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<li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_of_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_of_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Withdrawal of Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_of_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_of_Mauritania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_of_Mauritania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Withdrawal of Mauritania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_of_Mauritania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_wall_stalemates_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_wall_stalemates_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Moroccan wall stalemates the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_wall_stalemates_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire_and_the_referendum_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire_and_the_referendum_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ceasefire and the referendum process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire_and_the_referendum_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attitudes_to_armed_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_to_armed_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Attitudes to armed struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_to_armed_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relations with Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizational_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Organizational background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Present structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces_(SPLA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces_(SPLA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Armed forces (SPLA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces_(SPLA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Defections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Sahara_in_the_Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sahara_in_the_Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Western Sahara in the Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sahara_in_the_Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_recognition_of_the_SADR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognition_of_the_SADR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>International recognition of the SADR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_recognition_of_the_SADR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polisario Front</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="جبهة البوليساريو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبهة البوليساريو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Polisario" title="Frente Polisario – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frente Polisario" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91" title="Палісарыё – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палісарыё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Фронт Полисарио – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фронт Полисарио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Polisario" title="Front Polisario – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front Polisario" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronta_Polisario" title="Fronta Polisario – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fronta Polisario" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Polisario" title="Frente Polisario – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frente Polisario" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μέτωπο Πολισάριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέτωπο Πολισάριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Polisario" title="Frente Polisario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente Polisario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronto_Polisario" title="Fronto Polisario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fronto Polisario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Polisarioa" title="Fronte Polisarioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fronte Polisarioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="جبهه پولیساریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه پولیساریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Polisario" title="Front Polisario – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front Polisario" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Polisario" title="Fronte Polisario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fronte Polisario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0" title="폴리사리오 전선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리사리오 전선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Polisario Front" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Polisario" title="Fronte Polisario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte Polisario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95" title="חזית פוליסריו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזית פוליסריו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Polisario" title="Frente Polisario – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Frente Polisario" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Полисарио – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полисарио" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="جبهة البوليساريو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبهة البوليساريو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Polisario" title="Barisan Polisario – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barisan Polisario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="ポリサリオ戦線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリサリオ戦線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Polisario" title="Front Polisario – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Front Polisario" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Polis%C3%A1rio" title="Frente Polisário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Polisário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Полисарио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полисарио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Polisario Front" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronti_Polisario" title="Fronti Polisario – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fronti Polisario" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunti_Polisariu" title="Frunti Polisariu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Frunti Polisariu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polisario Front" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Полисарио – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полисарио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Полисарио – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Полисарио" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="แนวร่วมโปลิซาริโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวร่วมโปลิซาริโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisario" title="Polisario – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polisario" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Полісаріо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полісаріо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9" title="پولیساریو فرنٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولیساریو فرنٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Polisario" title="Fronte Polisario – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fronte Polisario" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_Polisario" title="Mặt trận Polisario – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt trận Polisario" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E9%98%B5%E7%BA%BF" title="波利萨里奥阵线 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波利萨里奥阵线" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q240425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Polisario+Front%22">"Polisario Front"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Polisario+Front%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Polisario+Front%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Polisario+Front%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Polisario+Front%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Polisario+Front%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F4854D; border-bottom:2px solid #F4854D; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Polisario Front</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبهة البوليساريو</span></span><br /><i>Jabhat al-Bōlīsāryū</i><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Frente Polisario</i></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg/400px-Seal_of_the_POLISARIO_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/El-Ouali_Mustapha_Sayed" title="El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed">El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed</a><br /><i>… and others</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert1992638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May 10, 1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973-05-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Harakat Tahrir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">PUNS</a> (after 1975)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Youth_Union" title="Sahrawi Youth Union">Sahrawi Youth Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Sahrawi_Women" title="National Union of Sahrawi Women">National