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id="toc-Studies_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Studies and early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_rise_to_fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_rise_to_fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Marriage and rise to fame </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_rise_to_fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Ainola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Ainola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Move to Ainola </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Ainola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ups_and_downs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ups_and_downs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Ups and downs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ups_and_downs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_pleasant_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_pleasant_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 More pleasant times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_pleasant_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 First World War years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revived_fortunes_but_growing_hand_tremor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revived_fortunes_but_growing_hand_tremor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Revived fortunes but growing hand tremor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revived_fortunes_but_growing_hand_tremor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Last major works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Second World War years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Final years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symphonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symphonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Symphonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symphonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tone poems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_important_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_important_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other important works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_important_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Activities and interests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Manuscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jean Sibelius</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جان سيبيليوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان سيبيليوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Sibelius" title="Yan Sibelius – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yan Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сібеліус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Сібеліус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Ян Сыбэліюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ян Сыбэліюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Жан Сибелиус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Γιαν Σιμπέλιους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαν Σιμπέλιους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ژان سیبلیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان سیبلیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%EC%8B%9C%EB%B2%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="장 시벨리우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장 시벨리우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Յան Սիբելիուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յան Սիբելիուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ז'אן סיבליוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן סיבליוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჟან სიბელიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟან სიბელიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сибелиус Жан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сибелиус Жан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDans_Sib%C4%93liuss" title="Žans Sibēliuss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žans Sibēliuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="ज्याँ सिबेलियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्याँ सिबेलियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جان سيبيليوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان سيبيليوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сибелиус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ян Сибелиус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="जां सिबेलियस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जां सिबेलियस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ジャン・シベリウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン・シベリウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibelius_Yan" title="Sibelius Yan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sibelius Yan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Сибелиус, Ян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сибелиус, Ян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81" title="Јан Сибелијус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јан Сибелијус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ян Сібеліус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Сібеліус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%B4%9D%E6%9F%B3%E6%96%AF" title="让·西贝柳斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="让·西贝柳斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%B2%9D%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB" title="西貝流士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西貝流士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jean Sibelius" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%B4%9D%E6%9F%B3%E6%96%AF" title="让·西贝柳斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="让·西贝柳斯" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Finnish composer (1865–1957)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sibelius" redirects here. For the music notation software, see <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(scorewriter)" title="Sibelius (scorewriter)">Sibelius (scorewriter)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sibelius (disambiguation)">Sibelius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean Sibelius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jean_Sibelius_circa_1898-1900_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2060" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1865-12-08)8 December 1865 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>, Finland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1957(1957-09-20) (aged 91) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a>, Finland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jean_Sibelius" title="List of compositions by Jean Sibelius">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aino_Sibelius" title="Aino Sibelius">Aino Sibelius</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1892)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg/210px-Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg/315px-Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg/420px-Jean_Sibelius_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="116" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jean Sibelius (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪˈbeɪliəs/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Finland Swedish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[siˈbeːliʉs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Sv-Jean_Sibelius.ogg\/Sv-Jean_Sibelius.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Jean Sibelius.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Sv-Jean_Sibelius.ogg/Sv-Jean_Sibelius.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Jean_Sibelius.ogg" title="File:Sv-Jean Sibelius.ogg">ⓘ</a>; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">early modern</a> periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often credited with having helped <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> develop a stronger <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> when the country was struggling from several <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">attempts at Russification</a> in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The core of his oeuvre is his <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_Sibelius_symphony_cycles" title="Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles">set of seven symphonies</a>, which, like his other major works, are regularly performed and recorded in Finland and countries around the world. His other best-known compositions are <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karelia_Suite" title="Karelia Suite">Karelia Suite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valse_triste_(Sibelius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valse triste (Sibelius)">Valse triste</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Sibelius)" title="Violin Concerto (Sibelius)">Violin Concerto</a>, the choral symphony <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Swan_of_Tuonela" title="The Swan of Tuonela">The Swan of Tuonela</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen_Suite" title="Lemminkäinen Suite">Lemminkäinen Suite</a>). His other works include pieces inspired by nature, Nordic mythology, and the Finnish <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>; over a hundred songs for voice and piano; <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> for numerous plays; the one-act opera <a href="/wiki/The_Maiden_in_the_Tower" title="The Maiden in the Tower">The Maiden in the Tower</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, piano music, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a> ritual music,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and 21 publications of <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a>. Sibelius composed prolifically until the mid-1920s, but after completing his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)">Seventh Symphony</a> (1924), the <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(Sibelius)" title="The Tempest (Sibelius)">incidental music for The Tempest</a> (1926), and the <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapiola_(Sibelius)" title="Tapiola (Sibelius)">Tapiola</a> (1926), he stopped producing major works in his last 30 years—a retirement commonly referred to as the "silence of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a>" (the location of his home). Although he is reputed to have stopped composing, he attempted to continue writing, including abortive efforts on an <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)">eighth symphony</a>. In later life, he wrote <a href="/wiki/Masonic_music" title="Masonic music">Masonic music</a> and re-edited some earlier works, while retaining an active but not always favourable interest in new developments in music. Although this 'silence' has often perplexed scholars, in reality, Sibelius was clear: he felt he had written enough. The Finnish 100 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish mark">mark</a> note featured his image until 2002, when the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-Setelit.com-4">[4]</a> Since 2011, Finland has celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Flag_flying_days_in_Finland" title="Flag flying days in Finland">flag flying day</a> on 8 December, the composer's birthday, also known as the Day of Finnish Music.<a href="#cite_note-intermin.fi-5">[5]</a> In 2015, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Sibelius's birth, a number of special concerts and events were held, especially in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, the Finnish capital.<a href="#cite_note-Visit-Helsinki-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg/220px-Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg/330px-Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg/440px-Hameenlinna_Sibelius_House_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a></figcaption></figure> Sibelius was born on 8 December 1865 in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Tavastehus) in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, an autonomous state within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. He was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking</a> medical doctor Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Charlotta Sibelius (née Borg). The family name stems from the <a href="/wiki/Sipoo" title="Sipoo">Sibbe estate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uusimaa" title="Eastern Uusimaa">Eastern Uusimaa</a>, which his paternal great-grandfather owned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom19508-7">[7]</a> Sibelius's father died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> in July 1868, leaving substantial debts. As a result, his mother—who was again pregnant—had to sell their property and move the family into the home of Katarina Borg, her widowed mother, who also lived in Hämeenlinna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200919-8">[8]</a> Sibelius was therefore brought up in a decidedly female environment, the only male influence coming from his uncle, Pehr Ferdinand Sibelius, who was interested in music, especially the violin. Pehr Ferdinand gave the boy a violin when he was ten years old and later encouraged him to maintain his interest in composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200953-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994905-10">[10]</a> For Sibelius, Uncle Pehr not only took the place of a father but acted as a musical adviser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg/170px-Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg/255px-Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Sib%C3%A9lius_as_a_schoolboy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>11-year-old Sibelius in 1876</figcaption></figure> From an early age, Sibelius showed a strong interest in nature, frequently walking around the countryside when the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Loviisa" title="Loviisa">Loviisa</a> on the coast for the summer months. In his own words: "For me, Loviisa represented sun and happiness. Hämeenlinna was where I went to school; Loviisa was freedom." In Hämeenlinna, when he was seven, Sibelius's aunt Julia was brought in to give him piano lessons on the family's upright instrument, rapping him on the knuckles whenever he played a wrong note. He progressed by improvising on his own, but still learned to read music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett20074-12">[12]</a> He later turned to the violin, which he preferred. He participated in trios with his elder sister Linda on piano, and his younger brother Christian on the cello. (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Sibelius" title="Christian Sibelius">Christian Sibelius</a> was to become a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a>, still remembered for his contributions to modern psychiatry in Finland.)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Sibelius soon began playing in quartets with neighboring families, furthering his experience performing chamber music. Fragments survive of his early compositions of the period, a trio, a piano quartet and a Suite in D Minor for violin and piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195010–13-14">[14]</a> Around 1881, he transcribed a short <a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicato</a> piece Vattendroppar (Water Drops) for violin, possibly as an <a href="/wiki/Etude" class="mw-redirect" title="Etude">etude</a> or musical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The first reference he made to himself composing is in a letter from August 1883 in which he writes that he composed a trio and was working on another: "They are rather poor, but it is nice to have something to do on rainy days."<a href="#cite_note-childhood-16">[16]</a> In 1881, he began violin lessons with the local bandmaster, Gustaf Levander, immediately developing a particularly strong interest in the instrument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett20076-17">[17]</a> Setting his heart on a career as a great violin virtuoso, he soon became an accomplished player, performing <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">David</a>'s Concerto in E minor in 1886 and, the following year, the last two movements of <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)" title="Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)">Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto</a> in Helsinki. Despite such success as an instrumentalist, he ultimately chose to become a composer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley200467-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-sih-19">[19]</a> In 1874, Sibelius attended Lucina Hagman's Finnish-speaking preparatory school as a native Swedish speaker. In 1876, he continued his education at the Finnish-language <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna_Normal-Lyc%C3%A9e" title="Hämeenlinna Normal-Lycée">Hämeenlinna Normal Lyceum</a> where he was a rather absent-minded pupil, though did quite well in mathematics and botany.<a href="#cite_note-childhood-16">[16]</a> Despite having to repeat a year, he passed the school's final examination in 1885, which allowed him to enter a university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195014-20">[20]</a> As a boy he was known as <a href="/wiki/Janne" title="Janne">Janne</a>, a colloquial form of Johan. However, during his student years, he adopted the French form <a href="/wiki/Jean_(male_given_name)" title="Jean (male given name)">Jean</a>, inspired by the business card of his deceased seafaring uncle. Thereafter he became known as Jean Sibelius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkman197211-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_and_early_career">Studies and early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies and early career">edit</a>]</div> After graduating from high school in 1885, Sibelius began to study law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">Imperial Alexander University in Finland</a> but, showing far more interest in music, soon moved to the Helsinki Music Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Academy" title="Sibelius Academy">Sibelius Academy</a>) where he studied from 1885 to 1889. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Wegelius.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Wegelius.gif/170px-Martin_Wegelius.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Wegelius.gif/255px-Martin_Wegelius.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Martin_Wegelius.gif/340px-Martin_Wegelius.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wegelius" title="Martin Wegelius">Martin Wegelius</a>, Sibelius's teacher in Finland</figcaption></figure> One of his teachers was its founder, Martin Wegelius, who did much to support the development of education in Finland. Wegelius gave the self-taught Sibelius his first formal lessons in composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200975-22">[22]</a> Another important influence was his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, a pianist-composer with whom he enjoyed a lifelong friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994985-23">[23]</a> His close circle of friends included the pianist and writer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Paul" title="Adolf Paul">Adolf Paul</a> and the conductor-to-be <a href="/wiki/Armas_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Armas Järnefelt">Armas Järnefelt</a> (who introduced him to his influential family, including his sister <a href="/wiki/Aino_Sibelius" title="Aino Sibelius">Aino</a> who Sibelius would marry in 1892).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a> The most remarkable of his works during this period was the Violin Sonata in F, rather reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197662-24">[24]</a> Sibelius continued his studies in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (from 1889 to 1890) with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Becker_(composer)" title="Albert Becker (composer)">Albert Becker</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (from 1890 to 1891) with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)" title="Robert Fuchs (composer)">Robert Fuchs</a> and Hungarian-Jewish composer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Karl Goldmark</a>. In Berlin, he had the opportunity to widen his musical experience by going to a variety of concerts and operas, including the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a>. He also heard the Finnish composer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajanus" title="Robert Kajanus">Robert Kajanus</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> in a program that included his symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Aino_(Kajanus)" title="Aino (Kajanus)">Aino</a>, a patriotic piece that may have inspired Sibelius's later interest in using the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> as a basis for his own compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994985-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> While in Vienna, he became particularly interested in the music of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a> whom he regarded as "the greatest living composer" for a time, although also showing interest in the established works of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>. He enjoyed his year in Vienna, frequently partying and gambling with his new friends. It was also in Vienna that he turned to orchestral composition, composing an Overture in E major and a Scène de Ballet. While embarking on <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>, an orchestral work with chorus and soloists inspired by the Kalevala, he fell ill but was restored to good health after gallstone-excision surgery.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Shortly after returning to Helsinki, Sibelius conducted his Overture and the Scène de Ballet at a popular concert.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He was also able to continue working on Kullervo, now that he was increasingly developing an interest in all things Finnish. Premiered in Helsinki on 28 April 1892, the work was an enormous success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibelius_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sibelius_1891.jpg/170px-Sibelius_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sibelius_1891.jpg/255px-Sibelius_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Sibelius_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius in 1891, when he studied in Vienna</figcaption></figure> It was around this time that Sibelius finally abandoned his cherished aspirations as a violinist: <blockquote>My tragedy was that I wanted to be a celebrated violinist at any price. Since the age of 15 I played my violin practically from morning to night. I hated pen and ink—unfortunately I preferred an elegant violin bow. My love for the violin lasted quite long and it was a very painful awakening when I had to admit that I had begun my training for the exacting career of a virtuoso too late.