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href="#Istoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istoria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Istoria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al_Doilea_Război_Mondial-_prezent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Doilea_Război_Mondial-_prezent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Al Doilea Război Mondial- prezent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Doilea_Război_Mondial-_prezent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geologia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formarea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formarea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Formarea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formarea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecologia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educația" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educația"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Educația</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Educația-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Educația subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Educația-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Galerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Insulele Bonin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 45 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جزر بونين – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر بونين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_Ogasawara" title="Islles Ogasawara – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_adalar%C4%B1" title="Bonin adaları – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bonin adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Ogasawara" title="Kapuloan Ogasawara – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kapuloan Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Агасавара – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агасавара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Бонин (острови) – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бонин (острови)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_Ogasawara" title="Grup Ogasawara – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boninsk%C3%A9_ostrovy" title="Boninské ostrovy – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boninské ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Bonin" title="Ynysoedd Bonin – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Bonin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara-gunt%C5%8D" title="Ogasawara-guntō – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ogasawara-guntō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%9F%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Νήσοι Ογκασαβάρα – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσοι Ογκασαβάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bonin Islands" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasavaroj" title="Ogasavaroj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ogasavaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Ogasawara" title="Islas Ogasawara – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara_uharteak" title="Ogasawara uharteak – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ogasawara uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جزایر اوگاساوارا – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر اوگاساوارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Bonin" title="Îles Bonin – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Bonin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Ogasawara" title="Illas Ogasawara – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="איי בונין – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי בונין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaszavara-szigetek" title="Ogaszavara-szigetek – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ogaszavara-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բոնին կղզիներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոնին կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Bonin" title="Kepulauan Bonin – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Bonin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="小笠原群島 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小笠原群島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Bonin" title="Kapuloan Bonin – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapuloan Bonin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ოგასავარის კუნძულები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოგასავარის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonino_salos" title="Bonino salos – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bonino salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ബോനിൻ ദ്വീപസമൂഹം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോനിൻ ദ്വീപസമൂഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Bonin" title="Kepulauan Bonin – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Bonin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="बोनिन टापु – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोनिन टापु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin-eilanden" title="Bonin-eilanden – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bonin-eilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara" title="Ogasawara – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara" title="Ogasawara – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86" title="جزائر بونن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزائر بونن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бонин (острова) – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бонин (острова)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasawara_(arhipelag)" title="Ogasawara (arhipelag) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ogasawara (arhipelag)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бонинска острва – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бонинска острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Bonin" title="Kapuloan Bonin – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapuloan Bonin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒகசவரா தீவுகள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒகசவரா தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="หมู่เกาะโองาซาวาระ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะโองาซาวาระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogasavara_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Ogasavara Adaları – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ogasavara Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Острови Оґасавара – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острови Оґасавара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86" title="جزائر بونن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر بونن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Ogasawara" title="Quần đảo Ogasawara – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Ogasawara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="小笠原群岛 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小笠原群岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="小笠原群島 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="小笠原群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Bonin"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Insulele_Bonin" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Insulele_Bonin" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&oldid=15550961" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Insulele_Bonin&id=15550961&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInsulele_Bonin"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInsulele_Bonin"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Insulele+Bonin"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Insulele_Bonin&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ogasawara_Islands" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243634" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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class="noprint"><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/26.99806/142.21806/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="26.99806" data-lon="142.21806" data-overlays="["_972110f50cb6d9b06df10e5cea5e9004d906d8a4"]">26°59′53″N 142°13′05″E</a><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Insulele Bonin</span>)</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/16/26.99806/142.21806/ro" data-zoom="16" data-lat="26.99806" data-lon="142.21806" data-overlays="["_972110f50cb6d9b06df10e5cea5e9004d906d8a4"]">26.99806°N 142.21806°E</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ogasawara_islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/350px-Ogasawara_islands.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/525px-Ogasawara_islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ogasawara_islands.png/700px-Ogasawara_islands.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Insulele Bonin, la sud de arhipelagul japonez</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Insulele Bonin</b>, cunoscute în Japonia ca <b>Grupul de insule Ogasawara</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">小笠原群島</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> <i><span class="t_nihongo_romaji"></span></i>Ogasawara Guntō<i></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><a href="/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span></a></sup></span>), sunt un grup de circa 30 de insule subtropicale și tropicale care aparțin Japoniei. </p><p>Situate la circa 1000 km sud de <a href="/wiki/Tokio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, ele nu au fost niciodată conectate de arhipelagul japonez. 83% din suprafața lor sunt parc național. </p><p>Din punct de vedere administrativ, sunt parte a satului Ogasawara din subprefectura Ogasawara, Tokio. Suprafața totală a insulelor este de 73 km², iar populația de 2.440 persoane (2.000 pe insula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chichijima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chichijima — pagină inexistentă">Chichijima</a> și 440 pe insula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hahajima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hahajima — pagină inexistentă">Hahajima</a>, singurele insule populate). </p><p>Sediul administrației locale este pe insula Chichijima (父島). </p><p>Termenul japonez <i>Arhipelagul Ogasawara</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">小笠原諸島</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> <i><span class="t_nihongo_romaji">Ogasawara shotō</span></i><span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><a href="/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span></a></sup></span>)</span> include în afara „Grupului de insule Ogasawara” și insulele vulcanice Kita Iwojima, Iwojima, Minami Iwojima și alte insule izolate. </p><p>Insulele Bonin au trei subgrupuri: </p> <ul><li>Grupul Mukojima(聟島列島 <i>Mukojima Rettō</i>) - numite mai de mult Grupul Parry <ul><li>Mukojima (聟島)</li> <li>Yomejima (嫁島)</li> <li>Nakōdo-jima sau Nakadachijima (媒島)</li> <li>Kitanojima (北ノ島 sau 北島)</li></ul></li> <li>Grupul Chichijima (父島列島 <i>Chichijima Rettō</i>) - numite mai de mult Grupul Beechey <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chichi-jima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chichi-jima — pagină inexistentă">Chichijima</a> (父島): 23,8 km²</li> <li>Anijima (兄島)</li> <li>Otōtojima (弟島)</li></ul></li> <li>Grupul Hahajima(母島列島) - numite mai de mult Grupul Baily <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haha-jima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haha-jima — pagină inexistentă">Hahajima</a> (母島)</li> <li>Anejima (姉島)</li> <li>Imōtojima (妹島)</li></ul></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoria">Istoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoria"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se pare că primul european care a descoperit insulele a fost spaniolul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_de_la_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo de la Torre — pagină inexistentă">Bernardo de la Torre</a> în 1534,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, iar primul japonez a fost Sadayori Ogasawara în 1592<sup id="cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cholmondeley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>sau 1593.