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chewing gum</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: herbal chewing gum"> <meta name="keywords" content="herbal chewing gum"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="herbal chewing gum"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 321</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: herbal chewing gum</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">321</span> Formulation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Chewing Gum Delivery of Some Herbal Extracts for Treatment of Periodontal Diseases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reenu%20Yadav">Reenu Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vidhi%20Guha"> Vidhi Guha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udit%20N.%20Soni"> Udit N. Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jay%20Ram%20Patel"> Jay Ram Patel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chewing gums are mobile novel drug delivery systems, with a potential for administering drugs either for local action or for systemic absorption via the buccal route. An antimicrobial chewing gum delivery system of the methanolic extracts of Beatea monosperma (barks and twigs), Cordia obliqua (leaves and seeds) and Cuminun cyminum (seeds) against periodontal diseases caused by some oral pathogens, was designed and characterized on various parameters.The results of the study support the traditional application of the plants and suggest, plant extracts possess compounds with antimicrobial properties that can be used as potential antimicrobial agents and gums can be a good carrier of herbal extracts. Developed formulation will cure/protect from various periodontal diseases. Further development and evaluations chewing gums including the isolated compounds on the commercial scale and their clinical and toxicological studies are the future challenges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodontal%20diseases" title="periodontal diseases">periodontal diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum" title=" herbal chewing gum"> herbal chewing gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20extracts" title=" herbal extracts"> herbal extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20drug%20delivery%20systems" title=" novel drug delivery systems"> novel drug delivery systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45580/formulation-and-characterization-of-antimicrobial-chewing-gum-delivery-of-some-herbal-extracts-for-treatment-of-periodontal-diseases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">320</span> The Chewing Gum Confectionary Development for Oral Hygiene with Nine Hour Oral Antibacterial Activity </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogesh%20Bacchaw">Yogesh Bacchaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Dabade"> Ashish Dabade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays oral health is raising concern in society. Acid producing microorganisms changes the oral pH and creates a favorable environment for microbial growth. This growth not only promotes dental decay but also bad breath. Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) listed component was incorporated in chewing gum as an antimicrobial agent. The chewing gum produced exhibited up to 9 hours of antimicrobial activity against oral microflora. The toxicity of GRAS component per RACC value of chewing gum was negligible as compared to actual toxicity level of GRAS component. The antibacterial efficiency of chewing gum was tested by using total plate count (TPC) and colony forming unit (CFU). Nine hours were required to microflora to reach TPC/CFU of before chewing gum consumption. This chewing gum not only provides mouth freshening activity but also helps in lowering dental decay, bad breath, and enamel whitening. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colony%20forming%20unit%20%28CFU%29" title="colony forming unit (CFU)">colony forming unit (CFU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chewing%20gum" title=" chewing gum"> chewing gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generally%20recognized%20as%20safe%20%28GRAS%29" title=" generally recognized as safe (GRAS)"> generally recognized as safe (GRAS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20growth" title=" microbial growth"> microbial growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microorganisms" title=" microorganisms"> microorganisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20health" title=" oral health"> oral health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RACC" title=" RACC"> RACC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20plate%20count%20%28TPC%29" title=" total plate count (TPC)"> total plate count (TPC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20agent" title=" antimicrobial agent"> antimicrobial agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enamel%20whitening" title=" enamel whitening"> enamel whitening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20pH" title=" oral pH"> oral pH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75454/the-chewing-gum-confectionary-development-for-oral-hygiene-with-nine-hour-oral-antibacterial-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">319</span> Bioactive Chemical Markers Based Strategy for Quality Control of Herbal Medicines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenzhong%20Yang">Zhenzhong Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herbal medicines are important supplements to chemical drugs and usually consist of a complex mixture of constituents. The current quality control strategy of herbal medicines is mainly based on chemical markers, which largely failed to owe to the markers, not reflecting the herbal medicines’ multiple mechanisms of action. Herein, a bioactive chemical markers based strategy was proposed and applied to the quality assessment and control of herbal medicines. This strategy mainly includes the comprehensive chemical characterization of herbal medicines, bioactive chemical markers identification, and related quantitative analysis methods development. As a proof-of-concept, this strategy was applied to a Panax notoginseng derived herbal medicine. The bioactive chemical markers based strategy offers a rational approach for quality assessment and control of herbal medicines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20chemical%20markers" title="bioactive chemical markers">bioactive chemical markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicines" title=" herbal medicines"> herbal medicines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20assessment" title=" quality assessment"> quality assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128810/bioactive-chemical-markers-based-strategy-for-quality-control-of-herbal-medicines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">318</span> The Prevalence of Herbal Medicine Practice and Associated Factors among Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care at Mobile Hospice Mbarara</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harriet%20Nalubega">Harriet Nalubega</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eddie%20Mwebesa"> Eddie Mwebesa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Uganda, over 90% of people use herbal remedies. Herbal medicine use has been associated with delayed clinical appointments, presentation with advanced cancers, financial constraints, and misdiagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of herbal medicine use and practices amongst cancer patients receiving Palliative Care at Mobile Hospice Mbarara (MHM) and the associated challenges. This was a mixed-methods prospective study conducted in 2022 at MHM, where patients were interviewed, and a questionnaire was completed. 87% of the patients had used herbal medicine. Of these, 83% were female, and 59% had not received formal education. 27% of patients had used herbal remedies for a year or more. 51% of patients who were consuming herbs stopped using them after starting palliative care treatment. Motivations for herbal medicine use were in the hope for a cure in 59%, for pain relief in 30%, and peer influence in 10%. There is a high prevalence of herbal medicine use in Palliative Care. Female gender and lack of formal education were disproportionately associated with herbal remedy use. Most patients consume herbal remedies in search of a cure or to relieve severe pain. Education of cancer patients about herbal remedy use may improve treatment outcomes in Palliative Care. