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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Anwar factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Anwar_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformasi's_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformasi's_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reformasi's goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformasi's_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Domestic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_Building_for_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_Building_for_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coalition Building for Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_Building_for_Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timelines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timelines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timelines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Key events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Immediate causes of Reformasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immediate causes of Reformasi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clash_of_leadership_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clash_of_leadership_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Clash of leadership styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clash_of_leadership_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_mismanagement_of_Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_mismanagement_of_Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Economic mismanagement of Asian Financial Crisis of 1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_mismanagement_of_Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underlying_cause_of_Reformasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underlying_cause_of_Reformasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Underlying cause of Reformasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Underlying_cause_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Underlying cause of Reformasi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Underlying_cause_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UMNO_factionalism_since_the_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UMNO_factionalism_since_the_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>UMNO factionalism since the 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UMNO_factionalism_since_the_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_Reformasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_Reformasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Impact of Reformasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of Reformasi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_Reformasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_Mahathir's_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_Mahathir's_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Before Mahathir's resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_Mahathir's_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Social_Movement_to_Campaign_Trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Social_Movement_to_Campaign_Trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>From Social Movement to Campaign Trail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Social_Movement_to_Campaign_Trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_Malaysian_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_Malaysian_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>1999 Malaysian general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_Malaysian_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_leadership_of_Abdullah_Badawi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_leadership_of_Abdullah_Badawi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>During the leadership of Abdullah Badawi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_leadership_of_Abdullah_Badawi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Malaysian_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Malaysian_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>2004 Malaysian general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Malaysian_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_of_Anwar_in_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_of_Anwar_in_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Release of Anwar in 2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_of_Anwar_in_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Malaysian_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Malaysian_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>2008 Malaysian general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Malaysian_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Significance_of_Reformasi_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Significance_of_Reformasi_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>The Significance of Reformasi Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Significance_of_Reformasi_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reformasi (Malaysia)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Reformasi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing,_April_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg/350px-Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg/525px-Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg/700px-Street_protests_in_Kuala_Lumpur_after_Anwar_Ibrahim%27s_sentencing%2C_April_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Street protests in Kuala Lumpur after Anwar Ibrahim's sentencing, April 1999.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">September 1998 – late-2000s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Dissatisfaction with the federal government under the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Mahathir_cabinet" title="Fifth Mahathir cabinet">fifth Mahathir cabinet</a></li> <li>Factionalism within the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> since the 1970s</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi">Other immediate causes</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>'s assumption of the Prime Ministership</li> <li>Ending <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathirism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a> for <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">Sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">Rioting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Online activism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Formation of <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a></li> <li>Anwar detained under <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">Internal Security Act 1960</a> in 1998, subsequently jailed and released from prison in 2004</li> <li>Anwar becomes <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> twice, between 2008 and 2015, and later from 2020 to 2022</li> <li>Resignation of <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Badawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Badawi">Abdullah Badawi</a> in 2009</li> <li>Electoral loses of <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election" title="2008 Malaysian general election">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election" title="2013 Malaysian general election">2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election" title="2022 Malaysian general election">2022 Malaysian general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> on 24 November 2022</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <p>1998–2004:<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Alternative Front</a></b> (BA) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">National Justice Party</a> (KEADILAN, 1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Rakyat Malaysia">Parti Rakyat Malaysia</a> (PRM, 1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a> (PKR, 2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP, 1998–2001)</li></ul> <p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisations">Non-governmental organisations</a></b> (NGOs) </p> <ul><li>Social Justice Movement (ADIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Belia_Islam_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia">Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia</a> (ABIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suara_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Suara Rakyat Malaysia">Suara Rakyat Malaysia</a> (SUARAM)</li> <li>Malaysian Chinese Organizations' Election Appeals Committee (SUQIU)</li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p>1998–2003:<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">National Front</a></b> (BN) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_People%27s_Movement_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian People's Movement Party">Malaysian People's Movement Party</a> (GERAKAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak United People's Party">Sarawak United People's Party</a> (SUPP)</li></ul> <p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Malaysian Police">Royal Malaysian Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Mahathir_cabinet" title="Fifth Mahathir cabinet">Fifth Mahathir cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Mahathir_cabinet" title="Sixth Mahathir cabinet">Sixth Mahathir cabinet</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a> </p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Several hundred thousands</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reformasi</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. It was initiated in September 1998 by <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia">Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia</a>, after he was sacked from his position by Malaysia's then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>. The movement, which began while the country <a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">hosted the Commonwealth Games</a>, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a>, and for the end of the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a>-led (BN) government. It later became a <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reformist movement</a> demanding <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> in Malaysia. The movement consisted of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">demonstrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">rioting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">occupations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">online activism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building on the momentum of Reformasi, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail" title="Wan Azizah Wan Ismail">Wan Azizah Wan Ismail</a>, Anwar's wife, formed and led the Social Justice Movement (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial</i>, known by its abbreviations, ADIL) in late-1998.