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id="toc-Second_Irish_Sea_campaign_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnus Barefoot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ماغنوس بيرفوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماغنوس بيرفوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ماقنوس بیرفوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماقنوس بیرفوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_III_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Магнус III (кароль Нарвегіі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магнус III (кароль Нарвегіі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_III" title="Магнус III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнус III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magne_III_de_Noruega" title="Magne III de Noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magne III de Noruega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III._Norsk%C3%BD" title="Magnus III. Norský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnus III. Norský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III,_brenin_Norwy" title="Magnus III, brenin Norwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Magnus III, brenin Norwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Barfod" title="Magnus Barfod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnus Barfod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III._(Norwegen)" title="Magnus III. (Norwegen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnus III. (Norwegen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Paljasjalg" title="Magnus Paljasjalg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnus Paljasjalg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μάγκνους Γ΄ της Νορβηγίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάγκνους Γ΄ της Νορβηγίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_de_Noruega" title="Magnus III de Noruega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnus III de Noruega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III.a_Norvegiakoa" title="Magnus III.a Norvegiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnus III.a Norvegiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ماگنوس بیرفوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماگنوس بیرفوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_de_Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Magnus III de Norvège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnus III de Norvège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III,_R%C3%AD_Lochlann" title="Magnus III, Rí Lochlann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Magnus III, Rí Lochlann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_3%EC%84%B8_(%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4)" title="망누스 3세 (노르웨이) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망누스 3세 (노르웨이)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_III_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B6" title="Մագնուս III Բոկոտն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնուս III Բոկոտն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_berf%C3%A6ttur" title="Magnús berfættur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Magnús berfættur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_di_Norvegia" title="Magnus III di Norvegia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnus III di Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מגנוס השלישי, מלך נורווגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנוס השלישי, מלך נורווגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მაგნუს ფეხშიშველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგნუს ფეხშიშველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_Nudipes" title="Magnus III Nudipes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnus III Nudipes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Magnus_norv%C3%A9g_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Magnus norvég király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Magnus norvég király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ماجنوس بيرفوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماجنوس بيرفوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_van_Noorwegen" title="Magnus III van Noorwegen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnus III van Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt" title="Magnus Berrføtt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnus Berrføtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_av_Noreg" title="Magnus III av Noreg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnus III av Noreg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_III_Bosy" title="Magnus III Bosy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnus III Bosy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magno_III_da_Noruega" title="Magno III da Noruega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magno III da Noruega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_al_III-lea_al_Norvegiei" title="Magnus al III-lea al Norvegiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnus al III-lea al Norvegiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_III_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнус III Голоногий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнус III Голоногий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_III_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Магнус III Босоноги – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнус III Босоноги" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Bosonogi" title="Magnus Bosonogi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnus Bosonogi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Norway from 1093 to 1103</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the second Norwegian king named Magnus Olafsson. For the earlier Norwegian king, see <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Magnus Barefoot</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning;_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg/220px-Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg/330px-Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg/440px-Magnus_Barefoot_silver_penning%3B_struck_c.1093-1103_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Silver <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_penning" title="Norwegian penning">penning</a> struck sometime during the reign of Magnus</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1093 – 24 August 1103</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Magnusson" title="Sigurd Magnusson">Sigurd Magnusson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eystein_Magnusson" title="Eystein Magnusson">Eystein Magnusson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Magnusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Magnusson">Olaf Magnusson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Magnusson</a> (until 1095)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Dublin">King of Dublin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1102–1103</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Gerrl%C3%A1mhach" title="Domnall Gerrlámhach">Domnall Gerrlámhach</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Domnall Gerrlámhach</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1073<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1103<span style="display:none">(1103-08-24)</span> (aged 29–30)<br />near <a href="/wiki/River_Quoile" title="River Quoile">River Quoile</a>, Downpatrick, Ulster, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">near St. Patrick's Church, Downpatrick</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fredkulla" title="Margaret Fredkulla">Margaret Fredkulla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illegitimate children<br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Descendants">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_Magnusson" title="Eystein Magnusson">Eystein Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd the Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Magnusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Magnusson">Olaf Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tora_Magnusdatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tora Magnusdatter">Tora Magnusdatter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Magnús Óláfsson</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hardrada_dynasty" title="Hardrada dynasty">Hardrada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III of Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Tora?; <i>disputed</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#Background">below</a></span>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Magnus III Olafsson</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>: <i>Magnús Óláfsson</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i>Magnus Olavsson</i>; 1073 – 24 August 1103), better known as <b>Magnus Barefoot</b> (Old Norse: <i>Magnús berfœttr</i>, Norwegian: <i>Magnus Berrføtt</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a> from 1093 until his death in 1103. His reign was marked by aggressive military campaigns and conquest, particularly in the Norse-dominated parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, where he extended his rule to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p><p>As the only son of King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf Kyrre</a>, Magnus was <a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Norway#Early_coronations" title="Coronations in Norway">proclaimed king</a> in southeastern Norway shortly after his father's death in 1093. In the north his claim was contested by his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Magnusson</a> (son of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_II_of_Norway" title="Magnus II of Norway">Magnus Haraldsson</a>), and the two co-ruled uneasily until Haakon's death in 1095. Disgruntled members of the nobility refused to recognise Magnus after his cousin's death, but the insurrection was short-lived. After securing his position domestically, Magnus campaigned around the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> from 1098 to 1099. He raided through <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Mann</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern</a> and Southern Isles), and ensured Norwegian control by a treaty with the Scottish king. Based on Mann during his time in the west, Magnus had a number of forts and houses built on the island and probably also obtained suzerainty of <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>. He sailed to Wales later in his expedition, gaining the support of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>) after aiding against the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">invading Norman forces</a> from the island. </p><p>Following his return to Norway, Magnus led campaigns into <a href="/wiki/Dalsland" title="Dalsland">Dalsland</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> in Sweden, claiming an ancient border with the country. After two unsuccessful invasions and a number of skirmishes Danish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric Evergood</a> initiated peace talks among the three Scandinavian monarchs, fearing that the conflict would get out of hand. Magnus concluded peace with the Swedes in 1101 by agreeing to marry <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fredkulla" title="Margaret Fredkulla">Margaret</a>, daughter of the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge Stenkilsson</a>. In return, Magnus gained Dalsland as part of her dowry. He set out on his final western campaign in 1102, and may have sought to conquer Ireland. Magnus entered into an alliance with Irish king <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach Ua Briain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, who recognised Magnus's control of Dublin. Under unclear circumstances, while obtaining food supplies for his return to Norway, Magnus was killed in an ambush by the <a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> the next year; territorial advances characterising his reign ended with his death. </p><p>Into modern times, his legacy has remained more pronounced in Ireland and Scotland than in his native Norway. Among the few domestic developments known during his reign, Norway developed a more centralised rule and moved closer to the European model of church organisation. Popularly portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> warrior rather than a medieval monarch,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad, and he may in some respects be considered the final Viking king.