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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Banyuwangi_1998" title="Pembantaian Banyuwangi 1998 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Banyuwangi 1998" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Do%C4%9Fu_Java_ninja_korkusu" title="1998 Doğu Java ninja korkusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1998 Doğu Java ninja korkusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">East Javan mass hysteria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1998_East_Java_ninja_scare" title="Special:EditPage/1998 East Java ninja scare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22">"1998 East Java ninja scare"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221998+East+Java+ninja+scare%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1998 East Java ninja scare</b> was an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, in which the local population believed they were being targeted by sorcerers. In response, unidentified vigilantes, known as <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a> due to their all-black garb, killed a number of suspected sorcerers, including religious leaders. In response to these killings, other Indonesians attacked and killed suspected ninjas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scare began in February, with most of the deaths during the scare occurring between August and September.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The killings largely ended by the end of 1998, but another group of similar killings occurred in December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="National Commission on Human Rights">National Commission on Human Rights</a>, 307 people were killed during the scare in total: 194 people in <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi</a>, 108 in <a href="/wiki/Jember_Regency" title="Jember Regency">Jember</a>, and seven in <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jason Brown, <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi</a> is a centre of belief in black magic in Indonesia. Black magic practiced in Banyuwangi is a mix of animist beliefs and Islamic mysticism which developed from inter-religious conflict during the 16th century Mataram court period. Belief in black magic, or <a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">dukun santet</a>, is widespread in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspected sorcerers were also killed in Indonesia in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia saw other political and economic tensions during 1998, including the <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May riots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">resignation</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1998, residents in Kaligondo, Banyuwangi Regency became concerned with sorcery after multiple cattle became sick and died. Local resident Soemarno Adi was suspected and was lynched on 4 February. His death sparked a number of other killings by vigilante groups. Some vigilantes dressed in all black, leading to them being called ninjas. Most victims were ordinary civilians, local leaders, or clerics affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, communities targeted by the sorcerer killings began to attack and kill suspected ninjas, many of whom were people out after dark or without identity documents. The killing of suspected ninja spread to <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, although no killings by suspected ninja had been reported in those regions. By November, police in Central Java had detained around 200 mentally ill people, as they were at risk of being attacked if they were out at night and unable to explain themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 October 1998, five men were killed in the Turen area. One was beaten to death, one was burned and three were beheaded. On 20 October 1998, three killings occurred. Two had been seized from a police car by vigilantes who reportedly slit their throats; the third man was beheaded and his head paraded around on a stake.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 October at Gondanglegi, <a href="/wiki/Malang_Regency" title="Malang Regency">Malang Regency</a>, another five suspected ninjas were killed by villagers. One victim was burnt to death while another one was beheaded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 31 October and 1 November, three policemen were killed in <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> after being suspected to be ninjas. On 31 October, one man in north <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> was attacked on suspicions of being a ninja, marking the first time the scare had impacted Jakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_press_reports">Local press reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Local press reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 1998, the Surabaya Post reported "a rumour about the existence of attacks by ninja-like squads" that were targeting "community leaders as well as <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>". In response, the neighbors of ulamas began organizing guard shifts "around the houses of ulamas who have become targets". On 4 October 1998, the Jawa Post reported that "prayer teachers are in the sights of groups of dozens of killers who wear all-black clothes and masks like ninjas".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been a number of theories regarding who was behind killings. </p><p>Some have argued that the killings were encouraged covertly by the military in an effort to destabilize the new Indonesian government, or to weaken Nahdlatul Ulama or the emerging Islamic the National Awakening Party. <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> has claimed that security forces were involved. The <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="National Commission on Human Rights">National Commission on Human Rights</a> concluded in 2018 that the murders were "conducted by 'trained' and 'organized' assailants, and that national security forces enabled the killings by not intervening until September 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The killings sparked discussion on the legal regulation of sorcery, to discourage individuals from "taking the law into their own hands".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbUpAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22east+java%22+ninja&pg=PA4&article_id=2764,556298">"E Java mob lynches three policemen"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 1998-11-03. pp. A6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=E+Java+mob+lynches+three+policemen&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=1998-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbUpAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522east%2Bjava%2522%2Bninja%26pg%3DPA4%26article_id%3D2764%2C556298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvtkAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22east+java%22+ninja&pg=PA7&article_id=4125,6785997">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ninja' killings defy easy analysis"</a>. <i>The Telegraph-Herald</i>. Knight Ridder News Service. 