013E%26PSL.363...97P&rft.aulast=Placzek&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft.au=Quade%2C+J.&rft.au=Patchett%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZechTerrizzanoGarcía-MorabitoVeit2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zech, J.; Terrizzano, C.; García-Morabito, E.; Veit, H.; Zech, R. (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18172%2Fcig.3235">"Timing and extent of late pleistocene glaciation in the arid Central Andes of Argentina and Chile (22°-41°S)"</a>. <i>Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica</i> (in Spanish). <b>43</b> (2): 697–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18172%2Fcig.3235">10.18172/cig.3235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002D-4647-8">11858/00-001M-0000-002D-4647-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1697-9540">1697-9540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n+Geogr%C3%A1fica&rft.atitle=Timing+and+extent+of+late+pleistocene+glaciation+in+the+arid+Central+Andes+of+Argentina+and+Chile+%2822%C2%B0-41%C2%B0S%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=697-718&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002D-4647-8&rft.issn=1697-9540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18172%2Fcig.3235&rft.aulast=Zech&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Terrizzano%2C+C.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Morabito%2C+E.&rft.au=Veit%2C+H.&rft.au=Zech%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18172%252Fcig.3235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuki" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Template talk:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Altiplano_lakes_and_paleolakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Altiplano lakes and paleolakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lakes_on_the_Altiplano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lakes on the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day lakes and <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poop%C3%B3" title="Lake Poopó">Lake Poopó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Coipasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salar de Coipasa">Salar de Coipasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lake expansions of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Lake Ballivián">Lake Ballivián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabana_(ancient_lake)" title="Cabana (ancient lake)">Cabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataro_(ancient_lake)" title="Mataro (ancient lake)">Mataro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Tauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajsi" title="Sajsi">Sajsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_(ancient_lake)" title="Salinas (ancient lake)">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Huasi_(ancient_lake)" title="Inca Huasi (ancient lake)">Inca Huasi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Escara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Escara">Lake Escara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paleolakes and lake expansions in the region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancosa_paleolake" title="Cancosa paleolake">Cancosa paleolake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pleistocene_Lakes_and_Seas" title="Template talk:Pleistocene Lakes and Seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pleistocene_Lakes_and_Seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pleistocene Lakes and Seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pleistocene_proglacial_lakes_and_related_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lakes</a> and related seas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Makgadikgadi" title="Lake Makgadikgadi">Lake Makgadikgadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ptolemy" title="Lake Ptolemy">Lake Ptolemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Washburn_(Antarctica)" title="Lake Washburn (Antarctica)">Lake Washburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bandung" title="Lake Bandung">Lake Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tengger" title="Lake Tengger">Lake Tengger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundafan" title="Mundafan">Mundafan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Glacial_Lake" title="West Siberian Glacial Lake">West Siberian Glacial Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Baltic Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancylus_Lake" title="Ancylus Lake">Ancylus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Ice_Lake" title="Baltic Ice Lake">Baltic Ice Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littorina_Sea" title="Littorina Sea">Littorina Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastogloia_Sea" title="Mastogloia Sea">Mastogloia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoldia_Sea" title="Yoldia Sea">Yoldia Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Komi" title="Lake Komi">Lake Komi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Harrison" title="Lake Harrison">Lake Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lapworth" title="Lake Lapworth">Lake Lapworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pickering" title="Lake Pickering">Lake Pickering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_River" title="Nelson River">Nelson River</a> drainage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bassano" title="Lake Bassano">Lake Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Souris" title="Lake Souris">Lake Souris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lakes_of_Minnesota" title="Proglacial lakes of Minnesota">Proglacial lakes of Minnesota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a> drainage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ojibway" title="Lake Ojibway">Lake Ojibway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrell_Sea" title="Tyrrell Sea">Tyrrell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Admiralty" title="Lake Admiralty">Lake Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Algonquin" title="Lake Algonquin">Lake Algonquin</a> (Multiple basins)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Arkona" title="Lake Arkona">Lake Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chippewa" title="Lake Chippewa">Lake Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Lake" title="Dana Lake">Lake Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Duluth" title="Lake Duluth">Lake Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Lake_Erie" title="Early Lake Erie">Early Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Frontenac" title="Lake Frontenac">Lake Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Houghton_(glacial)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Houghton (glacial) (page does not exist)">Lake Houghton (glacial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Lundy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Lundy (page does not exist)">Lake Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maumee" title="Lake Maumee">Lake Maumee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Minong" title="Lake Minong">Lake