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page of ancient manuscript on weathered, yellowed paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg/200px-%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg/300px-%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg/400px-%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Page of 13th-century copy of the Norwegian chronicle <i>Ágrip</i>, a source for Magnus Barefoot's life</figcaption></figure> <p>Most information about Magnus is gleaned from Norse <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> and chronicles, which began appearing during the 12th century. The most important sources still available are the Norwegian chronicles <i>Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium</i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Monk" title="Theodoric the Monk">Theodoric the Monk</a> and the anonymous <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regskonungas%C3%B6gum" title="Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum">Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum</a></i> (or simply <i>Ágrip</i>) from the 1180s and the <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> sagas <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> (by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i>, which date to about the 1220s. While the later sagas are the most detailed accounts, they are also generally considered the least reliable. Additional information about Magnus, in particular his campaigns, is found in sources from the British Isles, which included contemporary accounts. </p><p>Magnus was born around the end of 1073 as the only son of King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf Kyrre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother's identity is uncertain; she is identified as Tora Arnesdatter (daughter of otherwise-unknown Arne Låge) in <i>Morkinskinna</i> and <i>Fagrskinna</i>, as Tora Joansdatter in <i>Heimskringla</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hulda-Hrokkinskinna" title="Hulda-Hrokkinskinna">Hrokkinskinna</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hryggjarstykki" title="Hryggjarstykki">Hryggjarstykki</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unnamed daughter of "Ragnvald jarl" from <a href="/wiki/God%C3%B8y" class="mw-redirect" title="Godøy">Godøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re" title="Sunnmøre">Sunnmøre</a> in the genealogical text <i>Af en gl. ætleg</i> (commonly known as <i>Sunnmørsættleggen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical consensus (including <a href="/wiki/P._A._Munch" class="mw-redirect" title="P. A. Munch">P. A. Munch</a><sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claus_Krag" title="Claus Krag">Claus Krag</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has favoured Tora Arnesdatter, but the other claims have also gained support. Anders Stølen has argued that she was a daughter of Ragnvald jarl<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who has been identified as <a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Brusason" class="mw-redirect" title="Rognvald Brusason">Rognvald Brusason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earl of Orkney</a> by Ola Kvalsund),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while historian Randi Helene Førsund has considered Tora Joansdatter more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus grew up among the <i><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">hird</a></i> (royal retinue) of his father in <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>), <i>de facto</i> capital of Norway at the time. His father's cousin, the chieftain Tore Ingeridsson, was foster-father to Magnus. In his youth, he was apparently more similar to his warlike grandfather, King <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a>, than to his father (who bore the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">byname</a> <i>Kyrre</i>: "the Peaceful").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Snorri Sturluson, Magnus was considered handsome and gifted in learning; although he was shorter in stature than his grandfather Harald, he was reportedly known as "Magnus the Tall".<sup id="cite_ref-MBsaga_c18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBsaga_c18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus's more-common byname, "Barefoot" or "Barelegs", was—according to Snorri—due to his adopting the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> dress of the Irish and Scots: a short tunic, which left the lower legs bare.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoinCabinet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version (by Danish historian <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>) maintains that he acquired the nickname because he was forced to flee from a Swedish attack in his bare feet,<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a third explains that he rode barefoot (like the Irish).<sup id="cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoinCabinet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Magnus's aggressive nature and his campaigns abroad, he also had the nickname <i>styrjaldar-Magnús</i><sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Warrior Magnus"<sup id="cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoinCabinet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Magnus the Strife-lover").<sup id="cite_ref-MBsaga_c18_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBsaga_c18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_authority"><span class="anchor" id="Establishing_his_kingship"></span>Establishing authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishing authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway had experienced a long period of peace during the reign of Magnus's father, Olaf. Magnus may have been present when Olaf died in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5nrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Rånrike">Rånrike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Båhuslen</a> (southeastern Norway) in September 1093 and was probably <a href="/wiki/Royal_coronations_in_Norway#Early_coronations" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coronations in Norway">proclaimed king</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Borgarting" title="Borgarting">Borgarting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">thing</a> (assembly) of the adjacent region of <a href="/wiki/Viken,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Viken, Norway">Viken</a> later that month.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Magnus became king, he already had a network of support among the Norwegian aristocracy. Although sources are unclear about the first year of his reign, it is apparent that Magnus's focus was on the west (towards the British Isles). Since conditions were chaotic in Norse-dominated parts of the British Isles since the death of <a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a>, this provided Magnus an opportunity to intervene in local power struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some accounts, he made his first expedition west in 1093–94 (or 1091–92),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helping <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald Bane</a> to conquer <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scottish throne</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly gaining control of the Southern Isles (<i>Suðreyjar</i>) in return.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if this early expedition took place, since it is not directly referenced in early reliable sources or the sagas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus was opposed by his cousin Haakon Magnusson, son of King Olaf's brother and short-lived co-ruler King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_II_of_Norway" title="Magnus II of Norway">Magnus Haraldsson</a>, who claimed half the kingdom. Haakon was proclaimed king in the <a href="/wiki/Uplands,_Norway" title="Uplands, Norway">Uplands</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98reting" title="Øreting">Øyrating</a>, the thing of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> (in central Norway).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Førsund, Haakon took control of the entire portion of the kingdom once held by his father (also including the <a href="/wiki/Frostating" title="Frostating">Frostating</a>—the thing of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5logaland" title="Hålogaland">Hålogaland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">northern Norway</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Gulating" title="Gulating">Gulating</a>—the thing of <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">western Norway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haakon secured support by relieving farmers of taxes and duties (including taxes dating back to the Danish rule of <a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sweyn Knutsson</a> during the early 1030s),<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Magnus pursued costly policies and demanded lengthy military service.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Magnus settled at the new royal estate in Nidaros for the winter of 1094–95, Haakon also travelled to the city and took up residence at the old royal estate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their relationship became increasingly tense, culminating when Haakon saw Magnus's <a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">longships</a> fully rigged at sea. Haakon summoned the Øyrating in response, leading Magnus to sail southwards. Haakon attempted to intercept Magnus by travelling south to Viken by land (over the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Dovrefjell" title="Dovrefjell">Dovrefjell</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he died unexpectedly while hunting in February 1095.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white drawing of Egil hanged by the neck in a tree, surrounded by crowds of men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg/220px-Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg/330px-Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg/440px-Magnus_Berrfoetts_saga-Egil_hengt-W._Wetlesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The hanging of Egil Aslaksson, as imagined by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wetlesen" title="Wilhelm Wetlesen">Wilhelm Wetlesen</a> (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>The strongman behind Haakon's monarchy had been his foster-father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tore_Tordsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tore Tordsson (page does not exist)">Tore Tordsson</a> ("Steigar-Tore"), who refused to recognise Magnus as king after Haakon's death. With Egil Aslaksson and other noblemen, he had the otherwise-unknown Sweyn Haraldsson set up as a <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although later sagas maintain that Sweyn was Danish, some modern historians have speculated that he may have been a son of Harald Hardrada.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt was based in the Uplands, but also gained support from noblemen elsewhere in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several weeks of fighting, Magnus captured Tore and his supporters and had them hanged on the island of Vambarholm (outside <a href="/wiki/Hamn%C3%B8y" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamnøy">Hamnøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a>, in northern Norway). Magnus was reportedly furious because he could not pardon Egil, a potentially useful, young and resourceful nobleman. As king, his honour would only allow a pardon if other noblemen pleaded for Egil's life; this did not happen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus's final domestic dispute was with the noble Sveinke Steinarsson, who refused to recognise him as king. Although Sveinke reduced piracy in Viken, he was forced into exile for three years after negotiating with Magnus's men. Since piracy increased soon after Sveinke's departure (possibly encouraged by Sveinke himself), Magnus met him in the Danish province of <a href="/wiki/Halland" title="Halland">Halland</a> to request his return to Norway. They reconciled; Sveinke became a loyal supporter of Magnus, now the undisputed king of Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of both faces of a coin side by side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png/200px-Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png/300px-Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Magnus_Berrf%C3%B8tt_mynt_2.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Magnus Barefoot, styled "MAGNIVO REX". Profile with a mace on the obverse; reverse a crutch cross, with a cross (or four points) in each of the two facing corners<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Norse sources (including the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic verses</a> which were the sagas' main sources) chiefly describe war-related matters, less is known about other events during the reigns of the early Norwegian kings. Snorri, for instance, wrote fifteen pages about Magnus and only two pages about Magnus's peaceful father Olaf Kyrre (despite Olaf's reign lasting almost three times longer than Magnus's). Modern historians have noted that this probably has made the image of kings like Magnus Barefoot one-sided (in Magnus's case, skewed towards his deeds as a warrior).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus's rule was generally marked by Norway's increasing similarity to other European kingdoms. Royal rule became established, and he consolidated power through a network of powerful noblemen (some of whom were relatives); church organisation also developed.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic bishops belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bremen">Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen</a> until a year after Magnus's death (when the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lund" title="Diocese of Lund">Archdiocese of Lund</a> was formed); priests and bishops were largely foreigners from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In reality, however, Magnus ruled the church in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, it is known that minting reform began during Magnus's reign. The reform restored silver content in coins to around 90 percent, the level at Harald Hardrada's 1055 reform (<i>Haraldsslåtten</i>) which reduced silver content to about 30 percent (the remainder of the coin was copper). Coin size in Magnus's reform was reduced to .45 gram, half the previous weight. Although the silver value of a coin remained about the same, copper was not needed in coins.