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman1938218-28">[28]</a></blockquote> In addition to the long periods he spent studying in Vienna and Berlin, in 1900 he travelled to Italy, where he spent a year with his family. He composed, conducted and socialized actively in the Scandinavian countries, Britain, France and Germany and later travelled to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss2011162-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_rise_to_fame">Marriage and rise to fame</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage and rise to fame">edit</a>]</div> While Sibelius was studying music in Helsinki in the autumn of 1888, Armas Järnefelt, a friend from the Music Institute, invited him to the family home. There he met and immediately fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Aino_Sibelius" title="Aino Sibelius">Aino</a>, the 17-year-old daughter of General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Alexander Järnefelt">Alexander Järnefelt</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Elisabeth Järnefelt">Elisabeth Clodt von Jürgensburg</a>, a Baltic aristocrat.<a href="#cite_note-sih-19">[19]</a> The wedding was held on 10 June 1892 at <a href="/wiki/Maxmo" title="Maxmo">Maxmo</a>. They spent their honeymoon in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, the home of the Kalevala. It served as an inspiration for Sibelius's tone poem En saga, the Lemminkäinen legends and the Karelia Suite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a> Their home, <a href="/wiki/Ainola" title="Ainola">Ainola</a>, was completed near <a href="/wiki/Tuusulanj%C3%A4rvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuusulanjärvi">Lake Tuusula</a>, Järvenpää, in 1904. During the years at Ainola, they had six daughters: Eva, Ruth, Kirsti (who died aged one from <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>),<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Katarina, Margareta and Heidi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2010134-31">[31]</a> Eva married an industrial heir, Arvi Paloheimo, and later became the CEO of the Paloheimo Corporation. Ruth Snellman <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Snellman" class="extiw" title="fi:Ruth Snellman">(fi)</a> was a prominent actress, Katarina Ilves married a banker and <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Blomstedt" title="Heidi Blomstedt">Heidi Blomstedt</a> was a designer, wife of architect <a href="/wiki/Aulis_Blomstedt" title="Aulis Blomstedt">Aulis Blomstedt</a>. Margareta married conductor <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Jalas" title="Jussi Jalas">Jussi Jalas</a>, Aulis Blomstedt's brother.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1892, Kullervo inaugurated Sibelius's focus on orchestral music. It was described by the composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksel_T%C3%B6rnudd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksel Törnudd (page does not exist)">Aksel Törnudd</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksel_T%C3%B6rnudd" class="extiw" title="fi:Aksel Törnudd">fi</a>] as "a volcanic eruption" while Juho Ranta who sang in the choir stated, "It was Finnish music."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200774-33">[33]</a> At the end of that year the composer's grandmother, Katarina Borg died. Sibelius went to her funeral, visiting his Hämeenlinna home one last time before the house was sold. On 16 February 1893, the first (extended) version of En saga was presented in Helsinki although it was not too well received, the critics suggesting that superfluous sections should be eliminated (as they were in Sibelius's 1902 version). Even less successful were three more performances of Kullervo in March, which one critic found incomprehensible and lacking in vitality. Following the birth of Sibelius's first child Eva, in April the premiere of his choral work Väinämöinen's Boat Ride was a considerable success, receiving the support of the press.<a href="#cite_note-symposion-34">[34]</a> On 13 November 1893, the full version of Karelia was premiered at a student association gala at the Seurahuone in <a href="/wiki/Viipuri_Province" title="Viipuri Province">Viipuri</a> with the collaboration of the artist <a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Axel Gallén</a> and the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Emil_Wikstr%C3%B6m" title="Emil Wikström">Emil Wikström</a> who had been brought in to design the stage sets. While the first performance was difficult to appreciate over the background noise of the talkative audience, a second performance on 18 November was more successful. Furthermore, on the 19th and 23rd Sibelius presented an extended suite of the work in Helsinki, conducting the orchestra of the Philharmonic Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200785-35">[35]</a> Sibelius's music was increasingly presented in Helsinki's concert halls. In the 1894–95 season, works such as En saga, Karelia and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Song_(Sibelius)" title="Spring Song (Sibelius)">Vårsång</a> (composed in 1894) were included in at least 16 concerts in the capital, not to mention those in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976162-36">[36]</a> When performed in a revised version on 17 April 1895, the composer <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Merikanto" title="Oskar Merikanto">Oskar Merikanto</a> welcomed Vårsång (Spring Song) as "the fairest flower among Sibelius's orchestral pieces".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg/220px-Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg/330px-Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gallen-Kallela_Symposium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius (right) socializing with <a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a> (the artist, left), <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Merikanto" title="Oskar Merikanto">Oskar Merikanto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajanus" title="Robert Kajanus">Robert Kajanus</a></figcaption></figure> For a considerable period, Sibelius worked on an opera, <a href="/wiki/Veneen_luominen" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneen luominen">Veneen luominen</a> (The Building of the Boat), again based on the Kalevala. To some extent, he had come under the influence of Wagner, but subsequently turned to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>'s tone poems as a source of compositional inspiration. Adapted from material for the opera, which he never completed, his Lemminkäinen Suite consisted of four legends in the form of tone poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">[11]</a> They were premiered in Helsinki on 13 April 1896 to a full house. In contrast to Merikanto's enthusiasm for the Finnish quality of the work, the critic Karl Flodin found the cor anglais solo in The Swan of Tuonela "stupendously long and boring",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley2004101-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-symposion-34">[34]</a> although he considered the first legend, Lemminkäinen and the Maidens of the Island, as representing the peak of Sibelius's achievement to date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976166-39">[39]</a> To pay his way, from 1892 Sibelius had taken on teaching assignments at the Music Institute and at Kajanus's conducting school but this left him insufficient time for composing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994988-40">[40]</a> The situation improved considerably when in 1898 he was awarded a substantial annual grant, initially for ten years and later extended for life. He was able to complete <a href="/wiki/King_Christian_II_(Sibelius)" title="King Christian II (Sibelius)">the music</a> for Adolf Paul's play King Christian II. Performed on 24 February 1898, its catchy tunes appealed to the public. The scores of four popular pieces from the play were published in Germany and sold well in Finland. When the orchestral suite was successfully performed in Helsinki in November 1898, Sibelius commented: "The music sounded excellent and the tempi seem to be right. I think this is the first time that I have managed to make something complete." The work was also performed in Stockholm and Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-tib-41">[41]</a> In January 1899, Sibelius embarked on his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)">First Symphony</a> at a time when his patriotic feelings were being enhanced by the Russian emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>'s attempt to <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">restrict the powers of the Grand Duchy of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-club-42">[42]</a> The symphony was well received when it was premiered in Helsinki on 26 April 1899. But the program also premiered the even more compelling, blatantly patriotic Song of the Athenians for boys' and men's choirs. The song immediately brought Sibelius the status of a national hero.<a href="#cite_note-tib-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-club-42">[42]</a> Another patriotic work followed on 4 November in the form of eight tableaux depicting episodes from Finnish history known as the Press Celebration Music. It had been written in support of the staff of the Päivälehti newspaper, which had been suspended for a period after editorially criticizing Russian rule.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The last tableau, Finland Awakens, was particularly popular; after minor revisions, it became the well-known Finlandia.<a href="#cite_note-incidental-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_(AE,_1904).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png/170px-Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png/255px-Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png/340px-Jean_Sibelius_%28AE%2C_1904%29.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius: sketch by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Engstr%C3%B6m" title="Albert Engström">Albert Engström</a> (1904)</figcaption></figure> In February 1900, Sibelius's youngest daughter, Kirsti, died. Nevertheless, in the summer Sibelius went on an international tour with Kajanus and his orchestra, presenting his recent works (including a revised version of his First Symphony) in thirteen cities including Stockholm, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Berlin and Paris. The critics were highly favorable, bringing the composer international recognition with their enthusiastic reports in the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Courier" title="Berliner Börsen-Courier">Berliner Börsen-Courier</a>, the Berliner Fremdenblatt and the Berliner Lokal Anzeiger.<a href="#cite_note-cdib-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> During a trip with his family to <a href="/wiki/Rapallo" title="Rapallo">Rapallo</a>, Italy, in 1901, Sibelius began to write his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)">Second Symphony</a>, partly inspired by the fate of Don Juan in Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a>. It was completed in early 1902 with its premiere in Helsinki on 8 March. The work was received with tremendous enthusiasm by the Finns. Merikanto felt it exceeded "even the boldest expectations," while Evert Katila qualified it as "an absolute masterpiece".<a href="#cite_note-cdib-45">[45]</a> Flodin, too, wrote of a symphonic composition "the likes of which we have never had occasion to listen to before".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195071-47">[47]</a> Sibelius spent the summer in Tvärminne near <a href="/wiki/Hanko,_Finland" title="Hanko, Finland">Hanko</a>, where he worked on the song Var det en dröm (Was it a Dream) as well as on a new version of En saga. When it was performed in Berlin with the Berlin Philharmonic in November 1902, it served to firmly establish the composer's reputation in Germany, leading shortly afterwards to the publication of his First Symphony.<a href="#cite_note-cdib-45">[45]</a> In 1903, Sibelius spent much of his time in Helsinki where he indulged excessively in wining and dining, running up considerable bills in the restaurants. But he continued to compose, one of his major successes being Valse triste, one of six pieces of incidental music he composed for his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Arvid_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Arvid Järnefelt">Arvid Järnefelt</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Kuolema" title="Kuolema">Kuolema</a> (Death). Short of money, he sold the piece at a low price but it quickly gained considerable popularity not only in Finland but internationally. During his long stays in Helsinki, Sibelius's wife Aino frequently wrote to him, imploring him to return home but to no avail. Even after their fourth daughter, Katarina, was born, he continued to work away from home. Early in 1904, he finished his <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Sibelius)" title="Violin Concerto (Sibelius)">Violin Concerto</a> but its first public performance on 8 February was not a success. It led to a revised, condensed version that was performed in Berlin the following year.<a href="#cite_note-wod-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Ainola">Move to Ainola</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Move to Ainola">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ainola_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ainola_1915.jpg/220px-Ainola_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ainola_1915.jpg/330px-Ainola_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Ainola_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="339" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ainola, photographed in 1915</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg/220px-Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg/330px-Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg/440px-Jean_Sibelius_ja_puoliso_Aino_lukemassa_Ainolan_ruokasalissa_-_N31711_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km002zhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="2240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jean Sibelius and wife Aino read in Ainola's dining room</div></div></div></div></div> In November 1903, Sibelius began to build his new home <a href="/wiki/Ainola" title="Ainola">Ainola</a> (Aino's Place) near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuusula" title="Lake Tuusula">Lake Tuusula</a> some 45 km (30 miles) north of Helsinki. To cover the construction costs, he gave concerts in Helsinki, Turku and Vaasa in early 1904 as well as in Tallinn, Estonia, and in Latvia during the summer. The family were finally able to move into the new property on 24 September 1904, making friends with the local artistic community, including the painters <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Halonen" title="Pekka Halonen">Pekka Halonen</a> and the novelist <a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aho" title="Juhani Aho">Juhani Aho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wod-48">[48]</a> In January 1905, Sibelius returned to Berlin where he conducted his Second Symphony. While the concert itself was successful, it received mixed reviews, some very positive while those in the Allgemeine Zeitung and the Berliner Tageblatt were less enthusiastic. Back in Finland, he rewrote the increasingly popular <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(Sibelius)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (Sibelius)">Pelléas and Mélisande</a> as an orchestral suite. In November, visiting Britain for the first time, he went to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> where he met <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a>. On 2 December, he conducted the First Symphony and Finlandia, writing to Aino that the concert had been a great success and widely acclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-fya-49">[49]</a> In 1906, after a short, rather uneventful stay in Paris at the beginning of the year, Sibelius spent several months composing in Ainola, his major work of the period being <a href="/wiki/Pohjola%27s_Daughter" title="Pohjola's Daughter">Pohjola's Daughter</a>, yet another piece based on the Kalevala. Later in the year he composed incidental music for <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Sibelius)" title="Belshazzar's Feast (Sibelius)">Belshazzar's Feast</a>, also adapting it as an orchestral suite. He ended the year conducting a series of concerts, the most successful being the first public performance of Pohjola's Daughter at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a> in St Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-fya-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ups_and_downs">Ups and downs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ups and downs">edit</a>]</div> From the beginning of 1907, Sibelius again indulged in excessive wining and dining in Helsinki, spending exorbitant amounts on champagne and lobster. His lifestyle had a disastrous effect on the health of Aino who was driven to retire to a sanatorium, suffering from exhaustion. While she was away, Sibelius resolved to give up <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">drinking</a>, concentrating instead on composing his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)">Third Symphony</a>. He completed the work for a performance in Helsinki on 25 September.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Although its more classical approach surprised the audience, Flodin commented that it was "internally new and revolutionary".<a href="#cite_note-fya-49">[49]</a> Shortly afterwards Sibelius met Austro-Bohemian composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> who was in Helsinki. The two agreed that with each new symphony, they lost those who had been attracted to their earlier works. This was demonstrated above all in St Petersburg where the Third Symphony was performed in November 1907 to dismissive reviews. Its reception in Moscow was rather more positive.<a href="#cite_note-fya-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg/330px-Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg/440px-Jean_Sibelius_15_Gloucester_Walk_blue_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque, 15 Gloucester Walk, <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, London, his home in 1909</figcaption></figure> In 1907, Sibelius underwent a serious operation for suspected throat cancer. Early in 1908, he had to spend a spell in hospital. His smoking and drinking had now become life-threatening. Although he cancelled concerts in Rome, Warsaw and Berlin, he maintained an engagement in London but there too his Third Symphony failed to attract the critics. In May 1908, Sibelius's health deteriorated further. He travelled with his wife to Berlin to have a tumour removed from his throat. After the operation, he vowed to give up smoking and drinking once and for all.<a href="#cite_note-fya-49">[49]</a> The impact of this brush with death has been said to have inspired works that he composed in the following years, including <a href="/wiki/Luonnotar_(Sibelius)" title="Luonnotar (Sibelius)">Luonnotar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius)">Fourth Symphony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodstra20051279–1282-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_pleasant_times">More pleasant times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: More pleasant times">edit</a>]</div> In 1909, the successful throat operation resulted in renewed happiness between Sibelius and Aino in the family home. In Britain too, his condition was well received as he conducted En saga, Finlandia, Valse Triste and Spring Song to enthusiastic audiences. A meeting with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> produced further support. After another uneventful trip to Paris, he went to Berlin where he was relieved to learn that his throat operation had been entirely successful.<a href="#cite_note-iv-52">[52]</a> Sibelius started work on his Fourth Symphony in early 1910 but his dwindling funds also required him to write a number of smaller pieces and songs. In October, he conducted concerts in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Kristiania</a> (now Oslo) where <a href="/wiki/The_Dryad_(Sibelius)" title="The Dryad (Sibelius)">The Dryad</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam_(Sibelius)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Memoriam (Sibelius)">In Memoriam</a> were first performed. His Valse triste and Second Symphony were particularly well received. He then travelled to Berlin to continue work on his Fourth Symphony, writing the finale after returning to Järvenpää.<a href="#cite_note-iv-52">[52]</a> Sibelius conducted his first concerts in Sweden in early 1911 when even his Third Symphony was welcomed by the critics. He completed the Fourth Symphony in April but, as he expected, with its introspective style it was not very warmly received when first performed in Helsinki with mixed reviews. Apart from a trip to Paris where he enjoyed a performance of Richard Strauss's <a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a>, the rest of the year was fairly uneventful. In 1912, he completed his short orchestral work Scènes historiques II. It was first performed in March together with the Fourth Symphony. The concert was repeated twice to enthusiastic audiences and critics including Robert Kajanus. The Fourth Symphony was also well received in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in September. In March 1913, it was performed in New York but a large section of the audience left the hall between the movements while in October, after a concert conducted by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Muck" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Muck">Carl Muck</a>, the Boston American labelled it "a sad failure".<a href="#cite_note-iv-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wettenhovi-Aspa,_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg/220px-Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg/330px-Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg/440px-Wettenhovi-Aspa%2C_Jean_Sibelius_Yalen_yliopiston_kunniatohtorina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius received a honorary doctorate from Yale university. His popularity in America was so high that when the New York Philharmonic surveyed the favourite composer of music listeners around the United States, Sibelius came first among all of them, living or dead.