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title="prevalence">prevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20patients" title=" cancer patients"> cancer patients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palliative%20care" title=" palliative care"> palliative care</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150491/the-prevalence-of-herbal-medicine-practice-and-associated-factors-among-cancer-patients-receiving-palliative-care-at-mobile-hospice-mbarara" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">317</span> Ethnobotanical Survey on the Use of Herbal Medicine at Children in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metahri%20Leyla">Metahri Leyla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herbal medicine is one of the oldest medicines in the world. It constitutes an interesting alternative to treat and cure without creating new diseases. Despite the progress of medicine, the increase in the number of doctors, the creation of social security, many parents have resorted to herbal medicine for their children; they are increasingly asking for "natural remedies", "without risk" for their children. Herbal tea is a very accessible way to enjoy the benefits of herbal medicine. Accordingly; the objective of our study is to obtain detailed information on the composition and mode of administration of these herbal teas and to identify the different plants used; their beneficial effects, as well as their possible toxicity. The current research work represents an ethnobotanical survey spread over one month (from January 6, 2021, to February 19, 2021) carried out by means of an electronic questionnaire concerning 753 respondents involving single or multiparous mothers. The obtained results reveal that a total of 684 mothers used herbal teas for their infants, which revealed the use of 55 herbal remedies for several indications, the most sought after are the carminative effect and relief of colic, and which 9% of users noticed undesirable effects linked to the administration of herbal teas to their infants. As a conclusion, it has been asserted that the use of herbal teas as a natural remedy by Algerian mothers is a widely accepted practice, however, the "natural" nature of the plants does not mean that they are harmless. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title="herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20teas" title=" herbal teas"> herbal teas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mothers" title=" mothers"> mothers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161951/ethnobotanical-survey-on-the-use-of-herbal-medicine-at-children-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">316</span> The Place of Herbal Teas Based on Medicinal Plants in the Treatment and Comfort of Infants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metahri%20Leyla">Metahri Leyla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helali%20Amal"> Helali Amal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dali%20Yahia%20Mustapha%20Kamel"> Dali Yahia Mustapha Kamel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herbal medicine is one of the oldest medicines in the world. It constitutes an interesting alternative to treat and cure without creating new diseases. Despite the progress of medicine, the increase in the number of doctors, the creation of social security, many parents have resorted to herbal medicine for their children; they are increasingly asking for "natural remedies", "without risk" for their children. Herbal tea is a very accessible way to enjoy the benefits of herbal medicine. Accordingly; the objective of our study is to obtain detailed information on the composition and mode of administration of these herbal teas and to identify the different plants used; their beneficial effects, as well as their possible toxicity. The current research work represents an ethnobotanical survey spread over one month (from January 6, 2021 to February 19, 2021) carried out by means of an electronic questionnaire concerning 753 respondents, involving single or multiparous mothers. The obtained results reveal that a total of 684 mothers used herbal teas for their infants, which revealed the use of 55 herbal remedies for several indications, the most sought after are the carminative effect and relief of colic, and which 9% of users noticed undesirable effects linked to the administration of herbal teas to their infants. As a conclusion, it has been asserted that the use of herbal teas as a natural remedy by Algerian mothers is a widely accepted practice, however the "natural" nature of the plants does not mean that they are harmless. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keywords%3A%20Herbal%20medicine" title="Keywords: Herbal medicine">Keywords: Herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herbal%20teas" title=" Herbal teas"> Herbal teas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Children" title=" Children"> Children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mothers" title=" Mothers"> Mothers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medicinal%20plants." title=" Medicinal plants."> Medicinal plants.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161920/the-place-of-herbal-teas-based-on-medicinal-plants-in-the-treatment-and-comfort-of-infants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">315</span> A Saudi Herbal Database: An Approach for Organizing the Rich Herbal Resource of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Asif%20Hassan">Syed Asif Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tabrej%20Khan"> Tabrej Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle has gained a significant acceptance across the globe. The increasing popularity of Herbal Medicine can be owed to the fact that is relatively inexpensive and has lesser side effects as compared to general medicines. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a rich heritage of herbal medicine for overages. However, the information about essential traditional herbs of Arabian origin and their implication in the treatment of various diseases are not well documented in an organized manner. Therefore, the requirement of a local platform (database system) for herbal medicines of Arab origin is the need of the day. In this context, various questionnaire and surveys were conducted over a period of 6 months. The surveys were targeted to identify a range of herbal remedies used by the communities of Saudi Arabia e.g., pharmacists and local people. The survey leads us to identify many of the mysterious local medicinal herbs used for the treatment of various ailments and thus reveals a unique insight into the natural herbal resource of Saudi Arabia. The information of the herbal medicines will be further used to develop a Saudi herbal database system using the principles of waterfall method. An interactive dynamic electronic web portal of the herbal database system will be built using MySQL and PHP for accessing the information available in the Saudi herbal database system. The web portal will be a step forward in creating awareness among the Arab nationals of their rich herbal heritage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20herbal%20medicine" title="Saudi herbal medicine">Saudi herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20survey" title=" community survey"> community survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=database%20system%20and%20design" title=" database system and design"> database system and design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MySQL" title=" MySQL"> MySQL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PHP" title=" PHP"> PHP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62874/a-saudi-herbal-database-an-approach-for-organizing-the-rich-herbal-resource-of-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62874.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">314</span> Design and Development of Herbal Formulations: Challenges and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Sathyanarayana">B. Sathyanarayana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As per the report of World Health Organization, more than 80% of world population uses medicines made from herbal and natural materials. They have stood the test of time for their safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. Quality assurance and control measures, such as national quality specification and standards for herbal materials, good manufacturing practices (GMP) for herbal medicines, labelling, and licensing schemes for manufacturing, imports and marketing, should be in place in every country where herbal medicines are regulated. These measures are vital for ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. In the case of herbal products challenge begins at the stage of designing itself except the classical products. Selection of herbal ingredients, officinal parts to be used, proportions are vital. Once the formulation is designed one should take utmost care to produce the standardized product of assured quality and safety. Quality control measures should cover the validation of quality and identity of raw materials, in process control (as per SOP and GMP norms) and at the level of final product. Quality testing, safety and efficacy studies of the final product are required to ensure the safe and effective use of the herbal products in human beings. Medicinal plants being the materials of natural resource are subjected to great variation making it really difficult to fix quality standards especially in the case of polyherbal