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Irish_Sea_campaign">First Irish Sea campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Irish Sea campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnus sought to re-establish Norwegian influence around the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. He attempted to install vassal king <a href="/wiki/Ingimundr_(eleventh_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingimundr (eleventh century)">Ingemund</a> in the Southern Isles in 1097, but the latter was killed in a revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp48_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what Magnus's ultimate ambitions were, and the significance of his campaign has been downplayed by modern English historians. English chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> believed that Magnus sought to capture the throne from <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> (in common with the ambitions of his grandfather, Harald Hardrada).<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp48_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have speculated that he wanted to establish an empire which included Scotland and Ireland, although most modern Norwegian and Scottish historians believe his chief aim was simply to control the Norse communities around the Irish Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he may have been influenced by Ingemund's murder, the <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></i> claims that Magnus was persuaded by a son of an Orkney earl, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Paulsson" title="Haakon Paulsson">Haakon Paulsson</a>, who wanted an earldom for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that Magnus wished to provide a realm outside Norway for his eight-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd</a>, who accompanied him.<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p118-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus sailed into the Western Sea in 1098, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> with a large fleet. The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Mann" title="Chronicles of Mann">Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles</a></i> claim that he had 160 ships, but English chronicler <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> states that his fleet consisted of 60 ships. Based on this, P. A. Munch suggests an initial fleet of 160 ships, of which 100 were from the <i><a href="/wiki/Leidang" title="Leidang">leidang</a></i> (public levy) and returned shortly after arrival; the fleet accompanying Magnus southward in the campaigns consisted of 60 royal and baronial ships.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Førsund, the low estimate of 120 men per ship means 8,000 men in the royal and baronial ships and 12,000 from the <i>leidang</i> ships. However, many historians believe that ship numbers in old naval campaign accounts are exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of a snapshot showing shipmasts with flags and warriors marching below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg/170px-Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg/255px-Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg/340px-Kong-magnus-berrfott-menn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Magnus Barefoot's army in Ireland, as imagined in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Storm" title="Gustav Storm">Gustav Storm</a>'s 1899 edition of <i>Heimskringla</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After his arrival, Magnus began negotiations with Scottish and Irish kings about the <i>hird</i> and control of land in Scotland, Ireland and the surrounding islands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon arriving in Orkney, he sent the earls <a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Erlend_Thorfinnsson" title="Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson">Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson</a> away to Norway as prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp48_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a <i>leidang</i> ship, took their sons Haakon Paulsson, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Erlendsson,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney">Magnus Erlendsson</a> and Erling Erlendsson as hostages and installed his own son Sigurd as earl.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus then raided Scotland, the Southern Isles and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>. Meeting no significant opposition, he continued pillaging the Hebridean islands of <a href="/wiki/Uist" title="Uist">Uist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a>, and the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> was visited, but not pillaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p118-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus is also recorded as warring in Sanday, although the exact location is unclear (there are three islands with that name in the region).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On entering the Irish Sea, he lost three <i>leidang</i> ships and 120 men in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>. Magnus then continued to <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Mann</a>, where the earl <a href="/wiki/Cotter_family#Jarl_Óttar_of_Man_(Otter_Fitz_Therulfe)" title="Cotter family">Óttar</a> fell in a violent battle;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also chased (or captured) <a href="/wiki/L%C7%ABgma%C3%B0r_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson" title="Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson">Lagman Godredsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">King of the Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oramp48_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p118-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann came under Norwegian control, and Magnus and his men stayed on the island for a time. During his time there, he organised Norwegian immigration to the island and had several forts and houses built (or rebuilt) using timber from <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> on the Scottish mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implied he had subdued part of that region too,<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing its chieftains to tributaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp48_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus may have intended to invade Ireland next, only to find he had overextended himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have been approached by <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan" title="Gruffudd ap Cynan">Gruffudd ap Cynan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">King of Gwynedd</a>, who had been driven to Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> earls <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Montgomery,_2nd_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury">Hugh of Montgomery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With six ships (according to Orderic Vitalis),<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus steered towards <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Appearing off the coast at <a href="/wiki/Puffin_Island_(Anglesey)" title="Puffin Island (Anglesey)">Puffin Island</a>, he interrupted a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gwynedd_during_the_High_Middle_Ages#Norman_invasion_of_Gwynedd;_1081–1100" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages">Norman victory celebration</a> after their defeat of the Gwynedd king<sup id="cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GruffyddapCynan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—for the Welsh, "so opportunely it was ascribed to divine providence" according to historian Rosemary Power (although Magnus had not necessarily intended to side with them).<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing battle (known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GruffyddapCynan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Power "the most widely reported event in the history of Magnus"),<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus shot Hugh of Montgomery dead with an arrow through his eye<sup id="cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GruffyddapCynan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defeated the Norman forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp50_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp50-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources indicate that Magnus regretted killing Montgomery, suggesting that he may have been interested in an alliance with the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He abruptly returned to Mann with his men, leaving the Norman army weak and demoralized.<sup id="cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GruffyddapCynan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this battle, Anglesey was considered the southern border of Norway. Gruffudd ap Cynan soon returned to the island, awarding Magnus gifts and honour<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which may indicate that Gwynedd had capitulated).<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp50_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp50-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp110_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp110-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extension of Magnus's kingdom probably began to concern the English, who remembered <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">the invasion</a> of Magnus's grandfather Harald Hardrada in 1066, war with Danish king <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II Estridson</a> in 1069–70 and the threat of invasion by <a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Cnut IV</a> in 1085.<sup id="cite_ref-Oramp50_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oramp50-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King-magnus-kityre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of a ship with a single man inside being dragged across an ishtmus on trunks by several men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King-magnus-kityre.jpg/235px-King-magnus-kityre.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King-magnus-kityre.jpg/353px-King-magnus-kityre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King-magnus-kityre.jpg/470px-King-magnus-kityre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Magnus demonstrating that <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a> was part of the Scottish agreement, as imagined in Gustav Storm's 1899 edition of <i>Heimskringla</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In Scotland internal fighting continued between rival kings, although King <a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a> had gained a slight advantage. Perhaps fearing to meet Magnus in battle after the internecine strife, according to the sagas Edgar—mistakenly called Malcolm—told Magnus he would renounce all Scottish claims to islands west of Scotland in exchange for peace. Magnus accepted the offer, which reportedly gave him every island a ship could reach with its rudder set. He gained recognition of his rule in the Southern Isles, including Kintyre after demonstrating that it should be included by sitting at the rudder of his ship as it was dragged across the narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tarbert,_Kintyre" title="Tarbert, Kintyre">Tarbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Richard Oram</a> has claimed that references to a formal agreement with the Scottish king is a "post-Norwegian civil war confection" designed to legitimise the agenda of <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV Haakonsson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Power agrees with the Norse sources that a formal agreement with the Scots was probably concluded,<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Seán Duffy notes that Edgar "happily ceded" the isles to Magnus since he had "little or no authority there in any case".<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp110_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp110-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus spent the winter in the Hebrides (continuing to fortify the islands), while many of his men returned to Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may have been talks at this time of Magnus marrying <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda</a>, daughter of late Scottish king <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a>, but no marriage took place.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus returned to Norway a year later during the summer of 1099, although many of the islands he had conquered (such as Anglesey) were only nominally under Norwegian control.