Union of Sahrawi Women</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Trade union affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Trade_Union" title="Sahrawi Trade Union">Sahrawi Trade Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Armed wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway_1981_3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway_1981_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Historical</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Market_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> (consultative)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F4854D; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> (main)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab colours">Pan-Arab colours</a></b></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C4111B; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007A3D; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>صحراؤنا هي الوطن</i><br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Sahara is our Homeland</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Sahrawi National Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">51 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F4854D; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 5</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F4854D; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> <small>(Sahrawi Republic seats)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frentepolisario.es/">frentepolisario<wbr />.es</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Spanish representation)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #F4854D;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics of Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Western Sahara">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Western Sahara">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Popular Front for the Liberation of <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Jabhah ash-Shaʿbiyah Li-Taḥrīr as-Sāqiyah al-Ḥamrāʾ wa Wādī adh-Dhahab</i></span>), better known by its <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <b>Polisario Front</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a> seeking to end the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> through the means of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">armed resistance</a>. </p><p>Tracing its origin to a Sahrawi nationalist organization known as the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a>, the Polisario Front was formally constituted in 1973 with the intention of launching an armed struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish occupation</a> which lasted until 1975, when the Spanish decided to allow <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to partition and occupy the territory. The Polisario Front proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR) on 27 February 1976, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">waged a war</a> to drive out the two armies. It forced Mauritania to relinquish its claim over Western Sahara in 1979 and continued its military campaign against Morocco until the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">1991 ceasefire</a>, pending the holding of a UN-backed referendum which has been consistently postponed ever since. In 2020 the Polisario Front declared the ceasefire over and <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Western_Saharan_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 Western Saharan clashes">resumed the armed conflict</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> considers the Polisario Front to be the legitimate representative of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawi</a> people and maintains that the Sahrawis have a right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GänzleLeruth2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GänzleLeruth2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polisario Front is outlawed in the parts of Western Sahara under Moroccan control, and it is illegal to raise its party flag (often called the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Sahara" title="Flag of Western Sahara">Sahrawi flag</a>) there.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a consultative member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_SADR" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the SADR">Politics of the SADR</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Nationality law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Gali" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahim Gali">Brahim Gali</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun" title="Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun">Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Sahrawi National Council</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Hamma_Salama" title="Hamma Salama">Hamma Salama</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic)" title="Constitutional Council (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)">Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Appeal of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_system_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial system of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Judicial system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Parties: <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polisario Front</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zones</a> <dl><dd>Municipalities</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Elections in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Sahrawi_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Sahrawi presidential election (page does not exist)">2016</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Sahrawi_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Sahrawi presidential election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sahrawi_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sahrawi presidential election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Legislative: <a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Sahrawi_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Sahrawi legislative election (page does not exist)">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Sahrawi_legislative_election" title="2020 Sahrawi legislative election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sahrawi_legislative_election" title="2023 Sahrawi legislative election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">to the SADR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_passport" title="Sahrawi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Sahrawi_citizens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa requirements for Sahrawi citizens (page does not exist)">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa policy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Template:Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Template talk:Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971 a group of young Sahrawi students in the universities of Morocco began organizing what came to be known as <i>The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attempting in vain to gain backing from several Arab governments, including both Algeria and Morocco, but only drawing faint notices of support from Libya and Mauritania, the movement eventually relocated to Spanish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> to start an armed rebellion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Polisario Front was formally constituted on 10 May 1973 at <a href="/wiki/Ain_Ben_Tili" title="Ain Ben Tili">Ain Bentili</a> by several Sahrawi university students, survivors of the 1968 massacres in <a href="/wiki/Zou%C3%A9rat" title="Zouérat">Zouérat</a> and Sahrawi veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert1992638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called themselves the Constituent Congress of the Polisario Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert1992638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 May 1977, the Polisario Front raided the city of Zouerate, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, kidnapping six French iron mining technicians and killing two civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polisario abducted two more civilians in October.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were freed in December.