1998-12-29. pp. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph-Herald&rft.atitle=%27Ninja%27+killings+defy+easy+analysis&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1998-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvtkAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522east%2Bjava%2522%2Bninja%26pg%3DPA7%26article_id%3D4125%2C6785997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof1998" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas D. (20 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/20/world/fears-of-sorcerers-spur-killings-in-java.html">"Fears of Sorcerers Spur Killings in Java"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fears+of+Sorcerers+Spur+Killings+in+Java&rft.date=1998-10-20&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F20%2Fworld%2Ffears-of-sorcerers-spur-killings-in-java.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2pTAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22east+java%22+ninja&pg=PA87&article_id=6382,6462271">"Ninja-style murder spree returns to Indonesia"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 1999-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ninja-style+murder+spree+returns+to+Indonesia&rft.date=1999-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2pTAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522east%2Bjava%2522%2Bninja%26pg%3DPA87%26article_id%3D6382%2C6462271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeriwati2000" class="citation news cs1">Heriwati, Retno (2000-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHRTAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22east+java%22+ninja&pg=PA31&article_id=6226,432997">"Ninja killers haunt Indonesia again"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ninja+killers+haunt+Indonesia+again&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2000-01-06&rft.aulast=Heriwati&rft.aufirst=Retno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHRTAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522east%2Bjava%2522%2Bninja%26pg%3DPA31%26article_id%3D6226%2C432997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYulisman2023" class="citation web cs1">Yulisman, Linda (2023-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2023/08/01/25-years-after-bloody-witch-hunts-in-east-java-cases-remain-unresolved.html">"25 years after bloody witch hunts in East Java, cases remain unresolved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=25+years+after+bloody+witch+hunts+in+East+Java%2C+cases+remain+unresolved&rft.date=2023-08-01&rft.aulast=Yulisman&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fpaper%2F2023%2F08%2F01%2F25-years-after-bloody-witch-hunts-in-east-java-cases-remain-unresolved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Jason (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/the-banyuwangi-murders">"The Banyuwangi murders"</a>. <i>Inside Indonesia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Indonesia&rft.atitle=The+Banyuwangi+murders&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Fthe-banyuwangi-murders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kkdAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22east+java%22+ninja&pg=PA24&article_id=5073,2428743">"Businessmen lynched by Central Java mob"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 1998-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Businessmen+lynched+by+Central+Java+mob&rft.date=1998-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kkdAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3D%2522east%2Bjava%2522%2Bninja%26pg%3DPA24%26article_id%3D5073%2C2428743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerriman2016" class="citation web cs1">Herriman, Nicholas (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmandala.org/hunting-killing-ninjas-indonesia/">"Hunting and killing ninjas in Indonesia"</a>. <i>New Mandala</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Mandala&rft.atitle=Hunting+and+killing+ninjas+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Herriman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Fhunting-killing-ninjas-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerriman2016" class="citation book cs1">Herriman, Nicholas (2016). <i>Witch-hunt and conspiracy: the 'ninja case' in East Java</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4722-33-9"><bdi>978-981-4722-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch-hunt+and+conspiracy%3A+the+%27ninja+case%27+in+East+Java&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-981-4722-33-9&rft.aulast=Herriman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998+East+Java+ninja+scare" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&oldid=1254128987">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_East_Java_ninja_scare&oldid=1254128987</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_crimes_in_Indonesia" title="Category:1998 crimes in Indonesia">1998 crimes in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_murders_in_Asia" title="Category:1998 murders in Asia">1998 murders in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asian_shamanism" title="Category:Asian shamanism">Asian shamanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banyuwangi_(town)" title="Category:Banyuwangi (town)">Banyuwangi (town)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes_involving_Satanism_or_the_occult" title="Category:Crimes involving Satanism or the occult">Crimes involving Satanism or the occult</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_East_Java" title="Category:History of East Java">History of East Java</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_psychogenic_illness_in_Asia" title="Category:Mass psychogenic illness in Asia">Mass psychogenic illness in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moral_panic" title="Category:Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ninja" title="Category:Ninja">Ninja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religiously_motivated_violence_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Religiously motivated violence in Indonesia">Religiously motivated violence in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scares" title="Category:Scares">Scares</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2018">Articles needing additional references from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 15:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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