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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_and_pre-colonial_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_pre-colonial_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early and pre-colonial eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_and_pre-colonial_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1980 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leadership in World governance initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Industry and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hospitality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Senegal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 246 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-246" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">246 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%94%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D" title="ሴኔጋል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሴኔጋል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="السنغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السنغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8n%C3%A8gal" title="Sènègal – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sènègal" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneqal" title="Seneqal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seneqal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سنقال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنقال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="সেনেগাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেনেগাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сэнэгал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэнэгал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ནི་གཱལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ནི་གཱལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegari" title="Senegari – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Senegari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegallu" title="Senegallu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Senegallu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="السينيݣال – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السينيݣال" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ސެނެގާލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސެނެގާލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Σενεγάλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σενεγάλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalo" title="Senegalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senegalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سنگال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal" title="Senegaal – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Senegaal" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeineag%C3%A1il" title="An tSeineagáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeineagáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tenegaal" title="Yn Tenegaal – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tenegaal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanagal" title="Seanagal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seanagal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%84%A4%EA%B0%88" title="세네갈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세네갈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Սենեգալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սենեգալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="সেনেগাল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সেনেগাল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISenegal" title="ISenegal – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISenegal" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C" title="סנגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal%C9%A9" title="Senegaalɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Senegaalɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೆನೆಗಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೆನೆಗಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სენეგალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენეგალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegali" title="Senegali – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Senegali" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senangale" title="Senangale – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Senangale" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegala" title="Senegala – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Senegala" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຊເນການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊເນການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalia" title="Senegalia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Senegalia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneg%C4%81la" title="Senegāla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senegāla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalas" title="Senegalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senegalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegale" title="Senegale – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Senegale" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalu" title="Senegalu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Senegalu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/senegal" title="senegal – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="senegal" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeneg%C3%A1l" title="Szenegál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szenegál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaly" title="Senegaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Senegaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BD" title="സെനെഗൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെനെഗൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henekara" title="Henekara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Henekara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेनेगाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სენეგალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სენეგალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سينيجال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سينيجال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سنگال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سنگال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯁꯦꯅꯦꯒꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯅꯦꯒꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сэнэгал – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сэнэгал" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆီနီဂေါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီနီဂေါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB" title="セネガル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セネガル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߛߣߍ߬ߜ߭ߊ߯ߟߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߣߍ߬ߜ߭ߊ߯ߟߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seenegal" title="Seenegal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Seenegal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal" title="Senegaal – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Senegaal" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal" title="Senegaal – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Senegaal" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸੇਨੇਗਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਨੇਗਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سینیگال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سینیگال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سېنېګال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سېنېګال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigal" title="Senigal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Senigal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniqal" title="Siniqal – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siniqal" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенеґал – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сенеґал" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="सेनेगल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सेनेगल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneg%C3%A4le" title="Senegäle – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Senegäle" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱱᱮᱜᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegali" title="Senegali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Senegali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegallu" title="Senegallu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Senegallu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="සෙනගාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙනගාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سينيگال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سينيگال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synegal" title="Synegal – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Synegal" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal" title="Senegaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Senegaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سێنیگال – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێنیگال" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செனிகல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செனிகல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigal" title="Sinigal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sinigal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigal" title="Sinigal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Sinigal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသီႇၼီႇၵႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသီႇၼီႇၵႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="సెనెగల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెనెగల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ประเทศเซเนกัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเซเนกัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%94%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8D" title="ሴኔጋል – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሴኔጋል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegat" title="Senegat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Senegat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сенегал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сенегал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سینیگال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سینیگال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سېنېگال – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سېنېگال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal%C3%A4n" title="Senegalän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Senegalän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE" title="塞內加爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塞內加爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegaal" title="Senegaal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Senegaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE" title="塞內加爾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞內加爾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C" title="סענעגאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סענעגאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE" title="塞內加爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞內加爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senehal" title="Senehal – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Senehal" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegals" title="Senegals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senegals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞内加尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sénégal" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalt%C3%B2" title="Senegaltò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Senegaltò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Senegal" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senegal&params=14_N_14_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°N</span> <span class="longitude">14°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14°N 14°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14; -14</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country on the coast of West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the river, see <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Senegal</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Sénégal</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Wolof-language text"><i lang="wo">Réewum Senegaal</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="Pulaar-language text"><i lang="fuc">Ndenndaandi Senegaal</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Senegal"><img alt="Flag of Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/125px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/188px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/250px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Senegal"><img alt="Coat of arms of Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1085" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal" title="Coat of arms of Senegal"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Wolof-language text"><span lang="wo" style="font-style: normal;">"Benn askan, Benn mébet, Benn ngëm"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"One People, One Goal, One Faith"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Le_Lion_rouge" title="Le Lion rouge">Gaynde gu xonq gi</a>"</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"The Red Lion"</span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/National_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/National_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Senegal.ogg&lang=wo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="wo" label="Wolof ‪(wo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Senegal (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Senegal (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Senegal_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Senegal (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senegal&params=14_40_N_17_25_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">17°25′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.667°N 17.417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.667; -17.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaar">Pulaar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Diola language">Diola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a><sup id="cite_ref-SenegalNationalLangs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SenegalNationalLangs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a><sup id="cite_ref-WolofStatus_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolofStatus-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaar">Pulaar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Diola language">Diola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malinke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinke language">Malinke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-ArabicStatus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArabicStatus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>39.7% <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li><li>27.5% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li><li>16.0% <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a></li><li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li><li>4.2% <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li><li>5.4% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>97.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Islam</a></li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Christianity</a></li><li>0.1% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese people">Senegalese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Senegal" title="Politics of Senegal">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Senegal">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sonko" title="Ousmane Sonko">Ousmane Sonko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Senegal">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Mame_Diop" title="Amadou Mame Diop">Amadou Mame Diop</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Senegal)" title="National Assembly (Senegal)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from France<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Withdrawal from<br />the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1989</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">196,722<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (75,955 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">86th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18,847,519<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">68th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $78.547 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.SN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $4,324<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.SN_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">156th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $31.141 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.SN_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">111th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,714<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.SN_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.SN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">157th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">40.3<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.517<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">169th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Senegal" title="Telephone numbers in Senegal">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B221" class="mw-redirect" title="+221">+221</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SN" title="ISO 3166-2:SN">SN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.sn" title=".sn">.sn</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Senegal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Senegal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the westernmost country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Mauritania–Senegal border">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Mali–Senegal border">the east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Guinea–Senegal border">the southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border">the southwest</a>. Senegal nearly <a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Gambia–Senegal border">surrounds</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a>, which separates Senegal's southern region of <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> from the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also shares a maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>. Senegal's economic and political capital is <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>. </p><p>Senegal is the westernmost country in the mainland of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It owes its name to the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>, which borders it to the east and north.