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_in_Sweden">Campaign in Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign in Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After returning to Norway, Magnus turned east. By claiming an ancient border between Norway and Sweden, he set his course for the Swedish provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dalsland" title="Dalsland">Dalsland</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> in late 1099. In Magnus's view, the border with Sweden should be set further east: at the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv" title="Göta älv">Göta älv</a> river, through the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nern" title="Vänern">Vänern</a> lake and north to the province of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>. He claimed all land west of Vänern (chiefly Dalsland).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge Stenkilsson</a> refuted the claim, and Magnus began a campaign in response. He raided his way through the forest villages, and Inge began amassing an army. When advised by his men to retreat, Magnus became more aggressive; he believed that once begun, a campaign should never be aborted.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a surprise nighttime attack, Magnus assaulted Swedish forces east of Göta älv at Fuxerna (near <a href="/wiki/Lilla_Edet" title="Lilla Edet">Lilla Edet</a>). After defeating the Swedes at Fuxerna, he conquered part of Västergötland.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a>, Magnus conquered "fifteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_hundreds_of_Sweden" title="List of hundreds of Sweden">hundreds</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a wooden fort, surrounded by a moat, built on the island of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5llands%C3%B6" title="Kållandsö">Kållandsö</a> in the southern portion of Vänern. Before returning to Norway, Magnus left 300 men on the island for the winter (led by Finn Skofteson and Sigurd Ullstreng).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tre-kungar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a copper statue (coated with green patina) of three men casually discussing with a horse in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tre-kungar.jpg/180px-Tre-kungar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tre-kungar.jpg/270px-Tre-kungar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tre-kungar.jpg/360px-Tre-kungar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption><i>Three kings</i>, modern statue in <a href="/wiki/Kung%C3%A4lv" title="Kungälv">Kungälv</a> by Arvid Källström</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Randi Helene Førsund, the Norwegians in Kållandsö appear to have been characterized by arrogance (perhaps due to their successes under Magnus) and taunted the Swedish king for taking so long to arrive. After newly formed ice connected the island to the mainland, Inge arrived with about 3,000 men. Although he offered several times to allow the Norwegians to return home in peace (with their plunder and possessions), Inge's offers were rejected. The Swedes finally attacked, burning the fort. The Norwegians were spared and allowed to return home, after being beaten with sticks and surrendering all their possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angry at the humiliating defeat, Magnus planned revenge. He entered Sweden the following year, reconquering the same areas. During the hasty campaign Magnus and his men were ambushed by Swedish forces and forced to flee back to their ships, suffering heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war continued until 1100 or 1101.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric Evergood</a>, concerned that the conflict would escalate, began peace talks between the two kings. Relations had been strained between Denmark and Norway after Magnus's 1096 raids into Halland, and Eric feared that the conflict might spill over into his own country. The three Scandinavian kings eventually agreed to negotiate peace in the border area near Göta älv. After a constructive meeting, they agreed to preserve ancestral borders; by marrying Inge's daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fredkulla" title="Margaret Fredkulla">Margaret</a> (who acquired the byname <i>Fredkulla</i>: "Maiden of Peace"),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus acquired the lands he claimed on behalf of his ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the marriage was childless, Dalsland never became established as a Norwegian province<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was returned to Sweden after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Irish_Sea_campaign_and_death">Second Irish Sea campaign and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Irish Sea campaign and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnus again set his course for Ireland in 1101 or 1102,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this time probably with a greater army than he had in his previous campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his biggest challenges was the number of petty kings and alliances on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish sources maintain that Magnus came to "take Ireland", "invade Ireland" or "besiege Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp111_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp111-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received reinforcements from Orkney on his way to Mann, where he set up a base to survey conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions ran high between Magnus and the king of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach Ua Briain</a> (<i>Mýrjartak</i>), who was struggling with his rival <a href="/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn" title="Domnall Ua Lochlainn">Domnall Ua Lochlainn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus may have tested the situation in 1101, when unnamed sailors are said to have raided <a href="/wiki/Scattery_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattery Island">Scattery Island</a> (near Muirchertach's base).<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his arrival at Mann, Irish sources describe Magnus as agreeing to "a year's peace" with the Irish (suggesting enmity; such agreements were diplomatic devices, usually negotiated between two sides in war).<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp111_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp111-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage agreement described in other sources was part of the treaty;<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus's son, Sigurd, married Muirchertach's daughter <a href="/wiki/Bja%C3%B0munjo_M%C3%BDrjartaksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir">Bjaðmunjo</a>. On their wedding day, Magnus named Sigurd his co-king<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and put him in charge of the western lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muirchertach also recognised Magnus's control over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fingal" title="Fingal">Fingal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time Muirchertach married a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnulf of Montgomery">Arnulf of Montgomery</a>, brother of Hugh (who was killed by Magnus in 1098).<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p17-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account in <i>Morkinskinna</i> concerning a "foreign knight" named "Giffarðr", who appeared at the court of Magnus before his Swedish campaign, is suggested by Rosemary Power as evidence that Magnus may have conspired with the Norman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Buckingham" title="Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham">Walter Giffard, Earl of Buckingham</a> (or a family member) in the revolt against <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Orderic Vitalis, Magnus left treasure with a wealthy citizen in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a> which was confiscated by King Henry after Magnus's death. This treasure could have been paid by Norman earls for Magnus's support, and possibly arranged by the Giffarðr who is said to have visited Magnus's court in the sagas. This could have provided Magnus with a lucrative return for his costly western campaigns, which were unpopular in Norway at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p17-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muirchertach was skilled in diplomacy, and negotiation with the dowries of his daughters may have been part of a political game. While he may not have intended to honour his agreements with Magnus (or others), he needed the latter's assistance to crush Domnall.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus and Muirchertach went on joint raiding expeditions after the peace agreement, only interrupted by the winter of 1102–03. The sagas claim that Magnus wintered in <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, but since Connacht is incorrectly claimed to be Muirchertach's kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the location was corrected to <a href="/wiki/Killaloe,_County_Clare" title="Killaloe, County Clare">Kincora</a>, Munster by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Førsund_2012_p._125_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsund_2012_p._125-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Power considered it more likely that Magnus would have kept his fleet near Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p17-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus was probably allied with Muirchertach during his campaigns against Domnall and the <a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél nEógain</a> in 1103, but (in contrast to the Norse sources) Irish sources (the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters" title="Annals of the Four Masters">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i>) do not describe their campaigns as successful.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 August 1103, Muirchertach unsuccessfully tried to subdue Domnall in the Battle of Mag Coba.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp113-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus did not take part, but his Dublin subjects fought with Muirchertach.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp113-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Magnus was closing in on the Irish throne, Muirchertach may have wanted him out of the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Førsund_2012_p._125_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsund_2012_p._125-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Morkinskinna</i> and <i>Heimskringla</i>, the two agreed that Muirchertach was to bring Magnus and his men cattle provisions for their return to Norway; as this dragged on past the agreed time, Magnus became suspicious that the Irish planned an attack. He gathered his men on <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew's Day">St. Bartholomew's Day</a> (or the day before, according to <i>Ágrip</i>), 24 August 1103, and ventured into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Magnus and his men made an incautious landing to raid cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp113-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p128_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p128-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Ulaid mistook the Norwegians for cattle-raiding Hebrideans.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Muirchertach may have ordered the Ulaid to bring provisions to Magnus, inciting the Ulaid to ambush the Norwegians.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"King Magnus had a helmet on his head; a red shield, in which was inlaid a gilded lion; and was girt with the sword of <a href="/wiki/Legbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Legbiter">Legbit</a>, of which the hilt was of tooth (ivory), and handgrip wound about with gold thread; and the sword was extremely sharp. In his hand he had a short spear, and a red silk short cloak, over his coat, on which, both before and behind, was embroidered a lion in yellow silk; and all men acknowledged that they never had seen a brisker, statelier man."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Magnus before the battle (according to Snorri Sturluson)</cite></div> </div> <p>Norse sources describe a large force emerging from hiding places in an ambush. The Norwegian forces were taken by surprise, and were not in battle order. Magnus attempted to assert control over his disordered army, ordering part of his force to seize secure ground and use archery fire to slow the Irish. In the melee Magnus was pierced by a spear through both thighs above the knees but he fought on, attempting to get his men back to the level campsite. An axe-wielding Irishman charged him, striking a lethal blow to his neck.