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> Sibelius's first significant composition of 1913 was the tone poem <a href="/wiki/The_Bard_(Sibelius)" title="The Bard (Sibelius)">The Bard</a>, which he conducted in March to a respectful audience in Helsinki. He went on to compose Luonnotar (Daughter of Nature) for soprano and orchestra. With a text from the Kalevala, it was first performed in Finnish in September 1913 by <a href="/wiki/Aino_Ackt%C3%A9" title="Aino Ackté">Aino Ackté</a> (to whom it had been dedicated) at the <a href="/wiki/Three_Choirs_Festival" title="Three Choirs Festival">music festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-iv-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In early 1914, Sibelius spent a month in Berlin where he was particularly drawn to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>. Back in Finland, he began work on The Oceanides, which the American millionaire Carl Stoeckel had commissioned for the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Chamber_Music_Festival" title="Norfolk Chamber Music Festival">Norfolk Music Festival</a>. After first composing the work in D-flat major, Sibelius undertook substantive revisions, presenting a D major version in Norfolk, which was well received, as were Finlandia and the Valse triste. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Krehbiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Krehbiel">Henry Krehbiel</a> considered The Oceanides one of the most beautiful pieces of sea music ever composed, while <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> commented that Sibelius's music was the most notable contribution to the music festival. While in America, Sibelius received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and, almost simultaneously, one from the University of Helsinki where he was represented by Aino.<a href="#cite_note-iv-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_years">First World War years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First World War years">edit</a>]</div> While travelling back from the United States, Sibelius heard about the events in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> that led to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Although he was far away from the fighting, his royalties from abroad were interrupted. To make ends meet, he composed smaller works for publication in Finland. In March 1915, he was able to travel to Gothenburg in Sweden, where his work The Oceanides was widely appreciated. While working on his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)">Fifth Symphony</a> in April, he saw 16 <a href="/wiki/Whooper_swan" title="Whooper swan">swans</a> flying by, inspiring him to write the finale. "One of the great experiences of my life!" he commented. Although there was little progress on the symphony during the summer, he was able to complete it by his 50th birthday on 8 December.<a href="#cite_note-wfs-55">[55]</a> On the evening of his birthday, Sibelius conducted the premiere of the Fifth Symphony in the hall of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Stock Exchange">Helsinki Stock Exchange</a>. Despite high praise from Kajanus, the composer was not satisfied with his work and soon began to revise it. Around this time, Sibelius was running ever deeper into debt. The grand piano he had received as a present was about to be confiscated by the bailiffs when the singer <a href="/wiki/Ida_Ekman" title="Ida Ekman">Ida Ekman</a> paid off a large proportion of his debt after a successful fund-raising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-wfs-55">[55]</a> A year later, on 8 December 1916, Sibelius presented the revised version of his Fifth Symphony in Turku, combining the first two movements and simplifying the finale. When it was performed a week later in Helsinki, Katila was very favourable but Wasenius frowned on the changes, leading the composer to rewrite it once again.<a href="#cite_note-wfs-55">[55]</a> From the beginning of 1917, Sibelius started drinking again, triggering arguments with Aino. Their relationship improved with the excitement resulting from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. By the end of the year, Sibelius had composed his <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_March" title="Jäger March">Jäger March</a>. The piece proved particularly popular after the Finnish parliament accepted the Senate's declaration of independence from Russia in December 1917. The Jäger March, first played on 19 January 1918, delighted the Helsinki elite for a short time until the start of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> on 27 January.<a href="#cite_note-wfs-55">[55]</a> Sibelius naturally supported the <a href="/wiki/White_Guards_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Guards (Finland)">Whites</a>, but as a <a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoyan">Tolstoyan</a>, Aino Sibelius had some sympathies for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guard (Finland)">Reds</a> too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna2008-56">[56]</a> In February, his house (Ainola) was searched twice by the local Red Guard looking for weapons. During the first weeks of the war, some of his acquaintances were killed in the violence, and his brother, the psychiatrist Christian Sibelius, was arrested because he refused to reserve beds for the Red soldiers who had suffered shell shock at the front. Sibelius's friends in Helsinki were now worried about his safety. The composer Robert Kajanus negotiated with the Red Guard commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Eero_Haapalainen" title="Eero Haapalainen">Eero Haapalainen</a>, who guaranteed Sibelius a safe journey from Ainola to the capital. On 20 February, a group of Red Guard fighters escorted the family to Helsinki. Finally, from 12 to 13 April, the German troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helsinki" title="Battle of Helsinki">occupied</a> the city and the Red period was over. A week later, the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra">Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra</a> gave a concert in homage to the German commander <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_der_Goltz" title="Rüdiger von der Goltz">Rüdiger von der Goltz</a>. Sibelius finished off the event by conducting the Jäger March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna2008-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revived_fortunes_but_growing_hand_tremor">Revived fortunes but growing hand tremor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revived fortunes but growing hand tremor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif/200px-Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif/300px-Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Jean_Sibelius_1923.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius in 1923</figcaption></figure> In early 1919, Sibelius enthusiastically decided to change his image, shaving off what remained of his thinning hair. In June, together with Aino, he visited Copenhagen on his first trip outside Finland since 1915, successfully presenting his Second Symphony. In November he conducted the final version of his Fifth Symphony, receiving repeated ovations from the audience. By the end of the year, he was already working on the Sixth.<a href="#cite_note-wfs-55">[55]</a> In 1920, despite a growing tremor in his hands, Sibelius composed the Hymn of the Earth to a text by the poet <a href="/wiki/Eino_Leino" title="Eino Leino">Eino Leino</a> for the Suomen Laulu Choir and orchestrated his Valse lyrique, helped along by drinking wine. On his birthday in December 1920, Sibelius received a donation of 63,000 marks, a substantial sum the tenor <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Sola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wäinö Sola (page does not exist)">Wäinö Sola</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Sola" class="extiw" title="fi:Wäinö Sola">fi</a>] had raised from Finnish businesses. Although he used some of the money to reduce his debts, he also spent a week celebrating to excess in Helsinki.<a href="#cite_note-lmp-57">[57]</a> At this time, Sibelius held detailed negotiations with <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>, inventor of the Kodak camera and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a> in Rochester, New York. Eastman offered $20,000 salary to teach for a single year,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and before Sibelius declined, negotiations were so firm that the New York Times published Sibelius's arrival as fact.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Sibelius enjoyed a highly successful trip to England in early 1921—conducting several concerts around the country, including the Fourth and Fifth symphonies, The Oceanides, the ever-popular Finlandia, and Valse triste. Immediately afterwards, he conducted the Second Symphony and Valse triste in Norway. He was beginning to suffer from exhaustion, but the critics remained positive. On his return to Finland in April, he presented Lemminkäinen's Return and the Fifth Symphony at the Nordic Music Days.<a href="#cite_note-lmp-57">[57]</a> Early in 1922, after suffering from headaches Sibelius decided to acquire spectacles although he never wore them for photographs. In July, he was saddened by the death of his brother Christian. In August, he joined the Finnish Freemasons and composed ritual music for them. In February 1923, he premiered his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Sibelius)">Sixth Symphony</a>. Evert Katila highly praised it as "pure idyll." Before the year ended he had also conducted concerts in Stockholm and Rome, the first to considerable acclaim, the second to mixed reviews. He then proceeded to Gothenburg where he enjoyed an ecstatic reception despite arriving at the concert hall suffering from over-indulgence in food and drink. Despite continuing to drink, to Aino's dismay, Sibelius managed to complete his Seventh Symphony in March 1924. Under the title of Fantasia sinfonica it received its first public performance in Stockholm where it was a success. It was even more highly appreciated at a series of concerts in Copenhagen in late September. Sibelius was honoured with the Knight Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lmp-57">[57]</a> He spent most of the rest of the year resting as his recent spate of activity was straining his heart and nerves. Composing a few small pieces, he relied increasingly on alcohol. In May 1925, his Danish publisher <a href="/wiki/Edition_Wilhelm_Hansen" title="Edition Wilhelm Hansen">Wilhelm Hansen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre" title="Royal Danish Theatre">Royal Danish Theatre</a> invited him to compose incidental music for a production of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a>. He completed the work well in advance of its premiere in March 1926.<a href="#cite_note-lmp-57">[57]</a> It was well received in Copenhagen although Sibelius was not there himself.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The music journalist Vesa Sirén has found evidence that Sibelius perhaps suffered from <a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">essential tremor</a> since a young age and that he reduced the symptoms by drinking alcohol. This self-medication is common and effective but discouraged by doctors due to the risks outweighing the benefits. Sirén's research is supported by several medical experts. The tremor presumably prevented writing and impaired his social life.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_major_works">Last major works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Last major works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4,_1940-1945,_(d2005_167_6_101)_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg/220px-Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg/330px-Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg/440px-Sibelius-puolisot_kes%C3%A4iltana_kasvitarhan_penkill%C3%A4%2C_1940-1945%2C_%28d2005_167_6_101%29_Suomen_valokuvataiteen_museo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius and Aino in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Järvenpää">Järvenpää</a> (early 1940s)</figcaption></figure> The year 1926 saw a sharp and lasting decline in Sibelius's output: after his Seventh Symphony, he produced only a few major works during the rest of his life. Arguably the two most significant of these were the incidental music for The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-62">[62]</a> For most of the last thirty years of his life, Sibelius even avoided talking publicly about his music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA67_67–68]-63">[63]</a> There is substantial evidence that Sibelius worked on an eighth symphony. He promised the premiere of this symphony to <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a> in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under <a href="/wiki/Basil_Cameron" title="Basil Cameron">Basil Cameron</a> was even advertised to the public. The only concrete evidence of the symphony's existence on paper is a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement and short draft fragments first published and played in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen1995-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirén2011a-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESirén2011b-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2012-67">[67]</a> Sibelius had always been quite self-critical; he remarked to his close friends, "If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh, then it shall be my last." Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned a great many papers to the flames.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> His wife Aino recalled, <blockquote>In the 1940s there was a great <a href="/wiki/Auto_da_f%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto da fé">auto da fé</a> at Ainola. My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open fire in the dining room. Parts of the Karelia Suite were destroyed – I later saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things. I did not have the strength to be present and left the room. I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire. But after this my husband became calmer and gradually lighter in mood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009-69">[69]</a></blockquote> Despite his withdrawing from the public eye, Sibelius's work gained substantial attention in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s thanks to the newly established Finnish broadcaster <a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a>. Broadcasting on <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM wavebands</a>, YLE's signals brought Sibelius's music to listeners beyond Finland's borders, too.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 1933, YLE and the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_City_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki City Orchestra">Helsinki City Orchestra</a> with soloist <a href="/wiki/Anja_Ignatius" title="Anja Ignatius">Anja Ignatius</a> originated a broadcast of Sibelius compositions to 14 countries in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Union" title="International Broadcasting Union">International Broadcasting Union</a>. The program included the tone poem <a href="/wiki/The_Oceanides" title="The Oceanides">The Oceanides</a>, followed by his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)">Fifth Symphony</a>, and the Violin Concerto.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1935 The New York Philharmonic surveyed the preferences of music listeners around the United States. When asked who their favourite composer was, Sibelius came first among all of them, living or dead. This degree of recognition during his own lifetime was unequalled in Western music.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_years">Second World War years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second World War years">edit</a>]</div> On Sibelius's 70th birthday (8 December 1935), the German Nazi regime awarded him the Goethe-Medal with a certificate signed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. After the attempted Soviet invasion of Finland in late 1939 to 1940 (the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>) which, though initially repelled, forced Finland to cede territory to the Soviet Union after the later defeat of the Finnish military, the Sibelius family returned for good to Ainola in the summer of 1941, after a long absence. Anxious about Bolshevism, Sibelius advocated that Finnish soldiers march alongside German forces after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Sibelius did not make any utterances about the genocide of the Jews, although, in a diary entry in 1943, he wondered why he had signed the Aryan certificate.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] On 1 January 1939, Sibelius had participated in an international radio broadcast during which he conducted his <a href="/wiki/Andante_Festivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andante Festivo">Andante Festivo</a>. The performance was preserved on transcription discs and later issued on CD. This is probably the only surviving example of Sibelius interpreting his own music.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg/220px-Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg/330px-Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Jean_Sibelius_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius in 1939</figcaption></figure> From 1903 and for many years thereafter Sibelius lived in the countryside. From 1939 he and Aino again had a home in Helsinki, but they moved back to Ainola in 1941, only occasionally visiting the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2005339-74">[74]</a> After the war he returned to Helsinki only a couple of times. The so-called "silence of Järvenpää" became something of a myth, as in addition to countless official visitors and colleagues, his grandchildren and great-grandchildren also spent their holidays there.<a href="#cite_note-war-75">[75]</a> Sibelius avoided public statements about other composers, but <a href="/wiki/Erik_W._Tawaststjerna" title="Erik W. Tawaststjerna">Erik W. Tawaststjerna</a> and Sibelius's secretary <a href="/wiki/Santeri_Levas" title="Santeri Levas">Santeri Levas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidS2dV9h7dR8QCpgPA234_233–234_note_3]-76">[76]</a> have documented private conversations in which he admired <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and considered <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> the most talented composers of the younger generation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA13_13–14]-77">[77]</a> In the 1950s he promoted the young Finnish composer <a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> His 90th birthday, in 1955, was widely celebrated, and both the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> under <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a> under Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> gave special performances of his music.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Tawaststjerna also relates an anecdote in connection with Sibelius's death:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <blockquote>[He] was returning from his customary morning walk. Exhilarated, he told his wife Aino that he had seen a flock of cranes approaching. "There they come, the birds of my youth," he exclaimed. Suddenly, one of the birds broke away from the formation and circled once above Ainola. It then rejoined the flock to continue its journey.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg/290px-Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg/435px-Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg/580px-Jean_Sibelius_funeral_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5039" data-file-height="3572" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius's funeral at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral" title="Helsinki Cathedral">Helsinki Cathedral</a> in 1957</figcaption></figure> Two years later in Ainola, on the evening of 20 September 1957, Sibelius died of a <a href="/wiki/Brain_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain hemorrhage">brain hemorrhage</a> at the age of 91. At the time of his death, his Fifth Symphony, conducted by Sir <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sargent" title="Malcolm Sargent">Malcolm Sargent</a>, was being broadcast by radio from Helsinki. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> was in session, and the then President of the Assembly, Sir <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Munro" title="Leslie Munro">Leslie Munro</a> of New Zealand, called for a <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">moment of silence</a> and delivered a eulogy: "Sibelius belonged to the whole world. He enriched the life of the entire human race with his music".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Another well-known Finnish composer, <a href="/wiki/Heino_Kaski" title="Heino Kaski">Heino Kaski</a>, died on the same day, but his death was overshadowed by that of Sibelius. Sibelius was honoured with a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> and is buried in the garden at Ainola.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Aino Sibelius continued to live in Ainola for the next 12 years until her death on 8 June 1969 at the age of 97. She is buried next to her husband.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jean_Sibelius" title="List of compositions by Jean Sibelius">List of compositions by Jean Sibelius</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlandia_premi%C3%A8re_%C3%A9dition.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Finlandia_premi%C3%A8re_%C3%A9dition.gif/220px-Finlandia_premi%C3%A8re_%C3%A9dition.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Finlandia_premi%C3%A8re_%C3%A9dition.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Jean Sibelius's <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> premiere edition; 1952 autographed copy for the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Impellitteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Impellitteri">Vincent Impellitteri</a></figcaption></figure> Sibelius is widely known for his symphonies and his tone poems, especially Finlandia and the Karelia suite. His reputation in Finland grew in the 1890s with the choral symphony Kullervo, which like many subsequent pieces drew on the epic poem Kalevala. His First Symphony was first performed to an enthusiastic audience in 1899 at a time when Finnish nationalism was evolving. In addition to six more symphonies, he gained popularity at home and abroad with incidental music and more tone poems, especially En saga, The Swan of Tuonela and Valse triste.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a> Sibelius also composed a series of works for violin and orchestra including a Violin Concerto, the opera Jungfrun i tornet, many shorter orchestral pieces, chamber music, works for piano and violin, choral works and numerous songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoroila2012-86">[86]</a> In the mid-1920s, after his Sixth and Seventh Symphonies, he composed the symphonic poem Tapiola and incidental music for The Tempest. Thereafter, although he lived until 1957, he did not publish any further works of note. For several years, he worked on an Eighth Symphony, which he later burned.