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Polisario_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Polisario Front">secretary general</a> was <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May, the new organization attacked El-Khanga,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert1992638-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there was a Spanish post manned by a team of <i><a href="/wiki/Tropas_Nomadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropas Nomadas">Tropas Nomadas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a>-staffed auxiliary forces), which was overrun and rifles seized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Polisario then gradually gained control over large swaths of desert countryside, and its power grew from early 1975 when the <i>Tropas Nomadas</i> began deserting to the Polisario, bringing weapons and training with them. At this point, Polisario's manpower included perhaps 800 men and women, but they were suspected of being backed by a much larger network of supporters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Ak%C3%A9" title="Simeon Aké">Simeon Aké</a>, that was conducted in June 1975 concluded that Sahrawi support for independence (as opposed to Spanish rule or integration with a neighbouring country) amounted to an "overwhelming consensus" and that the Polisario Front was the most powerful political force in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Algeria's help, Polisario set up headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_of_Spain">Withdrawal of Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Withdrawal of Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/200px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/300px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/400px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of<br />Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">Sahrawi National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_partition_agreement" title="Western Sahara partition agreement">Partition agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Western_Sahara" title="Annexation of Western Sahara">Annexation of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics of the SADR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council<br />for Saharan Affairs</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Clashes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Arab Spring protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">2020–present clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Sahrawi nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">UN resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Autonomy_Proposal" title="Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal">Autonomy Proposal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template talk:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polisario_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Polisario Front">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After Moroccan pressures through the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> of 6 November and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army" title="Royal Moroccan Army">Royal Moroccan Army</a>'s previous invasion of eastern <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> of 31 October, Spain entered negotiations that led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a> whereby Spain ceded Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania; in 1976 Morocco took over Saguia El Hamra and Mauritania took control of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a>. The Polisario Front proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR) on 27 February 1976, and waged a guerrilla war against both Morocco and Mauritania. The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> had <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">issued its verdict</a> on the former Spanish colony just weeks before, which each party interpreted as confirming its right to the disputed territory. </p><p>The Polisario kept up the guerrilla war while they simultaneously had to help guard the columns of Sahrawi refugees fleeing, but after the air bombings by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force" title="Royal Moroccan Air Force">Royal Moroccan Air Force</a> on improvised Sahrawi refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Umm_Dreiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Dreiga">Umm Dreiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelta_Zemmur" title="Guelta Zemmur">Guelta Zemmur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amgala" title="Amgala">Amgala</a>, the Front had to relocate the refugees to <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">Tindouf</a> (western region of Algeria). For the next two years the movement grew tremendously as Sahrawi refugees continued flocking to the camps and Algeria and Libya supplied arms and funding. Within months, its army had expanded to several thousand armed fighters, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> were replaced by modern <a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">jeeps</a> (most of them were Spanish <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Santana" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Santana">Land Rover Santana</a> jeeps, captured from Moroccan soldiers), and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a> were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault rifles">assault rifles</a>. The reorganized army was able to inflict severe damage through <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run attacks</a> against opposing forces in Western Sahara and in Morocco and Mauritania proper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_of_Mauritania">Withdrawal of Mauritania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Withdrawal of Mauritania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A comprehensive peace treaty was signed on 5 August 1979, in which the new Mauritanian government recognized Sahrawi rights to Western Sahara and relinquished its own claims. Mauritania withdrew all its forces, and later formally recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, causing a massive rupture in relations with Morocco. The area of Western Sahara evacuated by Mauritania (<a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiris al-Gharbiya">Tiris al-Gharbiya</a>, roughly corresponding to the southern half of Río de Oro), was annexed by Morocco in August 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moroccan_wall_stalemates_the_war">Moroccan wall stalemates the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moroccan wall stalemates the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polisario_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Polisario Front">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the mid-1980s Morocco largely managed to keep Polisario troops off by building a huge <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a> or sand wall (the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Wall</a>), staffed by an army, enclosing within it the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">economically useful parts of Western Sahara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bou_Craa" title="Bou Craa">Bou Craa</a>, <a href="/wiki/El-Aaiun" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Aaiun">El-Aaiun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>, etc.) This stalemated the war, with no side able to achieve decisive gains, but artillery strikes and sniping attacks by the Polisario continued, and Morocco was economically and politically strained by the war. Today Polisario controls <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">the part</a> of the Western Sahara on the east of the Moroccan Wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceasefire_and_the_referendum_process">Ceasefire and the referendum process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ceasefire and the referendum process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">ceasefire</a> between the Polisario Front and Morocco, monitored by <a href="/wiki/MINURSO" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURSO">MINURSO</a> (UN), has been in effect since 6 September 1991, on the promise of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on independence the following year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the referendum stalled over disagreements on voter rights. Numerous attempts to restart the process (most significantly the launching of the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a>) seem to have failed. </p><p>In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs</a> (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in mid-April 2007, and quickly gained French and US support. Polisario had handed in its own proposal the day before, which insisted on the previously agreed referendum, but allowed for negotiating the status of Moroccans now living in the territory should the outcome of a referendum be in favor of independence. This led to the negotiations process known as the <a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a>. </p><p>Four rounds were held in 2007 and 2008; no progress was made, however, as both parties refused to compromise about what they considered core <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> issues. Polisario agreed to add autonomy as per the Moroccan proposal to a referendum ballot, but refused to relinquish the concept of an independence referendum itself, as agreed in 1991 and 1997. Morocco, in its turn, insisted on only negotiating the terms of autonomy offered, but refused to consider an option of independence on the ballot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 30-year cease-fire between Morocco and Polisario Front was broken in November 2020 as the government tried to open a road in the <a href="/wiki/Guerguerat" title="Guerguerat">Guerguerat</a> buffer zone near the border with Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sahrawi self-determination activist <a href="/wiki/Sultana_Khaya" title="Sultana Khaya">Sultana Khaya</a>, who has been accused by Moroccan authorities of being a "supporter of violence" with the Polisario,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been under de facto house arrest since November 2020, subject to repeated home raids and sexual assault by Moroccan security forces, as reported by a number of international human rights organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polisario_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Polisario_troops.jpg/220px-Polisario_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Polisario_troops.jpg/330px-Polisario_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Polisario_troops.jpg/440px-Polisario_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Gathering of Polisario troops, near Tifariti (Western Sahara), celebrating the 32nd anniversary of the Polisario Front.