preparations. Manufacturing also needs modification according to the type of ingredients present. Hence, it becomes essential to develop Standard operative Procedure for a specific herbal product. Present paper throws a light on the challenges that are encountered during the design and development of herbal products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20product" title="herbal product">herbal product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficacy" title=" efficacy"> efficacy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7868/design-and-development-of-herbal-formulations-challenges-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">502</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">313</span> Contribution to the Compliance Study of Drugs for Herbal Teas Sold in Pharmacies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahiout%20Tassadit">Mahiout Tassadit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As part of the study of a compliance and quality aspect concerning one of the plant-based products: drugs for herbal teas sold in pharmacies, a survey targeting: the general population (100 people of different age groups) as well as dispensary pharmacists (40 pharmacists from rural or urban areas) of the wilaya of Tizi-Ouzou (central Algeria) was carried out followed by a macroscopic and microscopic analysis of 4 samples of the said drugs, the survey carried out using two questionnaires, the data of which were collected and then analyzed, made it possible to estimate the population's use of herbal products and medicinal plants, and the place occupied by herbal medicine in our pharmacies. The second part made it possible to control and evaluate the information present on the packaging of drugs for herbal teas; anomalies concerning the packaging, labeling and composition of these products were noted. As a result, it is more than necessary to establish regulations for this type of product; the community pharmacist again places himself as an essential element for the proper dispensation of these remedies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drugs" title="drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20teas" title=" herbal teas"> herbal teas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=macroscopic%20analysis" title=" macroscopic analysis"> macroscopic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microscopic%20analysis" title=" microscopic analysis"> microscopic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166070/contribution-to-the-compliance-study-of-drugs-for-herbal-teas-sold-in-pharmacies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">312</span> Critical Assessment of Herbal Medicine Usage and Efficacy by Pharmacy Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anton%20V.%20Dolzhenko">Anton V. Dolzhenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahir%20Mehmood%20Khan"> Tahir Mehmood Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An ability to make an evidence-based decision is a critically important skill required for practicing pharmacists. The development of this skill is incorporated into the pharmacy curriculum. We aimed in our study to estimate perception of pharmacy students regarding herbal medicines and their ability to assess information on herbal medicines professionally. The current Monash University curriculum in Pharmacy does not provide comprehensive study material on herbal medicines and students should find their way to find information, assess its quality and make a professional decision. In the Pharmacy course, students are trained how to apply this process to conventional medicines. In our survey of 93 undergraduate students from year 1-4 of Pharmacy course at Monash University Malaysia, we found that students’ view on herbal medicines is sometimes associated with common beliefs, which affect students’ ability to make evidence-based conclusions regarding the therapeutic potential of herbal medicines. The use of herbal medicines is widespread and 95.7% of the participated students have prior experience of using them. In the scale 1 to 10, students rated the importance of acquiring herbal medicine knowledge for them as 8.1±1.6. More than half (54.9%) agreed that herbal medicines have the same clinical significance as conventional medicines in treating diseases. Even more, students agreed that healthcare settings should give equal importance to both conventional and herbal medicine use (80.6%) and that herbal medicines should comply with strict quality control procedures as conventional medicines (84.9%). The latter statement also indicates that students consider safety issues associated with the use of herbal medicines seriously. It was further confirmed by 94.6% of students saying that the safety and toxicity information on herbs and spices are important to pharmacists and 95.7% of students admitting that drug-herb interactions may affect therapeutic outcome. Only 36.5% of students consider herbal medicines as s safer alternative to conventional medicines. The students use information on herbal medicines from various sources and media. Most of the students (81.7%) obtain information on herbal medicines from the Internet and only 20.4% mentioned lectures/workshop/seminars as a source of such information. Therefore, we can conclude that students attained the skills on the critical assessment of therapeutic properties of conventional medicines have a potential to use their skills for evidence-based decisions regarding herbal medicines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evidence-based%20decision" title="evidence-based decision">evidence-based decision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacy%20education" title=" pharmacy education"> pharmacy education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=student%20perception" title=" student perception"> student perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20medicines" title=" traditional medicines"> traditional medicines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90957/critical-assessment-of-herbal-medicine-usage-and-efficacy-by-pharmacy-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">311</span> Evaluation of Chromium Fortified-Parboiled Rice Coated with Herbal Extracts: Resistant Starch, and Glycemic Index</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisnu%20Adi%20Yulianto">Wisnu Adi Yulianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chatarina%20%20Lilis%20Suryani"> Chatarina Lilis Suryani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamilisti%20Susiati"> Mamilisti Susiati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hendy%20Indra%20Permana"> Hendy Indra Permana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Parboiled rice was developed to produce rice that has low glycemic index, especially for diabetics. Yet, parboiled rice is not enough because diabetics also lack of chromium. The sign of chromium (Cr) deficiency in diabetics is impaired glucose tolerance. Cr fortification was done for increasing Cr content in rice. Naturally-occurring compounds that have been proven to improve insulin sensitivity include Cr and polyphenol found in cinnamon, pandan and bay leaf. This research aimed to evaluate content of resistant starch and glycemic index of Cr - fortified - parboiled rice (Cr-PR) coated with herbal extracts. Variety of unhulled rice and forticant used in the experiment were Ciherang and CrCl3, respectively. Three herbal extracts used were cinnamon, pandan and bay leaf. Each concentration of herbal extracts in the amount of 3%, 6%, and 9% were added in the coating substance to coat Cr-PR. Resistant starch (RS) content was determined by enzymatic process through glucooxydase method. Testing of the GI was conducted on 18 non-diabetic volunteers. RS content of Cr-PR coated with herbal extracts ranged between 8.27 – 8.84 % (dry weight). Cr-PR coated with all herbal extracts of 3% concentration had higher RS content than the ones with herbal extracts of 6% and 9% concentration (P <0.05). Value of the rice GI ranged 29 - 40. The lowest GI (29-30) was attained by the rice coated with enrichment of 6-9% cinnamon extract. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title="coating">coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cr-fortified-parboiled%20rice" title=" Cr-fortified-parboiled rice"> Cr-fortified-parboiled rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glycemic%20index" title=" glycemic index"> glycemic index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20extracts" title=" herbal extracts"> herbal extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistant%20starch" title=" resistant starch"> resistant starch</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37604/evaluation-of-chromium-fortified-parboiled-rice-coated-with-herbal-extracts-resistant-starch-and-glycemic-index" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">310</span> Development and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Herbal Mouthwash Including Methanolic Extracts of Beautea monosperma and Cordia obliqua</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reenu%20Yadav">Reenu Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Yadav"> S. K. Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Herbal therapy has been used for daily oral health care to prevent, treat or cure oral conditions from halitosis to periodontal diseases. The importance of mouth and teeth cleanliness has been recognized from the earliest days of civilization to the 21st century. In the present study, leaves and seeds of Cordia obliqua and barks and twigs of Beautea monosperma, which is used traditionally for oral diseases was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity tests indicated that the methanolic extract exhibited stronger activities against the commonly encountered oral bacterial and fungal pathogens. The mouthwash formulation prepared and it is compared with marketed formulation HiOra. The results indicated that the herbal mouthwash could inhibit the growth of oral pathogens and may prevent plaque and other periodontal diseases caused by dental pathogens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20mouthwash" title="herbal mouthwash">herbal mouthwash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio%20medicine" title=" bio medicine"> bio medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20sciences" title=" life sciences"> life sciences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20extracts" title=" herbal extracts"> herbal extracts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45582/development-and-evaluation-of-antimicrobial-herbal-mouthwash-including-methanolic-extracts-of-beautea-monosperma-and-cordia-obliqua" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">309</span> Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated with Ingestion of Herbal Mixtures Containing Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hakami">M. Hakami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Jammaly"> A. Jammaly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Attafi"> I. Attafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Oraiby"> M. Oraiby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Jeraiby"> M. Jeraiby</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We reviewed an unusual case of a 65-year-old male taking an herbal mixture containing compounds with anticholinesterase activity for a long period of time, presented with acute my myocardial infarction and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome followed by death. Clinically, there are findings correlated with anticholinesterase activity, such as bilateral miosis, diaphoresis, vomiting and fasciculation without a history of any toxic ingestion or exposure. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry screening studies identified the presence of thymol, anethole in the herbal extract and butylated hydroxytoluene in the blood sample. Hence, with this case report, we intend to highlight the necessity of evaluating the long-term use of the herbal mixture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholinesterase%20inhibitors" title="cholinesterase inhibitors">cholinesterase inhibitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thymole" title=" thymole"> thymole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anethole" title=" anethole"> anethole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butylatedhydroxytoluene" title=" butylatedhydroxytoluene"> butylatedhydroxytoluene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiac%20toxicity" title=" cardiac toxicity"> cardiac toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myocardial%20infarction" title=" myocardial infarction"> myocardial infarction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65998/acute-myocardial-infarction-associated-with-ingestion-of-herbal-mixtures-containing-acetylcholinesterase-inhibitors-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65998.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">308</span> Use of DNA Barcoding and UPLC-MS to Authenticate Agathosma spp. in South African Herbal Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Pretorius">E. Pretorius</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Viljoen"> A. M. Viljoen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20van%20der%20Bank"> M. van der Bank</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The phytochemistry of Agathosma crenulata and A. betulina has been studied extensively, while their molecular analysis through DNA barcoding remains virtually unexplored. This technique can confirm the identity of plant species included in a herbal product, thereby ensuring the efficacy of the herbal product and the accuracy of its label. Materials and methods: Authentic Agathosma reference material of A. betulina (n=16) and A. crenulata (n=10) were obtained. Thirteen commercial products were purchased from various health shops around Johannesburg, South Africa, using the search term “Agathosma” or “Buchu.” The plastid regions matK and ycf1 were used to barcode the Buchu products, and BRONX analysis confirmed the taxonomic identity of the samples. UPLC-MS analyses were also performed. Results: Only (30/60) 60% of the traded samples tested from 13 suppliers contained A. betulina in their herbal products. Similar results were also obtained for the UPLC-MS analysis. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrate the application of DNA barcoding in combination with phytochemical analysis to authenticate herbal products claiming to contain Agathosma plants as an ingredient in their products. This supports manufacturing efforts to ensure that herbal products that are safe for the consumer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buchu" title="Buchu">Buchu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substitution" title=" substitution"> substitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barcoding" title=" barcoding"> barcoding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BRONX%20algorithm" title=" BRONX algorithm"> BRONX algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matK" title=" matK"> matK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ycf1" title=" ycf1"> ycf1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UPLC-MS" title=" UPLC-MS"> UPLC-MS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152450/use-of-dna-barcoding-and-uplc-ms-to-authenticate-agathosma-spp-in-south-african-herbal-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">307</span> Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Commonly Consumed Herbal Medicines in Kano State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliyu%20Umar">Aliyu Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Yau"> Mohammed Yau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faruruwa%20M.%20Dahiru"> Faruruwa M. Dahiru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saed%20Garba"> Saed Garba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evaluation of heavy metals in twelve commonly consumed herbal medicines/preparations in Kano State, Nigeria, was carried out. The samples comprised of five unregistered powdered medicines, namely, Zuwo, (ZW); Rai Dorai, (RD); Miyar Tsanya, (MTS); Bagaruwar Makka, (BM); and Madobiya, (M); five unregistered liquid herbal medicinal concussions for pile (MB), yellow fever (MS), typhoid (MT), stomach pain (MC), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); and two registered herbal medicines; Alif Powder (AP) and Champion Leaf (CL). The heavy metals evaluation was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and the result revealed the concentrations (ppm) ranges of the heavy metals as follows: Cadmium (0.0045 – 0.1601), Chromium (0.0418 – 0.2092), Cobalt (0.0038 – 0.0760), Copper (0.0547 – 0.2465), Iron (0.1197 – 0.3592), Manganese (0.0123 – 1.4462), Nickel (0.0073 – 0.0960), Lead (0.185 – 0.0927) and Zinc (0.0244 – 0.2444). Comparing the results obtained in this work with the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and permissible limits of other countries, the concentrations of heavy metals in the herbal medicine/preparations are within the allowed permissible limits range in herbal medicines and their use could be safe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kano%20state" title="Kano state">Kano state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicines" title=" herbal medicines"> herbal medicines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=registered" title=" registered"> registered</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unregistered" title=" unregistered"> unregistered</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53997/quantitative-determination-of-heavy-metals-in-some-commonly-consumed-herbal-medicines-in-kano-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">306</span> Herbal Medicines Used for the Cure of Jaundice among the Some Tribal Populations of Madhya Pradesh, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awdhesh%20Narayan%20Sharma">Awdhesh Narayan Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of herbal medicines for the cure of various ailments among the tribal population