Minong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Great_Lakes" title="Nipissing Great Lakes">Nipissing Great Lakes</a> (Multiple basins)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Lake_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Lake Ontario (page does not exist)">Early Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Saginaw" title="Lake Saginaw">Lake Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Stanley" title="Lake Stanley">Lake Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tonawanda" title="Lake Tonawanda">Lake Tonawanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Warren" title="Lake Warren">Lake Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wayne" title="Lake Wayne">Lake Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Whittlesey" title="Lake Whittlesey">Lake Whittlesey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Allison" title="Lake Allison">Lake Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Columbia" title="Glacial Lake Columbia">Glacial Lake Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lewis" title="Lake Lewis">Lake Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Missoula" title="Glacial Lake Missoula">Glacial Lake Missoula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lahontan" title="Lake Lahontan">Lake Lahontan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Skokomish" title="Lake Skokomish">Glacial Lake Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nisqually" title="Lake Nisqually">Lake Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Puyallup" title="Lake Puyallup">Lake Puyallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Russell" title="Glacial Lake Russell">Glacial Lake Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_Lake_Sammamish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glacial Lake Sammamish (page does not exist)">Glacial Lake Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Skokomish" title="Lake Skokomish">Lake Skokomish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Upper <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chouteau" title="Lake Chouteau">Lake Chouteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Circle" title="Lake Circle">Lake Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Cut_Bank" title="Lake Cut Bank">Lake Cut Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Glendive" title="Lake Glendive">Lake Glendive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Great_Falls" title="Lake Great Falls">Lake Great Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jordan_(Montana)" title="Lake Jordan (Montana)">Lake Jordan (Montana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_McKenzie" title="Glacial Lake McKenzie">Lake McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Musselshell" title="Lake Musselshell">Lake Musselshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> drainage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kankakee" title="Lake Kankakee">Lake Kankakee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee_Outwash_Plain" title="Kankakee Outwash Plain">Kankakee Outwash Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Lake Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> drainage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Monongahela" title="Lake Monongahela">Lake Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tight" title="Lake Tight">Lake Tight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teays_River" title="Teays River">Teays River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a> valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albany" title="Lake Albany">Lake Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Passaic" title="Lake Passaic">Lake Passaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Cape_Cod" title="Glacial Lake Cape Cod">Lake Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Connecticut" title="Lake Connecticut">Lake Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hitchcock" title="Lake Hitchcock">Lake Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Merrimack" title="Lake Merrimack">Lake Merrimack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Nantucket_Sound" title="Glacial Lake Nantucket Sound">Lake Nantucket Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Stowe" title="Lake Stowe">Lake Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Cahuilla" title="Lake Cahuilla">Lake Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Corcoran" title="Lake Corcoran">Lake Corcoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_Lake" title="Harper Lake">Lake Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manix" title="Lake Manix">Lake Manix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manly" title="Lake Manly">Lake Manly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Modoc" title="Lake Modoc">Lake Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mojave" title="Lake Mojave">Lake Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Panamint" title="Lake Panamint">Lake Panamint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Russell_(prehistoric)" title="Lake Russell (prehistoric)">Lake Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tecopa" title="Lake Tecopa">Lake Tecopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Thompson_(California)" title="Lake Thompson (California)">Lake Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift" title="Rio Grande rift">Rio Grande rift</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Alamosa" title="Lake Alamosa">Lake Alamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Estancia" title="Lake Estancia">Lake Estancia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Palomas" title="Lake Palomas">Lake Palomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Lake San Agustín">Lake San Agustín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Atna" title="Lake Atna">Lake Atna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ballivi%C3%A1n" title="Lake Ballivián">Lake Ballivián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabana_(ancient_lake)" title="Cabana (ancient lake)">Cabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Escara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Escara">Lake Escara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Huasi_(ancient_lake)" title="Inca Huasi (ancient lake)">Inca Huasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataro_(ancient_lake)" title="Mataro (ancient lake)">Mataro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Minchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Minchin">Lake Minchin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajsi" title="Sajsi">Sajsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_(ancient_lake)" title="Salinas (ancient lake)">Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tauca" title="Lake Tauca">Lake Tauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tehuelche_Paleolake" title="Great Tehuelche Paleolake">Great Tehuelche Paleolake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_lakes" title="List of prehistoric lakes">List of prehistoric lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/16px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/32px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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