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a formal political party, remnants of the movement merged with the <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_Masyarakat_Islam_Malaysia" title="Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia">Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia</a> (IKATAN), a minor <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> political party based in <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, leading to the formation of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)#Foundation" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">Parti Keadilan Nasional</a> (PKN) in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP), <a href="/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Rakyat Malaysia">Parti Rakyat Malaysia</a> (PRM) and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS), <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a> (BA) was formed on 24 October 1999, and contested in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Malaysian_general_election" title="1999 Malaysian general election">1999</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Malaysian_general_election" title="2004 Malaysian general election">2004 Malaysian general election</a>. </p><p>In 2003, PKN and PRM merged and became the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">Parti Keadilan Rakyat</a> (PKR). PKR was instrumental in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> (PR), which scored electoral successes in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_general_election" title="2008 Malaysian general election">general elections of 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election" title="2013 Malaysian general election">2013</a>, and later as <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">2018 Malaysian general election</a>, which saw BN losing its parliamentary majority for the first time since <a href="/wiki/1955_Malayan_general_election" title="1955 Malayan general election">1955</a>. Despite electoral successes in recent decades, the Reformasi movement, as recent as 2018, is still seen as an ongoing political movement in the country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stimuli_for_Reformism">Stimuli for Reformism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stimuli for Reformism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a> lost 50% of its value, the <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange">Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange</a> (KLSE) was devalued, property markets buckled, bad loans surged, and the government struggled to find a solution to the crisis. The difficulty in doing so, particularly without recourse to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) – the then prime minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir forbade such an abnegation of sovereignty – which have led to debates on proper policy approaches and an increased awareness of the country's vulnerability to outside economic forces. Mahathir preferred more innovative measures to stabilize the currency and cushion the economy from further speculative measures. On the other hand, Anwar Ibrahim, the deputy prime minister and then-Minister of Finance advocated IMF-style, free-market-oriented corrective measures. The economy eventually began its recovery under measures instituted by Mahathir, but Anwar continued his opposition to Mahathir's measures which eventually culminated in his sacking from all ministerial positions and from the <a href="/wiki/United_Malay_National_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malay National Organization">United Malay National Organization</a> (UMNO), and eventual arrest and sentencing to six years' imprisonment for corruption and nine years imprisonment for sodomy. </p><p>The movement borrowed their idiom from the campaign in the neighboring country of Indonesia against President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> earlier that year, which protested against the thirty-some years of <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">Suharto rule</a> in pursuit of "Reformasi", which successfully ended with <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">his resignation on 21 May</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his arrest on 20 September, Anwar travelled across the country, giving huge crowds public lectures on justice, the prevalence of cronyism and corruption, the urgency for social safety nets and so on. These groups controlled an expansive grassroots network and were able to garner tens of thousands of mostly Malay youths to support Anwar's cause and his calls for Reformasi. </p><p>Opposition parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS) also extended their support. After leading a huge rally in Kuala Lumpur on 20 September 1998, amid the <a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and the United Kingdom's Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>'s visit to Kuala Lumpur, Anwar was finally arrested and detained under the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Security Act (Malaysia)">Internal Security Act</a> (ISA). A number of his followers were also held under the ISA, and hundreds of demonstrators were eventually charged with illegal assembly and related offences.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demonstrations intensified by the surrounding actions against Anwar - his arrest at gunpoint, assault by the chief of police, widely publicized sexual allegations against him,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his highly controversial court cases. Thousands took to the streets in protest when Anwar was sentenced to six years in jail for corruption (abuse of power) in April 1999. Police repression was again harsh and 118 people were arrested. Police dispersed protesters with the use of tear gas, chemically-laced water and bludgeons, and publicised photographs and lists in the mainstream press of people wanted for interrogation. Apart from direct confrontation in the streets, the government and the opposition maintained an acrimonious campaign against each other, in the mainstream and the alternative media respectively. The latter included the bilingual (English and Malay) PAS newspaper, Harakah, published twice a week, smaller weekly and monthly publications such as Eksklusif, Detik and Tamadun, and several sites on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Anwar_factor">The Anwar factor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Anwar factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #ED1C24"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anwar_Ibrahim_(2024-05-23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg/75px-Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg/113px-Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg/150px-Anwar_Ibrahim_%282024-05-23%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Anwar Ibrahim</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim#Early_life_and_education" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim#Election_results" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim#Awards_and_recognitions" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Awards and honours</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Anwar_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Anwar Ibrahim">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a></b></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_government_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Malaysian government formation">Government formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim_cabinet" title="Anwar Ibrahim cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Malaysian_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2023 Malaysian cabinet reshuffle">Cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Anwar_Ibrahim" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Anwar Ibrahim">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sabah_political_crisis" title="2023 Sabah political crisis">Sabah political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Madani" title="Malaysia Madani">Malaysia Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kuala_Lumpur_sinkhole" title="2024 Kuala Lumpur sinkhole">Kuala Lumpur sinkhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ikhwan_child_abuse_scandal" title="Global Ikhwan child abuse scandal">GISB child abuse scandal</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><b>Leader of the Opposition</b></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Bersih_rally" title="2007 Bersih rally">2007 Bersih rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Permatang_Pauh_by-election" title="2008 Permatang Pauh by-election">2008 by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim_sodomy_trials#2008_allegation" title="Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials">Second sodomy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching_Declaration" title="Kuching Declaration">Kuching Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 Perak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_Committees_of_Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Frontbench Committees of Anwar Ibrahim">Frontbench committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_2.0_rally" title="Bersih 2.0 rally">Bersih 2.