is as old as human origin itself. Most of the tribal populations of Madhya Pradesh inhabit in remote and inaccessible ecological setup. From long back, tribals and forests are interrelated to each other. They use an enormous range of wild plants for their basic needs and medicines. The tribal developed a unique understanding with wild plants, herbs, etc., and earned specialized knowledge of disease pattern and curative therapy-through hard experiences, common sense, trial, and error methods. They have passed this knowledge through traditions, taboos, totems, folklore by words of mouth from generation to generation. Here, an attempt has been made to study the possible aspects of herbal medicine for the cure of Jaundice among the tribal populations of Madhya Pradesh, India, through primary data as well as available secondary data. The data have been collected from the 305 Bharias of Patalkot, Madhya Pradesh, India, and included available secondary source of data by various investigators. It may be concluded that a sizable herbal medicinal plants' wealth exists in Madhya Pradesh, India, which still awaits for scientific exploration. The existing herbal medicines used for the cure of jaundice need an extensive investigation from the pharmaceutical point of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharias" title="Bharias">Bharias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tribal" title=" tribal"> tribal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhya%20Pradesh" title=" Madhya Pradesh"> Madhya Pradesh</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126822/herbal-medicines-used-for-the-cure-of-jaundice-among-the-some-tribal-populations-of-madhya-pradesh-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126822.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">305</span> In vitro Anti-Gonococcal, Anti-Inflammatory and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Activities of the Herbal Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20E.%20Tshikalange">T. E. Tshikalange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20C.%20Mophuting"> B. C. Mophuting</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditional medicine often consists of complex ingredients prepared from a mixture of plant species. These herbal mixtures are used in the treatment of various ailments such as sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. The present study was carried out to determine the biological activities of the herbal mixture used traditionally in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. This herbal mixture consists of four plant species from families Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. Five crude extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, water and boiled) of the herbal mixture were investigated for anti-gonococcal, anti-inflammatory, and reverse transcriptase activities. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was determined by measuring the extract inhibitory effect on the pro-inflammatory enzyme lipoxygenase. The extracts were also tested for anti-HIV activity against recombinant HIV-1 enzyme using non-radioactive HIV-RT colorimetric assay. The boiled extract exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity with an IC₅₀ of 87 µg/ml compared to that of the positive control quercetin (IC₅₀= 92 µg/ml). All the other extracts showed little or no activity. Hexane extract was the only extract that showed reverse transcriptase extract inhibitory effect with an IC₅₀ of 74 µg/ml. Anti-gonococcal and cytotoxicity investigations are underway. The preliminary results support the use of herbal mixture by traditional healers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexually%20transmitted%20diseases" title="sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipoxygenase" title=" lipoxygenase"> lipoxygenase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-inflammatory" title=" anti-inflammatory"> anti-inflammatory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20mixture" title=" herbal mixture "> herbal mixture </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73380/in-vitro-anti-gonococcal-anti-inflammatory-and-hiv-1-reverse-transcriptase-activities-of-the-herbal-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">304</span> Assessment of Mammary Gland Immunity and Therapeutic Potential of Topical Herbal Gel against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukesh%20N.%20Kher">Mukesh N. Kher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anju%20P.%20Kunjadia"> Anju P. Kunjadia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dev%20S.%20Nauriyal"> Dev S. Nauriyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaitanya%20G.%20Joshi"> Chaitanya G. Joshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navin%20R.%20Sheth"> Navin R. Sheth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaibhav%20D.%20Bhatt"> Vaibhav D. Bhatt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In-vivo immunotherapeutic potential on cytokines production and antibacterial activity of a topical herbal gel was evaluated in two breeds of cattle in bovine subclinical mastitis. The response to treatment was evaluated by enumerating somatic cell count (SCC), determining total bacterial count and studying the expression of different cytokines like (interleukin 6, 8, 12, GMCSF, interferon–γ and TNF‑α). The pre‑ and post‑treatment SCC in mastitic quarters did not differ statistically-significantly. However, total bacterial count declined significantly from day 0 onwards in both the breeds. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed in all types of cytokines production on day 0, 5, and 21 post last treatments in both the breeds. The comparison of cytokine expression profiles between crossbred and Gir cattle affirmed a significant difference in expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. The topical herbal gel showed immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities in subclinical mastitis, and therefore the work supports its use as substitute herbal therapy against subclinical mastitis in bovines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activity" title="antibacterial activity">antibacterial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunomodulation" title=" immunomodulation"> immunomodulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20gel" title=" herbal gel"> herbal gel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subclinical%20mastitis" title=" subclinical mastitis"> subclinical mastitis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66343/assessment-of-mammary-gland-immunity-and-therapeutic-potential-of-topical-herbal-gel-against-bovine-subclinical-mastitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66343.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">303</span> The Ugliness of Eating: Resistance to Depicting Consumption in Visual Arts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Constance%20Kirker">Constance Kirker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While there is general agreement that food itself can be beautiful, thousands of still-life masterpieces over the years attest to this, depicting the act of eating, actually placing food in one’s mouth and chewing is seemingly taboo. The environment created around consumption -dining rooms, linens, china, flowers- is consciously choreographed to provide a pleasing aesthetic experience. Yet artists, from Roman frescoes painters to contemporary photographers, create images from feasts to solitary subjects that rarely show food or drink touching lips, chewing, or swallowing. Of the countless paintings of the Last Supper, the food remains on the table. Rarely is Adam or Eve shown taking a bite of the apple, initiating Original Sin. In the few examples that do depict food-in-mouth, Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Son, or the ubiquitous photos of the “wedding smash” with brides and grooms pushing wedding cake into each other’s mouths, the images are seemingly intended to be particularly ugly or humorous in a distasteful way. This paper will explore theories that include the rules of etiquette, some determined hundreds of years ago and still followed today, that imply eating is a metaphor for gluttony, implicit sexuality of eating, the distortion of the face while eating and the simple practicality of the difficulty of an artist’s model maintaining a chewing position. If art is a reflection of society, what drives the universal impulse to hide this very human function? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aesthetics" title="aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=senses" title=" senses"> senses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taboo" title=" taboo"> taboo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption" title=" consumption"> consumption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156453/the-ugliness-of-eating-resistance-to-depicting-consumption-in-visual-arts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">302</span> Toxicological Standardization of Heavy Metals and Microbial Contamination Haematinic Herbal Formulations Marketed in India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20V.