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1670 insulele au fost „redescoperite” când un vas care se îndrepta spre <a href="/wiki/Tokio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokio">Edo</a> din <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> și-a părăsit cursul din cauza unei furtuni.<sup id="cite_ref-t1915_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t1915-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1675 insulele au fost explorate de către o expediție a <a href="/wiki/%C8%98oguni" class="mw-redirect" title="Șoguni">șogunatului</a>, care a revendicat insulele.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În ianuarie 1862 s-a reconfirmat că insulele aparțin Japoniei.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insulele au fost nelocuite până când americanul Nathaniel Savory a debarcat pe insula Chichijima în 1830 și a format acolo prima colonie.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alt grup a sosit în 1846 la bordul balenierei <i>Howard</i>. În 1853, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_C._Perry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew C. Perry — pagină inexistentă">Comodorul Perry</a> a vizitat insulele și a cumpărat teren la Port Lloyd de la Savory pentru $50.<sup id="cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cholmondeley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG/160px-Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG/240px-Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG/320px-Ogasawara_Islands_in_the_Pre-war_Showa_era.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Șir de case din insulele Bonin în prima perioadă a erei Shōwa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Istoria insulelor a fost compilată de către Lionel Cholmondeley de-a lungul a mai mulți ani, lucrarea fiind publicată la Londra, Marea Britanie, în 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cholmondeley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1917 aproximativ 60-70 de locuitori se considerau urmași ai coloniștilor anglofoni din secolul al XIX-lea, dar în 1941 nici un locuitor al insulelor nu a recunoscut că s-ar trage din acești coloniști.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unii din locuitorii actuali se consideră descendenți ai lui Nathaniel Savory.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_Doilea_Război_Mondial-_prezent"><span id="Al_Doilea_R.C4.83zboi_Mondial-_prezent"></span>Al Doilea Război Mondial- prezent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Al Doilea Război Mondial- prezent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Al Doilea Război Mondial- prezent"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În timpul celui de-<a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, majoritatea locuitorilor au fost evacuați cu forța, fiind trimiși în Japonia propriu-zisă. Pe insula Chichijima a fost o bază militară japoneză a cărei comandant, maiorul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueo_Matoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueo Matoba — pagină inexistentă">Sueo Matoba</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">的場末男</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> <i><span class="t_nihongo_romaji"></span></i>Matoba Sueo<i></i></span><span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><a href="/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span></a></sup></span>), era cunoscut pentru cruzimea sa, el fiind condamnat la moarte pentru crime de război după terminarea războiului.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Iwojima" class="mw-redirect" title="Bătălia de la Iwojima">Bătălia de la Iwojima</a> din 1945, una din cele mai înverșunate bătălii din al Doilea Război Mondial, s-a dat pe una din aceste insule nelocuite. </p><p>Insulele au fost ocupate de către Marina americană începând cu 1945, când locuitorilor descendenți ai occidentalilor, ai filipinezilor, ai polinezienilor sau celor micști li s-a permis să se întoarcă pe insule.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Când insulele au fost retrocedate Japoniei în 1968, și evacuaților japonezi li s-a permis să se întoarcă pe insule. </p><p>Actualmente, practic toți locuitorii sunt cetățeni japonezi, limba folosită de ei fiind <a href="/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză">japoneza</a>. </p><p>Un radiotelescop cu diametrul de 25 m se găsește pe insula Chichijima, ca parte a proiectului VERA de explorare astrometrică, el aparținând Observatorului Național Astronomic al Japoniei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Transport"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nu există aeroport pe nicio insulă, așa încât transportul se face cu vaporul. Se poate merge pe insula Chichijima cu vasul <i>Ogasawara Maru</i>. Vasul pleacă din portul Takeshiba din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golful_Tokio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golful Tokio — pagină inexistentă">Golful Tokio</a>, călătoria durând ca. 25,5 ore (când este vreme bună). Sunt 4-5 traversări pe lună. <i>Ogasawara Maru</i> are 6.700 tone, o lungime de 131 m și o capacitate de 1.031 de pasageri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru a merge pe insula Hahajima, se merge de pe insula Chichijima cu vasul <i>Hahajima Maru</i>. </p><p>Satul Ogasawara are linie de autobuz. Există și taxiuri, firme de închiriat autoturisme, scutere sau biciclete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clima">Clima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Clima"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temperatura medie anuală este de ca. 23 °C (pe insula cea mai mare, Chichijima). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologia">Geologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Geologia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formarea">Formarea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Formarea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Formarea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insulele Ogasawara s-au format acum circa 48 de milioane de ani. Fac parte din așa-numitul „Arc Izu-Bonin-Mariana” care se află deasupra unei zone de subducție între placa tectonică pacifică și placa tectonică a Mării Filipinelor. Sunt compuse dintr-o rocă vulcanică numită „boninită” care conține <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_magneziu" title="Oxid de magneziu">oxid de magneziu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">crom</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_siliciu" title="Dioxid de siliciu">dioxid de siliciu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecologia">Ecologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ecologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ecologia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Fauna"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unele specii de animale sunt endemice, de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Porumbel" title="Porumbel">porumbelul</a> sălbatic <i>Columba janthina</i>, melcul <i>Ogasawara okamono aragai</i>, „<a href="/wiki/%C8%98op%C3%A2rl%C4%83" title="Șopârlă">șopârla</a> Ogasawara” („Cryptoblepharus boutonii”), <a href="/wiki/Melc" title="Melc">melcul</a> <i>hishikata maimai</i> („Mandarina exoptata Pilsbry”), <i>Hahajima meguro</i> („Apolopteron familiare hahasima”, desemnat „monument național” al Japoniei) sau <i>Ogasawara nosuri</i> („Buteo buteo toyoshimai”, un fel de șopârlar, singura pasăre de pradă de pe insule). Singurul mamifer endemic este „Pteropus pselaphon” (<i>Bonin flying fox</i> în lb. engleză). </p><p>În oceanul din jurul insulelor sunt ca. 20 de specii de balene, printre care „Megaptera novaengliae”, „Tursiops t.aduncus”, „Stenella longirostris”. </p><p>Există ca. 100 de specii de moluște terestre, ca. 90% din ele fiind endemice. Există totodată ca. 800 de specii de insecte, ca. 30% din ele fiind endemice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Flora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Flora"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insulele Bonin sunt uneori numite „Insulele Galapagos ale Orientului”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insulele Bonin constituie o ecoregiune de păduri de foioase subtropicale distinctă, cu un grad ridicat de biodiversitate și endemism. Pe insule se găsesc ca. 500 de specii de plante, din care ca. 43% sunt endemice. </p><p>Printre speciile unice acestor insule pot fi numite <a href="/wiki/Crizantem%C4%83" title="Crizantemă">crizantema</a> <i>wadan no ki</i> („Dendrocacalia crepidifolia”, care are o înălțime de aproape 3 m), „Hahajima nobotan” (<i>Melastoma pentapetalumdin</i>, din familia <i>Melastomataceae</i>), <a href="/wiki/Azalee" title="Azalee">azaleea</a> „Rhododendron boninense” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educația"><span id="Educa.C8.9Bia"></span>Educația</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Educația" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Educația"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Există o școală publică primară, una medie și un liceu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galerie">Galerie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Galerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Galerie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%" align="left" valign="top"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mukojima,_Ogasawara,_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/110px-Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/165px-Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/220px-Mukojima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mukojima</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="20%" align="left" valign="top"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Port_of_Futami,_Chichijima,_Ogasawara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg/110px-Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg/165px-Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg/220px-Port_of_Futami%2C_Chichijima%2C_Ogasawara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Chichijima</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="20%" align="left" valign="top"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Minamijima,_Ogasawara,_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/110px-Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/165px-Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg/220px-Minamijima%2C_Ogasawara%2C_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Minamijima, a small island in Chichijima group</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="20%" align="left" valign="top"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hahajima-oki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hahajima-oki.jpg/110px-Hahajima-oki.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hahajima-oki.jpg/165px-Hahajima-oki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hahajima-oki.jpg/220px-Hahajima-oki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Hahajima</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td width="20%" align="left" valign="top"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Welsch, Bernhard. (2004). "Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543?" <i>Journal of Pacific History,</i> 39:1, 109-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cholmondeley-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cholmondeley_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Cholmondeley, Lionel Berners. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~ttyler/ploughboy/boninchol.htm"><i>The History of the Bonin Islands from the Year 1827 to the Year 1876.</i></a> London: Constable & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~et7t-tum/bonin-hise.html">The History of Bonin Islands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1915-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t1915_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka, Hiroyuki. (1993). "The Ogasawara Islands in Tokugawa Japan," <i>Kaiji Shi Kenkyuu (Journal of the Maritime History)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">[see above]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka, Hiroyuki (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanese.human.metro-u.ac.jp/kokubun/bonins/04tanaka.htm">"<i>Edo Jidai ni okeru Nihonjin no Mujin Tou (Ogasawara Tou) ni tai-suru Ninshiki</i>" ("The Ogasawara Islands in Tokugawa Japan").</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225144611/http://japanese.human.metro-u.ac.jp/kokubun/bonins/04tanaka.