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election_protest" title="2013 Malaysian general election protest">2013 election protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajang_Move" title="Kajang Move">Kajang Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Port_Dickson_by-election" title="2018 Port Dickson by-election">PD Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><b>Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia</b></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Mahathir_cabinet" title="Fifth Mahathir cabinet">Fifth Mahathir cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim_sodomy_trials#1998_allegation" title="Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials">First sodomy trial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformasi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><b>Political parties</b></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><b>Family</b></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail" title="Wan Azizah Wan Ismail">Wan Azizah Wan Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Izzah_Anwar" title="Nurul Izzah Anwar">Nurul Izzah Anwar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim's signature"><img alt="Anwar Ibrahim's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Anwar_ibrahim.png/100px-Anwar_ibrahim.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Anwar_ibrahim.png/150px-Anwar_ibrahim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Anwar_ibrahim.png/200px-Anwar_ibrahim.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anwar_Ibrahim" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anwar Ibrahim"><b>Gallery</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Anwar Ibrahim"><b>Quotes</b></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anwar_Ibrahim_sidebar" title="Template:Anwar Ibrahim sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anwar_Ibrahim_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anwar Ibrahim sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anwar_Ibrahim_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anwar Ibrahim sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In early September 1998, Anwar Ibrahim, who was the deputy prime minister, was unceremoniously removed from his positions in government and UMNO. He was fired for sexual misconduct. Even before charges were laid, Mahathir explained in graphic detail – repeated in stunningly explicit lead articles and banner headlines in the press – that his deputy was guilty of adultery, sodomy, and was trying to cover up evidences of his trysts. However, Anwar was not immediately detained. For 18 days he toured the country, giving extremely well attended public lectures on justice, the purported evils of Mahathirism, the prevalence of cronyism and corruption, the needs for social safety nets and the urgency to reform. Anwar averred that he had been pressing for change from within, and stressed on his role in developing low-cost housing and people-friendly policies while in government. He was largely supported by Islamic NGOs and a wide array of other groups and organizations. Islamist Groups in particular command an immense grassroots network. They were able to rouse tens of thousands of mostly Malay youths to espouse Anwar's cause and his calls for Reformasi. Opposition parties, such as DAP and PAS, have also proclaimed their support. </p><p>After leading an enormous rally in Kuala Lumpur on 20 September 1998, Anwar was finally arrested, together with a number of his followers. In addition, hundreds of demonstrators were eventually charged with illegal assembly and related offenses. Anwar was initially held under the ISA before other charges were specified. Opposition to the ISA became a central issue to Reformasi movement. Nine days after his arrest, Anwar appeared in court with serious head and neck injuries. As the Royal Commission of Inquiry concluded in March 1999, Anwar had been beaten in the custody by Rahim Noor, the then <a href="/wiki/Inspector-General_of_Police_(Malaysia)" title="Inspector-General of Police (Malaysia)">Inspector General of Police</a> (IGP) and was later found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. Anwar was eventually sentenced to six years' imprisonment for corruption in April 1999 and nine years' imprisonment for sodomy two months later by the Malaysia High Court. His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international community. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that the trial proceedings "exposed a pattern of political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and the judiciary" and declared Anwar a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a>, stating that he had been arrested in order to silence him as a political opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her emotional but rather banal speeches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir. </p><p>Reformasi protesters demanded protection for civil liberties and repeal of the ISA. They decried constraints on the media and the judiciary and lambasted what was called KNN (korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme) (corruption, cronyism and nepotism). Others also called for Islamization as the solution to the perceived moral decay of the government and society. Shouts of <i>Allahu Akhbar</i> (God is great) and <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">takbir</a> (a call to praise God) peppered demonstrations, many of which took place around mosques and at prayer times. The demonstrations were met with increasingly harsh crackdowns by the police. </p><p>These street protests had largely tapered out by mid-November, but they resumed at key moments, such as the announcement and anniversaries of the verdicts on Anwar's cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformasi's_goals"><span id="Reformasi.27s_goals"></span>Reformasi's goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reformasi's goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformasi_protests,_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/Reformasi_protests%2C_1998.jpg/300px-Reformasi_protests%2C_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a2/Reformasi_protests%2C_1998.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Protests during Reformasi in Kuala Lumpur, 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Reformasi movement linked a wide array of protesters who had divergent aims and concerns under a commodious if amorphous umbrella. Reformasi constituted a broad-based popular movement for social, political and economic change. It was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a> (BA) coalition a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> (PR), itself a precursor to the current ruling <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) government, and in civil society by conglomerations of NGOs, trade unions, and other activists cooperating across sectors and issue areas. The groundswell of opposition to Mahathir, to BN, and specific government laws and policies conveyed in opposition oriented media (especially on the internet) was also tied to the Reformasi movement. </p><p>The movement and its leaders were forced to specify precisely what they meant by "reform" and to articulate concrete, pragmatic objectives once the political crisis matured. Particularly since elections approached, the aims of Reformasi had to be somehow encapsulated in a broadly appealing electoral platform. </p><p>Over the course of events, the Reformasi movement attracted an unprecedented range of active and passive supporters. Most Malaysians seemed to agree that at least some degree of change is warranted. For instance, 85 percent of respondents to a mid-1999 survey agreed that Malaysia needed a reassessment in politics, economy and society. </p><p>Among the more comprehend documents detailing specific reforms were two that originated with Chinese activists: the "People Are The Boss" declaration and that of the Malaysian Chinese Organizations' Election Appeals Committee (also known as <i>Suqiu</i>), both of them promulgated in mid-August 1999. The online "People Are The Boss" campaign was started by an informal group of ethnic-Chinese journalists as a noncommunal citizens' awareness campaign. </p><p>The list of signatories included not only Chinese Malaysians but also a number of Malays and Indians. The project's "Declaration on the People's Awareness" explains that government is appointed by and empowered by the people; the people thus have the right and responsibility to monitor their "employees" and hold them accountable. </p><p>Suqiu proved more controversial. At the forefront was the Suqiu Committee, a lobbying and monitoring group composed of 13 national-level Chinese guilds and associations. In addition, over 2,000 Chinese organizations nationwide endorsed a list of 17 core demands that was drafted as a wishlist, submitted to all political parties, and accepted at least in principle by the BN's <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA), <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_People%27s_Movement_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian People's Movement Party">Malaysian People's Movement Party</a> (Gerakan), <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak United People's Party">Sarawak United People's Party</a> (SUPP), and also the opposition <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a> or Alternative Front (BA) coalition. </p><p>Some of the demands, such as those for promoting democracy, human rights, justice, women's rights, and national unity, are nonethnic. Others are considered communal, such as demanding for modernizing New Villages and encouraging more egalitarian multiculturalism. </p><p>The MCA presented the demands to the cabinet, but UMNO condemned them as inappropriately communal and threatening. Fiery debate on Suqiu extended well beyond the elections. UMNO swore that it would uphold the position of Malays, and UMNO Youth staged an aggressive demonstration outside the Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall in August 2000. </p><p>Others were more supportive of the initiative, particularly those from the BA and civil society, a cohort that included a multiracial array of students and youth organizations. </p><p>Suqiu's defenders urged that the debate not be rendered so racially incendiary, advising that affirmative action policies be made more need-based, pointing out that the constitution guarantees Malays a special position (kedudukan istimewa) and not special rights (hak istimewa), and asserting that Islam denies any racial group-specific privileges. Eventually, under intense pressure, Suqiu backed down in January 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anwar's arrest prompted commentators as diverse as Amnesty International, Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/B.J._Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Habibie">B.J. Habibie</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> and former U.S. Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> who showed signs of disapproval at Malaysia's political and economic failures. At the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">1998 APEC Summit</a> in Kuala Lumpur, Al Gore, gave a speech supporting Anwar and the Reformasi movement in front of the Prime Minister of Malaysia and other Asia-Pacific premiers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Democracy confers a stamp of legitimacy that reforms must have in order to be effective." He went on: "And so, among nations suffering economic crises, we continue to hear calls for democracy, calls for reform, in many languages - <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_Moi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi Moi">Doi Moi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">Reformasi</a>. We hear them today - right here, right now - among the brave people of Malaysia."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1998, Mahathir experienced his first international snub when the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a> (ISNA) withdrew its invitation to the Prime Minister to be a keynote speaker at one of its meetings. Mahathir's invitation by a group of pro-government students based at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> to a workshop in October also sparked a controversy when a rival group calling itself the Cambridge Coalition for a Free Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reacted to the invitation by calling for a boycott of the planned event. The event was not cancelled, but Mahathir was met by protestors, mainly Malaysian students and members of the Cambridge University Amnesty International group.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_response">Domestic response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reformasi movement attracted a wide range of previously disparate groups. About 25 Malay non-governmental organizations like the <i><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Belia_Islam_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia">Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia</a></i> or Islamic Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Malaysian Islamic Reform Society joined PAS in forming GERAK (Malaysian People's Movement for Justice).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predominantly non-Malay non-governmental organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Suara_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Suara Rakyat Malaysia">Suara Rakyat Malaysia</a> (SUARAM)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Malaysian People's Voice) joined the DAP and the small but venerable <a href="/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Rakyat Malaysia">Malaysian People's Party</a> in forming GAGASAN (Coalition for People's Democracy). Further, as anticipation mounted that elections would be called, some forty non-governmental organizations involved with GERAK and GAGASAN organised Pemantau (Malaysian Citizens' Election Watch).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a political commentator, former deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Musa_Hitam" title="Musa Hitam">Musa Hitam</a> remarked that "If the reformasi movement and demonstrations could be given any significance in terms of Malaysian politics ... it is more issue-based than racial. I'm fascinated." Musa commented that prior to Reformasi, "any demonstration of any nature in Kuala Lumpur or Penang would always turn racial. Even if they were against the government, they would burn the Chinese shops."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalition_Building_for_Reform">Coalition Building for Reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coalition Building for Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reformasi movement united an array of organizations from both civil society and political society. Among the groups involved were the political parties, advocacy-oriented NGOs, religious organizations, trade unions, and professional associations. These groups were joined by organized and unorganized students, individual activists and alternative media. </p><p>Groups motivated by different underlying philosophies and representing different constituencies have learned, through practice of advocacy in the face of an increasingly consolidated and strong regime, to trust and work with each other. </p><p>To agitate for Reformasi, two main coalitions were launched in September 1998: Gagasan Demokrasi Rakyat (Coalition for People's Democracy, Gagasan), and Majlis Gerakan Keadilan Rakyat Malaysia (Malaysian People's Movement for Justice, Gerak). The two coalitions included an overlapping range of organizations, including the DAP, PAS and PRM. Gerak, however, included more Islamist groups and maintained a more Islamist orientation than the NGO-led Gagasan. No real attempt was made to segregate political parties and NGOs in these bodies, although, both of their comparative advantages were acknowledged. </p><p>NGOs, in particular, are often concerned not to align themselves too closely with political parties. Under the circumstances, all involved seemed to realize that broad-based cooperation on common aims was the best strategy available. Both coalitions focused on human rights and good governance, including repeal of unjust laws, expunging corruption, press freedom, judicial independence and social justice, although Anwar and the ISA dominated Gerak's Agenda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timelines">Timelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Timelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_events">Key events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:10%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="vertical-align:top;">1998</td> <td>2 September</td> <td>Mahathir sacked his heir apparent Anwar Ibrahim from the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Mahathir_cabinet" title="Fifth Mahathir cabinet">Fifth Mahathir cabinet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 September</td> <td>Anwar was expelled from UMNO and Dr. Munawar Anees, Anwar's former speechwriter, and Sukma Darmawan Sasmita Atmadja, Anwar's adoptive brother, were arrested under suspicion of engaging in homosexual acts<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 September</td> <td>Anwar's Declaration of Reformasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 September</td> <td>Anwar's Arrest </td></tr> <tr> <td>27–30 September</td> <td>Activists closely linked to Anwar like <a href="/wiki/Chua_Tian_Chang" title="Chua Tian Chang">Tian Chua</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._Gobalakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gobalakrishnan">N.Gobalakrishnan</a>, <a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Ezam_Mohd_Nor" class="extiw" title="ms:Mohamad Ezam Mohd Nor">Mohd Ezam Mohd Nor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Azmin_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Azmin Ali">Mohamed Azmin Ali</a>, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun were arrested </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 September</td> <td>Anwar appeared in court and pleaded innocent to charges of corruption and sodomy. A photo of Anwar with a black eye (incurred from a beating by then Inspector General of Police Rahim Noor) and one hand raised became a symbol of the political opposition in many reformasi posters </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">1999</td> <td>4 April</td> <td>Founding of the National Justice Party led by Anwar's wife, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail" title="Wan Azizah Wan Ismail">Wan Azizah Wan Ismail</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 April</td> <td>Anwar sentenced to six years in prison for corruption </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2000</td> <td>8 August</td> <td>Anwar was sentenced to nine years in prison for sodomy and the sentences were to be served consecutively </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">2004</td> <td>2 September</td> <td>Federal Court overturned Anwar's sodomy conviction and Anwar was immediately released </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_causes_of_Reformasi">Immediate causes of Reformasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immediate causes of Reformasi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clash_of_leadership_styles">Clash of leadership styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clash of leadership styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reformasi occurred due to the differing leadership styles between Mahathir and Anwar. Anwar claimed that he had significantly changed the government from within and stressed that his role in developing low-cost housing and other people-friendly policies while in government, caused him to become a focus for popular frustrations with the ruling party. Before entering UMNO, Anwar had been a student activist, then headed Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) in the 1970s, making strident calls for Islamicisation and Malay-language education. Detained for two years under the ISA, Anwar was brought into Mahathir's government six years later, in 1982. Expelled from Mahathir's camp, Anwar was warmly reclaimed by ABIM and other Islamic NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Months before Anwar's arrest, Mahathir had been granting more responsibility for economic policy-making to <a href="/wiki/Daim_Zainuddin" title="Daim Zainuddin">Daim Zainuddin</a>, a financial strongman, thus limiting Anwar's power.