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his men said that he proceeded incautiously in his campaigns, Magnus is reported to have responded "Kings are made for honour, not for long life";<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the last Norwegian king to fall in battle abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps betrayed by Muirchertach, Magnus may also have been betrayed by his own men (in particular the contingent of nobleman Torgrim Skinnluve from the Uplands, who fled to the ships during the battle). It is possible that Torgrim and his men may have been directed by powerful men in Norway, who wanted Magnus removed from the Norwegian throne. More Irishmen than Norwegians fell in the battle, according to Snorri Sturluson, and Magnus's reign could have been different if Torgrim and his men had fought as directed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus's son Sigurd returned to Norway without his child bride after his father's defeat, and direct Norwegian control in the region came to an end. Although Norwegian influence remained, no Norwegian king returned for more than 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp113-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants"><span class="anchor" id="Issue"></span>Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnus married Margaret Fredkulla, daughter of Swedish king Inge Stenkilsson, as part of the peace agreement of 1101. Their marriage did not produce any children. His three sons (who succeeded him as king) were born to different women, and he had two known daughters by unidentified women:<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein I of Norway">Eystein</a>: Born 1089 to a mother "of low birth".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">Sigurd</a>: Born 1090; his mother's name was Tora.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Magnusson of Norway">Olaf</a>: Born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1099</span>; his mother was Sigrid Saxesdatter from Vik in <a href="/wiki/Strinda" title="Strinda">Strinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>.</li> <li>Ragnild: Married <a href="/wiki/Harald_Kesja" title="Harald Kesja">Harald Kesja</a>, Danish pretender and son of Danish king Eric Evergood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tora_Magnusdatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tora Magnusdatter">Tora</a>: Married Icelandic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Loftur_S%C3%A6mundsson" title="Loftur Sæmundsson">Loftur Sæmundsson</a>.</li></ul> <p>Years after Magnus's death, other men came forward claiming to be his sons; however, it is impossible to ascertain the veracity of these claims:<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald IV of Norway">Harald Gille</a>: Born 1103 in Ireland, his claim was recognised by Magnus's son Sigurd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Slembe" title="Sigurd Slembe">Sigurd Slembe</a>: His mother was Tora Saxesdatter from Vik; his claim was not recognised (by Harald Gille).</li> <li>Magnus Raude: Mentioned only in <i>Fagrskinna</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnus probably died in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/River_Quoile" title="River Quoile">River Quoile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles</i>, Magnus was "buried near the Church of St Patrick, in Down".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About two miles (1.2 km) south of the cathedral on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_Island,_County_Down&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Island, County Down (page does not exist)">Horse Island</a> is a mound which became known as Magnus's Grave after its identification on an 1859 map attributed to Danish archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Jens_Jacob_Asmussen_Worsaae" title="Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae">Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae</a>. Snorri Sturluson's description of the marshy and difficult terrain where Magnus and his men were attacked fits the conditions in and around Horse Island, making it a strong candidate for the burial site. According to Finbar McCormick, the people who ambushed Magnus may not have wanted a Christian burial for him and his men, instead burying them near where they had been slain.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Downpatrick runestone monument marking the site was erected in March 2003 to mark the 900th anniversary of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burial site is largely only accessible via the heritage railway in Downpatrick; a <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Magnus%27s_Halt_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Magnus's Halt railway station (page does not exist)">halt</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a> and runestone has been carved by James Higgins and erected by Philip Campbell,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local viking history enthusiast, chairman and founder of the Magnus Viking Association and the Ballydugan Medieval Settlement which is located a short distance from the Runestone on the Drumcullan Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%98ystein-Sigurd_mynt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of both faces of a coin side by side, with a simple frontal portrait of a man's head on each side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%C3%98ystein-Sigurd_mynt.png/190px-%C3%98ystein-Sigurd_mynt.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/%C3%98ystein-Sigurd_mynt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Coin thought to represent the co-rule of Sigurd and Eystein</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnus was succeeded peacefully by his three sons: <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd I of Norway">Sigurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein I of Norway">Eystein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Magnusson of Norway">Olaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBL_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of Sigurd's reign (he having outlived his brothers) during the late 1120s, the previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Harald_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald IV of Norway">Harald Gille</a> came to Norway from the west claiming to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and legitimate successor to the kingdom. Sigurd recognised Harald as his brother (and successor) after Harald walked uninjured over nine burning ploughshares in a <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, and he was proclaimed king after Sigurd's death in 1130 with Sigurd's son <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Norway">Magnus Sigurdsson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBLGille_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBLGille-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Harald was accompanied by his mother to Norway, Sigurd may have recognised a former lover of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p18_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p18-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between Harald and Magnus Sigurdsson soured, and several years later Harald had Magnus mutilated and deposed (hence his byname "the Blind"). Soon afterwards, Harald was murdered by another pretender: <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Slembe" title="Sigurd Slembe">Sigurd Slembe</a>, who also claimed to be a son of Magnus Barefoot and had been outlawed by Harald.<sup id="cite_ref-NBLGille_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBLGille-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Harald's death Slembe allied himself with Magnus the Blind, but they were defeated by chieftains loyal to Harald Gille's family in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holmengr%C3%A5" title="Battle of Holmengrå">Battle of Holmengrå</a>. Magnus was killed during the battle; Sigurd was captured, tortured and executed. This began what would become the century-long <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">Norwegian civil-war era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBLGille_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBLGille-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest-known native Irishman to have been named Magnus may have been the son of Muirchertach's greatest rival, Domnall Ua Lochlainn;<sup id="cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnus became a name among the Ulaid during the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Power1986p128_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power1986p128-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Morkinskinna</i>, tribute from Ireland was received in Norway as late as about twelve years after Magnus's death.<sup id="cite_ref-Power2005p18_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power2005p18-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus became the subject of at least two Gaelic ballads as the character Manus Mór. In the best-known version, he returns to Norway after an expedition to the west; he is killed in the second version. The different versions are probably derived from Magnus's two expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also traditions concerning Magnus in Scotland in legends, poems and local history.<sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp11-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, a "Magnus Barelegs festival" has been held near Downpatrick at Delamont Country park bi-annually. Traditionally held on the last weekend of August every second year (27 and 28 August 2022) it is organised, funded and carried out by the Magnus Viking Association.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a beer named after his sword, <b>Legbiter</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp11-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Norway, according to Førsund, Magnus has "been reduced to a sigh" in history books; little remains to commemorate him.<sup id="cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Førsundp11-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When King Magnus was killed in an ambush by the Men of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, his sword was retrieved and sent home.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Barelegs" is also often used. The various original Norse terms are <i>berfœttr</i>, <i>berbeinn</i> and <i>berleggr</i> (Power (1986) p. 122).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1994) p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBL_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrag,_Claus" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Krag" title="Claus Krag">Krag, Claus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Magnus_3_Olavsson_Berrf%C3%B8tt/utdypning">"Magnus 3 Olavsson Berrføtt – utdypning"</a>. <i>Norsk biografisk leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.atitle=Magnus+3+Olavsson+Berrf%C3%B8tt+%E2%80%93+utdypning&rft.au=Krag%2C+Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snl.no%2F.nbl_biografi%2FMagnus_3_Olavsson_Berrf%25C3%25B8tt%2Futdypning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Førsundp14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp14_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen and Sulebust (1994) pp. 213–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stølen (1988) p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen and Sulebust (1994) p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBsaga_c18-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBsaga_c18_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBsaga_c18_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magnus Barefoot's saga</i>, chapter 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoinCabinet-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoinCabinet_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dokpro.uio.no/umk_eng/myntherr/mb.html">"Magnus Berrføtt (Magnus III Bareleg) 1093–1103"</a>. <i>University of Oslo Coin Cabinet</i>. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oslo+Coin+Cabinet&rft.atitle=Magnus+Berrf%C3%B8tt+%28Magnus+III+Bareleg%29+1093%E2%80%931103&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dokpro.uio.no%2Fumk_eng%2Fmyntherr%2Fmb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power2005p15-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p15_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 112–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrag,_Claus" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Krag" title="Claus Krag">Krag, Claus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/H%C3%A5kon_Magnusson_Toresfostre/utdypning">"Håkon Magnusson Toresfostre"</a>. <i>Norsk biografisk leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.atitle=H%C3%A5kon+Magnusson+Toresfostre&rft.au=Krag%2C+Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2F.nbl_biografi%2FH%25C3%25A5kon_Magnusson_Toresfostre%2Futdypning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magnus Barefoot's saga</i>, chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 42–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 47–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skaare (1995: 2) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krag (1995) p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 88–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krag (1995) p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oramp48-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp48_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp48_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp48_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp48_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp48_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram (2011) p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wærdahl (2011) pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wærdahl (2011) p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power1986p118-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p118_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/manxsoc/msvol22/note_05.htm">note 9, p. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald (2002) p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald (2002) p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power1986p119-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p119_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GruffyddapCynan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GruffyddapCynan_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, J.E., <i>A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest</i>, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oramp50-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp50_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp50_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oramp50_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram (2011) p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffyp110-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp110_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp110_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (1997) p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 70–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wærdahl (2011) p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power1986p121-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p121_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oram (2011) pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 94–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 96–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 100–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrag2024" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krag, Claus (18 June 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbl.snl.no/Margrete_Ingesdatter_%C2%ABFredkolla%C2%BB">"Margrete Ingesdatter «Fredkolla»"</a>, <i>Norsk biografisk leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.atitle=Margrete+Ingesdatter+%C2%ABFredkolla%C2%BB&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Krag&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbl.snl.no%2FMargrete_Ingesdatter_%25C2%25ABFredkolla%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffyp111-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp111_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp111_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (1997) p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffyp112-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp112_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (1997) p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power2005p17-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p17_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Førsund_2012_p._125-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Førsund_2012_p._125_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Førsund_2012_p._125_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick (2009) p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffyp113-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffyp113_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy (1997) p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) pp. 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power1986p128-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p128_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power1986p128_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1986) p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1994) p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magnus Barefoot's saga</i>, chapter 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 128–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magnus Barefoot's saga</i>, chapter 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 129–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) pp. 113–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1994) p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick (2009) p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick (2009) pp. 105–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113125529/http://www.downrail.co.uk/build.htm">"Buildings: King Magnus's Halt"</a>. <i>The Belfast & Co. Down Railway</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downrail.co.uk/build.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+%26+Co.+Down+Railway&rft.atitle=Buildings%3A+King+Magnus%27s+Halt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.downrail.co.uk%2Fbuild.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(2022) Breen, R. "The last Viking King to Die Abroad" Downpatrick: Magnus Viking Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBLGille-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBLGille_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBLGille_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBLGille_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArstad,_Knut_Peter_Lyche" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arstad, Knut Peter Lyche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/eg._Gilchrist_Harald_4_Gille/utdypning">"eg. Gilchrist Harald 4 Gille"</a>. <i>Norsk biografisk leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.atitle=eg.+Gilchrist+Harald+4+Gille&rft.au=Arstad%2C+Knut+Peter+Lyche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2F.nbl_biografi%2Feg._Gilchrist_Harald_4_Gille%2Futdypning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power2005p18-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p18_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power2005p18_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (2005) p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power (1994) p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Førsundp11-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Førsundp11_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Førsund (2012) p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.Breen Secretary of the Magnus Viking Association 2016 to Present</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Sturluson, Snorri</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heimskringla00snor/page/685"><i>Heimskringla: history of the kings of Norway</i></a></span>. trans. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Milton_Hollander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Milton Hollander">Lee Milton Hollander</a>. University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heimskringla00snor/page/685">685</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73061-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73061-6"><bdi>0-292-73061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla%3A+history+of+the+kings+of+Norway&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-292-73061-6&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheimskringla00snor%2Fpage%2F685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Sturluson, Snorri</a> (c. 1230). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311094650/http://lind.no/nor/index.asp?lang=&emne=asatru&vis=s_e_magnus_berrfott">Magnus Barefoot's saga</a></i> (in <i>Heimskringla</i>). English translation: Samuel Laing (London, 1844).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Monk" title="Theodoric the Monk">Theodoric the Monk</a> (c. 1180). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Theodoricus.pdf">The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings</a></i>. English translation: David and Ian McDougall (London, 1998).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Text%20Series/Agrip.pdf">Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum</a></i> (c. 1180s). English translation: M. J. Driscoll (London, 2008).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/manxsoc/msvol22/p044.htm">Chronicles of the Kings of Mann and the Isles</a></i> (c. 1262). English translation: Rev. Goss (Douglas, 1874).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fagrskinna00unkngoog">Fagrskinna</a></i> (c. 1220s), in Old Norse. Edited by Finnur Jónsson (Copenhagen, 1902).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrionalia.net/etexts/morkinskinna.pdf">Morkinskinna</a></i> (c. 1220s), in Old Norse. Edited by Finnur Jónsson (Copenhagen, 1932).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ice/is3/is303.htm">Orkneyinga saga</a></i> (c. 1230). English translation: George W. Dasent (London, 1894).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100004/">Annals of Inisfallen</a></i>. English translation (2008).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100005B/index.html">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i>. English translation (2013).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSgJAAAAIAAJ">Annales Cambriæ</a></i>, in Latin. Edited by John Williams ab Ithel (London, 1860).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/brut-y-tywysogion/826C6C8FCE5254AD7054D6E65388164A">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i>. English translation: John Williams ab Ithel (1860).</li></ul> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFørsund,_Randi_Helene2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Førsund, Randi Helene (2012). Titlestad, Bård (ed.). <i>Magnus Berrføtt</i>. Sagakongene (in Norwegian). Saga Bok/Spartacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-430-0584-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-430-0584-6"><bdi>978-82-430-0584-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnus+Berrf%C3%B8tt&rft.series=Sagakongene&rft.pub=Saga+Bok%2FSpartacus&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-82-430-0584-6&rft.au=F%C3%B8rsund%2C+Randi+Helene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrag,_Claus1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Krag" title="Claus Krag">Krag, Claus</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Knut_Helle" title="Knut Helle">Helle, Knut</a> (ed.). <i>Vikingtid og rikssamling 800–1130</i>. Aschehougs norgeshistorie. Vol. 2. Oslo: Aschehoug. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-03-22015-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-03-22015-0"><bdi>82-03-22015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikingtid+og+rikssamling+800%E2%80%931130&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=Aschehougs+norgeshistorie&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=82-03-22015-0&rft.au=Krag%2C+Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen,_Stein_UgelvikSulebust,_Jarle1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Sulebust, Jarle (1994). <i>I balansepunktet: Sunnmøres eldste historie</i> (in Norwegian). Sunnmørsposten Forlag (with Studiegruppa for Sunnmøre, Universitetet i Bergen). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91450-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/82-91450-00-5"><bdi>82-91450-00-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+balansepunktet%3A+Sunnm%C3%B8res+eldste+historie&rft.pub=Sunnm%C3%B8rsposten+Forlag+%28with+Studiegruppa+for+Sunnm%C3%B8re%2C+Universitetet+i+Bergen%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=82-91450-00-5&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Stein+Ugelvik&rft.au=Sulebust%2C+Jarle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald,_R._Andrew2002" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, R. Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wMfF_uudAAC"><i>History, Literature, and Music in Scotland, 700–1560</i></a>. University of Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3601-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Music+in+Scotland%2C+700%E2%80%931560&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3601-8&rft.au=McDonald%2C+R.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wMfF_uudAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOram,_Richard2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram, Richard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cV47X4gGqSQC"><i>Domination and Lordship: Scotland, 1070–1230</i></a>. Edinburgh University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1497-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-1497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domination+and+Lordship%3A+Scotland%2C+1070%E2%80%931230&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1497-4&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcV47X4gGqSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaare,_Kolbjørn1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kolbj%C3%B8rn_Skaare" title="Kolbjørn Skaare">Skaare, Kolbjørn</a> (1995). <i>Norges mynthistorie</i> (in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-22666-2" title="Special:BookSources/82-00-22666-2"><bdi>82-00-22666-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+mynthistorie&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=82-00-22666-2&rft.au=Skaare%2C+Kolbj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaare,_Kolbjørn1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skaare, Kolbjørn (1995). <i>Norges mynthistorie</i> (in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-00-22667-0" title="Special:BookSources/82-00-22667-0"><bdi>82-00-22667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norges+mynthistorie&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=82-00-22667-0&rft.au=Skaare%2C+Kolbj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWærdahl,_Randi_Bjørshol2011" class="citation book cs1">Wærdahl, Randi Bjørshol (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCcClTs_JwAC"><i>The Incorporation and Integration of the King's Tributary Lands into the Norwegian Realm c. 1195–1397</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20613-7"><bdi>978-90-04-20613-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incorporation+and+Integration+of+the+King%27s+Tributary+Lands+into+the+Norwegian+Realm+c.