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> As for his musical style, hints of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s music are particularly evident in early works such as his First Symphony and his Violin Concerto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976209-88">[88]</a> For a period, he was nevertheless overwhelmed by Wagner, particularly while composing his opera. More lasting influences included Ferruccio Busoni and Anton Bruckner. But for his tone poems, he was above all inspired by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-symposion-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001102-89">[89]</a> The similarities to Bruckner can be seen in the brass contributions to his orchestral works and the generally slow tempo of his music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvkIWs6nvRs8CpgPA63_63]-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Sibelius progressively stripped away formal markers of <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> in his work and, instead of contrasting multiple themes, focused on the idea of continuously evolving cells and fragments culminating in a grand statement. His later works are remarkable for their sense of unbroken development, progressing by means of thematic permutations and derivations. The completeness and organic feel of this synthesis has prompted some to suggest that Sibelius began his works with a finished statement and worked backwards, although analyses showing these predominantly three- and four-note cells and melodic fragments as they are developed and expanded into the larger "themes" effectively prove the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike197893-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg/170px-Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg/255px-Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg/340px-Jean_Sibelius_by_Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sibelius from 1892 by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a></figcaption></figure> This self-contained structure stood in stark contrast to the symphonic style of Gustav Mahler, Sibelius's primary rival in symphonic composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-62">[62]</a> While thematic variation played a major role in the works of both composers, Mahler's style made use of disjunct, abruptly changing and contrasting themes, while Sibelius sought to slowly transform thematic elements. In November 1907 Mahler undertook a conducting tour of Finland, and the two composers were able to take a lengthy walk together, leading Sibelius to comment: <blockquote>I said that I admired [the symphony's] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs ... Mahler's opinion was just the reverse. "No, a symphony must be like the world. It must embrace everything."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames198941-93">[93]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symphonies">Symphonies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Symphonies">edit</a>]</div> Sibelius started work on his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 1</a> in E minor, Op. 39, in 1898 and completed it in early 1899, when he was 33. The work was first performed on 26 April 1899 by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the composer, in an original, well received version that has not survived. After the premiere, Sibelius made some revisions, resulting in the version performed today. The revision was completed in the spring and summer of 1900, and was first performed in Berlin by the Helsinki Philharmonic, conducted by Robert Kajanus on 18 July 1900.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The symphony begins with a highly original, rather forlorn clarinet solo backed by subdued timpani.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kajanus_(14854805748).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg/170px-Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg/255px-Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg/340px-Robert_Kajanus_%2814854805748%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="7301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajanus" title="Robert Kajanus">Robert Kajanus</a>, founder and chief conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra">Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, who was a notable interpreter of Sibelius's symphonies</figcaption></figure> His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)">Second Symphony</a>, the most popular and most frequently recorded of his symphonies, was first performed by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society on 8 March 1902, with the composer conducting. The opening chords with their rising progression provide a motif for the whole work. The heroic theme of the finale with the three-tone motif is interpreted by the trumpets rather than the original woodwinds. During a period of Russian oppression, it consolidated Sibelius's reputation as a national hero. After the first performance, Sibelius made some changes, leading to a revised version first performed by Armas Järnefelt on 10 November 1903 in Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)">Third Symphony</a> is a good-natured, triumphal, and deceptively simple-sounding piece. The symphony's first performance was given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society, conducted by the composer, on 25 September 1907. There are themes from Finnish folk music in the work's early chords. Composed just after his move to Ainola, it contrasts sharply with the first two symphonies, with its clear mode of expression developing into the marching tones of the finale.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius)">Fourth Symphony</a> was premiered in Helsinki on 3 April 1911 by the Philharmonia Society, with Sibelius conducting. It was written while Sibelius was undergoing a series of operations to remove a tumour from his throat. Its grimness can perhaps be explained as a reaction from his (temporary) decision to give up drinking. The opening bars, with cellos, basses and bassoons, convey a new approach to timing. It then develops into melancholic sketches based on the composer's setting of Poe's The Raven. The waning finale is perhaps a premonition of the silence Sibelius would experience twenty years later. In contrast to the usual assertive finales of the times, the work ends simply with a "leaden thud".<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 5</a> was premiered in Helsinki to great acclaim by Sibelius himself on 8 December 1915, his 50th birthday. The version most commonly performed today is the final revision, consisting of three movements, presented in 1919. The Fifth is Sibelius's only symphony in a major key throughout. From its soft opening played by the horns, the work develops into rotational repetitions of its various themes with considerable transformations, building up to the trumpeted swan hymn in the final movement.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> While the Fifth had already started to veer away from the sonata form, the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Sibelius)">Sixth</a>, conducted by the composer at its premiere in February 1923, is even further removed from the traditional norms. Tawaststjerna comments that "the [finale's] structure follows no familiar pattern".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001322-99">[99]</a> Composed in the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a>, it draws on some of the themes developed while Sibelius was working on the Fifth as well as from material intended for a lyrical violin concerto. Now taking a purified approach, Sibelius sought to offer "spring water" rather than cocktails, making use of lighter flutes and strings rather than the heavy brass of the Fifth.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 7</a> in C major was his last published symphony. Completed in 1924, it is notable for having only one movement. It has been described as "completely original in form, subtle in its handling of <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempi</a>, individual in its treatment of <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a> and wholly organic in growth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton2002479-101">[101]</a> It has also been called "Sibelius's most remarkable compositional achievement".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Initially titled Fantasia sinfonica, it was first performed in Stockholm in March 1924, conducted by Sibelius. It was based on an adagio movement he had sketched almost ten years earlier. While the strings dominate, there is also a distinctive trombone theme.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_poems">Tone poems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tone poems">edit</a>]</div> After the seven symphonies and the violin concerto, Sibelius's thirteen symphonic poems are his most important works for orchestra and, along with the tone poems of Richard Strauss, represent some of the most important contributions to the genre since Franz Liszt. As a group, the symphonic poems span the entirety of Sibelius's artistic career (the first was composed in 1892, while the last appeared in 1925), display the composer's fascination with nature and Finnish mythology (particularly the Kalevala), and provide a comprehensive portrait of his stylistic maturation over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton196595-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg/220px-Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg/330px-Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg/440px-Jean-Sibelius-at-the-piano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption>Sibelius at his home, Ainola, playing the piano (1930)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/En_saga" title="En saga">En saga</a> (meaning "A Fairy Tale" in Swedish) was first presented in February 1893 with Sibelius conducting. The single-movement tone poem was possibly inspired by the Icelandic mythological work <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Edda</a> although Sibelius simply described it as "an expression of [his] state of mind". Beginning with a dreamy theme from the strings, it evolves into the tones of the woodwinds, then the horns and the violas, demonstrating Sibelius's ability to handle an orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The composer's first significant orchestral piece, it was revised in 1902 when Ferruccio Busoni invited Sibelius to conduct his work in Berlin. Its successful reception encouraged him to write to Aino: "I have been acknowledged as an accomplished 'artist'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicklund201430-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wood_Nymph" title="The Wood Nymph">The Wood Nymph</a>, a single-movement tone poem for orchestra, was written in 1894. Premiered in April 1895 in Helsinki with Sibelius conducting, it is inspired by the Swedish poet <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rydberg" title="Viktor Rydberg">Viktor Rydberg</a>'s work of the same name. Organizationally, it consists of four informal sections, each corresponding to one of the poem's four stanzas and evoking the mood of a particular episode: first, heroic vigour; second, frenetic activity; third, sensual love; and fourth, inconsolable grief. Despite the music's beauty, many critics have faulted Sibelius for his "over-reliance" on the source material's narrative structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurki1999-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen_Suite" title="Lemminkäinen Suite">Lemminkäinen Suite</a> was composed in the early 1890s. Originally conceived as a mythological opera, Veneen luominen (The Building of the Boat), on a scale matching those by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, Sibelius later changed his musical goals and the work became an orchestral piece in four movements. The suite is based on the character Lemminkäinen from the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala. It can also be considered a collection of <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a>. The second/third section, The Swan of Tuonela, is often heard separately.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>, probably the best known of all Sibelius's works, is a highly patriotic piece first performed in November 1899 as one of the tableaux for the Finnish Press Celebrations. It had its public premiere in revised form in July 1900.<a href="#cite_note-incidental-44">[44]</a> The current title only emerged later, first for the piano version, then in 1901 when Kajanus conducted the orchestral version under the name Finlandia. Although Sibelius insisted it was primarily an orchestral piece, it became a world favourite for choirs too, especially for the hymn episode. Finally the composer consented and in 1937 and 1940 agreed to words for the hymn, first for the Freemasons and later for more general use.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Oceanides" title="The Oceanides">The Oceanides</a> is a single-movement tone poem for orchestra written in 1913–14. The piece, which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">nymphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, premiered on 4 June 1914 at the Norfolk Music Festival in Connecticut with Sibelius himself conducting. The work (in <a href="/wiki/D_major" title="D major">D major</a>), praised upon its premiere as "the finest evocation of the sea ever produced in music",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007242-111">[111]</a> consists of two subjects Sibelius gradually develops in three informal stages: first, a placid ocean; second, a gathering storm; and third, a thunderous wave-crash climax. As the tempest subsides, a final chord sounds, symbolizing the mighty power and limitless expanse of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen2012viii-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tapiola_(Sibelius)" title="Tapiola (Sibelius)">Tapiola</a>, Sibelius's last major orchestral work, was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> Society where it was premiered on 26 December 1926. It is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a>, a forest spirit from the Kalevala. To quote the American critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, it "turned out to be Sibelius's most severe and concentrated musical statement."<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a> Even more emphatically, the composer and biographer <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Gray_(composer)" title="Cecil Gray (composer)">Cecil Gray</a> asserts: "Even if Sibelius had written nothing else, this one work would entitle him to a place among the greatest masters of all time."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_important_works">Other important works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other important works">edit</a>]</div> The Karelia Music, one of the composer's earlier works, written for the Vyborg Students' Association, was first performed on 13 November 1893 to a noisy audience. The "Suite" emerged from a concert on 23 November consisting of the overture and the three movements, which were published as the Karelia Overture, Op. 10, and the <a href="/wiki/Karelia_Suite" title="Karelia Suite">Karelia Suite</a>, Op. 11. It remains one of Sibelius's most popular pieces.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valse_triste_(Sibelius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valse triste (Sibelius)">Valse triste</a> is a short orchestral work that was originally part of the incidental music Sibelius composed for his brother-in-law Arvid Järnefelt's 1903 play Kuolema (Death). It is now far better known as a separate concert piece. Sibelius wrote six pieces for the 2 December 1903 production of <a href="/wiki/Kuolema_(Sibelius)" title="Kuolema (Sibelius)">Kuolema</a>. The waltz accompanied a sequence in which a woman rises from her deathbed to dance with ghosts. In 1904, Sibelius revised the piece for a performance in Helsinki on 25 April where it was presented as Valse triste. An instant success, it took on a life of its own, and remains one of Sibelius's signature pieces.<a href="#cite_note-wod-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Sibelius)" title="Violin Concerto (Sibelius)">Violin Concerto</a> in D minor was first performed on 8 February 1904 with Victor Nováček as soloist. As Sibelius had barely completed the piece in time for the premiere, Nováček had insufficient time to prepare, with the result that the performance was a disaster. After substantial revisions, a new version was premiered on 19 October 1905 with Richard Strauss conducting the <a href="/wiki/Staatskapelle_Berlin" title="Staatskapelle Berlin">Berlin Court Orchestra</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Karel_Hal%C3%AD%C5%99" title="Karel Halíř">Karel Halíř</a>, the orchestra's leader, as soloist it was a tremendous success.<a href="#cite_note-Madison_Symphony-116">[116]</a> The piece has become increasingly popular and is now the most frequently recorded of all the violin concertos composed in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>, one of Sibelius's early works, is sometimes referred to as a choral symphony but is better described as a suite of five symphonic movements resembling tone poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAOS74uZTasYCpgPA149_149]-118">[118]</a> Based on the character <a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a> from the Kalevala, it was premiered on 28 April 1892 with <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Acht%C3%A9" title="Emmy Achté">Emmy Achté</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ojanper%C3%A4" title="Abraham Ojanperä">Abraham Ojanperä</a> as soloists and Sibelius conducting the chorus and orchestra of the recently founded Helsinki Orchestra Society. Although the work was only performed five times during the composer's lifetime, since the 1990s it has become increasingly popular both for live performances and recordings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_and_interests">Activities and interests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activities and interests">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Freemasonry in Finland</a> was revived, having been forbidden under the Russian reign, Sibelius was one of the founding members of Suomi Lodge No. 1 in 1922 and later became the Grand Organist of the Grand Lodge of Finland. He composed the ritual music used in Finland (Op. 113) in 1927 and added two new pieces composed in 1946. The new revision of the ritual music of 1948 is one of his last works.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Sibelius loved nature, and the Finnish landscape often served as material for his music. He once said of his Sixth Symphony, "[It] always reminds me of the scent of the first snow." The forests surrounding Ainola are often said to have inspired his composition of Tapiola. On the subject of Sibelius's ties to nature, his biographer, Tawaststjerna, wrote: <blockquote>Even by Nordic standards, Sibelius responded with exceptional intensity to the moods of nature and the changes in the seasons: he scanned the skies with his binoculars for the geese flying over the lake ice, listened to the screech of the cranes, and heard the cries of the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just below Ainola. He savoured the spring blossoms every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197621-121">[121]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leevi_Madetoja_(circa_1930s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg/170px-Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg/255px-Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg/340px-Leevi_Madetoja_%28circa_1930s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a>, Sibelius's most notable pupil and, as a critic, a defender of his works</figcaption></figure> The composer and academic <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Schwartz" title="Elliott Schwartz">Elliott Schwartz</a> wrote (1964), "It may be said with truth that <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a>, Sibelius and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofieff</a> are the symphonists of this century".<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-122">[122]</a> Indeed, Sibelius exerted considerable influence on symphonic composers and musical life. His impact is perhaps the greatest in English-speaking and Nordic countries. The Finnish symphonist <a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a> was a pupil of Sibelius (for more on their relationship, see <a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja#Relationship_with_Sibelius" title="Leevi Madetoja">Relationship with Sibelius</a>). In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bax" title="Arnold Bax">Arnold Bax</a> both dedicated their fifth symphonies to Sibelius. Vaughan Williams said of him "You have lit a candle in the world of music that will never go out."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Furthermore, Tapiola is prominently echoed in both Bax's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Bax)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Bax)">Sixth Symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Moeran" title="Ernest John Moeran">Ernest John Moeran</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_G_minor_(Moeran)" title="Symphony in G minor (Moeran)">Symphony in G minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaarwächter2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEIvoCQAAQBAJpgPA494_494]-125">[125]</a> The influence of Sibelius's compositional procedures is also strongly felt in the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Walton)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Walton)">First Symphony</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed1995-126">[126]</a> When these and several other major British symphonic essays were being written in and around the 1930s, Sibelius's music was very much in vogue, with conductors like Thomas Beecham and <a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a> championing its cause both in the concert hall and on record. Walton's composer friend <a href="/wiki/Constant_Lambert" title="Constant Lambert">Constant Lambert</a> even asserted that Sibelius was "the first great composer since Beethoven whose mind thinks naturally in terms of symphonic form".