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahathir accused Anwar for being a "puppet" of foreign powers and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (IMF), out to re-colonize Malaysia and the arrest was partly due to Anwar's economic mismanagement. Mahathir claimed that Anwar and his supporters were guilty of corruption and cronyism and that he had led the country to the brink of economic disaster by following the wishes of the IMF. Anwar was a "liar and an agitator, detained for this in 1974, and now returning to his old ways. Above all else, disregarding court warnings on the issue."<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Mahathir's clear enmity against the IMF, Anwar stated that the government "have an excellent rapport with the IMF officials and that they did say that Malaysia did not need IMF's rescue".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Mahathir's use of state's funds to bail out several prominent conglomerates, Anwar defended his opposition to government's bailouts and lack of transparency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_mismanagement_of_Asian_Financial_Crisis_of_1997">Economic mismanagement of Asian Financial Crisis of 1997</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic mismanagement of Asian Financial Crisis of 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, UMNO party leaders accused Mahathir of mismanaging the economic crisis. A concert of attacks followed, including a claim made by a Time magazine article that Mahathir has funnelled a $250 million loan to his son through political party connections. Overt attempts by some in the ruling elite to protect ailing beneficiaries and "clients" from the full thrust of market forces in the wake of the financial crisis like the above largely contributed to the friction between Mahathir and Anwar, with the latter commonly believed to have been less willing to yield to the government's financial bail-outs of these cronies. </p><p>As more of the business conglomerates created by symbiotic relationships between government and business elites started to face financial ruin, political ramifications inevitably spread to the highest levels of the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO)/Barisan Nasional coalition. When Anwar continued to resist some of these attempts at rescuing politically-linked businesses, he was politically neutralized by first being arrested and then charged with corruption and sexual misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underlying_cause_of_Reformasi">Underlying cause of Reformasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Underlying cause of Reformasi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main reasons for Reformasi do not just revolve around the episodes of the sacking and arrest of Anwar Ibrahim in 1998. For many years, UMNO have had several contentions within its party ranks and Reformasi is often viewed as a manifestation of UMNO's factionalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UMNO_factionalism_since_the_1970s">UMNO factionalism since the 1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: UMNO factionalism since the 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reformasi took place from the overt split within the UMNO leadership in 1998. Malaysians have witnessed such splits prior to 1998. For many people the events that preceded 1998 might be just another reminder of what had happened about two decades ago: a struggle for power between elements of the governing elite over who will get to lead the nation and shape it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first crisis, which arose in 1975 during <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein" title="Abdul Razak Hussein">Tun Abdul Razak's</a> term as prime minister, the communist card was used by some to persecute and intimidate rivals in the party. This early period pitted a group of "young Turks" including Mahathir in wanting to cause rapid social change against an "old guard" of disparate forces of feudal nationalists and individuals whose fortunes were tied to the institutional vestiges of the "old system".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, UMNO survived this crisis because the winning faction created a new role for itself as the guardians of Malay development through new social and economic affirmative action policies in the form of <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">The New Economic Policy (NEP)</a>. </p><p>In 1987, UMNO split in half after <a href="/wiki/Tengku_Razaleigh_Hamzah" title="Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah">Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah</a> challenged Dr Mahathir for the leadership of UMNO, and failed by only 43 votes from the 1479 delegates. The result forced Tengku Razaleigh to leave UMNO and set up his own <a href="/wiki/Semangat_46" class="mw-redirect" title="Semangat 46">Semangat '46</a> party, which formed an electoral collaboration with PAS and the largely Chinese DAP to compete in the 1990 elections. After this attempt failed, Semangat members rejoined UMNO in 1996, including Tengku Razeleigh. Many expect the current opposition to meet a similar fate.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_Reformasi">Impact of Reformasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact of Reformasi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To Funston,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was no doubt an event that has impacted the Malays greatly. The majority Malay community was strongly divided by these events, particularly in the Klang Valley and the northern states. The pro-Anwar group garnered huge support from Malay youths and Muslim groups. Tensions were most visible in urban areas, but in the villages individuals also began boycotting the shops and even mosques of opposing groups. This had happened before, particularly in the 1960s but what was revolutionary about it was that it was never on such a massive scale. Many government employees, particularly teachers and military personnel, supported the opposition. Government leaders warned these officers not to challenge the government, and threatened disciplinary action against them. Non-Malays were not as involved as the Malays, but participated through non-governmental organisations (NGOs), or the DAP. Their grassroots organisations issued several substantial memoranda, including the widely publicized "Suqiu"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the "Seventeen Points".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meredith Weiss responds in the same light by noting that even though there are both Islamic-oriented NGOs (IONGOs) and secular issue-oriented NGOs, including human rights, women's rights and other advocacy organizations, who are active in the Reformasi movement, these collaborations between these sectors tend to remain at a rather superficial level. The underlying motivation for the IONGOs is religion and their emphasis is on moral accountability and often pro-Malay policies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other advocacy groups hinges on specific, non-ethnic issues, phrased usually in universal terms. In addition, the membership of IONGOs is almost exclusively Malay Muslim, with some degree of gender segregation, and most communications are in the Malay language. The advocacy groups are mostly Chinese and Indian in leadership and membership, are more gender-neutral and operate mostly in English. All support Keadilan (justice), but with varying rationales, so that when members of the different kinds of NGOs co-operate, it is often in their alternate roles as party or electoral coalition workers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, according to Weiss, the long-term impact of Reformasi could be significant. Current manifestations indicate a change in Malay political culture away from blind loyalty and <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a> and towards more critical engagement with political processes, the development of an opposition coalition with a chance of upsetting BN dominance and hence ushering in a more liberal form of parliamentary democracy, and a shift towards a multiracial collaboration in which communally-defined issues are less significant. Meeting these goals demands that the majority of voters accept new, issue rather than race-oriented norms of political interaction, a process which could take quite a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_Mahathir's_resignation"><span id="Before_Mahathir.27s_resignation"></span>Before Mahathir's resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Before Mahathir's resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reformasi led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named <a href="/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Keadilan Nasional">Parti Keadilan Nasional</a> (National Justice Party). In 1999, a general election was held. The new Parti Keadilan Nasional, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia, and Democratic Action Party formed a <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Alternatif" title="Barisan Alternatif">Barisan Alternatif</a> (Alternative Front), in a combined initiative to replace the standing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government. For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, a Malay-based party and the dominant party in the BN coalition, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Social_Movement_to_Campaign_Trail">From Social Movement to Campaign Trail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: From Social Movement to Campaign Trail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What most distinguished the pro-justice agitation of Malaysia in the late 1990s from the prototypical mobilization of civil society-based pressure groups or prior coalition-building ventures of Malaysian political parties was the depth of the interaction between political parties. </p><p>Reformasi was never merely confined to NGOs and other nonpartisan organizations. Opposition political parties were energetically engaged from the outset, first individually and then in such coalitions as Gagasan and Gerak. </p><p>As elections drew near, the fulcrum of the movement shifted from nongovernmental to