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Polisario Front is a <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ottaway_1981_3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottaway_1981_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organization, whose main goal is the independence of Western Sahara from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Moroccan occupation</a>. Initially, its driving force was <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">anti-colonial nationalism</a>, and it was not until August 1974 that Polisario declared itself to be in favour of the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> from Spanish colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> movement that is considered to be the legitimate representative of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawi people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has stated that ideological disputes should be left for a future democratic Western Sahara to deal with. It views itself as a "front" encompassing all political trends in Sahrawi society, and not as a political party. As a consequence, there is no party program. However, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi republic's constitution</a> gives a hint of the movement's ideological context. In 1991, Polisario voted for <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics and <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> politics, however a liberal economy has been difficult to implement in a society dependent on humanitarian aid organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polisario has stated that it will, when Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> has been achieved, either function as a party within the context of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, or be completely disbanded. This is to be decided by a Polisario Front congress upon the achievement of Western Sahara's independence. In interactions with non-Sahrawi audiences, Polisario leaders have made reference to notions of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and religious tolerance to substantiate the "ideal" nature of the Sahrawi refugee camps.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_to_armed_struggle">Attitudes to armed struggle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attitudes to armed struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polisario Front has denounced terrorism and attacks against civilians,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent condolences to Morocco after the <a href="/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings" title="2003 Casablanca bombings">2003 Casablanca bombings</a>. It describes its struggle as a "clean war of national liberation". Since 1989, when the ceasefire was first concluded, the movement has stated it will pursue its goal of Western Sahara's independence by peaceful means as long as Morocco complies with the ceasefire conditions, which include arranging a referendum on independence, while reserving the right to resume armed struggle if terms are objectively breached, for example, if the referendum is not conducted. <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a> has repeatedly stated that the Moroccan withdrawal from the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a> and refusal to sign the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a> would logically lead to war from its perspective if the international community does not step in.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Polisario-Mauritanian relations following a peace treaty in 1979 and the recognition of the SADR by Mauritania in 1984, with the latter's retreat from Western Sahara, have been quiet and generally neutral without reports of armed clashes from either side. </p><p>The series of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Intifada_(Western_Sahara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Intifada (Western Sahara)">protests and riots in 2005 by Sahrawis in "the occupied territories"</a> received strong vocal support from Polisario as a new pressure point on Morocco. Abdelaziz characterized them as a substitute path for the armed struggle, and indicated that if peaceful protest was squashed, in its view, without a referendum forthcoming, its armed forces would intervene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Algeria">Relations with Algeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algeria has shown an unconditional support for the Polisario Front since 1975, delivering arms, training, financial aid, and food, without interruption for more than 30 years. In 1976, Algeria called the Moroccan takeover of Western Sahara a "slow, murderous" invasion against spirited fighting by Sahara guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_background">Organizational background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organizational background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG/250px-Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG/330px-Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG/500px-Polisario_in_Madrid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A pro-Polisario demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg/250px-Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg/330px-Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg/500px-Mohamed_Abdelaziz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a>, the Polisario Front former secretary-general (in white).</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1991, the Polisario Front's structure was much different from the present one. It was, despite a few changes, inherited from the before 1975, when the Polisario Front functioned as a small, tightly-knit guerrilla movement, with a few hundred members. Consequently, it made few attempts at a division of powers, instead concentrating most of the decision-making power in the top echelons of Polisario for maximum battlefield efficiency. This meant that most power rested in the hands of the secretary general and a nine-man executive committee, elected at congresses and with different military and political responsibilities. A 21-man <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> would further check decisions and connect the movement with its affiliated "mass organizations", <a href="/wiki/UGTSARIO" class="mw-redirect" title="UGTSARIO">UGTSARIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UJSARIO" class="mw-redirect" title="UJSARIO">UJSARIO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNMS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMS">UNMS</a> (see below). </p><p>But after the movement took on the role as a state-in-waiting in 1975, based in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">refugee camps in Tindouf</a>, Algeria, this structure proved incapable of dealing with its vastly expanded responsibilities. As a consequence, the old military structure was wedded to the new grass-roots refugee camp administration which had asserted itself in Tindouf, with its system of committees and elected camp assemblies. In 1976, the situation was further complicated by the Sahrawi Republic assuming functions of government in the camps and Polisario-held territories of Western Sahara. The SADR and Polisario institutions often overlapped, and their division of power was often hard to ascertain. </p><p>A more comprehensive merger of these different organizational patterns (military organization/refugee camps/SADR) was not achieved until the 1991 congress, when both the Polisario and SADR organizations were overhauled, integrated into the camp structure and further separated from each other. This followed protests calling for expanding the internal democracy of the movement, and also led to important shifts of personnel in the top tiers of both Polisario and SADR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_structure">Present structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Present structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organizational order described below applies today, and was roughly finalized in the 1991 internal reforms of the movement, although minor changes have been made since then. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_Sahara_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W_Sahara_Map.png/250px-W_Sahara_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W_Sahara_Map.png/330px-W_Sahara_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/W_Sahara_Map.png/500px-W_Sahara_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Polisario-held territory (in green) east of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Polisario Front is led by a secretary general. The first secretary general was <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Gali" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahim Gali">Brahim Gali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaced in 1974 by El-Ouali at the II Congress of the Polisario Front, followed by <a href="/wiki/Mahfoud_Ali_Beiba" title="Mahfoud Ali Beiba">Mahfoud Ali Beiba</a> as interim secretary general upon his death. In 1976, Mohamed Abdelaziz was elected at the III Congress of the Polisario, and held the post until his death in 2016. The secretary general is elected by the General Popular Congress (GPC), regularly convened every four years. The GPC is composed of delegates from the Popular Congresses of the refugee camps in Tindouf, which are held biannually in each camp, and of delegates from the women's organization (<a href="/wiki/UNMS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMS">UNMS</a>), youth organization (<a href="/wiki/UJSARIO" class="mw-redirect" title="UJSARIO">UJSARIO</a>), workers' organization (<a href="/wiki/UGTSARIO" class="mw-redirect" title="UGTSARIO">UGTSARIO</a>) and military delegates from the SPLA (see below). </p><p>All residents of the camps have a vote in the Popular Congresses, and participate in the administrative work in the camp through base-level 11-person cells, which form the smallest unit of the refugee camp political structure. These typically care for distribution of food, water and schooling in their area, joining in higher-level organs (encompassing several camp quarters) to cooperate and establish distribution chains. There is no formal membership of Polisario; instead, anyone who participates in its work or lives in the refugee camps is considered a member. </p><p>Between congresses, the supreme decision-making body is the National Secretariat, headed by the secretary general. The NS is elected by the GPC. It is subdivided into committees handling defense, diplomatic affairs, etc. The 2003 NS, elected at the 11th GPC in <a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a>, Western Sahara, has 41 members. Twelve of these are secret delegates from the Moroccan-controlled areas of Western Sahara. This is a shift in policy, as the Polisario traditionally confined political appointments to <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> Sahrawis, for fear of infiltration and difficulties in communicating with Sahrawis in the Moroccan-controlled territories. It is probably intended to strengthen the movement's underground network in Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara, and link up with the rapidly growing Sahrawi civil rights activism. </p><p>In 2004, an anti-ceasefire and anti-Abdelaziz opposition fraction, the <a href="/wiki/Front_Polisario_Khat_al-Shahid" title="Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid">Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid</a> announced its existence, in the first break with the principle of "national unity" (i.e., working in one single organization to prevent internal conflict). It calls for reforms in the movement, as well as resumption of hostilities with Morocco. But it remains of little importance to the conflict, as the group had split in two factions, and Polisario has refused dialogs with it, stating that political decisions must be taken within the established political system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armed_forces_(SPLA)"><span id="Armed_forces_.28SPLA.29"></span>Armed forces (SPLA)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armed forces (SPLA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defections">Defections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Defections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Former members of the Polisario Front">Former members of the Polisario Front</a></div> <p>Since the end of the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Former members of the Polisario Front">several members of the Polisario</a> have decided to discontinue their military or political activities for the Polisario Front. Most of them returned from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria to Morocco, among them a few founder members and senior officials. Some of them are now actively promoting Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which Morocco considers its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emboirik,_embajador_saharahui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emboirik%2C_embajador_saharahui.jpg/200px-Emboirik%2C_embajador_saharahui.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Emboirik%2C_embajador_saharahui.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Emboirik_Ahmed" title="Omar Emboirik Ahmed">Omar Emboirik Ahmed</a>, Sahrawi Republic ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></div> <p>Today 38 countries around the world recognize the legitimacy of the Polisario over Western Sahara. Support for the Polisario Front came mostly from newly independent African states, including Angola and Namibia. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> had supported Morocco; only Algeria and Libya have, at different times, given any significant support to Polisario. Iran recognized the SADR in 1980, Mauritania had recognized the SADR in 1984, and Syria and South Yemen had supported the Polisario position on the conflict when they were all members of the Front of Refusal. Additionally, many <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> countries have supported the Polisario Front. Ties with <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (occupied by Indonesia in 1975) were exceptionally strong and remain so after that country's independence; both Polisario and Fretilin have argued that there are numerous historical parallels between the two conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement's main political and military backers were originally Algeria and Libya, with Cuba coming a very distant third. Mauritania also attempts to avoid involvement and to balance between Morocco and Polisario's backers in Algeria, although it formally recognizes the SADR as Western Sahara's government since 1984 and has a substantial Sahrawi refugee population (around 30,000) on its territory. Support from Algeria remains strong, despite the country's preoccupation with its own <a href="/wiki/Algerian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian civil war">civil war</a>. The Polisario is practically dependent on its bases and refugee camps, located on Algerian soil. While Sahrawis' right to wage an armed struggle against Morocco, and has helped to equip the SPLA, the government also seems to have barred Polisario from returning to armed struggle after 1991, attempting to curry favor from the US and France and to avoid inflaming its already poor relations with Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian People's National Armed Forces">Algerian military</a>, material and humanitarian aid, food and emergency resources are provided by international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>. Valuable contributions also come from the strong Spanish solidarity organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sahara_in_the_Cold_War">Western Sahara in the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western Sahara in the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most intense open warfare in the conflict in Western Sahara occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. However, the conflict was never fully dragged into the American–Soviet dynamics like many other conflicts. This was mainly because both sides tried to avoid overt involvement, which would necessitate a crash in relations with either Morocco or Algeria – the major North African players – and because neither viewed it as an important front. Morocco was firmly entrenched in the US camp, whereas Algeria aligned generally with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the 1970s, and took a more independent "third-worldist" position after that. </p><p>The United States claimed political neutrality on the issue, but militarily backed Morocco against Polisario during the Cold War, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>. Despite this, Polisario never received counter-support from the Soviet Union (or the People's Republic of China, the third and junior player in the Cold War). Instead, the entire <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> decided in favor of ties and trade with Morocco and refused to recognize the SADR. This made the Polisario almost wholly dependent mainly on Algeria and Libya and some African and Latin American third world countries for political support, plus some NGOs from European countries (Sweden, Norway, Spain, etc.) which generally only approached the issue from a humanitarian angle. The ceasefire coincided with the end of the Cold War. World interest in the conflict seemed to expire in the 1990s as the Sahara question gradually sank from public consciousness due to decreasing media attention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_recognition_of_the_SADR">International recognition of the SADR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International recognition of the SADR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></div><p> A key diplomatic dispute between Morocco and Polisario is over the international <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> of the SADR as a sovereign state and Western Sahara's legitimate government. In 2004, South Africa announced formal recognition of the SADR, delayed for ten years despite unequivocal promises by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> fell. This came since the announced referendum for Western Sahara was never held. Kenya and Uruguay followed in 2005, and relations were upgraded in some other countries, while recognition of the SADR was cancelled by others (Albania<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Chad<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, Serbia); in 2006, Kenya suspended its decision to recognize the SADR to act as a mediating party.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>Frente Polisario</b>, <b>Frelisario</b>, or simply <b>Polisario</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert1992638-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert1992638_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLippert1992">Lippert 1992</a>, p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottaway_1981_3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway_1981_3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottaway_1981_3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOttawayOttaway1981" class="citation book cs1">Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKAiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Afrocommunism</i></a>. Africana Publishing Company. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0664-8"><bdi>978-0-8419-0664-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111135305/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKAiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrocommunism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Africana+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0664-8&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ottaway%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKAiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurd2017" class="citation book cs1">Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jFRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17622-2"><bdi>978-0-691-17622-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119133912/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jFRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Religious+Freedom%3A+The+New+Global+Politics+of+Religion&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17622-2&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Shakman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jFRDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Market-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Market_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Market_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHooper,_John1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(journalist)" title="John Hooper (journalist)">Hooper, John</a> (11 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/11/6">"The Polisario's Marxist past sinks into the desert sands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413191837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/11/6">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Polisario%27s+Marxist+past+sinks+into+the+desert+sands&rft.date=1999-02-11&rft.au=Hooper%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Ffeb%2F11%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_34/37" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37</a>: <i>Question of Western Sahara</i>. Adopted on 21 November 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/34/37">Full document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604152126/https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/34/37">Archived</a> 4 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 8 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GänzleLeruth2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GänzleLeruth2019_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStefan_GänzleBenjamin_LeruthJarle_Trondal2019" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Gänzle; Benjamin Leruth; Jarle Trondal (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaS-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191"><i>Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-64884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-64884-7"><bdi>978-0-429-64884-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193501/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaS-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Differentiated+Integration+and+Disintegration+in+a+Post-Brexit+Era&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-429-64884-7&rft.au=Stefan+G%C3%A4nzle&rft.au=Benjamin+Leruth&rft.au=Jarle+Trondal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaS-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-11/western-sahara-polisario-front-morocco-end-ceasefire.html">"UN calls for peace in Western Sahara – Vatican News"</a>. <i>www.vaticannews.va</i>. 17 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921042518/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2020-11/western-sahara-polisario-front-morocco-end-ceasefire.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaticannews.va&rft.atitle=UN+calls+for+peace+in+Western+Sahara+%E2%80%93+Vatican+News&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fnews%2F2020-11%2Fwestern-sahara-polisario-front-morocco-end-ceasefire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=929#m">Member parties of the Socialist International – Observer parties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201140036/http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticlePageID=929#m">Archived</a> 1 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Socialistinternational.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desaparecidos.org/sahara/basiri/">"Proyecto Desaparecidos: Mohamed Basiri El mas antiguo desaparecido saharaui"</a>. <i>www.desaparecidos.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309205635/http://www.desaparecidos.org/sahara/basiri/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.desaparecidos.org&rft.atitle=Proyecto+Desaparecidos%3A+Mohamed+Basiri+El+mas+antiguo+desaparecido+saharaui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desaparecidos.org%2Fsahara%2Fbasiri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkham1977" class="citation news cs1">Markham, James (23 October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/23/archives/morocco-is-fighting-saharan-guerrillas-war-with-algerianbacked.html">"MOROCCO IS FIGHTING SAHARAN GUERRILLAS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223205013/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/23/archives/morocco-is-fighting-saharan-guerrillas-war-with-algerianbacked.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MOROCCO+IS+FIGHTING+SAHARAN+GUERRILLAS&rft.date=1977-10-23&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F10%2F23%2Farchives%2Fmorocco-is-fighting-saharan-guerrillas-war-with-algerianbacked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/01/archives/france-is-under-public-pressure-to-free-8-kidnapped-in-the-sahara.html">"France Is Under Public Pressure To Free 8 Kidnapped in the Sahara"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1 November 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223205013/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/01/archives/france-is-under-public-pressure-to-free-8-kidnapped-in-the-sahara.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=France+Is+Under+Public+Pressure+To+Free+8+Kidnapped+in+the+Sahara&rft.date=1977-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F11%2F01%2Farchives%2Ffrance-is-under-public-pressure-to-free-8-kidnapped-in-the-sahara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1977/10/28/le-conflit-du-sahara-occidental-huit-francais-au-moins-sont-detenus-par-le-polisario_3085372_1819218.html">"LE CONFLIT DU SAHARA OCCIDENTAL Huit Français au moins sont détenus par le Polisario"</a>. Le Monde. 28 October 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223205013/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1977/10/28/le-conflit-du-sahara-occidental-huit-francais-au-moins-sont-detenus-par-le-polisario_3085372_1819218.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LE+CONFLIT+DU+SAHARA+OCCIDENTAL+Huit+Fran%C3%A7ais+au+moins+sont+d%C3%A9tenus+par+le+Polisario&rft.date=1977-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Farchives%2Farticle%2F1977%2F10%2F28%2Fle-conflit-du-sahara-occidental-huit-francais-au-moins-sont-detenus-par-le-polisario_3085372_1819218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimaud1984" class="citation book cs1">Grimaud, Nicole (January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Twz0kOnCxXYC"><i>La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962–1978)</i></a>. Khartala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782865371112" title="Special:BookSources/9782865371112"><bdi>9782865371112</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322194921/https://books.google.com/books?id=Twz0kOnCxXYC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+politique+ext%C3%A9rieure+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%281962%E2%80%931978%29&rft.pub=Khartala&rft.date=1984-01&rft.isbn=9782865371112&rft.aulast=Grimaud&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwz0kOnCxXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomás Bárbulo, <i>La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español</i>, Destino, 2002, Pages 105–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShelley2004" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Toby (2004). <i>Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?</i>. London: Zed Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-340-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-340-2"><bdi>1-84277-340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+in+the+Western+Sahara%3A+What+Future+for+Africa%27s+Last+Colony%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84277-340-2&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArieff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arieff, Alexis (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS20962.pdf">"Western Sahara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203065253/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS20962.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Arieff&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRS20962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13882166">"Mauritania profile – Timeline"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725054313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/2483315.