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-12-25">25 decembrie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Kaiji Shi Kenkyuu</i>(<i>Journal of the Maritime History</i>). No. 50, June, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325005433/http://www.asjapan.org/Lectures/2003/Lecture/lecture-2003-02.htm">„Asia Society of Japan, Long lecture”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asjapan.org/Lectures/2003/Lecture/lecture-2003-02.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-03-25">25 martie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-08-31">31 august 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+Society+of+Japan%2C+Long+lecture.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asjapan.org%2FLectures%2F2003%2FLecture%2Flecture-2003-02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AInsulele+Bonin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Geographic,</i> October 1944, pp. 387-388, 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogasawara-channel.com/contents/mouriso.htm">„父島の宿”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-09-05">5 septembrie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%88%B6%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogasawara-channel.com%2Fcontents%2Fmouriso.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AInsulele+Bonin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Welch, Jeanie M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/welch_naval_MCs.pdf">"Without a Hangman, Without a Rope: Navy War Crimes Trials After World War II,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103132545/http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/welch_naval_MCs.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-11-03">3 noiembrie 2019</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>International Journal of Naval History.</i> Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 2002).<?ref> Avionul viitorului președinte american <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> s-a prăbușit în ocean în apropiere de insula Chichijima, dar el a fost salvat de către un submarin american.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0312/20/cp.00.html">"Story of George H. W. Bush World War II Experience,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 20 decembrie 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Trumbull, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50B15F63E54157A93C3A81788D85F428585F9&scp=51&sq=ogasawara&st=p">"Bonin Islanders Seek U.S. Tie But Remain International Pawns; Descendants of Americans Ask Citizenship in Vain--Fight Return of Japanese,"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> 11 martie 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogasawara-channel.com/access/ogamaru.htm">„おがさわら丸 (Ogasawara Maru)”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-09-06">6 septembrie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8C%E3%81%95%E3%82%8F%E3%82%89%E4%B8%B8+%28Ogasawara+Maru%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogasawara-channel.com%2Faccess%2Fogamaru.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AInsulele+Bonin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yamaoka, Fumiko (May 12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070512f1.html">„Saving an endangered bird in 'Orient's Galapagos<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Saving+an+endangered+bird+in+%27Orient%27s+Galapagos%27&rft.chron=May+12&rft.aulast=Yamaoka&rft.aufirst=Fumiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnn20070512f1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AInsulele+Bonin" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați datele pentru: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=, |year= / |date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_date" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lionel Berners Cholmondeley (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=29gTAAAAIAAJ&q=The+History+of+the+Bonin+Islands+from+the+Year+1827+to+the+Year+1876&dq=The+History+of+the+Bonin+Islands+from+the+Year+1827+to+the+Year+1876&client=firefox-a&pgis=1"><i>The History of the Bonin Islands from the Year 1827 to the Year 1876.</i></a> London: Constable & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/4717954">OCLC 4717954</a></li> <li>Otis Willard Freeman (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kjIhAAAAMAAJ&q=Geography+of+the+Pacific&dq=Geography+of+the+Pacific&client=firefox-a"><i>Geography of the Pacific.</i></a> New York: Wiley] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/415089">OCLC 415089</a></li> <li>Francis Hawks (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uwALAAAAYAAJ&dq=Narrative+of+the+Expedition+of+an+American+Squadron+to+the+China+Seas+and+Japan+Performed+in+the+Years+1852,+1853+and+1854+under+the+Command+of+Commodore+M.C.+Perry,+United+States+Navy&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy.</i></a> Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in <i>Senate Executive Documents</i>, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. [reprinted by London:Trafalgar Square, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1845880269" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84588-026-9</a> (paper)]</li> <li>Kublin, Hyman. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=xSygBmI9D2MC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=ogasawara&source=web&ots=r2Xwre15Bj&sig=L1Elif9nghqWAlt8ySO-i-gb"><i>The Bonin Islands, 1543–1875.</i></a> PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.</li> <li>Muroga, Nobuo. (1967). Geographical exploration by the Japanese. <i>In:</i> <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Friis, Herman R. (ed.)</span>: <i>The Pacific Basin: A history of its geographical exploration</i>. New York.</li> <li>Sewall, John S. (1905). <i>The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas,</i> Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995] <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/054820912X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-548-20912-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulele_Bonin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vill.ogasawara.tokyo.jp/">Satul Ogasawara</a> (lb. japoneză)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nihongo.human.metro-u.ac.jp/~long/bonins/default.html">Situl lingvistic și cultural al Insulelor Ogasawara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929131257/http://nihongo.human.metro-u.ac.jp/~long/bonins/default.