electoral sphere. Reformasi's transition from social movement to electoral campaign began with the NGO Adil, which was superseded as of April 1999 by the political party Keadilan. </p><p>The launch of Keadilan puts to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in Adil, join PAS, or try to stage a coup against UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle of the road Malays, particularly from UMNO. </p><p>In June 1999, PAS, Keadilan, DAP and Parti Rakyat Malaysia(PRM) announced their plans to contest as Barisan Alternatif(BA). BA was endorsed by parties in Sabah and Sarawak and by the unregistered Parti Sosialis Malaysia(PSM). </p><p>The principal opposition leaders formulated a list of the ten common issues in June 1999: constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy, human rights, rules of law, independence of the judiciary, citizens' rights and responsibilities, Islam as official religion and freedom of religion, Malay as National language while retaining the rights for other languages, Bumiputera special position and Federalism. Many of the same people were involved at all stages of the movement, regardless of their affiliation, be it established political party or civil society. </p><p>These activists came both from advocacy groups, such as Aliran, Suaram, All Women's Action Society(AWAM), and from mass Islamic organizations, such as ABIM and JIM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_Malaysian_general_election">1999 Malaysian general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1999 Malaysian general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 1999">Malaysian general election, 1999</a></div> <p>On 2 July 1999, before the elections, four opposition parties, PAS, DAP, Keadilan and the socialist, mainly Malay, Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) declared a common programme of action emphasising on the ten principles drawn from the Malaysian constitution. These stressed constitutional principles based on democracy and the special position of Malays, the latter to reassure Malays that co-operation with the DAP would not involve prioritising DAP's interests. References to establish an Islamic state were not made because PAS agreed to drop this in the interests of opposition unity.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coordination among the opposition parties have made the 1999 elections one of the most contested ever. For the first time, the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) faced a coalition of the major opposition parties, campaigning on a common 'reform' platform. Even though BN won with 148 out of 193 seats, the elections still proved a major defeat for UMNO which lost 22 seats. Its parliamentary seats declined from 94 to 72. For the first time ever, UMNO seats were less than the total of its coalition partners. 4 of its ministers and 5 deputy ministers were defeated. One of the major reasons was the Malays' reaction against the government's handling of the Anwar issue. They shifted their support to the opposition. </p><p>Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS) and Keadilan (led by Anwar's wife) were the main beneficiaries. PAS, advantaging from its affiliation to reformasi, emerged as the new parliamentary opposition leader, and headed state governments in Kelantan and Terengganu.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_leadership_of_Abdullah_Badawi">During the leadership of Abdullah Badawi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: During the leadership of Abdullah Badawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Badawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Badawi">Abdullah Badawi</a> took over in October 2003, the excitement generated by the formation of the Barisan Alternatif and its performance in the November 1999 election had started to fade. Since the DAP left the coalition in September 2001, Keadilan itself has been experiencing an acrimonious internal power struggle and looks in danger of going down the Semangat '46 path. The root of the BA's dilemma was evidently that its component parties could not reconcile their different agendas. On matters concerning <i>Ketuanan Melayu</i> and ethnic quotas, the DAP could not see eye to eye with PAS, Keadilan, and the PRM. With regard to PAS and its overriding focus on the creation of an Islamic state, it has opened a chasm that the two parties, the DAP and PAS, could not reconcile.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_Malaysian_general_election">2004 Malaysian general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2004 Malaysian general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2004">Malaysian general election, 2004</a></div> <p>The opposition fall-out changed the fortunes for BN in the 2004 election. For instance, Parti Keadilan Nasional lost all of its seats in Parliament but one, which was held by its president, Wan Azizah, wife of Anwar Ibrahim. The BN coalition captured 198 out of 219 seats in Parliament on the way to its most convincing electoral performance since 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Barisan Nasional performance in Northern Malaysia was particularly impressive. The Barisan Nasional's sweeping victory was also attributed to high expectations of the new Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi, who succeeded Mahathir in 2003. </p><p>Also, during the 2004 elections, the role of civil society slid quietly to the peripheries of Malaysian politics, marginalized once again by the state as well as by other political interests that intended to focus the epic struggle between UMNO and PAS as the centerpiece of the elections. Indeed, civil society movements, so proactive and politicised just five years ago with the growth of the Reformasi movement, were conspicuously absent in 2004 due to the lack of functioning space and state domination over society.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_of_Anwar_in_2004">Release of Anwar in 2004</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Release of Anwar in 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, Anwar Ibrahim was released from prison in September 2004 and Parti Keadilan Nasional re-emerged as Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or People's Justice Party. Even though Anwar was barred from participating in politics, he managed to become PKR's de facto leader. William Case<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that both the "Anwar factor" and the PKR's multi-racial platform injected excitement in Malaysia's political life.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, Anwar stated that his purpose was to actively reinstate the multi-racial political coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence caused PAS to open its membership to non-Muslims in 2006 and Anwar's call to end the thirty-six-year-old New Economic Policy caught the attention and support of the non-Malays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Malaysian_general_election">2008 Malaysian general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2008 Malaysian general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2008">Malaysian general election, 2008</a></div> <p>The excitement that Anwar caused in Malaysian politics reinvigorated the spirit of the Reformasi movement. It returned during Malaysia's 2008 general election, and contributed to the People's Justice Party's (PKR) win of 31 parliamentary seats. In addition, five of the eleven state governments in the peninsular Malaysia fell to the PKR, PAS, and DAP coalition. The success of the coalition caused the Barisan Nasional government to lose its two-thirds majority in parliament which it had held since 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to O'Shannassy, the elections of 2008 represent a significant change as the opposition gains could be seen as a robust public endorsement of their multiracial aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Significance_of_Reformasi_Movement">The Significance of Reformasi Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Significance of Reformasi Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reformasi movement represents a departure from past Malaysian experience in terms of its aims, scope and institutions. The movement urged Malaysians not just to vote differently but to actually think differently about politics. </p><p>In encouraging true multiracial, Reformasi leaders advocated adoption of a unified political culture, in which all subsets of citizens in a Bangsa Malaysia Malaysian Nation will pursue a broader and nonexclusive goal. </p><p>Crucial to the progress of the movement is the scope of its support. More Malays, including middle-class Malays and those associated with Islamic Organizations, got involved in Reformasi movement, as compared to similar issues in the past. As these Malays had contact with the grassroots through their organizations such as ABIM and JIM, this movement drew considerable support from lower-class Malays in the rural as well as urban areas. </p><p>Even among older Malaysians, new preferences or perspectives are at least sharing political space with the older ones. Concrete evidence is apparent: </p> <ul><li>In the 1999 General elections, the opposition won over 40 percent of the votes and candidates who specifically ran on a social justice platform did well.</li> <li>About three times the usual number of people registered to vote in the registration period that coincided with the height of Reformasi.</li> <li>Opposition – supporting alternative media matched or outstripped mainstream mass media in circulation during the Reformasi period. For example, Malaysiakini, the Web-based daily, have retained a significant readership.</li> <li>UMNO has made a concerted effort to change and to win back youth, women and others who have lost faith in the organization.</li> <li>University students have continued their efforts on mobilization.</li> <li>Terms such as transparency, accountability and cronyism have entered common discourse. Government leaders have been forced to respond and reform, by means ranging from admitting that corruption is a problem to setting up the National Human Rights Commission to holding interparty debates and feedback session with constituents.