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mauritania+profile+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13882166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2020" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, David (15 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge/ar-BB1b1Yfg">"Fighting in Morocco May Present Biden with Fresh Africa Crisis Amid COVID Surge"</a>. <i>msn.com</i>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006094146/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge/ar-BB1b1Yfg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=msn.com&rft.atitle=Fighting+in+Morocco+May+Present+Biden+with+Fresh+Africa+Crisis+Amid+COVID+Surge&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge%2Far-BB1b1Yfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatim2021" class="citation web cs1">Hatim, Yahia (25 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un">"Morocco Exposes Polisario, Algeria's Propaganda in Letter to UN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco_World_News" title="Morocco World News">Morocco World News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231043044/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Morocco+Exposes+Polisario%2C+Algeria%27s+Propaganda+in+Letter+to+UN&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.aulast=Hatim&rft.aufirst=Yahia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2021%2F02%2F335958%2Fmorocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasraoui2021" class="citation web cs1">Kasraoui, Safaa (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/10/344967/sakharov-prize-eu-rejects-candidacy-of-polisario-activist-sultana-khaya">"Sakharov Prize: EU Rejects Candidacy of Polisario Activist Sultana Khaya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco_World_News" title="Morocco World News">Morocco World News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230231609/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/10/344967/sakharov-prize-eu-rejects-candidacy-of-polisario-activist-sultana-khaya">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=Sakharov+Prize%3A+EU+Rejects+Candidacy+of+Polisario+Activist+Sultana+Khaya&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Kasraoui&rft.aufirst=Safaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2021%2F10%2F344967%2Fsakharov-prize-eu-rejects-candidacy-of-polisario-activist-sultana-khaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaya2021" class="citation web cs1">Khaya, Opinion by Sultana Sidibrahim (29 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/29/opinions/morocco-western-sahara-activist-raped-beaten-khaya/index.html">"Opinion: I've been raped, beaten and held under house arrest for fighting for my Sahrawi people"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328032233/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/29/opinions/morocco-western-sahara-activist-raped-beaten-khaya/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+I%27ve+been+raped%2C+beaten+and+held+under+house+arrest+for+fighting+for+my+Sahrawi+people&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft.aulast=Khaya&rft.aufirst=Opinion+by+Sultana+Sidibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F29%2Fopinions%2Fmorocco-western-sahara-activist-raped-beaten-khaya%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde29/5058/2021/en/">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Further information: Sahrawi activist raped by Moroccan forces: Sultana Khaya"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208040829/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde29/5058/2021/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Further+information%3A+Sahrawi+activist+raped+by+Moroccan+forces%3A+Sultana+Khaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde29%2F5058%2F2021%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/05/western-sahara-harassment-independence-activist">"Western Sahara: Harassment of Independence Activist"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 5 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231043044/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/05/western-sahara-harassment-independence-activist">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Harassment+of+Independence+Activist&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fwestern-sahara-harassment-independence-activist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/sultana-khaya">"Sultana Khaya"</a>. <i>Front Line Defenders</i>. 5 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208012953/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/sultana-khaya">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Front+Line+Defenders&rft.atitle=Sultana+Khaya&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlinedefenders.org%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fsultana-khaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillis2014" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Michael (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276"><i>Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936820-4"><bdi>978-0-19-936820-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119133914/https://books.google.com/books?id=7gMqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Power+in+the+Maghreb%3A+Algeria%2C+Tunisia+and+Morocco+from+Independence+to+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936820-4&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gMqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/News2002/wsa014_interview_khadad2.htm">"'11 Sept has not influenced Western Sahara's situation'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225073746/http://www.afrol.com/News2002/wsa014_interview_khadad2.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Afrol.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3208012.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Africa's last colony'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 21 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061215133457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3208012.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2006</span> – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Africa%27s+last+colony%27&rft.date=2003-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3208012.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7091323//">"Algeria Claims Spanish Sahara Is Being Invaded"</a>. <i>The Monroe News-Star</i>. 1 January 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312214315/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7091323//">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monroe+News-Star&rft.atitle=Algeria+Claims+Spanish+Sahara+Is+Being+Invaded&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F7091323%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos-Horta, Jose (31 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1604954,00.html">"The dignity of the ballot"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193418/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/31/hearafrica05.development1">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/et2002c/october/01-05/28tachl.htm">"Timor achieves UN dream"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630150352/http://www.etan.org/et2002c/october/01-05/28tachl.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. East Timor Action Network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/Abdelaz260304.htm">"LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON WESTERN SAHARA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021050556/http://www.arso.org/Abdelaz260304.htm">Archived</a> 21 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ARSO.org (26 March 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080103.html">MERIP.org</a>. Middle East Research and Information Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210082330/http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080103.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLippert1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lippert, Anne (1992). "Sahrawi Women in the Liberation Struggle of the Sahrawi People". <i>Signs</i>. <b>17</b> (3). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">636–</span>651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494752">10.1086/494752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174626">3174626</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144819149">144819149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Sahrawi+Women+in+the+Liberation+Struggle+of+the+Sahrawi+People&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144819149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494752&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolisario+Front" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jarat Chopra, <i>United Nations Determination of the Western Saharan Self</i> (Norwegian Institute of Foreign Affairs 1994)</li> <li>Tony Hodges, <i>Western Sahara. The Roots of a Desert War</i> (Lawrence & Hill 1983)</li> <li>Leo Kamil, <i>Fueling the Fire. U.S. policy & the Western Sahara Conflict</i> (Red Sea Press 1987)</li> <li>Anthony G. Pazzanita & Tony Hodges, <i>Historical dictionary of Western Sahara</i> (2nd ed. Scarecrow Press 1994)</li> <li>Toby Shelley, <i>Endgame in the Western Sahara</i> (Zed Books 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721144448/http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo035/fmo035-6.htm">Forced Migration Organization: FMO Research Guide Bibliography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polisario_Front&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polisario_Front" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org">The Association for a Free & Fair Referendum in Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/esiscpf.pdf">R.A.S.D. 