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate is typically <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a>, though there is a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a>. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 18 million.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a>; since the country's foundation in 1960, it has been recognized as one of the most stable countries on the African continent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices" title="V-Dem Democracy Indices">V-Dem Democracy Indices</a>, Senegal is ranked 52nd in electoral democracy worldwide and 4th in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_democracy_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vdem_dataset_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state was formed as part of the independence of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial rule</a>. Because of this history, French is the official language, but it is understood by only a minority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Over 30 languages</a> are spoken in Senegal. <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> is the most widely spoken one, with 80% of the population speaking it as a first or second language,<sup id="cite_ref-What_Languages_Are_Spoken_in_Senegal?_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_Languages_Are_Spoken_in_Senegal?-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as Senegal's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> alongside French. Like other African nations, the country includes a wide <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">mix of ethnic and linguistic communities</a>, with the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a>. Senegalese people are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">heavily indebted poor country</a>, with a relatively low ranking on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (170th out of 191). Most of the population lives on the coast and works <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal" title="Agriculture in Senegal">in agriculture or other food industries</a>; other major industries include mining, tourism, and services.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country does not have notable natural resources, <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">but the basis of its development lies in education,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (February 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> where almost half the state's budget is spent.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegal is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a>. In the world of <a href="/wiki/Motor_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sports">motor sports</a>, Senegal is known for the <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Dakar_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris–Dakar Rally">Paris–Dakar Rally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country of Senegal is named after the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>. The name of the river may derive from a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> transliteration of the name of the <a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fass_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fass-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it could be a combination of the supreme deity in <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> (<i>Rog Sene</i>) and <i>o gal</i> meaning <i>body of water</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a>. French author and priest David Boilat put forward the theory that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> phrase "sunuu gaal", which means "our canoe".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History of Senegal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_pre-colonial_eras">Early and pre-colonial eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early and pre-colonial eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups. Some kingdoms were created around the seventh century: <a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a> in the sixth century, Namandiru and the <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof Empire</a> during the 13th and 14th centuries. Eastern Senegal was once part of the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>. </p><p>Islam was introduced through <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> contact with the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, who in turn propagated it with the help of the Almoravids and Toucouleur allies. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions, the Serers in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal was also founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">enslaved</a>, typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united <a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a> and the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Siné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futa_Tooro" title="Futa Tooro">Futa Tooro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bambouk" title="Bambouk">Bambouk</a>, or much of present-day West Africa. The empire was a voluntary confederacy of various states rather than being built on military conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-charles_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charles-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire was founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a part <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and part Toucouleur, who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities, but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg/220px-AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg/330px-AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg/440px-AMH-8133-KB_Floor_plan_of_the_fort_on_Goeree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was the first European power to colonize Senegal, beginning with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a> in 1444 at <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée Island</a> and ending in 1888, when the Portuguese gave <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a> to the French.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-15th century, the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline, followed by traders representing other countries, including the French.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward. </p><p>In 1677, France gained control of what had become a minor departure point in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>: the island of <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a> next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-h-net.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-net.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> in the 19th century. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in France">abolitionist</a> doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. French colonists under Governor <a href="/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe" title="Louis Faidherbe">Louis Faidherbe</a> progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except the Serer Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-charles_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charles-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg/170px-Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg/255px-Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg/340px-Marchands_d%27esclaves_de_Gor%C3%A9e-Jacques_Grasset_de_Saint-Sauveur_mg_8526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3585" /></a><figcaption>French slave traders in <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yoro_Dyao" title="Yoro Dyao">Yoro Dyao</a> was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe,<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_II_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_II-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolof_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolof-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegalese resistance to the French expansion was led in part by <a href="/wiki/Lat-Dior" class="mw-redirect" title="Lat-Dior">Lat-Dior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damel" title="Damel">Damel</a> of Cayor, and <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a>, King of Sine), resulting in the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a>―the battle in which the Serer King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a> went to war against the mighty <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, where the French decided to take revenge against Sine following their humiliating defeat at <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Djilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle of Djilor (page does not exist)">the Battle of Djilor</a>. The Battle of Logandème was the first battle on Senegambian soil where the French decided to employ cannonball.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Damascus (1918)">taking of Damascus</a> by Australians, before the expected arrival of the famed <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Arabia">Lawrence of Arabia</a>. French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a> (September 23–25, 1940) was an unsuccessful attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> to capture the strategic port and overthrow the pro-German <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> administration in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg/260px-Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg/390px-Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg/520px-Mali_Federation_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></figcaption></figure><p>In January 1959, Senegal and the <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a>, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960 when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>) each proclaimed independence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> was elected Senegal's first president in August 1960. Pro-African, Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the breakup of the Mali Federation, Senghor and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Dia" title="Mamadou Dia">Mamadou Dia</a> governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an <a href="/wiki/1962_Senegalese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Senegalese coup d'état attempt">attempted coup</a> by Dia. The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President's power. </p><p>Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senghor's party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Senegal" title="Socialist Party of Senegal">Socialist Party of Senegal</a>), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975. In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976—a Marxist party (the <a href="/wiki/African_Independence_Party_%E2%80%93_Renewal" title="African Independence Party – Renewal">African Independence Party</a>) and a liberal party (the <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Democratic_Party" title="Senegalese Democratic Party">Senegalese Democratic Party</a>). </p><p>The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal's borders by the Portuguese military from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>. In response, Senegal petitioned the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_178" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 178">in 1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_204" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 204">1965</a>, 1969 (in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_294" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 294">1971</a> and finally in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_321" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 321">1972</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_to_present">1980 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, Senghor decided to retire from politics. The next year, he transferred power in 1981 to his hand-picked successor, <a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>. Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Dia" title="Mamadou Dia">Mamadou Dia</a>, who was Senghor's rival, ran for election in 1983 against Diouf, but lost. Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95. </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Boubacar_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Boubacar Lam">Boubacar Lam</a> discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Tuculor</a> noble, <a href="/wiki/Yoro_Dy%C3%A2o" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoro Dyâo">Yoro Dyâo</a>, not long after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which documented migrations into West Africa from the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>; ethnic groups, from the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, retained traditions of having an eastern origin.<sup id="cite_ref-AfrAm_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfrAm-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal joined with <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> to form the nominal <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a> on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group (<a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Casamance" title="Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance">Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance</a> or MFDC) in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a>. In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Abdou Diouf served four terms as president. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, over 500 Senegalese participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a> and the unexpected <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">Liberation of Kuwait campaign</a>, under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a>, and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results have not yet yielded a resolution. </p><p>In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the <a href="/wiki/2012_Senegalese_presidential_election" title="2012 Senegalese presidential election">presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> was elected as the new President of Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Macky Sall was re-elected in <a href="/wiki/2019_Senegalese_presidential_election" title="2019 Senegalese presidential election">2019 elections</a>. The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 3 March 2021, Senegal has been rocked by a series of <a href="/wiki/2021_Senegalese_protests" title="2021 Senegalese protests">mass protests</a> in response to the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sonko" title="Ousmane Sonko">Ousmane Sonko</a> for alleged rape and mishandling of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. In June 2023, the response to the protests turned increasingly violent, with Amnesty International counting 23 fatalities, most of which were caused by bullets fired by police or armed police collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-police_violence_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-police_violence-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, Opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a> won the Senegal's presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Senegalese_presidential_election" title="2024 Senegalese presidential election">election</a> over candidate of the ruling coalition, becoming the youngest president in Senegal's history.