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transformsarawak.wordpress.com">"Strong as the weakest link" Leadership at St Augustine</a> As a tailspin from GE14, a local grassroots NGO has started a transform- Sarawak blockchain initiative answering the state CM Abang Johari's call to digitize the local economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Gods" title="Malaysian Gods">Malaysian Gods</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anwar:_The_Untold_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anwar: The Untold Story (page does not exist)">Anwar: The Untold Story</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar:_The_Untold_Story" class="extiw" title="ms:Anwar: The Untold Story">ms</a>]</span></i> (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">Reformasi (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim_sodomy_trials" title="Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials">Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuhaimi2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suhaimi, Kay (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iluminasi.com/bm/sejarah-penubuhan-parti-keadilan-rakyat-dan-pakatan-harapan.html">"Sejarah Penubuhan Parti KeADILan Rakyat dan Pakatan Harapan"</a> (in Malay). Iluminasi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Penubuhan+Parti+KeADILan+Rakyat+dan+Pakatan+Harapan&rft.pub=Iluminasi&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Suhaimi&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filuminasi.com%2Fbm%2Fsejarah-penubuhan-parti-keadilan-rakyat-dan-pakatan-harapan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mgrnk.tripod.com/index2.html">"Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial (ADIL)"</a> (in Malay). Pergerakan Keadilan Sosial (ADIL). 10 December 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pergerakan+Keadilan+Sosial+%28ADIL%29&rft.pub=Pergerakan+Keadilan+Sosial+%28ADIL%29&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgrnk.tripod.com%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mahmud, Zin (6 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2018/02/06/di-sebalik-harapan-rakyat-kepada-pkr/">"Di sebalik harapan rakyat kepada PKR"</a> (in Malay). <a href="/wiki/Free_Malaysia_Today" title="Free Malaysia Today">Free Malaysia Today</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Di+sebalik+harapan+rakyat+kepada+PKR&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft.aulast=Mahmud&rft.aufirst=Zin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fopinion%2F2018%2F02%2F06%2Fdi-sebalik-harapan-rakyat-kepada-pkr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase,_William2004" class="citation journal cs1">Case, William (2004). "New Uncertainties for an Old Pseudo-Democracy: The Case of Malaysia". <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 83–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4150125">10.2307/4150125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150125">4150125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=New+Uncertainties+for+an+Old+Pseudo-Democracy%3A+The+Case+of+Malaysia&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-104&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4150125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4150125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Case%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWEISS1999" class="citation journal cs1">WEISS, MEREDITH L. (26 February 1999). "What Will Become of Reformasi? Ethnicity and Changing Political Norms in Malaysia". <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 424–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FCS21-3F">10.1355/CS21-3F</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798468">25798468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=What+Will+Become+of+Reformasi%3F+Ethnicity+and+Changing+Political+Norms+in+Malaysia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=424-450&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FCS21-3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25798468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=WEISS&rft.aufirst=MEREDITH+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anwar's character assassination worsened when a swirl of poison-pen letters hit the scene targeting him. Also, at the UMNO's 18–21 June Annual General Assembly, the book, 50 Dalil Mengapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM (50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot Be Prime Minister) mysteriously found its way into the delegate bags of attendees. Though Anwar insisted that the claims in the book were defamatory, some of them resurfaced among the legal charges levelled against him. There was speculation that Anwar had been orchestrating a coup at the June 1998's party General Assembly rather than wait for Mahathir to follow through on his promise to hand over power soon. There, Mahathir outwitted Anwar by, for instance, undercutting Anwar's charges of cronyism by revealing that many came from Anwar himself. However, those were quickly subdued after Mahathir made his official endorsement of Anwar as his successor in the presence of the members of the Supreme Council during the Assembly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billington, G. G (1998). Malaysia's Mahathir trumps 'anti-corruption' crowd. EIR, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFUNSTON2018" class="citation journal cs1">FUNSTON, JOHN (26 February 2018). 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He states that it was not entirely clear whether Reformasi entailed Islamisation or liberalisation of political thinking. For instance, even after Anwar's wife, Wan Azizah, formed a new party, Keadilan Nasional (National Justice) which attempted to transcend ethnic and religious cleavages, this new party joined forces with the more ethnic and religious-based opposition parties that are Malay-based and thus leaving its message somewhat ambiguous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, David Martin (2000). 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"Malay Dominance and Opposition Politics in Malaysia". <i>Southeast Asian Affairs</i>: 177–195. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913208">27913208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Malay+Dominance+and+Opposition+Politics+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=177-195&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Guan%2C+Lee+Hock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiow2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liow, Joseph (2005). "The Politics behind Malaysia's Eleventh General Election". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 907–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2005.45.6.907">10.1525/as.2005.45.6.907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2005.45.6.907">10.1525/as.2005.45.6.907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Politics+behind+Malaysia%27s+Eleventh+General+Election&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=907-930&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2005.45.6.907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fas.2005.45.6.907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Liow&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keadilanrakyat.org/">"PARTI KEADILAN RAKYAT"</a>. <i>www.keadilanrakyat.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.keadilanrakyat.org&rft.atitle=PARTI+KEADILAN+RAKYAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keadilanrakyat.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong" class="citation web cs1">Kong, City University of Hong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/ais/OurTeam_StaffProfile_Grid.aspx?username=wfcase">"Staff Profile, City University of Hong Kong"</a>. <i>www6.cityu.edu.hk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www6.cityu.edu.hk&rft.atitle=Staff+Profile%2C+City+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.aulast=Kong&rft.aufirst=City+University+of+Hong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.cityu.edu.hk%2Fais%2FOurTeam_StaffProfile_Grid.aspx%3Fusername%3Dwfcase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case, W. (1996).<i>Elites and Regimes in Malaysia: Revisiting A Consociational Democracy</i>. Clayton, VIC, Australia: Monash, p 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allers, C. (2014). <i>Anwar Ibrahim: The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat</i>, Singapore: Monsoon, p 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of the UMNO leaders, <a href="/wiki/Khairy_Jamaluddin" title="Khairy Jamaluddin">Khairy Jamaluddin</a> said that it was a "huge setback".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SHANNASSY,_MICHAEL2009" class="citation journal cs1">O'SHANNASSY, MICHAEL (2009). "Beyond the Barisan Nasional? A Gramscian Perspective of the 2008 Malaysian General Election". <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 88–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FCS31-1D">10.1355/CS31-1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288790">41288790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Barisan+Nasional%3F+A+Gramscian+Perspective+of+the+2008+Malaysian+General+Election&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-109&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FCS31-1D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41288790%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=O%27SHANNASSY%2C+MICHAEL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReformasi+%28Malaysia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformasi_(Malaysia)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Alejandro Reyes. Tim Healy. Asiaweek. Shattered Summit.</li> <li>Allers, C. (2014). <i>Anwar Ibrahim: The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat.</i> Singapore: Monsoon.</li> <li>Billington, G. G (1998). Malaysia's Mahathir trumps 'anti-corruption' crowd. EIR, 25.</li> <li>Case, W. (1996). <i>Elites and Regimes in Malaysia: Revisiting A Consociational Democracy.</i> Clayton, VIC, Australia: Monash.</li> <li>Case, W. (2004). New Uncertainties for an Old Pseudo-Democracy: The Case of Malaysia. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <i>37</i>(1), New York: University of New York, pp. 83–104.