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 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colonial wars in Morocco">Colonial wars in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1913–1956)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1957–1958)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size: 85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size: 85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size: 85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size: 85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size: 85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Western Sahara peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size: 85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Diplomatic relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Parliament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Sahara_articles990" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template talk:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Sahara_articles990" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Republic</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Before 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Spanish_Sahara" title="List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size: 85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size: 85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size: 85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size: 85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SADR, 1976–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size: 85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size: 85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Western Sahara">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Initiative_for_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara">Moroccan Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Western Sahara Wall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polisario Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Former members of the Polisario Front">former members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" title="Category:Western Sahara">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el-Hamra_and_Río_de_Oro206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E16026; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polisario_Front" title="Template:Polisario Front"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Polisario Front (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polisario_Front" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polisario Front"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el-Hamra_and_Río_de_Oro206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Ouali_Mustapha_Sayed" title="El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed">Luali Mustafa Sayed</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdelaziz_(Sahrawi_politician)" title="Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)">Mohamed Abdelaziz</a> (1976–2016)</li> <li>Brahim Ghali (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;">Mass organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Sahrawi_Women" title="National Union of Sahrawi Women">National Union of Sahrawi Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Trade_Union" title="Sahrawi Trade Union">Sahrawi Trade Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Youth_Union" title="Sahrawi Youth Union">Sahrawi Youth Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahrawi_Student_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahrawi Student Union (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Student Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E16026; color:white;;width:1%;background:#FFE5D4; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Congress of the Polisario Front">Congresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">1st (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">2nd (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">3rd (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">4th (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">5th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">6th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">7th (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">8th (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">9th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">11th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">12th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="13th Congress of the Polisario Front">13th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">14th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Extraordinary_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Extraordinary Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">Ext. (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Congress of the Polisario Front (page does not exist)">15th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="16th Congress of the Polisario Front">16th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Africa207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Africa" title="Template:Military of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Military of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_Africa207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Armed_Forces" title="Benin Armed Forces">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso_Armed_Forces" title="Burkina Faso Armed Forces">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Armed_Forces" title="Cameroon Armed Forces">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Armed_Forces" title="Cape Verdean Armed Forces">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Armed_Forces" title="Central African Armed Forces">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_National_Army" title="Chadian National Army">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbutfo_Eswatini_Defence_Force" title="Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Gabon" title="Armed Forces of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Armed_Forces" title="Gambia Armed Forces">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Guinea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Guinea Armed Forces">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Defence_Force" title="Lesotho Defence Force">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia" title="Armed Forces of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascar People's Armed Forces">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Police_Force" title="Mauritius Police Force">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Defence_Armed_Forces" title="Mozambique Defence Armed Forces">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Defence_Force" title="Namibian Defence Force">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Armed_Forces" title="Niger Armed Forces">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal" title="Armed Forces of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Seychelles People's Defence Force">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sierra_Leone_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="South Sudan People's Defence Forces">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force" title="Zambian Defence Force">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States and regions with limited or no recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> (Only the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> are considered part of the African continent)  / <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Mayotte</a>  / <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Réunion</a> <small>(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Pelagie Islands</a> <small>(Italy)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Madeira</a> <small>(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Military of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Ceuta#Defence_and_Civil_Guard" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Melilla#Defence_and_Civil_Guard" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Alboran Island</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small>(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Saint Helena</a>  / <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Ascension Island</a>  / <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small>(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Socotra Archipelago</a> <small>(Yemen)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Template talk:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Arab_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Arab world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Arab_world179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_National_Development" title="Army of National Development">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Defense Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>italic</i> - country that sometimes recognized as part of Arab world</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126257253">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018439-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78056791">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11876262p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11876262p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20241226507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX145410">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2133154">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007604690105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026532050">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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