%20Chandewar">A. V. Chandewar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Bais"> Sanjay Bais</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Backgound: In India, drugs of herbal origin have been used in traditional systems of medicines such as Unani and Ayurveda since ancient times. WHO limit for Escherichia coli is 101/gm cfu, for Staphylococus aureus 105/gm cfu, and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa 103/gm cfu and for Salmonella species nil cfu. WHO mentions maximum permissible limits in raw materials only for arsenic, cadmium, and lead, which amount to 1.0, 0.3, and 10 ppm, respectively. Aim: The main purpose of the investigation was to document evidence for the users, and practitioners of marketed haematinic herbal formulations. In the present study haematinic herbal formulations marketed in Yavatmal India were determined for the presence of microbial and heavy metal content. Method: The investigations were performed by using specific medias and atomic absorption spectrometry. Result: The present work indicates the presence of heavy metal contents in herbal formulations selected for study. It was found that arsenic content in formulations was below the permissible limit in all formulations. The cadmium and lead content in six formulations were above the permissible limits. Such formulations are injurious to health of patient if consumed regularly. The specific medias were used to determining the presence of Escherichia coli 4 samples, Staphylococcus aureus 3 samples, and P. aeruginosa 4 samples. The data indicated suggest that there is requirement of in process improvement to provide better quality for consumer health in order to be competitive in international markets. Summary/Conclusion: The presence of microbial and heavy metal content above WHO limits indicates that the GMP was not followed during manufacturing of herbal formulations marketed in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicological%20standardization" title="toxicological standardization">toxicological standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20contamination" title=" microbial contamination"> microbial contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematinic%20herbal%20formulations" title=" haematinic herbal formulations"> haematinic herbal formulations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8893/toxicological-standardization-of-heavy-metals-and-microbial-contamination-haematinic-herbal-formulations-marketed-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">301</span> In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Two Selected Herbal Medicines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Vinotha">S. Vinotha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Thabrew"> I. Thabrew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sri%20Ranjani"> S. Sri Ranjani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hot aqueous and methanol extracts of the two selected herbal medicines such are Vellarugu Chooranam (V.C) and Amukkirai Chooranam (A.C) were examined for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and in-vitro antioxidant activity using four different methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanol extract of V.C were found to be higher (44.41±1.26 mg GAE⁄g; 174.44±9.32 mg QE⁄g) than in the methanol extract of A.C (20.56±0.67 mg GAE⁄g;7.21±0.85 mg QE⁄g). Hot methanol and aqueous extracts of both medicines showed low antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods and Iron chelating activity not found at highest possible concentration. V.C contains higher concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoid contents than A.C and can also exert greater antioxidant activity than A.C, although the activities demonstrated were lower than the positive control Trolox. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was not related with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol and aqueous extracts of both herbal medicines (A.C and V.C). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activity" title="activity">activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=different%20extracts" title=" different extracts"> different extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicines" title=" herbal medicines"> herbal medicines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-vitro%20antioxidant" title=" in-vitro antioxidant"> in-vitro antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16823/in-vitro-antioxidant-activity-of-two-selected-herbal-medicines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">300</span> Treatment of Mycotic Dermatitis in Domestic Animals with Poly Herbal Drug</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Umadevi">U. Umadevi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Umakanthan"> T. Umakanthan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globally, mycotic dermatitis is very common but there is no single proven specific allopathic treatment regimen. In this study, domestic animals with skin diseases of different age and breed from geographically varied regions of Tamil Nadu state, India were employed. Most of them have had previous treatment with native and allopathic medicines without success. Clinically, the skin lesions were found to be mild to severe. The trial animals were treated with poly herbal formulation (ointment) prepared using the indigenous medicinal plants – viz <em>Andrographis paniculata</em>, <em>Lawsonia inermis</em> and <em>Madhuca longifolia</em>. Allopathic antifungal drugs and ointments, povidone iodine and curabless (Terbinafine HCl, Ofloxacin, Ornidazole, Clobetasol propionate) were used in control. Comparatively, trial animals were found to have lesser course of treatment time and higher recovery rate than control. In Ethnoveterinary, this combination was tried for the first time. This herbal formulation is economical and an alternative for skin diseases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allopathic%20drugs" title="allopathic drugs">allopathic drugs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dermatitis" title=" dermatitis"> dermatitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20animals" title=" domestic animals"> domestic animals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%20herbal%20formulation" title=" poly herbal formulation"> poly herbal formulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52085/treatment-of-mycotic-dermatitis-in-domestic-animals-with-poly-herbal-drug" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">299</span> The Marketing Strategies of Five-Star Rated Herbal Businesses of One Tambon One Product (OTOP) Entrepreneurs in Songkhla Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Lungtae">S. Lungtae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Noknoi"> C. Noknoi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this research is to analyze the marketing strategies of the various five-star rated herbal businesses of One Tambon One Product (OTOP) entrepreneurs in Songkhla province, Thailand. This includes the targeting, positioning and marketing mix in order to develop marketing strategies for OTOP entrepreneurs. The data were collected from the presidents of herbal-product enterprises in Songkhla province. The products of all these enterprises were selected as five-star herbal products for the OTOP project in 2012. In-depth interviews were conducted, and content analysis was used to analyze the data. The research found that the community enterprises should 1) increase the range of product sizes offered, 2) increase their distribution channels, 3) publicize more to inform consumers about their identities and products, 4) undertake promotional activities during the festival, and 5) choose salespeople who are knowledgeable about the features of their products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20mix" title="marketing mix">marketing mix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20positioning" title=" market positioning"> market positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20strategies" title=" marketing strategies"> marketing strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20market." title=" target market. "> target market. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10513/the-marketing-strategies-of-five-star-rated-herbal-businesses-of-one-tambon-one-product-otop-entrepreneurs-in-songkhla-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10513.