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Senegal" title="Politics of Senegal">Politics of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg/170px-Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg/255px-Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg/340px-Macky_Sall_-_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a>, President of Senegal (2012–2024)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg/170px-Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg/255px-Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg/340px-Abdoulaye_Wade_in_16-05-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a>, President of Senegal (2000–2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Senegal" title="Elections in Senegal">elected</a> every five years as of 2016, previously being seven years from independence to 2001, five years from 2001 to 2008, and seven years again from 2008 to 2016, by adult voters. The first president, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, was a poet and writer, and was the first African elected to the <i>Académie française</i>. Senegal's second president, <a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a>, later served as general secretary of the <i>Organisation de la Francophonie</i>. The third president was <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a>, a lawyer. The fourth president was <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a>, elected in March 2012 and reelected in February <a href="/wiki/2019_in_Senegal" title="2019 in Senegal">2019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 25, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a> became the fifth democratically elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliament consists of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Senegal">National Assembly</a>, which has 150 seats (a <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)" title="Senate (Senegal)">Senate</a> was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-cia_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice, members of which are named by the president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, Senegal has a quasi-democratic political culture, one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed and held accountable by the president. <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabouts</a>, religious leaders of the various <a href="/wiki/Muslim_brotherhoods_of_Senegal" title="Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal">Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal</a>, have also exercised a strong political influence in the country especially during Wade's presidency. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> downgraded Senegal's status from "Free" to "Partially Free", based on increased centralisation of power in the executive. By 2014, it had recovered its Free status.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Index_of_African_Governance" title="Ibrahim Index of African Governance">Ibrahim Index of African Governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrahim_index_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrahim_index-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance (limited to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> until 2008), based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to their citizens. When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing ahead of Senegal). As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Senegal's Ibrahim Index rank has declined another point to 16th of 52 African countries. </p><p>On 22 February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic ties with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_presidential_election,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese presidential election, 2012">2012 presidential election</a> was controversial due to President Wade's candidacy, as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run again. Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and <a href="/wiki/Y%27en_a_Marre" title="Y'en a Marre">Y'en a Marre</a>, emerged in June 2011. In the end, Macky Sall of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Republic_(Senegal)" title="Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)">Alliance for the Republic</a> won, and Wade conceded the election to Sall. This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the EU<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a show of "maturity". </p><p>On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated $15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Senegalese_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Senegalese parliamentary election">parliamentary election</a>. President Macky Sall's ruling coalition took 125 seats in the 165-seat National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won <a href="/wiki/2019_Senegalese_presidential_election" title="2019 Senegalese presidential election">re-election</a> in the first round.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 April 2024, his successor Bassirou Diomaye Faye was sworn in.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_in_World_governance_initiatives">Leadership in World governance initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leadership in World governance initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senegal has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">president of Senegal</a> signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Senegal" title="Regions of Senegal">Regions of Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Senegal" title="Departments of Senegal">Departments of Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Senegal" title="Arrondissements of Senegal">Arrondissements of Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Senegal" title="Communes of Senegal">Communes of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal,_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg/450px-Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg/675px-Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg/900px-Senegal%2C_administrative_divisions_in_colour_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each administered by a <i>Conseil Régional</i> (Regional Council) elected by population weight at the <i>Arrondissement</i> level. The country is further subdivided by 45 <i>Départements</i>, 113 <i>Arrondissements</i> (neither of which have administrative function) and by <i>Collectivités Locales</i>, which elect administrative officers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Region" title="Dakar Region">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diourbel_Region" title="Diourbel Region">Diourbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick_Region" title="Fatick Region">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffrine_Region" title="Kaffrine Region">Kaffrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolack_Region" title="Kaolack Region">Kaolack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9dougou_Region" title="Kédougou Region">Kédougou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolda_Region" title="Kolda Region">Kolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louga_Region" title="Louga Region">Louga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matam_Region" title="Matam Region">Matam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_Region" title="Saint-Louis Region">Saint-Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9dhiou_Region" title="Sédhiou Region">Sédhiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambacounda_Region" title="Tambacounda Region">Tambacounda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s_Region" title="Thiès Region">Thiès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region" title="Ziguinchor Region">Ziguinchor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Senegal" title="Foreign relations of Senegal">Foreign relations of Senegal</a></div> <p>Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> in 1988–89 and 2015–2016. It was elected to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on Human Rights">UN Commission on Human Rights</a> in 1997. Friendly to the West, especially to the United States, Senegal has vigorously advocated for more assistance from developed countries to the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Foreign Minister of Senegal">Foreign Minister of Senegal</a> is <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFssata_Tall_Sall" title="Aïssata Tall Sall">Aïssata Tall Sall</a>. She took office in November 2020. </p><p>Historically, Senegal has been close to France, its former colonizer, but this had caused a great amount of tension with the people and was one of the reasons why former President Macky Sall lost support. Senegalese often complained that Sall was consistently giving French companies priority contracts to extract Senegal's natural resources rather than giving the contracts to whoever offered Senegal the best deal. They also believed France was pushing Macky Sall to run for an unconstitutional third term. After debating whether to run a third time for months, Sall did not.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. In spite of clear progress on other issues with <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), an estimated 35,000 Mauritanian refugees (of the estimated 40,000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989) remain in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Morocco–Senegal relations">Morocco–Senegal</a> relations have also been courteous, as the new <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a> invited the king of Morocco on his swearing ceremony in 2024. </p><p>Senegal is well integrated with the main bodies of the international community, including the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS), the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU), and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a>. </p><p>Senegal is the 84th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor,_Senegal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg/220px-Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg/330px-Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg/440px-Landmine_warning_sign_near_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="2865" /></a><figcaption>Land mines were widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> between separatist rebels and the central government.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal" title="Armed Forces of Senegal">Armed Forces of Senegal</a> consist of about 17,000 personnel in the army, <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Air_Force" title="Senegalese Air Force">air force</a>, navy, and gendarmerie. The Senegalese military receives most of its training, equipment, and support from France and the United States, and to a lesser extent Germany. </p><p>Military noninterference in political affairs has contributed to Senegal's stability since independence. Senegal has participated in many international and regional peacekeeping missions. Most recently, in 2000, Senegal sent a battalion to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> to participate in <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a>, the United Nations peacekeeping mission, and agreed to deploy a US-trained battalion to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> for <a href="/wiki/UNAMSIL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAMSIL">UNAMSIL</a>, another UN peacekeeping mission. </p><p>In 2015, Senegal participated in the Saudi Arabian-led <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senegal is a secular state, as defined in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Senegal" title="Constitution of Senegal">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Senegal_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Senegal-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To fight corruption, the government has created the National Anti-Corruption Office (OFNAC) and the Commission of Restitution and Recovery of Illegally Acquired Assets. According to Business Anti-Corruption Portal, President Sall created the OFNAC to replace the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non-Transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). It is said that the OFNAC represents a more effective tool for fighting corruption than the CNLCC established under former President Wade.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission of OFNAC is to fight corruption, embezzlement of public funds and fraud. OFNAC has the power of self-referral (own initiative investigation). OFNAC is composed of twelve members appointed by decree. </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Senegal">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2013 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 96% of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<sup id="cite_ref-pewglobal.org_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewglobal.org-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBTQ community members in Senegal report a strong feeling of being unsafe.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Geography of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Senegal_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Senegal map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casamance_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Casamance_landscape.jpg/220px-Casamance_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Casamance_landscape.jpg/330px-Casamance_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Casamance_landscape.jpg/440px-Casamance_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Landscape of <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/12th_parallel_north" title="12th parallel north">12°</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_west" title="11th meridian west">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_meridian_west" title="18th meridian west">18°W</a>. </p><p>Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, namely on the north, east and south, except for Gambia's short Atlantic coastline. </p><p>The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's highest point, Baunez ridge situated 2.7 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Nepen_Diakha" title="Nepen Diakha">Nepen Diakha</a> at 648 m (2,126 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern border is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>; other rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casamance_River" title="Casamance River">Casamance Rivers</a>. The capital Dakar lies on the <a href="/wiki/Cap-Vert" title="Cap-Vert">Cap-Vert</a> peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands lie some 560 kilometres (350 mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap-Vert ("Cape Green") is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles", a 105-metre (344 ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap-Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the westernmost point in Africa. </p><p>Senegal contains four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.11/10, ranking it 56th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal#Climate" title="Geography of Senegal">Geography of Senegal § Climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngor_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ngor_Beach.jpg/220px-Ngor_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ngor_Beach.jpg/330px-Ngor_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ngor_Beach.jpg/440px-Ngor_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="2606" /></a><figcaption>Beach at <a href="/wiki/Ngor,_Dakar" title="Ngor, Dakar">N'Gor</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> with pleasant heat throughout the year with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. The dry season (December to April) is dominated by hot, dry, <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a> wind.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 °C (86.0 °F) and minimums 24.2 °C (75.6 °F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) and minimums 18 °C (64.4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) respectively, compared to Dakar's 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) ),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm (59.1 in) annually in some areas. </p><p>In Tambacounda in the far interior, particularly on the border of Mali where desert begins, temperatures can reach as high as 54 °C (129.2 °F). The northernmost part of the country is the <a href="/wiki/Lompoul_desert" title="Lompoul desert">Lompoul desert</a> that has a near <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a>, the central part has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> and the southernmost part has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a>. Senegal is mainly a sunny and dry country. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Econimpact2c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Econimpact2c.png/300px-Econimpact2c.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Econimpact2c.png/450px-Econimpact2c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Econimpact2c.png/600px-Econimpact2c.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Economic impact of 2°C in Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">Climate change in Senegal</a> will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in Senegal. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1.5 and 4 °C (3 °F and 7 °F) by mid-century, relative to 1986–2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:7_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:7-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:8_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:8-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:9_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:9-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sea level is expected to rise faster in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> than the global average.