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1934318-127">[127]</a> Earlier, <a href="/wiki/Granville_Bantock" title="Granville Bantock">Granville Bantock</a> had championed Sibelius. The esteem was mutual: Sibelius dedicated his Third Symphony to the English composer, and in 1946 he became the first President of the Bantock Society. More recently, Sibelius was also one of the composers championed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Simpson_(composer)" title="Robert Simpson (composer)">Robert Simpson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold" title="Malcolm Arnold">Malcolm Arnold</a> acknowledged his influence, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Butterworth" title="Arthur Butterworth">Arthur Butterworth</a> also saw Sibelius's music as a source of inspiration in his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2008-128">[128]</a> New Zealand's most accomplished 20th century composer, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lilburn" title="Douglas Lilburn">Douglas Lilburn</a>, wrote of the inspiration he derived from Sibelius's work, particularly for his earlier compositions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a> and, to a lesser extent, his predecessor with the Philadelphia Orchestra <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>, were instrumental in bringing Sibelius's music to American audiences by frequently programming his works; the former developed a friendly relationship with Sibelius throughout his life. Later in life, Sibelius was championed by the American critic <a href="/wiki/Olin_Downes" title="Olin Downes">Olin Downes</a>, who wrote a biography of the composer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1995-130">[130]</a> In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> wrote a critical essay, notoriously charging that "If Sibelius is good, this invalidates the standards of musical quality that have persisted from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a>: the richness of inter-connectedness, articulation, unity in diversity, the 'multi-faceted' in 'the one'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1938-131">[131]</a> Adorno sent his essay to <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a>, then music critic of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>, who was also critical of Sibelius; Thomson, while agreeing with the essay's sentiment, declared to Adorno that "the tone of it [was] more apt to create antagonism toward [Adorno] than toward Sibelius".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009-69">[69]</a> Later, the composer, theorist and conductor <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">René Leibowitz</a> went so far as to describe Sibelius as "the worst composer in the world" in the title of a 1955 pamphlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibowitz1955-132">[132]</a> Perhaps one reason Sibelius has attracted both the praise and the ire of critics is that in each of his seven symphonies he approached the basic problems of form, tonality, and architecture in unique, individual ways. On the one hand, his symphonic (and tonal) creativity was novel, while others thought that music should be taking a different route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA269_269]-133">[133]</a> Sibelius's response to criticism was dismissive: "Pay no attention to what critics say. No statue has ever been put up to a critic."<a href="#cite_note-Ross-2007-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musik_Meile_Wien,_Jean_Sibelius_(22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg/220px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg/330px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg/440px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Jean_Sibelius_%2822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4031" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>Star on the Musik Meile (Music Mile) in Vienna</figcaption></figure> In the latter decades of the twentieth century, Sibelius became seen more favourably. Many influential 20th and 21st-century composers, including <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Grisey" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Grisey">Gerard Grisey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a>, have expressed high regard for his compositions. The American composer Jonathan Blumhofer has said: "The visionary aspects of Sibelius’ music, particularly the tight unity of musical elements and his singular way with large-scale forms, have helped ensure him that rarest of gifts given popular composers: a measure of academic respectability."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> said the composer's approach was that of "antimodern modernism," standing outside “the status quo of perpetual progress”.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009-69">[69]</a> In a similar vein, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> contrasts Sibelius to the "modernist" approach of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> and the "post-modernist" one of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>; for Žižek, Sibelius represents the alternative of "persistent traditionalism", of continuing in the inherited tradition but with artistic integrity, not as a "phony conservative".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1990, the composer <a href="/wiki/Thea_Musgrave" title="Thea Musgrave">Thea Musgrave</a> was commissioned by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra to write a piece in honour of the 125th anniversary of Sibelius's birth: Song of the Enchanter premiered on 14 February 1991.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In 1984, the American avant-garde composer <a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a> gave a lecture in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, wherein he stated that "the people you think are radicals might really be conservatives – the people you think are conservatives might really be radical," whereupon he began to hum Sibelius's Fifth Symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009-69">[69]</a> Writing in 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning music critic <a href="/wiki/Tim_Page_(music_critic)" title="Tim Page (music critic)">Tim Page</a> stated, "There are two things to be said straightaway about Sibelius. First, he is terribly uneven (much of his chamber music, a lot of his songs and most of his piano music might have been churned out by a second-rate salon composer from the 19th century on an off afternoon). Second, at his very best, he is often weird."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Pianist <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a> offers a counterweight to Page's assessment of Sibelius's piano music. Acknowledging that this body of work is uneven in quality, Andsnes believes that the common critical dismissal is unwarranted. In performing selected piano works, Andsnes finds that audiences were "astonished that there could be a major composer out there with such beautiful, accessible music that people don't know."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> For the 150th anniversary of Sibelius's birth, the Helsinki Music Centre planned an illustrated and narrated "Sibelius Finland Experience Show" every day during the summer of 2015. The production was also planned to extend over 2016 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> On 8 December itself, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by <a href="/wiki/John_Storg%C3%A5rds" title="John Storgårds">John Storgårds</a> planned a commemorative concert featuring En Saga, Luonnotar and the Seventh Symphony.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg/220px-Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg/330px-Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg/440px-Sibeliuksenpuisto_Kotka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Sibelius Park (Sibeliuksenpuisto) in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> In 1972, Sibelius's surviving daughters sold <a href="/wiki/Ainola" title="Ainola">Ainola</a> to the Finnish state. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Finland)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Finland)">Ministry of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Society_of_Finland" title="Sibelius Society of Finland">Sibelius Society of Finland</a> opened it as a museum in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2005339-74">[74]</a> Sibelius has been memorialized by art, stamps, and currency; the Finnish 100 <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">mark</a> bill featured his image until 2002 when the euro was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-Setelit.com-4">[4]</a> Since 2011, Finland has celebrated a flag flying day on 8 December, the composer's birthday, also known as the "Day of Finnish Music".<a href="#cite_note-intermin.fi-5">[5]</a> The year 2015, the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, featured a number of special concerts and events, especially in the city of Helsinki.<a href="#cite_note-Visit-Helsinki-6">[6]</a> The quinquennial <a href="/wiki/International_Jean_Sibelius_Violin_Competition" title="International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition">International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition</a>, instituted in 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Monument_(Helsinki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibelius Monument (Helsinki)">Sibelius Monument</a>, unveiled in 1967 in Helsinki's Sibelius Park, the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Museum" title="Sibelius Museum">Sibelius Museum</a>, opened in Turku in 1968, and the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Hall" title="Sibelius Hall">Sibelius Hall</a> concert hall in Lahti, opened in 2000, were all named in his honour, as was the asteroid <a href="/wiki/1405_Sibelius" title="1405 Sibelius">1405 Sibelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The complete edition of Sibelius's œuvre has been in preparation in Finland since 1996. It is a joint venture between the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">National Library of Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Society_of_Finland" title="Sibelius Society of Finland">Sibelius Society of Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breitkopf_%26_H%C3%A4rtel" title="Breitkopf & Härtel">Breitkopf & Härtel</a> publishers. When finished, this critical edition will comprise 60 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Sibelius kept a diary from 1909 to 1944, and his family allowed it to be published, unabridged, in 2005. The diary was edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabian Dahlström (page does not exist)">Fabian Dahlström</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m" class="extiw" title="fi:Fabian Dahlström">fi</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m" class="extiw" title="sv:Fabian Dahlström">sv</a>] and published in the Swedish language in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the composer, the entire diary was also published in the Finnish language in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Several volumes of Sibelius's correspondence have also been edited and published in Swedish, Finnish and English. The legacy of Sibelius is celebrated through an array of statues, monuments, parks, and similar honours. Among the most well known is the <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Monument" title="Sibelius Monument">Sibelius Monument</a>, a renowned piece of sculpture in its own right, located in the capital of Finland, Helsinki. It is surrounded by the eponymous park, which is among the most visited sites by sightseers visiting the city. The scorewriter program <a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(scorewriter)" title="Sibelius (scorewriter)">Sibelius</a> is named after him.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manuscripts">edit</a>]</div> Parts of the literary estate of Sibelius—correspondence and manuscripts—are preserved at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Finland" title="National Archives of Finland">National Archives of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">National Library of Finland</a>, but several items are in foreign private collections, even as investments, only partially accessible for scholars. In 1970, a lot of 50 music manuscript items was acquired by the National Library with aid from the government of Finland, banks and foundations.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Sibelius's personal music archive was donated to the National Library in 1982 by the heirs of the composer.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Another lot of 50 items was procured in 1997, with aid from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Finland)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Finland)">Ministry of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Virtanen,_Timo-2020-148">[148]</a> In 2018, the Italian-Finnish collector and benefactor Rolando Pieraccini donated a collection of Sibelius's letters and other materials to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Finland" title="National Museum of Finland">National Museum of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On the other hand, in 2016 the manuscript of Pohjola's Daughter was sold to an anonymous buyer for 290,000 euros, and it is no longer available to scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Virtanen,_Timo-2020-148">[148]</a> In early 2020, the current owner of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lienau" title="Robert Lienau">Robert Lienau</a> collection offered for sale 1,200 pages of manuscripts, including the scores of Voces intimae, Joutsikki, and Pelléas and Mélisande, and the material was not available to scholars during negotiations. The original price tag was said to be over one million euros for the lot as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> At the end of the year, the National Library was able to acquire this collection with aid from foundations and donors. The final price was "considerably below one million euros."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Nowadays, it is not legally possible to export Sibelius's manuscripts from Finland without permission, and, according to <a href="/wiki/Hufvudstadsbladet" title="Hufvudstadsbladet">Hufvudstadsbladet</a>, such permission would probably not be given.<a href="#cite_note-Virtanen,_Timo-2020-148">[148]</a> In 2021, the music manuscripts of Sibelius were included in the <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a> by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(film)" title="Sibelius (film)">Sibelius (film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1997">Tawaststjerna (1997</a>, p. 15): only in the 1990s was it discovered that Sibelius's original first names (at christening) were Johan Christian Julius; he himself used the order Johan Julius Christian, and that is present in most sources. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/3630">"Sibelius, Jean (1865–1957)"</a>. kansallisbiografia.fi. Retrieved 31 December 2023. <q>In the First as well as in the Second Symphony (1902), some people have admittedly been quick to point out indications of the national independence struggle as well. During the period of oppressive russification, Sibelius and his music quite naturally became a symbol of national ferment. Sibelius had nothing against this, and in 1899 he composed both the Atenarnes sång ('Song of the Athenians') and the programme piece later christened Finlandia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kansallisbiografia.fi&rft.atitle=Sibelius%2C+Jean+%281865%E2%80%931957%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansallisbiografia.fi%2Fenglish%2Fperson%2F3630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030620012910/http://www.masonmusic.org/sibelius.html">"Brother Sibelius"</a>. The Music of Freemasonry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonmusic.org/sibelius.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2003. Retrieved 16 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Music+of+Freemasonry&rft.atitle=Brother+Sibelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonmusic.org%2Fsibelius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setelit.com-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Setelit.com_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setelit.com_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setelit.com/raha/201">"100 markkaa 1986"</a>. Setelit.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009023828/http://www.setelit.com/raha/201">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+markkaa+1986&rft.pub=Setelit.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setelit.com%2Fraha%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intermin.fi-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intermin.fi_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intermin.fi_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151111200553/http://www.intermin.fi/en/ministry/the_flag_and_arms_of_finland/flying_the_flag">"The days the Finnish flag is flown"</a>. Ministry of the Interior. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intermin.fi/en/ministry/the_flag_and_arms_of_finland/flying_the_flag">the original</a> on 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+days+the+Finnish+flag+is+flown&rft.pub=Ministry+of+the+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intermin.fi%2Fen%2Fministry%2Fthe_flag_and_arms_of_finland%2Fflying_the_flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visit-Helsinki-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visit-Helsinki_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visit-Helsinki_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531123915/http://www.visithelsinki.fi/en/whats-on/events-in-helsinki/celebrating-sibelius-in-2015">"Join the Sibelius 150 Celebration in 2015"</a>. Visit Helsinki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visithelsinki.fi/en/whats-on/events-in-helsinki/celebrating-sibelius-in-2015">the original</a> on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Helsinki&rft.atitle=Join+the+Sibelius+150+Celebration+in+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visithelsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fwhats-on%2Fevents-in-helsinki%2Fcelebrating-sibelius-in-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom19508-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingbom19508_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingbom1950">Ringbom 1950</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200919-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss200919_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss2009">Goss 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200953-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss200953_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss2009">Goss 2009</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994905-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagrange1994905_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLagrange1994">Lagrange 1994</a>, p. 905. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurtomäki2000_11-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurtomäki2000">Murtomäki 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett20074-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett20074_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcr/0165.html">"Sibelius"</a> (in Swedish). Nordisk Familjebok. 1926. p. 281. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714181955/http://runeberg.org/nfcr/0165.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Nordisk+Familjebok&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fnfcr%2F0165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195010–13-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingbom195010–13_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingbom1950">Ringbom 1950</a>, pp. 10–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_musiikkiharrastus.htm">"Music becomes a serious pursuit 1881–1885"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201063455/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_musiikkiharrastus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Music+becomes+a+serious+pursuit+1881%E2%80%931885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_musiikkiharrastus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-childhood-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-childhood_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-childhood_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/">"Childhood 1865–1881"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619134631/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Childhood+1865%E2%80%931881&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett20076-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett20076_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley200467-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimley200467_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimley2004">Grimley 2004</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-sih-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sih_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sih_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_opinnot_helsinki.htm">"Studies in Helsinki 1885–1888"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222235526/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_opinnot_helsinki.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Helsinki+1885%E2%80%931888&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_opinnot_helsinki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195014-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingbom195014_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingbom1950">Ringbom 1950</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkman197211-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkman197211_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkman1972">Ekman 1972</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss200975-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss200975_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss2009">Goss 2009</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994985-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagrange1994985_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagrange1994985_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLagrange1994">Lagrange 1994</a>, p. 985. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197662-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197662_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1976">Tawaststjerna 1976</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s1&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">"Kalevala taiteessa – Musiikissa: Ensimmäiset Kalevala-aiheiset sävellykset"</a> (in Finnish). Kalevalan Kultuuruhistoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190340/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s1&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevala+taiteessa+%E2%80%93+Musiikissa%3A+Ensimm%C3%A4iset+Kalevala-aiheiset+s%C3%A4vellykset&rft.pub=Kalevalan+Kultuuruhistoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fkaku%2Fsivu.php%3Fn%3Dp1a1%26s%3Dp1a1s1%26h%3Dhp1a1%26f%3Dfp1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_opinnot_wien.htm">"Studies in Vienna 1890–91"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524191512/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_opinnot_wien.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Vienna+1890%E2%80%9391&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_opinnot_wien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kullervo.htm">"Kullervo and the wedding 1891–1892"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524225447/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kullervo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Kullervo+and+the+wedding+1891%E2%80%931892&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kullervo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman1938218-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman1938218_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufman1938">Kaufman 1938</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss2011162-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss2011162_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss2011">Goss 2011</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtwWttugsyAC&pg=PA87">Classical Destinations: An Armchair Guide to Classical Music</a>. Amadeus Press. 