+1195%E2%80%931397&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20613-7&rft.au=W%C3%A6rdahl%2C+Randi+Bj%C3%B8rshol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCcClTs_JwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy,_Seán1992" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". <i>Ériu</i>. <b>XLIII</b>. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-0758">0332-0758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007421">30007421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=Irishmen+and+Islesmen+in+the+Kingdoms+of+Dublin+and+Man%2C+1052%E2%80%931171&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-0758&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick,_Finbar2009" class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, Finbar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113402/http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/gap/Staff/FileStore/Filetoupload,287070,en.pdf">"The Grave of Magnus Barelegs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ulster Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>68</b>: <span class="nowrap">102–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-7355">0082-7355</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/gap/Staff/FileStore/Filetoupload,287070,en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Grave+of+Magnus+Barelegs&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0082-7355&rft.au=McCormick%2C+Finbar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Fgap%2FStaff%2FFileStore%2FFiletoupload%2C287070%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Rosemary1986" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Rosemary (October 1986). "Magnus Barelegs' Expeditions to the West". <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>. <b>65</b> (180, part 2). Edinburgh University: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Magnus+Barelegs%27+Expeditions+to+the+West&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=180%2C+part+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1986-10&rft.issn=0036-9241&rft.au=Power%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Rosemary1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Power, Rosemary (October 1994). "The Death of Magnus Barelegs". <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>. LXXIII, 2 (196). Edinburgh University: <span class="nowrap">216–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.1994.73.2.216">10.3366/shr.1994.73.2.216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Magnus+Barelegs&rft.volume=LXXIII%2C+2&rft.issue=196&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.1994.73.2.216&rft.issn=0036-9241&rft.au=Power%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Rosemary2005" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Rosemary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412173927/http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%20XXIX.pdf">"Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic relations in the kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Saga-Book</i>. <b>XXIX</b> (196). Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-9219">0305-9219</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%20XXIX.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saga-Book&rft.atitle=Meeting+in+Norway%3A+Norse-Gaelic+relations+in+the+kingdom+of+Man+and+the+Isles%2C+1090%E2%80%931270&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.issue=196&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0305-9219&rft.au=Power%2C+Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk%2FSaga-Book%2520XXIX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStølen,_Anders1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stølen, Anders (1988). "Frå Jarleætta på Sunnmøre til Blindheim-ætta og Smør-ætta". <i>Norsk Slekthistorisk Tidsskrift</i> (in Norwegian). <b>31</b>: <span class="nowrap">259–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-2141">0029-2141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norsk+Slekthistorisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A5+Jarle%C3%A6tta+p%C3%A5+Sunnm%C3%B8re+til+Blindheim-%C3%A6tta+og+Sm%C3%B8r-%C3%A6tta&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0029-2141&rft.au=St%C3%B8len%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Barefoot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnus_III_of_Norway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magnus III of Norway">Magnus III of Norway</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeuermann,_Ian2002" class="citation book cs1">Beuermann, Ian (2002). <i>Man amongst kings and bishops: what was the reason for Godred Olafsson's journey to Norway in 1152/53?</i>. Oslo: I. Beuermann. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788292359044" title="Special:BookSources/9788292359044"><bdi>9788292359044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+amongst+kings+and+bishops%3A+what+was+the+reason+for+Godred+Olafsson%27s+journey+to+Norway+in+1152%2F53%3F&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=I.+Beuermann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788292359044&rft.au=Beuermann%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristansen,_Reidar_T.1931" class="citation book cs1">Christansen, Reidar T. (1931). <i>The Vikings and Viking Wars in Irish and Gaelic Tradition</i>. Oslo: Dybwald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+and+Viking+Wars+in+Irish+and+Gaelic+Tradition&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Dybwald&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Christansen%2C+Reidar+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurphey,_Robert_A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Curphey, Robert A. (2008). <i>Peel Castle on St. Patrick's Isle'<span></span></i>. Manx National Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901106-59-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901106-59-9"><bdi>978-0-901106-59-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peel+Castle+on+St.+Patrick%27s+Isle%27&rft.pub=Manx+National+Heritage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-901106-59-9&rft.au=Curphey%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch,_Judith1996" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (1996). "Norse Historical Traditions and <a href="/wiki/Historia_Gruffud_vab_Kenan" title="Historia Gruffud vab Kenan">Historia Gruffud vab Kenan</a>: Magnús berfættr and Haraldr hárfagri". In K. L. Maund (ed.). <i>Gruffudd ap Cynan: a Collaborative Biography</i>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-389-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-389-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-389-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norse+Historical+Traditions+and+Historia+Gruffud+vab+Kenan%3A+Magn%C3%BAs+berf%C3%A6ttr+and+Haraldr+h%C3%A1rfagri&rft.btitle=Gruffudd+ap+Cynan%3A+a+Collaborative+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-389-6&rft.au=Jesch%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_R._Andrew2007" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, R. Andrew (2007). <i>Manx kingship in its Irish Sea setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan dynasty</i>. Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-047-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-047-2"><bdi>978-1-84682-047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manx+kingship+in+its+Irish+Sea+setting%2C+1187%E2%80%931229%3A+King+R%C7%ABgnvaldr+and+the+Crovan+dynasty&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84682-047-2&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+R.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Rosemary1993" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Rosemary (Winter 1993). "Magnus Barelegs, the War Hollow and Downpatrick". <i>Ulster Local Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-3473">0266-3473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Local+Studies&rft.atitle=Magnus+Barelegs%2C+the+War+Hollow+and+Downpatrick&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0266-3473&rft.au=Power%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnus+Barefoot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Magnus Barefoot</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty#Sub-dynasties_of_Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">House of Hardrada</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">Fairhair dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1073</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 24 August 1103</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a> </b><br />1093–1103<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Magnusson</a></i> <i> (1093–1095)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd I</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein I of Norway">Eystein I</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf Magnusson of Norway">Olaf Magnusson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/L%C7%ABgma%C3%B0r_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson" title="Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson">Lagman Godredsson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Isles">King of the Isles</a> </b><br />1098–1102 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Taidc" title="Domnall mac Taidc">Domnall mac Taidc</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Dublin">King of Dublin</a> </b><br />1102–1103 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Taidc" title="Domnall mac Taidc">Domnall mac Taidc</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Template:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Norway867" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Monarchs of</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">I. Independent Norway</a><br /><br />Foreign and non-royal<br /> rulers in <i>italics</i>, disputed<br /> monarchs in brackets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="872–138710" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">872–1387</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald I Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric I Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon I the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Greycloak" title="Harald Greycloak">Harald II Greycloak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></i> <sup><small>d</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf I Tryggvason</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></i> <sup><small>de</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Haakonsson" title="Sweyn Haakonsson">Sweyn Haakonsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Olaf" title="Saint Olaf">Olaf II the Saint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></i> <sup><small>de</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson" title="Haakon Ericsson">Haakon Ericsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sweyn Knutsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I the Good</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald III Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_II_of_Norway" title="Magnus II of Norway">Magnus II Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III Kyrre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Toresfostre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnus III Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav Magnusson of Norway">Olav Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein I of Norway">Eystein I Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd I the Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Gille" title="Harald Gille">Harald IV Gille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Sigurdsson" title="Magnus Sigurdsson">Magnus IV the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_II" title="Sigurd II">Sigurd II Munn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_Haraldsson" title="Inge Haraldsson">Inge I Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein II of Norway">Eystein II Haraldsson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Haraldsson_(son_of_Harald_Gille)" title="Magnus Haraldsson (son of Harald Gille)">Magnus Haraldsson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_II" title="Haakon II">Haakon II Broadshoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnus V Erlingsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway" title="Sverre of Norway">Sverre Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon III of Norway">Haakon III Sverresson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Guttorm_of_Norway" title="Guttorm of Norway">Guttorm Sigurdsson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_B%C3%A5rdsson" title="Inge Bårdsson">Inge II Bårdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV" title="Haakon IV">Haakon IV Haakonsson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Young" title="Haakon the Young">Haakon the Young</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Lawmender" title="Magnus the Lawmender">Magnus VI the Law-mender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Norway" title="Eric II of Norway">Eric II Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_V" title="Haakon V">Haakon V Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus VII Ericsson</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI" title="Haakon VI">Haakon VI Magnusson</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf IV Haakonsson</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1387–152311" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1387–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric III</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles I</a></i> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1524–181411" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1524–1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark" title="Christian VI of Denmark">Christian VI</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">II. Independent Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="18144" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederick</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union with Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1814–190511" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1814–1905</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles II</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles III John</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles IV</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">III. Independent Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Since_190510" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Since 1905</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_V" title="Olav V">Olav V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_V" title="Harald V">Harald V</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>r</small></sup></span> Regent</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>d</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>e</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>s</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Swedish monarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_the_Isles" title="Template:Kings of the Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_the_Isles" title="Template talk:Kings of the Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_the_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of the Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">Rulers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_of_Lochlann" title="Gofraid of Lochlann">Gofraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar" title="Ímar">Ímar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebeachan" title="Gebeachan">Gebeachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccus_mac_Arailt" title="Maccus mac Arailt">Maccus mac Arailt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_mac_Arailt" title="Gofraid mac Arailt">Gofraid mac Arailt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_mac_Gofraid" title="Ragnall mac Gofraid">Ragnall mac Gofraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_mac_Sitriuc" title="Amlaíb mac Sitriuc">Amlaíb mac Sitriuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilli_(Hebridean_earl)" title="Gilli (Hebridean earl)">Gilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagmann_mac_Gofraid" title="Lagmann mac Gofraid">Lagmann mac Gofraid</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson" title="Haakon Ericsson">Haakon Ericsson</a>^</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar_mac_Arailt" title="Ímar mac Arailt">Ímar mac Arailt</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchad_mac_Diarmata" title="Murchad mac Diarmata">Murchad mac Diarmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3" title="Diarmait mac Máel na mBó">Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill" title="Echmarcach mac Ragnaill">Echmarcach mac Ragnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingal_mac_Gofraid" title="Fingal mac Gofraid">Gofraid mac Sitriuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingal_mac_Gofraid" title="Fingal mac Gofraid">Fingal mac Gofraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godred_Crovan" title="Godred Crovan">Gofraid Crobán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C7%ABgma%C3%B0r_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson" title="Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson">Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ingimundr" title="Assassination of Ingimundr">Ingimundr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnús berfœttr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurðr Jórsalafari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Taidc" title="Domnall mac Taidc">Domnall mac Taidc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fr_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson_(died_1153)" title="Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1153)">Óláfr Guðrøðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0r_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson" title="Guðrøðr Óláfsson">Guðrøðr Óláfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C7%ABgnvaldr_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson_(fl._1164)" title="Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson (fl. 1164)">Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubgall_mac_Somairle" title="Dubgall mac Somairle">Dubgall mac Somairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_mac_Somairle" title="Ragnall mac Somairle">Ragnall mac Somairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C7%ABgnvaldr_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson" title="Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson">Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aonghus_mac_Somhairle" title="Aonghus mac Somhairle">Aonghus mac Somhairle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_Black" title="Olaf the Black">Óláfr Guðrøðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_of_Argyll" title="Donnchadh of Argyll">Donnchadh of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubgall_mac_Dubgaill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubgall mac Dubgaill (page does not exist)">Dubgall mac Dubgaill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somairle_mac_Dubgaill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somairle mac Dubgaill (page does not exist)">Somairle mac Dubgaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidhr%C3%AD_mac_Raghnaill" title="Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill">Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93spakr-H%C3%A1kon" title="Óspakr-Hákon">Óspakr-Hákon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0r_R%C7%ABgnvaldsson" title="Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson">Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraldr_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson" title="Haraldr Óláfsson">Haraldr Óláfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C7%ABgnvaldr_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson_(died_1249)" title="Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson (died 1249)">Rǫgnvaldr Óláfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraldr_Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0arson" title="Haraldr Guðrøðarson">Haraldr Guðrøðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson" title="Magnús Óláfsson">Magnús Óláfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ghan_of_Argyll" title="Eóghan of Argyll">Eóghan of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubhghall_mac_Ruaidhr%C3%AD" title="Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí">Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^ Speculative</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Dublin108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #ccbbff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dublin_Monarchs" title="Template:Dublin Monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dublin_Monarchs" title="Template talk:Dublin Monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dublin_Monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dublin Monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Dublin108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kings of Dublin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar" title="Ímar">Ímar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Albann</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oistin_mac_Amla%C3%ADb" title="Oistin mac Amlaíb">Oistin mac Amlaíb</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bárid">Bárid mac Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichfrith_mac_%C3%8Dmair" title="Sichfrith mac Ímair">Sichfrith mac Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitriuc_mac_%C3%8Dmair" title="Sitriuc mac Ímair">Sitriuc mac Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichfrith_Jarl" title="Sichfrith Jarl">Sichfrith Jarl</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BAniarann" title="Glúniarann">Glúniarann</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ímar ua Ímair">Ímar ua Ímair</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigtrygg Silkbeard (989–1029)"><img alt="Sigtrygg Silkbeard (989–1029)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg/100px-Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg/150px-Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg/200px-Sihtric_989_1036_ruler_of_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Sigtrygg Silkbeard (989–1029)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech" title="Sitric Cáech">Sitric Cáech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Amlaíb mac Gofraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A1caire_mac_Gofraid" title="Blácaire mac Gofraid">Blácaire mac Gofraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_mac_Sitriuc" title="Gofraid mac Sitriuc">Gofraid mac Sitriuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BAniairn" title="Glúniairn">Glúniairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_of_Waterford" title="Ivar of Waterford">Ímar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Silkbeard" title="Sigtrygg Silkbeard">Sigtrygg Silkbeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill" title="Echmarcach mac Ragnaill">Echmarcach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dmar_mac_Arailt" title="Ímar mac Arailt">Ímar mac Arailt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill" title="Echmarcach mac Ragnaill">Echmarcach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchad_mac_Diarmata" title="Murchad mac Diarmata">Murchad mac Diarmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_M%C3%A1el_na_mB%C3%B3" title="Diarmait mac Máel na mBó">Diarmait mac Máel na mBó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain" title="Toirdelbach Ua Briain">Toirdelbach Ua Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_mac_Amla%C3%ADb_meic_Ragnaill" title="Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill">Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Murchada" title="Domnall mac Murchada">Domnall mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_Ua_Briain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muircheartach Ua Briain">Muirchertach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchad_mac_Domnaill_Remair" title="Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair">Donnchad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godred_Crovan" title="Godred Crovan">Gofraid Crobán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Taidc" title="Domnall mac Taidc">Domnall mac Taidc</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Gerrl%C3%A1mhach" title="Domnall Gerrlámhach">Domnall Gerrlámhach</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnús berfœttr</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Gerrl%C3%A1mhach" title="Domnall Gerrlámhach">Domnall Gerrlámhach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_%C3%89nna_meic_Murchada" title="Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada">Diarmait mac Énna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_Gerrl%C3%A1mhach" title="Domnall Gerrlámhach">Domnall Gerrlámhach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Conchobair" class="mw-redirect" title="Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair">Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nna_Mac_Murchada" title="Énna Mac Murchada">Énna Mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_Ua_Conchobair" title="Conchobar Ua Conchobair">Conchobar Ua Conchobair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_Ua_Briain" title="Conchobar Ua Briain">Conchobar Ua Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttar_of_Dublin" title="Óttar of Dublin">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_mac_Torcaill" title="Ragnall mac Torcaill">Ragnall</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttar_of_Dublin" title="Óttar of Dublin">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodar_mac_Torcaill" title="Brodar mac Torcaill">Brodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_mac_Amla%C3%ADb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofraid mac Amlaíb">Gofraid mac Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascall_mac_Ragnaill" title="Ascall mac Ragnaill">Ascall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>^ Disputed * Speculative</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311996#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000053025392">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22494598">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34425080">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4jkxhP6H9pPhPjDHQv3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtMJYHxP7cwRhQHF4TvHC">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/100952690">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013112208">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12068877">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvvf404zj3s9g">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811794715605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/100952690.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/169035832">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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