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:10_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:10-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:11_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:11-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Senegal is currently not a major contributor to global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, it is one of the countries most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable</a> to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:12_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:12-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Extreme <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> is impacting <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and causing food and job insecurity. More than 70% of the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> is employed in the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal" title="Agriculture in Senegal">agricultural sector</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> and resulting <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> is expected to cause damage to coastal infrastructure and displace a large percentage of the population living in <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> areas. Climate change also has the potential to increase <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> that will likely increase <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in eastern Senegal, leading to an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Senegal_:1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Senegal" title="Wildlife of Senegal">Wildlife of Senegal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Economy of Senegal</a></div><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg/220px-Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg/330px-Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg/440px-Dakar-Ind%C3%A9pendance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal's <i>place de l'Indépendance</i>: a center of government, banking and trade. In the background is the commercial port and the tourist area, <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a> island.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">economy of Senegal</a> is driven by mining, construction, tourism, fishing and agriculture, which are the main sources of employment in rural areas, despite abundant natural resources in iron, zircon, gas, gold, phosphates, and numerous oil discoveries recently. Senegal's economy gains most of its foreign exchange from <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock phosphate">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourist_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist industry">tourism</a>, and services. As one of the dominant parts of the economy, the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> sector of Senegal is highly vulnerable to environmental conditions, such as variations in rainfall <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">and climate change</a>, and changes in world <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity prices</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, the former capital of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, is also home to banks and other institutions which serve all of Francophone West Africa, and is a hub for shipping and transport in the region. </p><p>Senegal also has one of the best developed tourist industries in Africa. Senegal's economy depends on foreign assistance. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. </p> The main obstacles to the economic development of the country are its great <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Senegal" title="Corruption in Senegal">corruption</a> with inefficient justice, very slow administrative formalities, and a failing education sector.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/220px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/330px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG/440px-Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of real GDP per capita in Senegal and Gambia, since 1950</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_trade">Industry and trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Industry and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Senegal_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Senegal exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Senegal: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo-Dakar_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Dakar Highway">Cairo-Dakar Highway</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Ndjamena Highway">Dakar-Ndjamena Highway</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Lagos Highway">Dakar-Lagos Highway</a> (7)</li></ul> <p>The main industries include <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, mining, cement, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial fertilizer">artificial fertilizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refining</a> imported petroleum, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Senegal" title="Tourism in Senegal">tourism</a>. Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">groundnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>. The largest export markets as of 2020 are <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), and India (8.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a> (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a>. Senegal is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/OHADA" title="OHADA">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID), Japan, France and China. Over 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-peacecorps.gov_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peacecorps.gov-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal" title="Agriculture in Senegal">Agriculture in Senegal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Senegal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg/260px-Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg/390px-Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cowpea_vendors_Thies_Senegal_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">Cowpea</a> vendors near Thies, Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture is one of the dominant parts of Senegal's economy, even though Senegal lies within the drought-prone <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region. As only about 5% of the land is <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigated</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Senegal continues to rely on rain-fed agriculture. Agriculture occupies about 75% of the workforce. Despite a relatively wide variety of agricultural production, the majority of farmers produce for <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence</a> needs. <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> are the primary food crops grown in Senegal. Production is subject to drought and threats of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Locusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Locusts">locusts</a>, birds, <a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">fruit flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="White flies">white flies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">effects of climate change in Senegal</a> are expected to severely harm the agricultural economy due to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> such as drought, as well as increased temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Senegal_:0-Sen_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Senegal_:0-Sen-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegal is a net food importer, particularly for rice, which represents almost 75% of cereal imports. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> are important <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a>, and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are grown for local and export markets. In 2006 <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> exports soared to $280 million, making it by far the leading agricultural export. <a href="/wiki/Green_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Green beans">Green beans</a>, industrial <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_tomato" title="Cherry tomato">cherry tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> are Senegal's main vegetable cash crops. The <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> region, isolated from the rest of Senegal by <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, is an important agriculture producing area, but without the infrastructure or <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Senegal">transportation</a> links to improve its capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Despite the lack of modernization of <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">artisanal fishing</a>, the fishing sector remains Senegal's main economic resource and major foreign exchange earner. The livestock and poultry sectors are relatively underdeveloped and have potential for modernization, development and growth. Senegal imports most of its milk and dairy products. The sector is inhibited due to low output and limited investments. The potential production of fauna and forest products is high and diversified and could, if well organized, benefit poor farmers in rural areas. Although the agricultural sector was impacted by a locust invasion in 2004, it has recovered and gross agricultural production is expected to increase by 6.1% in 2006 and 5.1% in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Senegal_fas-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoff_Beach_(Dakar),_Senegal_2013_(8750149526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg/220px-Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg/330px-Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg/440px-Yoff_Beach_%28Dakar%29%2C_Senegal_2013_%288750149526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Fishing boats in Dakar</figcaption></figure><p>Senegal has a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) exclusive fishing zone that has been regularly breached in recent years (as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). It has been estimated that the country's fishermen lose 300,000 tonnes of fish each year to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a>. The Senegalese government have tried to control the illegal fishing which is conducted by <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing trawlers">fishing trawlers</a>, some of which are registered in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> and Ukraine. In January 2014, a Russian trawler, <i>Oleg Naydenov</i>, was seized by Senegalese authorities close to the maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Senegal" title="Energy in Senegal">Energy in Senegal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Senegal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senegal_electricity_production.svg/400px-Senegal_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senegal_electricity_production.svg/600px-Senegal_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Senegal_electricity_production.svg/800px-Senegal_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Senegal electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <p>As of April 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Senegal" title="Energy in Senegal">energy sector in Senegal</a> has an installed capacity of 1431 megawatts (MW).<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Senegal_:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Senegal_:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy is produced by private operators and sold to the <a href="/wiki/Senelec" title="Senelec">Senelec</a> energy corporation. According to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency, Senegal had nearly 70% of the country connected to the national grid.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Senegal_:1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Senegal_:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current government strategies for electrification include investments in off-grid solar and connection to the grid.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Senegal_:0_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Senegal_:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Senegal_:1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Senegal_:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Most of the energy production is from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> and gas (733 of 864 MW).<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Senegal_:0_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Senegal_:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increasing amount of the energy production comes from <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable sources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Manantali_Dam" title="Manantali Dam">Manantali Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and a new wind farm in <a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s_Region" title="Thiès Region">Thiès</a> opened in 2020—however, it is still a small portion of the total production. Despite increases in production in the 2010s, the economy is frequently hindered by energy shortages compared to demand.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Demographics of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_population.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Senegal_population.svg/450px-Senegal_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Senegal_population.svg/675px-Senegal_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Senegal_population.svg/900px-Senegal_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Senegal's population from 1960 to 2017 (in millions)</figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal has a population of around 18 million, about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre (200/sq mi) in the west-central region to 2 per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi) in the arid eastern section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Women in Senegal</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Senegal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Senegal ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a>, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups in Senegal</a></div> <p>Senegal has a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken. According to "<a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>: Senegal" (2019 estimates), the ethnic groups are <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> (39%); <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> (probably including the <a href="/wiki/Halpulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Halpulaar">Halpulaar</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a>) (27.5%); <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer group</a> (probably including the <a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Serer Cangin peoples</a>) (16%); <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> (4.9%); <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a> (4.2%); <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> (2.4%); other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent), and other minor ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Maures</a> or (Naarkajors).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#A6CEE3; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 171.54162365571px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 98.751192990732px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 50.952544949443px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:86.074202700394px 50.904141575037px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 120.87923504096px 100px 0; border-right-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Ethnic groups in Senegal </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> (39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> (27.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> (16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> (4.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a> (4.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Sonike</a> (2.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> Other (6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, primarily in the country's north.