2006. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-158-2"><bdi>978-1-57467-158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Destinations%3A+An+Armchair+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-158-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtwWttugsyAC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELew2010134-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELew2010134_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLew2010">Lew 2010</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/ainola/ainolan_asukkaat_eva_paloheimo.html">"The occupants of Ainola"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619222632/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/ainola/ainolan_asukkaat_eva_paloheimo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+occupants+of+Ainola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fainola%2Fainolan_asukkaat_eva_paloheimo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200774-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200774_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-symposion-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-symposion_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-symposion_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-symposion_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_symbosion.htm">"The Symposion years 1892–1897"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628111656/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_symbosion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+Symposion+years+1892%E2%80%931897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_symbosion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200785-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200785_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976162-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976162_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1976">Tawaststjerna 1976</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classiclive.com/sibelius-spring-song-original-1984">"Sibelius: Spring Song (original 1894)"</a>. ClassicLive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132734/http://www.classiclive.com/sibelius-spring-song-original-1984">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+Spring+Song+%28original+1894%29&rft.pub=ClassicLive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiclive.com%2Fsibelius-spring-song-original-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimley2004101-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimley2004101_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimley2004">Grimley 2004</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976166-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976166_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1976">Tawaststjerna 1976</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagrange1994988-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagrange1994988_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLagrange1994">Lagrange 1994</a>, p. 988. </li> <li id="cite_note-tib-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tib_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tib_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kohti_lapimurtoa.htm">"Towards an international breakthrough 1897–1899"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707062016/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kohti_lapimurtoa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Towards+an+international+breakthrough+1897%E2%80%931899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kohti_lapimurtoa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-club-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-club_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-club_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_kuoro_orkesteri.htm">"Works for choir and orchestra"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092219/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_kuoro_orkesteri.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Works+for+choir+and+orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_kuoro_orkesteri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/composition/press-celebration-music-sanomalehdist%C3%B6n-p%C3%A4ivien-musikki-incidental-music-for-orchestra-mc0002453450">"Jean Sibelius Press celebration music (Sanomalehdistön päivien musikki), incidental music for orchestra"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210848/https://www.allmusic.com/composition/press-celebration-music-sanomalehdist%C3%B6n-p%C3%A4ivien-musikki-incidental-music-for-orchestra-mc0002453450">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Jean+Sibelius+Press+celebration+music+%28Sanomalehdist%C3%B6n+p%C3%A4ivien+musikki%29%2C+incidental+music+for+orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fcomposition%2Fpress-celebration-music-sanomalehdist%25C3%25B6n-p%25C3%25A4ivien-musikki-incidental-music-for-orchestra-mc0002453450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-incidental-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-incidental_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-incidental_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/nayttamo_sanoma.htm">"Incidental music"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706103718/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/nayttamo_sanoma.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Incidental+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fnayttamo_sanoma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdib-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdib_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdib_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdib_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_lapimurto.htm">"A child's death, and international breakthrough, 1900–1902"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704101333/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_lapimurto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=A+child%27s+death%2C+and+international+breakthrough%2C+1900%E2%80%931902&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_lapimurto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023193309/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_01.htm">"First symphony op. 39 (1899–1900)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_01.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=First+symphony+op.+39+%281899%E2%80%931900%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingbom195071-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingbom195071_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRingbom1950">Ringbom 1950</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-wod-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wod_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wod_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wod_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kuolemanvalssi.htm">"The Waltz of Death and the move to Ainola 1903–1904"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704115150/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kuolemanvalssi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+Waltz+of+Death+and+the+move+to+Ainola+1903%E2%80%931904&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kuolemanvalssi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fya-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fya_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fya_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fya_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fya_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fya_49-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_ainola.htm">"The first years in Ainola 1904–1908"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101614/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_ainola.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+first+years+in+Ainola+1904%E2%80%931908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_ainola.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classiclive.com/Sibelius-Symphony-No3">"Sibelius: Symphony No. 3"</a>. 15 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324171536/https://www.classiclive.com/Sibelius-Symphony-No3">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020 – via www.classiclive.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+Symphony+No.+3&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiclive.com%2FSibelius-Symphony-No3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodstra20051279–1282-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodstra20051279–1282_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodstra2005">Woodstra 2005</a>, pp. 1279–1282. </li> <li id="cite_note-iv-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iv_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iv_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iv_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iv_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iv_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_sisaisia_aania.htm">"Inner voices 1908–1914"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217131548/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_sisaisia_aania.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Inner+voices+1908%E2%80%931914&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_sisaisia_aania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_53-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/11/24/archives/behind-the-scenes-jan-sibelius-wins-nationwide-poll-among-listeners.html">Jean Sibelius Wins Nation-Wide Poll Among Listeners</a>. New York Times, 24 November 1935. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzorio,_Anne" class="citation web cs1">Ozorio, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/mar07/Luonnotar.htm">"Appreciating Sibelius's Luonnotar Op. 70 by Anne Ozorio"</a>. MusicWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022428/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/mar07/Luonnotar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appreciating+Sibelius%27s+Luonnotar+Op.+70+by+Anne+Ozorio&rft.pub=MusicWeb&rft.au=Ozorio%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2007%2Fmar07%2FLuonnotar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfs-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wfs_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfs_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfs_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfs_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wfs_55-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viides_sinfonia.htm">"The war and the fifth symphony 1915–1919"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217130628/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viides_sinfonia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+war+and+the+fifth+symphony+1915%E2%80%931919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_viides_sinfonia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna2008-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna2008_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna2008_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna2008">Tawaststjerna 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lmp-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lmp_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmp_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmp_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmp_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viimeiset.htm">"The last masterpieces 1920–1927"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217131719/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_viimeiset.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+last+masterpieces+1920%E2%80%931927&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_viimeiset.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenti2004" class="citation book cs1">Lenti, Vincent A. (2004). For the Enrichment of Community Life : George Eastman and the Founding of the Eastman School of Music. Rochester, New York: Meliora Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580461993" title="Special:BookSources/9781580461993"><bdi>9781580461993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Enrichment+of+Community+Life+%3A+George+Eastman+and+the+Founding+of+the+Eastman+School+of+Music&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Meliora+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781580461993&rft.aulast=Lenti&rft.aufirst=Vincent+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/01/25/103538651.pdf">"Finnish Composer Coming"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Vol. LXX, no. 23, 012. 25 January 1921. p. 2. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finnish+Composer+Coming&rft.volume=LXX&rft.issue=23%2C+012&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1921-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1921%2F01%2F25%2F103538651.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/nayttamo_myrsky.htm">"Incidental music: Sibelius: Music for The Tempest by William Shakespeare, op. 109 (1925–26)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101650/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/nayttamo_myrsky.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Incidental+music%3A+Sibelius%3A+Music+for+The+Tempest+by+William+Shakespeare%2C+op.+109+%281925%E2%80%9326%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fnayttamo_myrsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503205515/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/Sibeliuksen+ja+kymmenientuhansien+suomalaisten+vapinaan+l%C3%B6ytyi+syy/a1305554379014/">"Sibeliuksen vapinalle löytyi syy"</a> (in Finnish; "Reason found for Sibelius's tremor"), by Vesa Sirén in <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBotstein2011_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBotstein2011">Botstein 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA67_67–68]-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA67_67–68]_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMäkelä2011">Mäkelä 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZbZJHaL_9AC&pg=PA67">67–68</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen1995-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen1995_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilpeläinen1995">Kilpeläinen 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirén2011a-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirén2011a_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSirén2011a">Sirén 2011a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESirén2011b-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESirén2011b_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSirén2011b">Sirén 2011b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2012-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns2012_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStearns2012">Stearns 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">"The war and the destruction of the eighth symphony 1939–1945"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208192801/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+war+and+the+destruction+of+the+eighth+symphony+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2009-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2009_69-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2009">Ross 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/culture/25107-radio-broadcasts-catapulted-jean-sibelius-to-global-fame-new-study-reveals.html">"Radio broadcasts catapulted Jean Sibelius to global fame, new study reveals"</a>. Helsinki Times. 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsinki+Times&rft.atitle=Radio+broadcasts+catapulted+Jean+Sibelius+to+global+fame%2C+new+study+reveals&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinkitimes.fi%2Fculture%2F25107-radio-broadcasts-catapulted-jean-sibelius-to-global-fame-new-study-reveals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMäkelä2024" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mäkelä, Janne (27 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/lahikuva/article/view/144520">"Radio ja Sibelius: Rajoja ylittävä mediasuhde vuosina 1926–1957"</a> [Radio and Sibelius: A cross-border media relationship over the years]. Lähikuva – audiovisuaalisen kulttuurin tieteellinen julkaisu (in Finnish). 37 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23994%2Flk.144520">10.23994/lk.144520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2343-399X">2343-399X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A4hikuva+%E2%80%93+audiovisuaalisen+kulttuurin+tieteellinen+julkaisu&rft.atitle=Radio+ja+Sibelius%3A+Rajoja+ylitt%C3%A4v%C3%A4+mediasuhde+vuosina+1926%E2%80%931957&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23994%2Flk.144520&rft.issn=2343-399X&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Janne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Flahikuva%2Farticle%2Fview%2F144520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Dagbok, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132529/http://inkpot.com/classical/sibjarvi.html">"Inkpot Classical Music Reviews: Sibelius Karelia Suite. Luonnotar. Andante Festivo. The Oceanides. King Christian II Suite. Finlandia. Gothenburg SO/Järvi (DG)"</a>. Inkpot.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inkpot.com/classical/sibjarvi.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inkpot+Classical+Music+Reviews%3A+Sibelius+Karelia+Suite.+Luonnotar.+Andante+Festivo.+The+Oceanides.+King+Christian+II+Suite.+Finlandia.+Gothenburg+SO%2FJ%C3%A4rvi+%28DG%29&rft.pub=Inkpot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finkpot.com%2Fclassical%2Fsibjarvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2005339-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2005339_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2005339_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSadie2005">Sadie 2005</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-war-75"><a href="#cite_ref-war_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">"The war and the destruction of the eighth symphony 1939–1945"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208192801/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=The+war+and+the+destruction+of+the+eighth+symphony+1939%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kahdeksannen_tuhoaminen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidS2dV9h7dR8QCpgPA234_233–234_note_3]-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullock2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidS2dV9h7dR8QCpgPA234_233–234_note_3]_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullock2011">Bullock 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2dV9h7dR8QC&pg=PA234">233–234 note 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA13_13–14]-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA13_13–14]_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMäkelä2011">Mäkelä 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZbZJHaL_9AC&pg=PA13">13–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRautavaara1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Rautavaara, Einojuhani</a> (1989). Omakuva [Self-portrait] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 116–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-0-16015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-0-16015-2"><bdi>978-951-0-16015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omakuva&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-951-0-16015-2&rft.aulast=Rautavaara&rft.aufirst=Einojuhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/3375951">Sibelius / Eugene Ormandy Conducting The Philadelphia Orchestra – Symphony No. 4 In A minor, Op. 63 / Symphony No. 5 In E-flat major, Op. 82</a> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwitz" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hurwitz_(music_critic)" title="David Hurwitz (music critic)">Hurwitz, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-4118/">"Beecham Sibelius Birthday C"</a>. Classics Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114416/http://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-4118/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beecham+Sibelius+Birthday+C&rft.pub=Classics+Today&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicstoday.com%2Freview%2Freview-4118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturemusicpoetry.com/proms-2014/proms-feature-3-sibelius-and-the-swans">"Proms feature #3: Sibelius and the swans"</a>. Natural Light. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180701/http://www.naturemusicpoetry.com/proms-2014/proms-feature-3-sibelius-and-the-swans">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proms+feature+%233%3A+Sibelius+and+the+swans&rft.pub=Natural+Light&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturemusicpoetry.com%2Fproms-2014%2Fproms-feature-3-sibelius-and-the-swans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105501/http://www.finncult.be/sibeulius150-jean-sibelius/?lang=en">"SibEUlius – Jean Sibelius 150 Years"</a>. Finnish Cultural Institute for the Benelux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finncult.be/sibeulius150-jean-sibelius/?lang=en">the original</a> on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finnish+Cultural+Institute+for+the+Benelux&rft.atitle=SibEUlius+%E2%80%93+Jean+Sibelius+150+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finncult.be%2Fsibeulius150-jean-sibelius%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730091209/http://ainola.fi/eng_jean_sibelius_elamanvaiheet.php">"Ainola – Jean Sibelius – Chronological Overview: Jean Sibelius 1865–1957"</a>. ainola.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainola.fi/eng_jean_sibelius_elamanvaiheet.php">the original</a> on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ainola.fi&rft.atitle=Ainola+%E2%80%93+Jean+Sibelius+%E2%80%93+Chronological+Overview%3A+Jean+Sibelius+1865%E2%80%931957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainola.fi%2Feng_jean_sibelius_elamanvaiheet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kuolema.htm">"Death and funeral 1957"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151217131932/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/elamankaari/sib_kuolema.