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-09-29">29 septembrie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogasawara-channel.com/">Canalul Ogasawara</a> (lb. japoneză)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/oc/oc0109_full.html">Ogasawara subtropical moist forests (World Wildlife Fund)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Oceania" title="Format:Oceania"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Oceania — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Oceania&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C8%99i_teritoriilor_nesuverane_din_Oceania" title="Lista țărilor și teritoriilor nesuverane din Oceania">Țări independente sau recunoscute parțial și regiuni nesuverane în Oceania</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C8%99i_teritoriilor_nesuverane_din_Oceania#State_suverane" title="Lista țărilor și teritoriilor nesuverane din Oceania">Țări independente</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia">Indonezia</a><small><sup>1</sup></small> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Papua_Noua_Guinee" title="Papua Noua Guinee">Papua Noua Guinee</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Statele_Federate_ale_Microneziei" title="Statele Federate ale Microneziei">Statele Federate ale Microneziei</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Marshall" title="Insulele Marshall">Insulele Marshall</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Noua_Zeeland%C4%83" title="Noua Zeelandă">Noua Zeelandă</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Solomon" title="Insulele Solomon">Insulele Solomon</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Timorul_de_Est" title="Timorul de Est">Timorul de Est</a></span><small><sup>1</sup></small> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </p> </div> </div></td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Oceania_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C8%99i_teritoriilor_nesuverane_din_Oceania#Teritorii_și_regiuni_nesuverane" title="Lista țărilor și teritoriilor nesuverane din Oceania">Teritorii și regiuni<br />nesuverane</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Australia</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Ashmore_%C8%99i_Cartier" title="Insulele Ashmore și Cartier">Insulele Ashmore și Cartier</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Cocos" title="Insulele Cocos">Insulele Cocos</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Cr%C4%83ciunului" title="Insula Crăciunului">Insula Crăciunului</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_M%C4%83rii_de_Coral" title="Insulele Mării de Coral">Insulele Mării de Coral</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Norfolk" title="Insula Norfolk">Insula Norfolk</a></span> </p> </div> </div></td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Chile</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Pa%C8%99telui" title="Insula Paștelui">Insula Paștelui</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Franța</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Clipperton" title="Insula Clipperton">Insula Clipperton</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Polinezia_Francez%C4%83" title="Polinezia Franceză">Polinezia Franceză</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Noua_Caledonie" title="Noua Caledonie">Noua Caledonie</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_%C8%99i_Futuna" title="Wallis și Futuna">Wallis și Futuna</a></span> </p> </div> </div></td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Japonia</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insulele Bonin</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Noua Zeelandă</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Cook" title="Insulele Cook">Insulele Cook</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Regatul Unit</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insulele_Pitcairn" title="Insulele Pitcairn">Insulele Pitcairn</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;width:relative;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Statele Unite</div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Samoa_American%C4%83" title="Samoa Americană">Samoa Americană</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Comunitatea_Insulelor_Mariane_de_Nord" title="Comunitatea Insulelor Mariane de Nord">Insulele Mariane de Nord</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Insulele_Minore_%C3%8Endep%C4%83rtate_ale_Statelor_Unite" title="Insulele Minore Îndepărtate ale Statelor Unite">Insulele Minore Îndepărtate ale Statelor Unite</a> <small>(cu <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Baker" title="Insula Baker">Insula Baker</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Howland" title="Insula Howland">Insula Howland</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Jarvis" title="Insula Jarvis">Insula Jarvis</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Atolul_Johnston" title="Atolul Johnston">Atolul Johnston</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reciful_Kingman" title="Reciful Kingman">Reciful Kingman</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Atolul_Midway" title="Atolul Midway">Atolul Midway</a></span> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Atolul_Palmyra" title="Atolul Palmyra">Atolul Palmyra</a></span> și <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Insula_Wake" title="Insula Wake">Insula Wake</a></span>)</small> </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:%C8%9A%C4%83ri_%C3%AEn_Asia" title="Format:Țări în Asia">Asia</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:%C8%9A%C4%83ri_europene" title="Format:Țări europene">Europa</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Oceania" title="Format:Oceania">Oceania</a></b> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045280">10045280</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge540863&CON_LNG=ENG">ge540863</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/119580713">119580713</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" 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