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>World Refugee Survey 2008</i>, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal has a population of <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007. The majority of this population (20,200) is from Mauritania. Refugees live in N'dioum, Dodel, and small settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Languages of Senegal</a></div> <p>French is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, spoken by all those who have spent several years in the educational system, in which French is used as the medium of instruction (Koranic schools are also popular, but Arabic is less widely spoken outside of the context of recitation). Overall, speakers of French were estimated to make up 26% of the population in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th century, many European territories started to engage in trade in Senegal. In the 19th century, France increased its colonial influence in Senegal and thus the number of French-speaking people multiplied continuously. French was ratified as the official language of Senegal in 1960 when the country achieved independence. </p><p>Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaar">Pulaar</a> is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur. The <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a> is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the <a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin languages</a>, whose speakers are ethnically Serers. <a href="/wiki/Jola_languages" title="Jola languages">Jola languages</a> are widely spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a>. Overall Senegal is home to around 39 distinct languages. Several have the legal status of "<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a>": <a href="/wiki/Balanta-Ganja_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanta-Ganja language">Balanta-Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jola-Fonyi_language" title="Jola-Fonyi language">Jola-Fonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandjak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandjak language">Mandjak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankanya_language" title="Mankanya language">Mankanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a> (Serer-Noon), <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>, Serer, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>, and Wolof. </p><p>English is taught as a <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">foreign language</a> in secondary schools and many graduate school programs, and it is the only subject matter that has a special office in the Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-warwick_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warwick-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dakar hosts a couple of Bilingual schools which offer 50% of their syllabus in English. The Senegalese American Bilingual School (SABS), Yavuz Selim, and The West African College of the Atlantic (WACA) train thousands of fluent English speakers in four-year programs. English is widely used by the scientific community and in business, including by the <i>Modou-Modou</i> (illiterate, self-taught businessmen).<sup id="cite_ref-warwick_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warwick-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Creole">Portuguese Creole</a>, locally known as Portuguese, is a prominent minority language in <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a>, regional capital of the Casamance, spoken by local Portuguese creoles and immigrants from Guinea-Bissau. The local Cape Verdean community speak a similar Portuguese creole, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a>, and standard Portuguese. Portuguese was introduced in Senegal's secondary education in 1961 in Dakar by the country's first president, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>. It is currently available in most of Senegal and in higher education. It is especially prevalent in Casamance as it relates with the local cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_(5651584098).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg/220px-Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg/330px-Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg/440px-Dakar_Roofs_-_Beach_%26_Ocean_%285651584098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="2574" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Yoff Commune, Dakar</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of immigrant languages are spoken, such as <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> (70,000), <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mooré</a> (37,000), <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Kabuverdiano</a> (34,000), <a href="/wiki/Krio_language" title="Krio language">Krio</a> (6,100), Vietnamese (2,500), and Portuguese (1,700), mostly in Dakar.<sup id="cite_ref-warwick_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warwick-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While French is the sole official language, a rising Senegalese linguistic nationalist movement supports the integration of Wolof, the common vernacular language of the country, into the national constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senegalese regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies and Ziguinchor are members of the International Association of Francophone regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Largest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">List of cities in Senegal</a></div> <p>Dakar, the capital, is by far the largest city in Senegal, with over two million residents.<sup id="cite_ref-ANSD-population_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSD-population-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Touba,_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Touba, Senegal">Touba</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> communaute rurale</i> (rural community), with over half a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-ANSD-population_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSD-population-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Senegal</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2013 Census<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Senegal" title="Regions of Senegal">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dakar"><img alt="Dakar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg/120px-Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg/180px-Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg/240px-Dakar_-_Panorama_urbain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Region" title="Dakar Region">Dakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,646,503 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pikine.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pikine"><img alt="Pikine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pikine.gif/120px-Pikine.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pikine.gif/180px-Pikine.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pikine.gif/240px-Pikine.gif 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pikine" title="Pikine">Pikine</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MedinaBaayMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaolack"><img alt="Kaolack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MedinaBaayMosque.jpg/120px-MedinaBaayMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MedinaBaayMosque.jpg/180px-MedinaBaayMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/MedinaBaayMosque.jpg/240px-MedinaBaayMosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kaolack" title="Kaolack">Kaolack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Touba" title="Touba">Touba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diourbel_Region" title="Diourbel Region">Diourbel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">753,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pikine" title="Pikine">Pikine</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Region" title="Dakar Region">Dakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">317,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaolack" title="Kaolack">Kaolack</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaolack_Region" title="Kaolack Region">Kaolack</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">233,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%27Bour" title="M'Bour">M'bour</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s_Region" title="Thiès Region">Thiès</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">232,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rufisque" title="Rufisque">Rufisque</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Region" title="Dakar Region">Dakar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">221,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region" title="Ziguinchor Region">Ziguinchor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,294 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diourbel" title="Diourbel">Diourbel</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diourbel_Region" title="Diourbel Region">Diourbel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tambacounda" title="Tambacounda">Tambacounda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tambacounda_Region" title="Tambacounda Region">Tambacounda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Louga" title="Louga">Louga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Louga_Region" title="Louga Region">Louga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,349 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Religion in Senegal</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Orange; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 562.53406853567px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Senegal (2022, estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (97.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> Christianity (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Senegal is a secular state.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Senegal_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Senegal-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to "CIA World Factbook: Senegal" <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in the country, practiced by 97.2% of the country's population; the Christian community, at 2.7% of the population, consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> but there are also diverse <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a> denominations. Less than one percent has <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a> beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> follow the <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Berkley Center, "approximately 95 percent of the population is Muslim and the other five percent is primarily Christian or animist."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marloes Janson, of SOAS, University of London, and other scholars, posit that, in Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, and many African countries where Islam is dominant, Muslim communities tend to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretise</a> Islam with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a>, leading to a distinctive "African Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 Pew demographic study, 55% of the Muslims in Senegal are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> influences, whilst 27% are <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic communities in Senegal are generally organized around one of several Islamic Sufi orders called <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqas</a>, headed by a <i><a href="/wiki/Khalif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalif">khalif</a></i> (<i>xaliifa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, from Arabic <i>khalīfa</i>), who is usually a direct descendant of the group's founder; the study found that 92% of Senegalese Muslims belonged to a Sufi order. The two largest and most prominent Sufi tariqas in Senegal are the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a>, whose largest Senegalese sub-groups are based in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tivaouane" title="Tivaouane">Tivaouane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaolack" title="Kaolack">Kaolack</a> and has broad following in West Africa outside of Senegal, and the <a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Murīdiyya (Murid)</a>, who are based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Touba,_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Touba, Senegal">Touba</a> and has a follower base mostly limited to within Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Saintlouis_mosqu%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>A mosque in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakar_cathedrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/220px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/330px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dakar_cathedrale.jpg/440px-Dakar_cathedrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victories_Cathedral,_Dakar" title="Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Dakar">Our Lady of Victories Cathedral</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Halpulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Halpulaar">Halpulaar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaar">Pulaar</a>-speakers), composed of <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a>, a widespread group found along the Sahel from Chad to Senegal, and <i><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleurs</a></i>, represent 23.8 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, they were the first to become Muslim. Many of the <i>Toucouleurs</i>, or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north, converted to Islam around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam's propagation throughout Senegal. Success was gained among the Wolofs, but repulsed by the Serers. Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley, however, were not thoroughly <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamized</a>. The Serer people stood out as one of this group, who spent over one thousand years resisting Islamization (see <a href="/wiki/Serer_history_(medieval_era_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer history (medieval era to present)">Serer history</a>). Although many Serers are Christians or Muslim, their conversion to Islam in particular is very recent and came of free will rather than by force, after forced conversion had been unsuccessfully tried centuries earlier (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of formal Quranic school (called <i>daara</i> in Wolof) during the colonial period increased largely through the effort of the Tidjâniyya. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies, the term <i>daara</i> often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Other Islamic groups include the much older Qādiriyya order and the Senegalese <a href="/wiki/Layene" title="Layene">Laayeen</a> order, which is prominent among the coastal Lebu. Today, most Senegalese children study at <i>daara</i>s for several years, memorizing as much of the Qur'an as they can. Some of them continue their religious studies at councils (<i>majlis</i>) or at the growing number of private Arabic schools and publicly funded Franco-Arabic schools. </p><p>Small Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer, <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a> and Balant populations, and in eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui. The Protestant churches are mainly attended by immigrants but during the second half of the 20th century Protestant churches led by Senegalese leaders from different ethnic groups have evolved. In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese, Cape Verdean, European, and American immigrant populations, and among certain Africans of other countries as well as by the Senegalese themselves. Although Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, was a Catholic Serer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> encompasses a belief in a supreme deity called <a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer cosmogony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> ceremonies such as the annual <i><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></i> (or <i>Khoy</i>) ceremony presided over by the Serer <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigues</a> (high priests and priestesses). <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambian</a> (both Senegal and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>) Muslim festivals such as <i>Tobaski</i>, <i>Gamo</i>, <i>Koriteh</i>, <i>Weri Kor</i>, etc., <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion#Influence_in_Senegambia" title="Serer religion">are all borrowed words from the Serer religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-N.Diouf_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.Diouf-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ancient Serer festivals rooted in Serer religion, not Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-N.Diouf_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.Diouf-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boukout" title="Boukout">Boukout</a> is one of the Jola's religious ceremonies. </p><p>There are a small number of members of the Bani Israel tribe in the Senegalese bush that claim Jewish ancestry, though this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Buddhism in Senegal</a> is followed by a very tiny portion of the <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expat</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Vietnamese community</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Senegal">Bahá'í Faith in Senegal</a> was established after <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place that should be more broadly visited by Bahá'ís.<sup id="cite_ref-ToDP8_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToDP8-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Bahá'is to set foot in the territory of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> that would become Senegal arrived in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-hassal-egypt_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hassal-egypt-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Bahá'í <a href="/wiki/Local_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assembly</a> of Senegal was elected in 1966 in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50th_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50th-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first <a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="National Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> of Senegal. The most recent estimate, by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000.