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Death+and+funeral+1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Felamankaari%2Fsib_kuolema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-2007-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross-2007_85-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (9 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therestisnoise.com/2007/07/sibelius-chapte.html">"Sibelius: Apparition from the Woods"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125134943/http://www.therestisnoise.com/2007/07/sibelius-chapte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Sibelius%3A+Apparition+from+the+Woods&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therestisnoise.com%2F2007%2F07%2Fsibelius-chapte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoroila2012-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoroila2012_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoroila2012">Poroila 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.co.uk/composers/jean-sibelius-39924">"Jean Sibelius"</a>. Gramophone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124234631/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/composers/jean-sibelius-39924">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Fcomposers%2Fjean-sibelius-39924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976209-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna1976209_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1976">Tawaststjerna 1976</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001102-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001102_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvkIWs6nvRs8CpgPA63_63]-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvkIWs6nvRs8CpgPA63_63]_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkIWs6nvRs8C&pg=PA63">63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalamidas,_Thanos2009" class="citation web cs1">Kalamidas, Thanos (12 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovimagazine.com/art/5165">"Jean Sibelius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ovi_(magazine)" title="Ovi (magazine)">Ovi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125043947/http://www.ovimagazine.com/art/5165">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ovi&rft.atitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.au=Kalamidas%2C+Thanos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovimagazine.com%2Fart%2F5165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike197893-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike197893_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPike1978">Pike 1978</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames198941-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames198941_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1989">James 1989</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> David Ewen, Music for the Millions – The Encyclopedia of Musical Masterpieces (READ Books, 2007) p. 533 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_01.htm">"First symphony op. 39 (1899–1900)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209010420/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=First+symphony+op.+39+%281899%E2%80%931900%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_02.htm">"Second symphony op. 43 (1902)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127212830/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Second+symphony+op.+43+%281902%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_03.htm">"Third symphony op. 52 (1907)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516120043/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Third+symphony+op.+52+%281907%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_05.htm">"Fifth symphony op. 82 (1915–1919)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616203835/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Fifth+symphony+op.+82+%281915%E2%80%931919%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2001322-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2001322_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_06.htm">"Sixth symphony op. 104 (1923)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101726/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Sixth+symphony+op.+104+%281923%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton2002479-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton2002479_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton2002">Layton 2002</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHepokoski2001">Hepokoski 2001</a>. Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWhittall2004">Whittall 2004</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_07.htm">"Seventh symphony op. 105 (1924)"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101728/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_sinf_07.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Seventh+symphony+op.+105+%281924%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_sinf_07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton196595-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton196595_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton1965">Layton 1965</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_satu.htm">"En Saga"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105022114/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_satu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=En+Saga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_satu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicklund201430-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWicklund201430_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWicklund2014">Wicklund 2014</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurki1999-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurki1999_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurki1999">Kurki 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_metsanhaltijatar.htm">"Other orchestral works"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101713/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_metsanhaltijatar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Other+orchestral+works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_muita_metsanhaltijatar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_lemminkainen.htm">"Lemminkäinen"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215144308/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_lemminkainen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Lemmink%C3%A4inen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_lemminkainen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_finlandia.htm">"Finlandia"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719121728/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_finlandia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Finlandia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_finlandia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007242-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett2007242_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2007">Barnett 2007</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen2012viii-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilpeläinen2012viii_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKilpeläinen2012">Kilpeläinen 2012</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_tapiola.htm">"Tapiola"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204191318/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_tapiola.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Tapiola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_tapiola.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_karelia.htm">"Other orchestral works: Karelia Music, Overture and Suite"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220200035/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_muita_karelia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Other+orchestral+works%3A+Karelia+Music%2C+Overture+and+Suite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_muita_karelia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060752/https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/Sibelius-Valse-triste.aspx">"Sibelius: Valse Triste, Opus 44"</a>. San Francisco Symphony. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfsymphony.org/Watch-Listen-Learn/Read-Program-Notes/Program-Notes/Sibelius-Valse-triste.aspx">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+Valse+Triste%2C+Opus+44&rft.pub=San+Francisco+Symphony&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsymphony.org%2FWatch-Listen-Learn%2FRead-Program-Notes%2FProgram-Notes%2FSibelius-Valse-triste.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison_Symphony-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Madison_Symphony_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsen,_J._Michael" class="citation web cs1">Allsen, J. Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504020346/http://facstaff.uww.edu/allsenj/MSO/NOTES/0809/5.Jan09.html">"Madison Symphony Orchestra Program Notes"</a>. University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facstaff.uww.edu/allsenj/MSO/NOTES/0809/5.Jan09.html">the original</a> on 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madison+Symphony+Orchestra+Program+Notes&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Whitewater&rft.au=Allsen%2C+J.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacstaff.uww.edu%2Fallsenj%2FMSO%2FNOTES%2F0809%2F5.Jan09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_viulukonsertto.htm">"Violin concerto"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112140053/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_viulukonsertto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Violin+concerto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_viulukonsertto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEden2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAOS74uZTasYCpgPA149_149]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEden2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAOS74uZTasYCpgPA149_149]_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEden2010">Eden 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AOS74uZTasYC&pg=PA149">149</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_kullervo.htm">"Kullervo"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618020813/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/ork_kullervo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Kullervo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fork_kullervo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/musiikki/vapaamuurari.ht">"Music for Freemasonry"</a>. Jean Sibelius. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Retrieved 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.atitle=Music+for+Freemasonry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sibelius.fi%2Fenglish%2Fmusiikki%2Fvapaamuurari.ht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197621-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETawaststjerna197621_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTawaststjerna1976">Tawaststjerna 1976</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_122-0">^</a> Schwartz, Elliott (1982). The Symphonies of Ralph Vaughan Williams. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-76137-9. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allegrofilms.com/products/jean-sibelius-the-early-years-maturity-and-silence">Jean Sibelius: The Early Years – Maturity and Silence</a>. Allegro Films. 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202420/http://www.chandos.net/pdf/CHAN%2010122.pdf">"Sir Arnold Bax"</a> (PDF). Chandos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chandos.net/pdf/CHAN%2010122.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Arnold+Bax&rft.pub=Chandos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chandos.net%2Fpdf%2FCHAN%252010122.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaarwächter2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEIvoCQAAQBAJpgPA494_494]-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaarwächter2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEIvoCQAAQBAJpgPA494_494]_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaarwächter2015">Schaarwächter 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIvoCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA494">494</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed1995-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed1995_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreed1995">Freed 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1934318-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1934318_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambert1934">Lambert 1934</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2008-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2008_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2008">Walker 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Philip Norman, Douglas Lilburn: His Life and Music, Auckland University Press, 2006, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1995-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss1995_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss1995">Goss 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1938-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1938_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdorno1938">Adorno 1938</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibowitz1955-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeibowitz1955_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibowitz1955">Leibowitz 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA269_269]-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäkelä2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKZbZJHaL_9ACpgPA269_269]_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMäkelä2011">Mäkelä 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZbZJHaL_9AC&pg=PA269">269</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Blumhofer, J.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsfuse.org/141749/rethinking-the-repertoire-8-sibeliuss-night-ride-and-sunrise/">Rethinking the Repertoire #8 – Sibelius’s “Night Ride and Sunrise”</a>. The Arts Fuse, 5 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek2012" class="citation book cs1">Žižek, Slavoj (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxYQCoaEU7AC">Less Than Nothing</a>. London & New York: Verso. pp. 603 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-897-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-897-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+Than+Nothing&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=603+ff&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-897-6&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxYQCoaEU7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610024749/http://www.theamusgrave.com/html/song_of_the_enchanter.html">"Song of the Enchanter"</a>. Thea Musgrave. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamusgrave.com/html/song_of_the_enchanter.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Song+of+the+Enchanter&rft.pub=Thea+Musgrave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamusgrave.com%2Fhtml%2Fsong_of_the_enchanter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1996" class="citation news cs1">Page, Tim (29 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1996/09/29/finn-de-siecle/3c8f1482-a6f8-4605-b0d1-f9e2f06bac8d/">"Finn de Siècle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063836/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1996/09/29/finn-de-siecle/3c8f1482-a6f8-4605-b0d1-f9e2f06bac8d/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Finn+de+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.date=1996-09-29&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2F1996%2F09%2F29%2Ffinn-de-siecle%2F3c8f1482-a6f8-4605-b0d1-f9e2f06bac8d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Andsnes, Leif</a>, liner notes for Leif Ove Andsnes, Sibelius, Sony Classical CD 88985408502, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132048/https://www.musiikkitalo.fi/en/event/sibelius-finland-experience">"Sibelius Finland Experience"</a>. Musiikkitalo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musiikkitalo.fi/en/event/sibelius-finland-experience">the original</a> on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius+Finland+Experience&rft.pub=Musiikkitalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musiikkitalo.fi%2Fen%2Fevent%2Fsibelius-finland-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://helsinginkaupunginorkesteri.fi/en/node/159">"Sibelius 150"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra">Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081640/http://helsinginkaupunginorkesteri.fi/en/node/159">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sibelius+150&rft.pub=Helsinki+Philharmonic+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhelsinginkaupunginorkesteri.fi%2Fen%2Fnode%2F159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1405">"1405 Sibelius (1936 RE)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121102120/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1405">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1405+Sibelius+%281936+RE%29&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D1405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/en/projects/jean-sibelius-works-jsw">Jean Sibelius Works (JSW).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129175340/https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/en/projects/jean-sibelius-works-jsw">Archived</a> 29 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The National Library of Finland. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibelius,_Jean2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sibelius, Jean (2005). Fabian Dahlström (ed.). Dagbok 1909–1944 (in Swedish). Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-125-5"><bdi>978-951-583-125-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dagbok+1909%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-951-583-125-5&rft.au=Sibelius%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibelius,_Jean2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sibelius, Jean (2015). Fabian Dahlström (ed.). Päiväkirja 1909–1944 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-583-288-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-583-288-7"><bdi>978-951-583-288-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4kirja+1909%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-951-583-288-7&rft.au=Sibelius%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2015" class="citation web cs1">Rothman, Philip (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109125756/https://www.scoringnotes.com/news/an-interview-with-ben-finn-part-1/">"An interview with Ben Finn, co-founder of Sibelius [Part 1 of 2]"</a>. scoringnotes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoringnotes.com/news/an-interview-with-ben-finn-part-1/">the original</a> on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2020. <q>We decided to call it "Sibelius" for reasons we can no longer remember, but it was almost certainly because [composer Jean] Sibelius was a "Finn"—a play on our surname</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+interview+with+Ben+Finn%2C+co-founder+of+Sibelius+%5BPart+1+of+2%5D&rft.pub=scoringnotes.com&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoringnotes.com%2Fnews%2Fan-interview-with-ben-finn-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén,_Vesa2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sirén, Vesa (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000006422160.html">"Kansallisaarre vaarassa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). p. C 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229214144/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000006422160.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kansallisaarre+vaarassa&rft.pages=C+10&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.au=Sir%C3%A9n%2C+Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fart-2000006422160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Ollikainen, Tapio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/fi/jean-sibelius-works-suurhanke-etenee">"Jean Sibelius Works – suurhanke etenee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020062035/https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/fi/jean-sibelius-works-suurhanke-etenee">Archived</a> 20 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">National Library of Finland</a> (in Finnish). </li> <li id="cite_note-Virtanen,_Timo-2020-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virtanen,_Timo-2020_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virtanen,_Timo-2020_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virtanen,_Timo-2020_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtanen,_Timo2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Virtanen, Timo (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbl.fi/artikel/nationalskatter-i-fara/">"Nationalskatter i farozonen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hufvudstadsbladet" title="Hufvudstadsbladet">Hufvudstadsbladet</a> (in Swedish). p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226184903/https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/nationalskatter-i-fara/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hufvudstadsbladet&rft.atitle=Nationalskatter+i+farozonen&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.au=Virtanen%2C+Timo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbl.fi%2Fartikel%2Fnationalskatter-i-fara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén,_Vesa2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sirén, Vesa (19 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000005529545.html">"Kansallismuseo sai Sibelius-kokoelman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). p. B 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224185237/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000005529545.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kansallismuseo+sai+Sibelius-kokoelman&rft.pages=B+6&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.au=Sir%C3%A9n%2C+Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fart-2000005529545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén,_Vesa2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sirén, Vesa (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000006425569.html">"Kansallisarkisto kiinnostui käsikirjoituksista"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). p. B 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303180447/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000006425569.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kansallisarkisto+kiinnostui+k%C3%A4sikirjoituksista&rft.pages=B+6&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.au=Sir%C3%A9n%2C+Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fart-2000006425569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiikkaja,_Samuli2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiikkaja, Samuli (8 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007667278.html">"Kansalliskirjasto sai ostettua Lienaun Sibelius-käsikirjoitukset"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). p. B 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207223748/https://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/art-2000007667278.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kansalliskirjasto+sai+ostettua+Lienaun+Sibelius-k%C3%A4sikirjoitukset&rft.pages=B+4&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft.au=Tiikkaja%2C+Samuli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fart-2000007667278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbl.fi/artikel/sex-finlandska-arkiv-listas-pa-unesco/">"Arkiv klassas som världsminnen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hufvudstadsbladet" title="Hufvudstadsbladet">Hufvudstadsbladet</a> (in Swedish). 