</li> <li>Funston, J. (2000). Malaysia's Tenth Elections: Status Quo, "Reformasi" or Islamization? <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <i>22</i>(1) Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp 23–59.</li> <li>Hwang, I. W. (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State under Mahathir, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-185-2" title="Special:BookSources/981-230-185-2">981-230-185-2</a>.</li> <li>Jones, D. (2000). What Mahathir Has Wrought. <i>The National Interest</i>. 59, Center for the National Interest. pp. 101–112.</li> <li>Khoo, B. T. (2003). <i>Beyond Mahathir: Malaysia Politics and its Discontent</i>, London: Zed Books Ltd.</li> <li>Lee, H. G. (2002). Malay Dominance and Opposition Politics in Malaysia. <i>Southeast Asian Affairs</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 177–195.</li> <li>Liow, J. (2005). The Politics behind Malaysia's Eleventh General Election. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <i>45</i>(6). University of California Press, pp. 907–930.</li> <li>Mohamed, M. (2001). The Unravelling of "Malay Consensus". <i>Southeast Asian Affairs</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 208–225.</li> <li>O' Shannassy, M. (2009). Beyond the Barisan Nasional? A Gramscian Perspective of the 2008 Malaysian General Election. <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>, <i>31</i>(1). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp 88–109.</li> <li>Subramaniam, S. (2001). The Dual Narrative of "Good Governance": Lessons for Understanding Political and Cultural Change in Malaysia and Singapore, <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <i>23</i>(1). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asia, pp. 65–80.</li> <li>Vidhu, V. (2000). Malaysian Elections 1999: Unfinished Journey. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <i>35</i>(31), pp. 2717–2724.</li> <li>Weiss, M. (1999). What Will Become of Reformasi? Ethnicity and Changing Political Norms in Malaysia. <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <i>21</i>(3), Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 424–450.</li> <li>Khoo, B., T. (2002) Democracy and Transition in Malaysia: An Analysis of the Problems of Political Succession. <i>Macalester International: Vol. 12, Article 11.</i> pp. 59–79.</li> <li>Nair, S. (2007) The Limits of Protest and Prospects for Political Reform in Malaysia. <i>Critical Asian Studies 39:3.</i> New York: Toutledge Taylors and Francis Group. pp 339–368</li> <li>Ufen, A. (2009) The transformation of political party opposition in Malaysia and its implications for the electoral authoritarian regime. <i>Democratization Vol. 16, No. 3.</i> Germany: Routledge Group. Pp. 604 –627.</li> <li>Lin, J., Y. (2016) A Structural Analysis of the 1999 Malaysian General Election: Changing Voting Preference of Ethnic Chinese and Malay Groups and Party. <i>Taiwan : Graduate Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.</i> pp. 1–17</li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_anti-Lynas_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 anti-Lynas rally (page does not exist)">2012 anti-Lynas rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_anti-Jamalul_Kiram_III_infiltration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration (page does not exist)">2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Uprising_rally,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Uprising rally, 2013">2013 KL 112, People’s Uprising rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%27s_Post_General_Election_rally_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysia's Post General Election rally 2013">2013 Blackout 505 rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops_Turun,_anti-price_hike_rally_2013" title="Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally 2013">2013 Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pencil_protest" title="Red Pencil protest">2014 Red Pencil protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2014" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2014">2014 May Day anti-GST rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Rakyat_Hakim_Negara_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally (page does not exist)">2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2015" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2015">2015 Kita Lawan, May Day anti-GST rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkap_Najib_rally" title="Tangkap Najib rally">2015 #TangkapNajib rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Low_Yat_Plaza_riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Low Yat Plaza riot (page does not exist)">2015 Low Yat Plaza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_4_rally" title="Bersih 4 rally">2015 BERSIH 4.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_People%27s_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 United People's rally">2015 United People's rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Shutdown_Sungai_Besi_rally" title="2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally">2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_anti-TPPA_rally" title="2016 anti-TPPA rally">2016 anti-TPPA rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Keranda_152_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Keranda 152 rally (page does not exist)">2016 Keranda 152 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Muafakat_Selamatkan_Malaysia_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally (page does not exist)">2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Hancur_GST,_Undur_Najib,_Undur_Rosmah,_Bebas_Anwar,_Hidup_Rakyat_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally (page does not exist)">2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_5_rally" title="Bersih 5 rally">2016 BERSIH 5.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-ICERD_rally" title="2018 anti-ICERD rally">2018 anti-ICERD rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2019_climate_strikes#Malaysia" title="September 2019 climate strikes">September 2019 climate strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawan protests">2021 Lawan protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 Perak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis#1BLACKMalaysia_protest_and_arrests" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 1BLACKMalaysia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Penang_riots" title="1867 Penang riots">1867 Penang riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">1967 Penang Hartal riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sarawak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">1946–50 anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rainforest_blockades_in_Sarawak" title="Indigenous rainforest blockades in Sarawak">Sarawak rainforest blockades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Sarawak_for_Sarawakians_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally (page does not exist)">2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sabah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">1963 anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Teluk_Gong_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations (page does not exist)">1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Baling_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Baling demonstrations (page does not exist)">1974 Baling demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Tasek_Utara,_Johor_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations (page does not exist)">1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memali_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Memali incident">1985 Memali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Sultan_of_Kelantan_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations (page does not exist)">1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Kampung_Rawa_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Kampung Rawa riots (page does not exist)">1998 Kampung Rawa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Terengganu_riot" title="2007 Terengganu riot">2007 Terengganu riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_cow%27s_head_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 cow's head protests">2009 cow's head protests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_anti-PPSMI_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 anti-PPSMI rally (page does not exist)">2009 anti-PPSMI rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Gathering_of_a_Million_Faithful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful (page does not exist)">2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Orange_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Orange rally (page does not exist)">2012 Orange rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Green_Rally_to_Putrajaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya (page does not exist)">2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_People%27s_Lands_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 People's Lands rally (page does not exist)">2012 People's Lands rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Taman_Medan_anti-cross_protest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest (page does not exist)">2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Penang_villagers_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Penang villagers protests (page does not exist)">2015 Penang villagers protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Seafield temple riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism#Malaysia" title="Student activism">Student activism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Durian_(film)" title="The Big Durian (film)"><i>The Big Durian</i> (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepuluh_Tahun_Sebelum_Merdeka_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka (film) (page does not exist)"><i>Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Gods" title="Malaysian Gods"><i>Malaysian Gods</i> (2009 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda_Putera" title="Tanda Putera"><i>Tanda Putera</i> (2013 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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