<sup id="cite_ref-WCE-05_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCE-05-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Senegal" title="Health in Senegal">Health in Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy</figcaption></figure> <p>Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.8 years in 2016 (64.7 years male, 68.7 years female).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 percent of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health expenditure was at US$72 (PPP) per capita in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were six physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> in Senegal was 157 per 1,000 live births in 1950., but since then it has declined five-fold to 32 per 1,000 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past five years infant mortality rates of malaria have dropped. According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26% of women in Senegal have undergone <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>. </p><p>In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Senegal, which led to the imposition of a curfew in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021, Senegal experienced a significant increase in cases of coronavirus disease.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, Senegal's Agency for Universal Health launched sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), a website that the agency hopes will streamline health care in the country. The website is a part of the Minister of State Mohammad Abdallah Dionne's plan for digitalization. He aims to make Senegal's health care system effective and sustainable. Using SunuCMU, Senegal hopes to achieve 75 percent coverage within two years of the launch.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Education in Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Senegal_students.jpg/220px-Senegal_students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Senegal_students.jpg/330px-Senegal_students.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Senegal_students.jpg/440px-Senegal_students.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Students in Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p>Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese is taught at schools at the secondary high school level, given the large Cape Verdean community, and also from Guinea Bissau. There are sizeable Portuguese creole and standard Portuguese speaking communities in Zinguichor and Dakar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Illiteracy</a> is high, particularly among women.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP. Senegal was ranked 92nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by <i><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a></i>, who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music. The <i>griot</i> profession is passed down generation to generation and requires years of training and apprenticeship in genealogy, history and music. <i>Griots</i> give voice to generations of West African society.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance_Monument" title="African Renaissance Monument">African Renaissance Monument</a></i> built in 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest statue in Africa</a>. Dakar also hosts a film festival, Recidak.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Islamic festival of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, known locally as Tabaski, is popularly celebrated by Senegalese people. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the Christian festival of Christmas is also popularly observed, with Christmas trees and decorations lining up the city of Dakar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0b_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0b-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese cuisine</a></div> <p>Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a> is very important. <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, and beef are also used in Senegalese cooking, but not pork, due to the nation's largely <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population. <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanuts</a>, the primary crop of Senegal, as well as <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed peas</a> and various vegetables, are also incorporated into many recipes. Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices, and then poured over rice or couscous, or eaten with bread. </p><p>Popular fresh juices are made from <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">bissap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <i>buoy </i> (pronounced 'buoy', which is the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab</a> tree, also known as "monkey bread fruit"), <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, or other fruit or wild trees (most famously <a href="/wiki/Soursop" title="Soursop">soursop</a>, which is called <i>corossol</i> in French). Desserts are very rich and sweet, combining native ingredients with the extravagance and style characteristic of the French impact on Senegal's culinary methods. They are often served with fresh fruit and are traditionally followed by coffee or tea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Music of Senegal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG/170px-Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG/255px-Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG/340px-Solo_cissokho_DSC_0448.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">Kora</a> player from Senegal</figcaption></figure> <p>Senegal is known across Africa for its musical roots, due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">mbalax</a>, which originated from the Serer <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussive</a> tradition especially the <a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a>, it has been popularized by <a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Pene" title="Omar Pene">Omar Pene</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a> drumming is especially popular. The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations such as weddings. Another instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">tama</a>, is used in more ethnic groups. Other popular international renowned Senegalese musicians are <a href="/wiki/Ismael_L%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismael Lô">Ismael Lô</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_L%C3%B4" title="Cheikh Lô">Cheikh Lô</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Baobab" title="Orchestra Baobab">Orchestra Baobab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baaba_Maal" title="Baaba Maal">Baaba Maal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a> (US-born), <a href="/wiki/Thione_Seck" title="Thione Seck">Thione Seck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viviane" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviane">Viviane</a>, Fallou Dieng, <a href="/wiki/Titi_(singer)" title="Titi (singer)">Titi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seckou_Keita" title="Seckou Keita">Seckou Keita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pape_Diouf" title="Pape Diouf">Pape Diouf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Cinema of Senegal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Senegal">Media of Senegal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitality">Hospitality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hospitality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hospitality, in theory, is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national identity. The Wolof<sup id="cite_ref-Serer_Jom_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer_Jom-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word for hospitality is "teranga" and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national football team is known as <a href="/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team" title="Senegal national football team"><i>Les Lions de la Téranga</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2011)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg/220px-Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg/330px-Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg/440px-Lutte_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise_Bercy_2013_-_Mame_Balla-Pape_Mor_L%C3%B4_-_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Senegalese Wrestling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/170px-MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/255px-MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg/340px-MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Painting of footballer <a href="/wiki/El_Hadji_Diouf" title="El Hadji Diouf">El Hadji Diouf</a> in Dakar</figcaption></figure> <p>Senegalese play many sports. <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> are the most popular sports in the country. Senegal will host the <a href="/wiki/2026_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2026 Summer Youth Olympics">2026 Summer Youth Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, making Senegal the first African country to host an Olympic event.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Senegalese wrestling</a> is the country's most popular sport<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become a national obsession.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It traditionally serves many young men to escape poverty and it is the only sport recognized as developed independently of Western culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg/220px-Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg/330px-Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg/440px-Senegal_fans_Russia_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Senegalese football fans at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> in Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>Football is a popular sport in Senegal. In <a href="/wiki/2021_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2021 Africa Cup of Nations">2022</a> the national team beat <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egypt</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> for the first time, and they were runners-up in <a href="/wiki/2002_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Africa Cup of Nations">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2019 Africa Cup of Nations">2019</a>. They became one of only five African teams to ever reach the quarter-finals of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Cameroon_national_football_team" title="Cameroon national football team">Cameroon</a> in 1990 and before <a href="/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">Ghana</a> in 2010, defeating holders <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> in their first game in 2002. Senegal qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> in Russia, and for the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a> in Qatar. </p><p>Senegal has traditionally been one of Africa's dominant basketball powers. The <a href="/wiki/Senegal_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegal national basketball team">men's team</a> performed better than that of any other African nation at the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIBA_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 FIBA World Cup">2014 FIBA World Cup</a>, where they reached the playoffs for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Senegal_women%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Senegal women's national basketball team">women's team</a> won 19 medals at 20 <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Africa Championship for Women">African Championships</a>, more than twice as many medals as any competitor. When the country hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_FIBA_Women%27s_AfroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 FIBA Women's AfroBasket">2019 FIBA Women's AfroBasket</a>, 15,000 fans flocked to the <a href="/wiki/Dakar_Arena" title="Dakar Arena">Dakar Arena</a> which is registered as a record attendance for basketball in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegal was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> announced the launch of an Elite's Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country hosted the <a href="/wiki/Dakar_Rally" title="Dakar Rally">Paris–Dakar rally</a> from <a href="/wiki/1979_Paris%E2%80%93Dakar_Rally" title="1979 Paris–Dakar Rally">1979</a> until <a href="/wiki/2007_Dakar_Rally" title="2007 Dakar Rally">2007</a>. The Dakar Rally was an off-road endurance motorsport race which followed a course from Paris, France, to Dakar, Senegal. The competitors used off-road vehicles to cross the difficult geography. The last race was held in 2007, before the 2008 rally was canceled a day before the event due to security concerns in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Ocean_X-Prix" title="2021 Ocean X-Prix">Ocean X-Prix</a> of the electric off-road championship <a href="/wiki/Extreme_E" title="Extreme E">Extreme E</a> was also hosted in Senegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Senegal portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Senegal" title="Outline of Senegal">Outline of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Senegal-related_articles" title="Index of Senegal-related articles">Index of Senegal-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SenegalNationalLangs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SenegalNationalLangs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 1 of the 2001 Constitution of Senegal, which states that the national languages are Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké and Wolof.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolofStatus-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WolofStatus_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information from the University of Pennsylvania's Center for African Studies estimates that about 90% of the Senegalese population understands or speaks Wolof as a first or second language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArabicStatus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArabicStatus_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabic is taught as a second language for religious reasons within the Senegalese educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/En-us-Senegal.ogg\/En-us-Senegal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Senegal.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/En-us-Senegal.ogg/En-us-Senegal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Senegal.ogg" title="File:En-us-Senegal.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French: <i lang="fr">Sénégal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>: <i lang="wo">Senegaal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>: <span lang="fuc" dir="rtl">𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Pulaar-language romanization"><i lang="fuc-Latn">Senegaali</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a>: <i lang="srr">Senegaal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السنغال</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Sinigāl</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i lang="fr">République du Sénégal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>: <i lang="wo">Réewum Senegaal</i>; <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a> : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Renndaandi Senegaali); Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جمهورية السنغال</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jumhūriyya al-Sinigāl</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/wolof-is-reclaiming-ground-in-senegal-as-the-french-language-wanes-194750">"Wolof is reclaiming ground in Senegal as the French language wanes"</a>. 17 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolof+is+reclaiming+ground+in+Senegal+as+the+French+language+wanes&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwolof-is-reclaiming-ground-in-senegal-as-the-french-language-wanes-194750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Languages_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en">"Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Constitute Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075501/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute+Project&rft.atitle=Senegal%27s+Constitution+of+2001+with+Amendments+through+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FSenegal_2016.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm">"African Studies Center| African Languages at Penn"</a>. <i>Center for African Studies at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152750/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+African+Studies+at+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=African+Studies+Center%7C+African+Languages+at+Penn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2Fafl%2Falwolof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2017" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190"><i>Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines</i></a>. Routledge. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32438-0"><bdi>978-1-351-32438-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanizing+Knowledge%3A+African+Studies+Across+the+Disciplines&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-351-32438-0&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3fhADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DArabic%2BStatus%2Bin%2BSenegal%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Factbook-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/">"Senegal"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Senegal&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsenegal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/">"Senegal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal">"Definition of Senegal"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Senegal&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FSenegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal">"Define Senegal"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225517/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/senegal">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trazee+Travel&rft.atitle=Why+is+The+Gambia+Surrounded+by+Senegal%3F&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trazeetravel.com%2Fwhy-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Senegal%3F&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Pariona&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0b_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerschlag2019" class="citation web cs1">Hammerschlag, Annika (24 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html">"Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senegal%2C+a+Muslim+Country+that+Can%27t+Get+Enough+Christmas&rft.pub=VOA&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft.aulast=Hammerschlag&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fafrica_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas%2F6181575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/336611539873310474/Senegal-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic"><i>Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%2BC&rft.atitle=Why+Senegal%2C+a+small+country%2C+is+good+at+providing+international+organisations+with+leaders&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwhy-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuivaudon2021" class="citation web cs1">Guivaudon, Guillaume (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.littleguestcollection.com/en/magazine/best-destinations-family-holidays">"The best destinations for family holidays"</a>. <i>Little Guest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130121707/https://www.littleguestcollection.com/en/magazine/best-destinations-family-holidays">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Little+Guest&rft.atitle=The+best+destinations+for+family+holidays&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft.aulast=Guivaudon&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.littleguestcollection.com%2Fen%2Fmagazine%2Fbest-destinations-family-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fass-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fass_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2018" class="citation web cs1">Holloway, Beetle (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/">"The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+Behind+Senegal%27s+Name&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Beetle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fsenegal%2Farticles%2Fthe-real-story-behind-senegals-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2018" class="citation web cs1">Holloway, Beetle (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/">"The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name"</a>. <i>Culture Trip</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+Behind+Senegal%27s+Name&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Beetle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fsenegal%2Farticles%2Fthe-real-story-behind-senegals-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Martin A., <i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914</i>, p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0621-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0621-2">0-8047-0621-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, <i>La civilisation Sereer, Pangool,</i> p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">"Slavery"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charles-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charles_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charles_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles, Eunice A. <i> Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890.</i> African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ham, Anthony. <i>West Africa</i>. Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-821-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-821-4">1-74104-821-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Research in African literatures,</i> Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin, p. 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Diop, Cheikh Anta</a> & Modum, Egbuna P. <i>Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development,</i> 1946–1960, p. 28. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1851%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.wisc.edu%2FAfricanStudies%2FEFacs%2FFage01%2Freference%2Fafricanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 725 (p 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859-1940", <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cheikh_Anta_Diop" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Cheikh Anta Diop">Université Cheikh Anta Diop</a> de Dakar (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Martin A., "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914." <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, pp 55-59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5">0-85224-029-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Quotidien (Senegal), "La communauté sérère face à la Commission nationale chargée de la rédaction de l’histoire du Sénégal." (18 September 2019), by Mahawa Sémou Diouf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Colin (2010). <i>England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940-1942</i>. London: Phoenix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html">"Senegal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 15 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062010/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senegal+severs+ties+with+Iran%3A+Senegal%27s+foreign+ministry+accuses+Tehran+of+supplying+weapons+to+separatist+rebels+in+its+southern+Casamance+region&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F02%2F201122392022223897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509000049/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php">"Macky Sall Senegal election win 'example for Africa' | Africa"</a>. World.myjoyonline.com. 26 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macky+Sall+Senegal+election+win+%27example+for+Africa%27+%26%23124%3B+Africa&rft.pub=World.myjoyonline.com&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.myjoyonline.com%2Fpages%2Fafrica%2F201203%2F83756.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140257/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money">"Senegal Votes to do Away With Senate to Save Money"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senegal+Votes+to+do+Away+With+Senate+to+Save+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fsenegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-election-idUSKBN1AL09O">"Senegal ruling party wins large parliamentary majority"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Senegal+ruling+party+wins+large+parliamentary+majority&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-senegal-election-idUSKBN1AL09O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results">"Senegal's President Macky Sall easily wins re-election, opposition will not contest vote"</a>. <i>France24</i>. 28 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707001522/https://www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=Senegal%27s+President+Macky+Sall+easily+wins+re-election%2C+opposition+will+not+contest+vote&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance-Presse2024" class="citation news cs1">France-Presse, Agence (2 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/02/bassirou-diomaye-faye-to-be-sworn-in-as-senegal-youngest-president">"Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's youngest president"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bassirou+Diomaye+Faye+sworn+in+as+Senegal%27s+youngest+president&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F02%2Fbassirou-diomaye-faye-to-be-sworn-in-as-senegal-youngest-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703034807/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Thane+Read+asking+Helen+Keller+to+sign+the+World+Constitution+for+world+peace.+1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719170534/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letter+from+World+Constitution+Coordinating+Committee+to+Helen%2C+enclosing+current+materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465">"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems+%7C+Union+of+International+Associations+%28UIA%29&rft.atitle=Preparing+earth+constitution+%7C+Global+Strategies+%26+Solutions+%7C+The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.uia.org%2Fen%2Fstrategy%2F193465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerasinghe2009" class="citation book cs1">Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009). <i>Emerging World Law, Volume 1</i>. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933567-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933567-16-7"><bdi>978-1-933567-16-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+World+Law%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economic+Democracy&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933567-16-7&rft.aulast=Amerasinghe&rft.aufirst=Terence+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statoids.org/en/sn/admin-levels/l1/map/senegal/regions">Statoids page on Senegal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130136/https://www.statoids.org/en/sn/admin-levels/l1/map/senegal/regions">Archived</a> 28 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (noting that three new regions were split off on 10 September 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32">List of current local elected officials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32">Archived</a> 19 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Union des <i>Associations d' Elus Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal</i>. See also the law creating current local government structures: <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf">Code des collectivités locales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/world/africa/senegal-president-third-term.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125101411/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/world/africa/senegal-president-third-term.html">Archived</a> January 25, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html">"Mauritanian refugees refuse to leave Senegal"</a>. Al Jazeera. 8 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223751/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+refugees+refuse+to+leave+Senegal&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fvideo%2Fafrica%2F2014%2F05%2Fmauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504">"Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 4 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003911/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/04/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Senegal+to+send+2%2C100+troops+to+join+Saudi-led+alliance&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Senegal-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Senegal_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Senegal_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153624/http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf">"Constitution of Senegal (Article 1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Senegal+%28Article+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fsn%2Fsn014en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx">"Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives"</a>. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522221802/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Senegalese+bush%2C+Bani+Israel+tribe+claims+Jewish+heritage&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2013%2F05%2F23%2Flifestyle%2Fin-senegalese-bush-bani-israel-tribe-claims-jewish-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToDP8-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToDP8_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Abdu'l-Bahá1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> (1991) [1916–17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-8.html.iso8859-1"><i>Tablets of the Divine Plan</i></a> (Paperback ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Studies%3A+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Communities+by+country&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+Baha%27i+history&rft.aulast=Hassall&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fasia-pacific%2Fcountry%2520files%2Fegypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50th-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50th_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'í_International_Community2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_International_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í International Community">Bahá'í International Community</a> (28 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112122749/http://hfa01.news.bahai.org/story/283">"National communities celebrate together"</a>. <i>Bahá'í International News Service</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QuickLists+%3E+Compare+Nations+%3E+Religions+%3E&rft.atitle=Most+Baha%27i+Nations+%282005%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FQuickLists%2FQuickList_40c.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204256/http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf">"Senegal Statistical Factsheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Factsheet of Health Statistics 2018</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2009+%E2%80%93+Senegal&rft.pub=Hdrstats.undp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fdata_sheets%2Fcty_ds_SEN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113162733/http://www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf">"Enquête Démographique et de Santé Continue (EDS-Continue) 2012–2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Republic of Senegal. July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+D%C3%A9mographique+et+de+Sant%C3%A9+Continue+%28EDS-Continue%29+2012%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Republic+of+Senegal&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansd.sn%2Fpublications%2Frapports_enquetes_etudes%2Fenquetes%2FEDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://childmortality.org/data/Senegal">"Infant mortality rate in Senegal"</a>. UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANADOLU+AGENCY&rft.atitle=Senegal+seeing+significant+rise+in+Delta+variant+cases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2Fsenegal-seeing-significant-rise-in-delta-variant-cases%2F2306111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borgenmagazine.com/health-care-in-senegal/">"A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal"</a>. <i>BORGEN</i>. 28 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BORGEN&rft.atitle=A+New+Platform+to+Improve+Health+Care+in+Senegal&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.borgenmagazine.com%2Fhealth-care-in-senegal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilab-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Senegal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf"><i>2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> (2006). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf">Archived</a> 9 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaba_Diop" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baba Diop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190636/http://fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014">"Après dix années d'interruption : Les RECIDAK nouvelles arrivent en 2014"</a> (in French). Africatime. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apr%C3%A8s+dix+ann%C3%A9es+d%27interruption+%3A+Les+RECIDAK+nouvelles+arrivent+en+2014&rft.au=Baba+Diop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.africatime.com%2Fsenegal%2Farticles%2Fapres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serer_Jom-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serer_Jom_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>taranga</i> (hospitality), <i>jom</i> (honour), etc., are all <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a>, rooted in Serer values and <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">serer religion</a>, not Wolof. See: <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, "L'HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER: VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D'HIER, D'AUJOURD'HUI ET DE DEMAIN" [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901205550/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895">Archived</a> 1 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html">"Senegal to be 1st African Olympic host at 2022 Youth Games"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Senegal+to+be+1st+African+Olympic+host+at+2022+Youth+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fsenegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games%2F2018%2F09%2F07%2F4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html">"Senegal first African nation to host an Olympic event"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219142859/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senegal+first+African+nation+to+host+an+Olympic+event&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fsenegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430181247/https://www.ohio.edu/sportsafrica/communicationmedia/ousmane.htm">"Sports in Africa: Communication and Media"</a>. Ohio University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohio.edu/sportsafrica/communicationmedia/ousmane.