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">298</span> Leaf Image Processing: Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Vijayashree">T. Vijayashree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gopal"> A. Gopal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the work is to classify and authenticate medicinal plant materials and herbs widely used for Indian herbal medicinal preparation. The quality and authenticity of these raw materials are to be ensured for the preparation of herbal medicines. These raw materials are to be carefully screened, analyzed and documented due to mistaken of look-alike materials which do not have medicinal characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authenticity" title="authenticity">authenticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20component%20analysis" title=" principal component analysis"> principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging%20processing" title=" imaging processing"> imaging processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5441/leaf-image-processing-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">297</span> Effect of Herbal Mineral Blend on Growth Performance of Broilers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rizwan">M. Rizwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ahmad"> S. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Farooq"> U. Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Mahmood"> U. Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20U.%20Rehman"> S. U. Rehman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Akhtar"> P. Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of herbal and mineral mixture on growth performance of boilers. One hundred and eighty birds were randomly distributed into 6 experimental units of 3 replicates (10 birds/replicate) as: negative control (basal diet), positive control (Lincomycin at the rate of 5g/bag), commercially available herbal-mineral product FitFat™ at the rate of 150g/bag and 200g/bag, and herbal-mineral mixture at the rate of 150g/bag and herbal-mineral mixture at the rate of 300g/bag. The data regarding weekly feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded, and fecal samples were collected at the end of starter and finisher phase for nutrient digestibility trial. The results of body weight gain showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in 3rd week of age (506.90g), also, feed intake showed significant (P < 0.05) results in 1st (297.22g), 3rd (936.7g) and 4th (967.8g) week and feed conversion ratio indicated significant (P < 0.05) variations in 1st (1.14) and 3rd (1.74) week of age. The starter phase indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences among all treatments groups in body weight gain (902.2g), feed intake (1843.9g) and feed conversion ratio (1.78). In case of nutrient digestibility trial, results showed significant (P < 0.05) values of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat in starter phase as 77.74%, 69.37%, and 61.18% respectively and 77.65%, 68.79% and 61.03% respectively, in finisher phase. Based on overall results, it was concluded that the dietary inclusion of combination of herbs and mineral can increase the production performance of broilers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20blend" title="herbal blend">herbal blend</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minerals" title=" minerals"> minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crop%20filling" title=" crop filling"> crop filling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrient%20digestibility" title=" nutrient digestibility"> nutrient digestibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broiler" title=" broiler"> broiler</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77242/effect-of-herbal-mineral-blend-on-growth-performance-of-broilers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">296</span> Assessing the Use of Biomedicine in Nigeria: A Case Study of IDO and Northwest Local Government Areas of Ibadan, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyemi%20A.%20Ajisebiolola">Adeyemi A. Ajisebiolola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined people’s responses to demand and consumption of herbal medicines in Nigeria. It also assessed people’s evaluation of the effectiveness of the existing medicines on the treatment of ailments and encouraging forest products utilization for greener future in terms of healthcare delivery. Two Local Government Areas, namely Ido and Ibadan Northwest were adopted for the study; Ido is characterized by rural populace and Ibadan Northwest by urban populace. Out of 500 questionnaires randomly administered to the households in the two local government areas of study, 481 (96.2%) were recovered. Statistical analysis employed showed that people were beginning to understand the importance of herbal medicines in Nigeria as majority of the households use herbal medicines to treat various ailments. Among the major problems encountered by the respondents are lack of precise dosage and adequate preservation methods. It was recommended that Forestry Research Institutes in Nigeria should be deeply involved in the findings on medicinal plants, package them into products and make them available to the society for sustainable healthcare management and greener future of the nation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20and%20consumption" title="demand and consumption">demand and consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20products" title=" forest products"> forest products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicines" title=" herbal medicines"> herbal medicines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111338/assessing-the-use-of-biomedicine-in-nigeria-a-case-study-of-ido-and-northwest-local-government-areas-of-ibadan-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">295</span> The Fracture Resistance of Zirconia Based Dental Crowns from Cyclic Loading: A Function of Relative Wear Depth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Qasim">T. Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20El%20Masoud"> B. El Masoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ailabouni"> D. Ailabouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This <em>in vitro</em> study focused on investigating the fatigue resistance of veneered zirconia molar crowns with different veneering ceramic thicknesses, simulating the relative wear depths under simulated cyclic loading. A mandibular first molar was prepared and then scanned using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology to fabricate 32 zirconia copings of uniform 0.5 mm thickness. The manufactured copings then veneered with 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.0 mm representing 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% relative wear of a normal ceramic thickness of 1.5 mm. All samples were thermally aged to 6000 thermo-cycles for 2 minutes with distilled water between 5 ˚C and 55 ˚C. The samples subjected to cyclic fatigue and fracture testing using SD Mechatronik chewing simulator. These samples are loaded up to 1.25x10⁶ cycles or until they fail. During fatigue, testing, extensive cracks were observed in samples with 0.5 mm veneering layer thickness. Veneering layer thickness 1.5-mm group and 1.0-mm group were not different in terms of resisting loads necessary to cause an initial crack or final failure. All ceramic zirconia-based crown restorations with varying occlusal veneering layer thicknesses appeared to be fatigue resistant. Fracture load measurement for all tested groups before and after fatigue loading exceeded the clinical chewing forces in the posterior region. In general, the fracture loads increased after fatigue loading and with the increase in the thickness of the occlusal layering ceramic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all%20ceramic" title="all ceramic">all ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20loading" title=" cyclic loading"> cyclic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chewing%20simulator" title=" chewing simulator"> chewing simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dental%20crowns" title=" dental crowns"> dental crowns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20wear" title=" relative wear"> relative wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermally%20ageing" title=" thermally ageing"> thermally ageing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94708/the-fracture-resistance-of-zirconia-based-dental-crowns-from-cyclic-loading-a-function-of-relative-wear-depth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">294</span> Influence of Dietary Herbal Blend on Crop Filling, Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Broiler Chickens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ahmad">S. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rizwan"> M. Rizwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Ayub"> B. Ayub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mehmood"> S. Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Akhtar"> P. Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of pure herbal blend on growth performance of boilers. One hundred and twenty birds were randomly distributed into 4 experimental units of 3 replicates (10 birds/replicate) as: negative control (basal diet), positive control (Lincomycin at the rate of 5g/bag), pure herbal blend at the rate of 150g/bag and pure herbal blend at the rate of 300g/bag. The data regarding weekly feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded, and fecal samples were collected at the end of starter and finisher phase for nutrient digestibility trial. The results of feed intake showed significant (P < 0.05) results in 1st (305g), 2nd (696.88g), 3rd (1046.9g) and 4th (1173.2g) week and feed conversion ratio indicated significant (P < 0.05) variations in 1st (2.54) and 4th (2.28) week of age. Also, both starter and finisher phase indicated significant (P < 0.05) differences among all treatment groups in feed intake (2023.4g) and (2302.6g) respectively. The statistical analysis indicated significant (P < 0.05) results in crop filling percentage (86.6%) after 2 hours of first feed supplementation. In case of nutrient digestibility trial, results showed significant (P < 0.05) values of crude protein and crude fat in starter phase as 69.65% and 56.62% respectively, and 69.57% and 48.55% respectively, in finisher phase. Based on overall results, it was concluded that the dietary inclusion of pure herbal blend containing neem tree leaves powder, garlic powder, ginger powder and turmeric powder increase the production performance of broilers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neem%20tree%20leave" title="neem tree leave">neem tree leave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=garlic" title=" garlic"> garlic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ginger" title=" ginger"> ginger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20blend" title=" herbal blend"> herbal blend</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=broiler" title=" broiler"> broiler</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77244/influence-of-dietary-herbal-blend-on-crop-filling-growth-performance-and-nutrient-digestibility-in-broiler-chickens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">293</span> Changes in Some Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Different Brassica Herbals after Pretreatment and Herbal Infusion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evren%20C.%20%20Eroglu">Evren C. Eroglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ridvan%20Arslan"> Ridvan Arslan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the course of herbal production, various pretreatments are performed and some of which have serious effect on the bioactive properties. Especially in the production of herbal tea from fresh herbals, it is considered that elapsed time from blending to last product may affect the bioactive properties and antioxidant contents. Herbal infusion is basically prepared by mixing herbs with hot water for 10-20 min. During the brewing of these herbs, it is supposed to be significant decrease in the antioxidant and phenolics content. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of vitamin C (VitC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant contents (AO) of two brassica varieties (brussel sprouts and white head cabbage) with different holding time after blending. Second aim of this study was to understand the effect of herbal infusion on VitC, TPC and AO contents. In this study, fresh samples were subjected to 0-30 min holding time after blending. Then, samples was immediately taken to -80 °C and freeze drying process was performed. Herbal infusion was performed for 20 minutes. According to results, VitC contents in brussel sprouts was not changed significantly (p=0.12). However, there was a significant decreasing of VitC content in cabbage sample (p=0.034). 20 min of brewing caused a significant decrement in VitC of brussel sprouts by approximately 76% (1071 ppm dw), while decline in cabbage VitC content was 87% (531 ppm dw). AO and TPC values of unprocessed cabbage control sample (13791.87 ppm FeSO4·7H2O eq. dw and 5301.85 ppm gallic acid eq. dw) were higher than brussel sprouts control samples (11571.75 ppm FeSO4·7H2O dw and 5202.76 ppm, respectively). The change in AO and TPC of both brussel sprouts and cabbage samples were not statistically significant at the end of 30 minutes holding time (p=0.24 and p=0.38). After 20 minutes of brewing, AO content in brussel sprouts significantly decreased by 44% (p ˂0.05). Although, the decreasing of AO in white head cabbage was statistically important (p=0.034), decreasing was just 8%. TPC values were found to decrease by 54% in cabbage, while it was 35% in brussel sprouts after herbal infusion. It was observed that 30 min holding time had no statistically important effect on TPC values of both cabbage and brussel sprouts. As a conclusion, herbal infusion has more or less effect on VitC, TPC and AO contents of samples. Therefore, it is important to decrease brewing time. Another result was that there were no significant differences in TPC and AO content of both samples when holding samples 30 min outside after blending. However, this process had significant effect on VitC content of white head cabbage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antioxidant%20content" title="Antioxidant content">Antioxidant content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brussel%20sprouts" title=" brussel sprouts"> brussel sprouts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20infusion" title=" herbal infusion"> herbal infusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenolic%20content" title=" total phenolic content"> total phenolic content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20head%20cabbage" title=" white head cabbage"> white head cabbage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20c" title=" vitamin c"> vitamin c</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118982/changes-in-some-bioactive-content-and-antioxidant-capacity-of-different-brassica-herbals-after-pretreatment-and-herbal-infusion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">292</span> Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Use of Herbal Medicine among Patients Seeking Consultation for Knee Osteoarthritis at Secondary Healthcare Facilities in Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thuraya%20Ahmed%20Al%20Shidhani">Thuraya Ahmed Al Shidhani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahya%20Al%20Farsi"> Yahya Al Farsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alya%20Al%20Husni"> Alya Al Husni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Al%20Adawi"> Samir Al Adawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Knee osteoarthritis (knee OA) represents a major public health burden worldwide, particularly among older adults. However, little has been documented from Arabian Gulf countries, which have left an information gap. Objective: This study describes the socio-demographic, clinical risk factors, and use of herbal medicine among men and women seeking consultation for knee OA at two secondary healthcare facilities in Muscat, Oman. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 213 Omani adults with knee OA attending a referral polyclinic in Muscat, Oman, over 12 months from January to December. Socio-demographic data were collected from the participants who are seeking consultation for knee OA. Results: Among the 213 study participants, 171 were females and 42 males. The females were comparatively older than the males, had lower education and lower-income, and more overweight. The majority of the participants were normal weight or underweight. About one-third of participants reported OA in other joints as well. Most participants recalled that they had knee OA for less than a year. About 12% reported a history of trauma. The majority (63%) concurrently had other chronic illnesses, and 33% reported having at least one complication. About 22% were using herbal medicines. About 77% are using herbal local applications in form of powder and creams. Conclusion: This study, to our knowledge, is the first to explore socio-demographic characteristics, clinical risk factors and use of herbal medicine among sufferers of knee OA in Oman. Knee OA tended to occur among our participants at younger ages than reported elsewhere, while obesity appeared orthogonal to the severity of knee OA. Women were more affected than men. About one quarter of Omani patients are using herbal medicine. More studies are needed to understand the causal factors and development of knee OA in Oman. Targeted health education and rehabilitation programs are needed, particularly among Omani women, to improve their physical quality of life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knee%20joint" title="knee joint">knee joint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osteoarthritis" title=" osteoarthritis"> osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oman" title=" Oman"> Oman</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126508/socio-demographic-and-clinical-characteristics-and-use-of-herbal-medicine-among-patients-seeking-consultation-for-knee-osteoarthritis-at-secondary-healthcare-facilities-in-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=11">11</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20chewing%20gum&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div 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