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+in+Africa%3A+Communication+and+Media&rft.pub=Ohio+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fsportsafrica%2Fcommunicationmedia%2Fousmane.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeltonWerman2011" class="citation web cs1">Skelton, Rose; Werman, Marco (9 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal">"Wrestling As a Solution to Poverty in Senegal"</a>. PRI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430181231/https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wrestling+As+a+Solution+to+Poverty+in+Senegal&rft.pub=PRI&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft.au=Werman%2C+Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2011-06-09%2Fwrestling-solution-poverty-senegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas">"Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas"</a>. FIBA. 2 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Getting+to+know+Africa%27s+flashy+basketball+arenas&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fnews%2Fgetting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNxumalo2020" class="citation news cs1">Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">"Basketball's next frontier is Africa"</a>. <i>New Frame</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/">the original</a> on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Frame&rft.atitle=Basketball%27s+next+frontier+is+Africa&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.aulast=Nxumalo&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newframe.com%2Fbasketballs-next-frontier-is-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/article/2016/12/21/nba-academy-africa">"NBA to open academy in Africa in 2017"</a>. National Basketball Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110034/https://www.nba.com/article/2016/12/21/nba-academy-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NBA+to+open+academy+in+Africa+in+2017&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F12%2F21%2Fnba-academy-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilos2008" class="citation web cs1">Hamilos, Paul (4 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport">"Dakar rally cancelled at last minute over terrorist threat"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424135531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dakar+rally+cancelled+at+last+minute+over+terrorist+threat&rft.date=2008-01-04&rft.aulast=Hamilos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fjan%2F05%2Ffrance.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance_Monument" title="African Renaissance Monument">African Renaissance Monument</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Babou, Cheikh Anta, <i>Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913</i>, (Ohio University Press, 2007)</li> <li>Behrman, Lucy C, <i>Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal</i>, (iUniverse.com, 1999)</li> <li>Buggenhage, Beth A, <i>Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame</i>, (Indiana University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Bugul, Ken, <i>The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman</i>, (University of Virginia Press, 2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Senegal (colony)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Senegal_(colony)">"Senegal (colony)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 640–644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Senegal+%28colony%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=640-644&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASenegal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Foley, Ellen E, <i>Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal</i>, (Rutgers University Press, 2010)</li> <li>Gellar, Sheldon, <i>Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa</i>, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)</li> <li>Glover, John, <i>Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order</i>, (University of Rochester Press, 2007)</li> <li>Kane, Katharina, <i>Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal</i>, (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009)</li> <li>Kueniza, Michelle, <i>Education and Democracy in Senegal</i>, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)</li> <li>Mbacké, Khadim, <i>Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal</i>, (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005)</li> <li>Streissguth, Thomas, <i>Senegal in Pictures</i>, (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009)</li> <li>Various, <i>Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal</i>, (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009)</li> <li>Various, <i>New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity</i>, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)</li> <li>Various, <i>Senegal: Essays in Statecraft</i>, (Codesria, 2003)</li> <li>Various, <i>Street Children in Senegal</i>, (GYAN France, 2006)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegal&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Senegal</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Senegal" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Senegal">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" class="extiw" title="c:Sénégal">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Senegal" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Senegal">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Senegal" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Senegal">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Senegal" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Senegal">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Senegal" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Senegal">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Senegal" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Senegal">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Senegal" class="extiw" title="voy:Senegal">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memorableday.org/senegal-independence-day-quotes/">Celebrate Senegal Independence Day</a> (in Senegal)</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gouv.sn/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/">Senegal</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Senegal" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Senegal">Wikimedia Atlas of Senegal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Trade</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SEN/Year/2012/Summary">Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senegal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senegal_topics" title="Template:Senegal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senegal_topics" title="Template talk:Senegal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senegal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senegal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senegal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Senegal-related_articles" title="Index of Senegal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">Regional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms_of_Senegal" title="Category:Kingdoms of Senegal">Precolonial kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Senegal">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissau-Guinean Civil War">Bissau-Guinean Civil War involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal" title="Coat of arms of Senegal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa#Senegal" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Senegal" title="Template:Borders of Senegal">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Senegal" title="Climate change in Senegal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Senegal" title="Environmental issues in Senegal">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Senegal" title="List of islands of Senegal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Senegal">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Senegal" title="List of rivers of Senegal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Senegal" title="Wildlife of Senegal">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Senegal" title="Politics of Senegal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Senegal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Senegal" title="Constitution of Senegal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Senegal)" title="Court of Cassation (Senegal)">Court of Cassation <span style="font-size:85%;">(judiciary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Senegal" title="Elections in Senegal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Senegal" title="Foreign relations of Senegal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Senegal" title="Human rights in Senegal">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Senegal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal" title="Armed Forces of Senegal">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Senegal)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Senegal)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Senegal">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Senegal" title="List of political parties in Senegal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Senegal" title="President of Senegal">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Senegal" title="Prime Minister of Senegal">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Senegal" title="Agriculture in Senegal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Senegal" title="Energy in Senegal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Senegal" title="Housing in Senegal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Senegal" title="Tourism in Senegal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Senegal" title="Transport in Senegal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Senegal" title="Trade unions in Senegal">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Senegal" title="Category:Society of Senegal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_marriage_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child marriage in Senegal (page does not exist)">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Senegal" title="Health in Senegal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Senegal" title="Human trafficking in Senegal">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Senegal">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Senegal" title="Prostitution in Senegal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Senegal" title="Water supply and sanitation in Senegal">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Senegal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Lion_rouge" title="Le Lion rouge">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Senegal" title="Coat of arms of Senegal">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_literature" title="Senegalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Senegal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Senegal" title="Public holidays in Senegal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Senegal" title="Category:Sport in Senegal">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Senegal" title="Outline of Senegal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Senegal-related_articles" title="Index of Senegal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Senegal" title="Category:Senegal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template talk:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_CPLP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/150px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/225px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/300px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Executive Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Flag of the CPLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPLP_Games" title="CPLP Games">CPLP Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries#CPLP_Summits" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_CPLP_Summit" title="1st CPLP Summit">I – Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_CPLP_Summit" title="2nd CPLP Summit">II – Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_CPLP_Summit" title="3rd CPLP Summit">III – Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_CPLP_Summit" title="4th CPLP Summit">IV – Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_CPLP_Summit" title="5th CPLP Summit">V – São Tomé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_CPLP_Summit" title="6th CPLP Summit">VI – Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_CPLP_Summit" title="7th CPLP Summit">VII – Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_CPLP_Summit" title="8th CPLP Summit">VIII – Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_CPLP_Summit" title="9th CPLP Summit">IX – Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_CPLP_Summit" title="10th CPLP Summit">X – Díli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_CPLP_Summit" title="11th CPLP Summit">XI – Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_CPLP_Summit" title="12th CPLP Summit">XII – Ilha do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIII – Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIV – São Tomé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIV – Bissau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone_music" title="Lusophone music">Lusophone music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACOLOP" title="ACOLOP">ACOLOP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophony_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophony Games">Lusophony Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Portuguese is an official language">Countries with Portuguese as an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_organisations_which_have_Portuguese_as_an_official_language" title="List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language">International organizations with Portuguese as an official languages</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Category:Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention" title="World Constitutional Convention">World Constitutional Convention</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constitutional Convention call">call</a> signatories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a></b> </span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee" title="World Constitution Coordinating Committee">World Constitution Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Read" title="Thane Read">Thane Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Isely" title="Philip Isely">Philip Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Isely" title="Margaret Isely">Margaret Isely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Senegal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[5]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[6]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[8]</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404582116">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128920607">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204328/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmHR4v66rMV36wrhgMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054529-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007506">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152904005">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933259d">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865524h">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152904005">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933259d">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865524h">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570654">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Senegal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130779&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451067">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbddmtj2fgkp1w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552529205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/122bb81f-191e-3798-8be2-4b54ffd7ffa4">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/04fa0a97-b23b-4983-be8b-47ff745a5c23">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/HyCa07c0">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026400758">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003463">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035805">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/senegal">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Senegal&params=14_N_14_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°N</span> <span 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