20 September 2021. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hufvudstadsbladet&rft.atitle=Arkiv+klassas+som+v%C3%A4rldsminnen&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbl.fi%2Fartikel%2Fsex-finlandska-arkiv-listas-pa-unesco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor</a> (1938). "Törne, B. de, Sibelius; A Close Up". Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung. 7: 460–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fzfs19387336">10.5840/zfs19387336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Sozialforschung&rft.atitle=T%C3%B6rne%2C+B.+de%2C+Sibelius%3B+A+Close+Up&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E463&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fzfs19387336&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"> Later reprinted as "Glosse über Sibelius". Cited and translated in <a href="#CITEREFJackson2001">Jackson 2001</a>, p. xviii</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11159-0"><bdi>978-0-300-11159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11159-0&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotstein2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Botstein, Leon</a> (14 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Transformative-Paradoxes/128563/">"The Transformative Paradoxes of Jean Sibelius"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622190836/https://chronicle.com/article/The-Transformative-Paradoxes/128563">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Transformative+Paradoxes+of+Jean+Sibelius&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.aulast=Botstein&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Transformative-Paradoxes%2F128563%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bullock" title="Philip Bullock">Bullock, Philip Ross</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2dV9h7dR8QC&pg=PA234">The Correspondence of Jean Sibelius and Rosa Newmarch, 1906–1939</a>. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-683-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Jean+Sibelius+and+Rosa+Newmarch%2C+1906%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-683-4&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Philip+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2dV9h7dR8QC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden2010" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Bradford Lee (2010). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5660-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-5660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle-earth+Minstrel%3A+Essays+on+Music+in+Tolkien&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5660-4&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Bradford+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkman1972" class="citation book cs1">Ekman, Karl (1972). Jean Sibelius, his Life and Personality. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6027-6"><bdi>978-0-8371-6027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius%2C+his+Life+and+Personality&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6027-6&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Freed" title="Richard Freed">Freed, Richard</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126170922/http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=3158">"William Walton, Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor, 1968 version"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kennedy Center">The Kennedy Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennedy-center.org/calendar/?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=3158">the original</a> on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Walton%2C+Symphony+No.+1+in+B-flat+minor%2C+1968+version&rft.pub=The+Kennedy+Center&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fcalendar%2F%3Ffuseaction%3Dcomposition%26composition_id%3D3158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Goss" title="Glenda Goss">Goss, Glenda Dawn</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPsXAQAAIAAJ">Jean Sibelius and Olin Downes: music, friendship, criticism</a>. Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-200-0"><bdi>978-1-55553-200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius+and+Olin+Downes%3A+music%2C+friendship%2C+criticism&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-200-0&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPsXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2009" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Glenda Dawn (2009). Sibelius: A Composer's Life and the Awakening of Finland. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30479-3"><bdi>978-0-226-30479-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+A+Composer%27s+Life+and+the+Awakening+of+Finland&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30479-3&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Glenda Dawn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmBZuyWlv4cC&pg=PA162">"Jean Sibelius and His American Connections"</a>. In Grimley, Daniel M. (ed.). Jean Sibelius and His World. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15280-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15280-6"><bdi>978-0-691-15280-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Sibelius+and+His+American+Connections&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius+and+His+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15280-6&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmBZuyWlv4cC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimley2004" class="citation book cs1">Grimley, Daniel M. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Sibelius. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89460-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89460-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Sibelius&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89460-9&rft.aulast=Grimley&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepokoski2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/James_Hepokoski" title="James Hepokoski">Hepokoski, James</a> (2001). "Sibelius". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. xxiii (2nd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 319–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibelius&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Hepokoski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Jackson" title="Timothy L. Jackson">Jackson, Timothy L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p9lAkbz7fAC&pg=PA102">Sibelius Studies</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62416-9"><bdi>978-0-521-62416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62416-9&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p9lAkbz7fAC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1989" class="citation book cs1">James, David Burnett (1989). Sibelius. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-1683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-1683-8"><bdi>978-0-7119-1683-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7119-1683-8&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=David+Burnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1938" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Schima (1938). Everybody's Music. Columbia Broadcasting System: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody%27s+Music&rft.pub=Columbia+Broadcasting+System%3A+Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Company&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Schima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpeläinen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kilpeläinen, Kari (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmq.fi/1995/12/sibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it/">"Sibelius Eight. What happened to it?"</a>. Finnish Music Quarterly (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041724/http://www.fmq.fi/1995/12/sibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finnish+Music+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sibelius+Eight.+What+happened+to+it%3F&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kilpel%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmq.fi%2F1995%2F12%2Fsibelius-eight-what-happened-to-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpeläinen2012" class="citation web cs1">Kilpeläinen, Kari (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitkopf.com/assets/pdf/16058_SON620_PDF_SON620_Einl.pdf">"Aallottaret (Breitkopf & Härtel Assets)"</a> (PDF). breitkopf.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620001302/https://www.breitkopf.com/assets/pdf/16058_SON620_PDF_SON620_Einl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=breitkopf.com&rft.atitle=Aallottaret+%28Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel+Assets%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kilpel%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitkopf.com%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2F16058_SON620_PDF_SON620_Einl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurki1999" class="citation web cs1">Kurki, Eija (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127061914/http://composers.musicfinland.fi/musicfinland/fimic.nsf/0/2CC386D18882DDEEC22575370041A081?opendocument">"The Continuing Adventures of Sibelius's Wood-Nymphs: The Story So Far"</a>. Music Finland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://composers.musicfinland.fi/musicfinland/fimic.nsf/0/2CC386D18882DDEEC22575370041A081?opendocument">the original</a> on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Finland&rft.atitle=The+Continuing+Adventures+of+Sibelius%27s+Wood-Nymphs%3A+The+Story+So+Far&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kurki&rft.aufirst=Eija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomposers.musicfinland.fi%2Fmusicfinland%2Ffimic.nsf%2F0%2F2CC386D18882DDEEC22575370041A081%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagrange1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagrange, Christophe (1994). Au coeur du classique: Les Grands compositeurs et leur musique (in French). Vol. 5. Little Big Man. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7365-0029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7365-0029-0"><bdi>978-2-7365-0029-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+coeur+du+classique%3A+Les+Grands+compositeurs+et+leur+musique&rft.pub=Little+Big+Man&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-7365-0029-0&rft.aulast=Lagrange&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constant_Lambert" title="Constant Lambert">Lambert, Constant</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20090115">Music Ho!</a>. New York: Charles Scribner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183918/https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20090115">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Ho%21&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Constant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20090115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Layton, Robert</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBEwAQAAIAAJ">Sibelius</a>. Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-871322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-871322-9"><bdi>978-0-02-871322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-02-871322-9&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBEwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton2002" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=991tT3wSot0C&pg=PA478">"Sibelius"</a>. In Wintle, Justin (ed.). Makers of Modern Culture. Routledge. pp. 478–479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26583-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26583-6"><bdi>978-0-415-26583-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibelius&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E478-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26583-6&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D991tT3wSot0C%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibowitz1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Leibowitz" title="René Leibowitz">Leibowitz, René</a> (1955). Sibelius, le plus mauvais compositeur du monde. Liège, Belgium: Éditions Dynamo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28594116">28594116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius%2C+le+plus+mauvais+compositeur+du+monde&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Dynamo&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28594116&rft.aulast=Leibowitz&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2010" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Douglas (2010). Great Composers in Watercolor. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-3437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-3437-7"><bdi>978-1-4269-3437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Composers+in+Watercolor&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-3437-7&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMäkelä2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tomi_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4" title="Tomi Mäkelä">Mäkelä, Tomi</a> (2011). Jean Sibelius. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-688-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-688-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Tomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtomäki2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veijo_Murtom%C3%A4ki" class="extiw" title="fi:Veijo Murtomäki">Murtomäki, Veijo</a> [in Finnish] (2000). "Sibelius, Jean (1865–1957)". In Marjomaa, Ulpu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185326/http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=3630">100 Faces from Finland: A Biographical Kaleidoscope</a>. Translated by Roderick Fletcher. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura [The Finnish Literature Society]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-215-0"><bdi>978-951-746-215-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=3630">the original</a> on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibelius%2C+Jean+%281865%E2%80%931957%29&rft.btitle=100+Faces+from+Finland%3A+A+Biographical+Kaleidoscope&rft.pub=Suomalaisen+Kirjallisuuden+Seura+%5BThe+Finnish+Literature+Society%5D&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-951-746-215-0&rft.aulast=Murtom%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Veijo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansallisbiografia.fi%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D3630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike1978" class="citation book cs1">Pike, Lionel (1978). Beethoven, Sibelius and 'the Profound Logic': Studies in Symphonic Analysis. Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-11178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-11178-1"><bdi>978-0-485-11178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%2C+Sibelius+and+%27the+Profound+Logic%27%3A+Studies+in+Symphonic+Analysis&rft.pub=Athlone+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-485-11178-1&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoroila2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poroila, Heikki (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073842/http://www.kirjastot.fi/sites/default/files/ohjeluettelo/Sibelius.pdf">Yhtenäistetty Jean Sibelius Teosten yhtenäistettyjen nimekkeiden ohjeluettelo</a> [Uniform Jean Sibelius: list of works with harmonised titles] (PDF) (in Finnish) (Fourth, online ed.). Suomen musiikkikirjastoyhdistys [Finnish Music Library Association]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5363-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5363-14-2"><bdi>978-952-5363-14-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjastot.fi/sites/default/files/ohjeluettelo/Sibelius.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yhten%C3%A4istetty+Jean+Sibelius+Teosten+yhten%C3%A4istettyjen+nimekkeiden+ohjeluettelo&rft.edition=Fourth%2C+online&rft.pub=Suomen+musiikkikirjastoyhdistys+%5BFinnish+Music+Library+Association%5D&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-952-5363-14-2&rft.aulast=Poroila&rft.aufirst=Heikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjastot.fi%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fohjeluettelo%2FSibelius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingbom1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ringbom, Nils-Eric (1950). Sibelius (in Danish). translated from the Swedish by Johan Koch. Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.pub=Nyt+Nordisk+Forlag+Arnold+Busck&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Ringbom&rft.aufirst=Nils-Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2009) [2007]. "5". <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise</a>: Listening to the Twentieth Century (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-476-3"><bdi>978-1-84115-476-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-476-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadie2005" class="citation book cs1">Sadie, Julie Anne (2005). Calling on the Composer: A Guide to European Composer Houses and Museums. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10750-0"><bdi>978-0-300-10750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calling+on+the+Composer%3A+A+Guide+to+European+Composer+Houses+and+Museums&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10750-0&rft.aulast=Sadie&rft.aufirst=Julie+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaarwächter2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schaarw%C3%A4chter" class="extiw" title="de:Jürgen Schaarwächter">Schaarwächter, Jürgen</a> [in German] (2015). Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945. A preliminary survey. Vol. 1. With a foreword by Lewis Foreman. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-15227-1"><bdi>978-3-487-15227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Centuries+of+British+Symphonism%3A+From+the+beginnings+to+1945.+A+preliminary+survey.&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-487-15227-1&rft.aulast=Schaarw%C3%A4chter&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén2011a" class="citation news cs1">Sirén, Vesa (October 2011a). "Is this the sound of Sibelius' lost Eighth Symphony?". <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+sound+of+Sibelius%27+lost+Eighth+Symphony%3F&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Sir%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Vesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén2011b" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sirén, Vesa (30 October 2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217084022/http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/a1305548269034">"Soiko HS.fi:n videolla Sibeliuksen kadonnut sinfonia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/a1305548269034">the original</a> on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Soiko+HS.fi%3An+videolla+Sibeliuksen+kadonnut+sinfonia%3F&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.aulast=Sir%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Vesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkulttuuri%2Fa1305548269034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2012" class="citation web cs1">Stearns, David Patrick (3 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070221/http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-03/entertainment/30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic">"One last Sibelius symphony after all?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-03/entertainment/30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=One+last+Sibelius+symphony+after+all%3F&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=David+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2012-01-03%2Fentertainment%2F30583650_1_finnish-composer-jean-sibelius-symphony-helsinki-philharmonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawaststjerna1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_W._Tawaststjerna" title="Erik W. Tawaststjerna">Tawaststjerna, Erik W.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sibelius01tawa">Sibelius: 1865–1905</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03014-5"><bdi>978-0-520-03014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+1865%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03014-5&rft.aulast=Tawaststjerna&rft.aufirst=Erik+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsibelius01tawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawaststjerna1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tawaststjerna, Erik W. (1997). Tawaststjerna, Erik T. (ed.). Sibelius (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-14231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-14231-7"><bdi>978-951-1-14231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-951-1-14231-7&rft.aulast=Tawaststjerna&rft.aufirst=Erik+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawaststjerna2008" class="citation book cs1">Tawaststjerna, Erik W. (2008). "Civil War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZUItERMn-wC">Sibelius Volume III: 1914–1957</a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-057-12477-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-057-12477-4-5"><bdi>978-057-12477-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+War&rft.btitle=Sibelius+Volume+III%3A+1914%E2%80%931957&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-057-12477-4-5&rft.aulast=Tawaststjerna&rft.aufirst=Erik+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZUItERMn-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Walker_(critic)" title="Lynne Walker (critic)">Walker, Lynne</a> (2 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2008/Sept08/King_Arthur.htm">"King Arthur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_Music_(magazine)" title="Classical Music (magazine)">Classical Music</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605081851/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2008/Sept08/King_Arthur.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011 – via MusicWeb International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classical+Music&rft.atitle=King+Arthur&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2008%2FSept08%2FKing_Arthur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Whittall" title="Arnold Whittall">Whittall, Arnold</a>. "The later symphonies". In <a href="#CITEREFGrimley2004">Grimley (2004)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicklund2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Wicklund, Tuija (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethesis.siba.fi/files/wicklund_vaitoskirja_vari.pdf">Jean Sibelius's En saga and Its Two Versions: Genesis, Reception, Edition, and Form</a> (PDF). Studia Musica (Thesis). Vol. 57. University of the Arts Helsinki, Sibelius Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071113/http://ethesis.siba.fi/files/wicklund_vaitoskirja_vari.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Jean+Sibelius%27s+En+saga+and+Its+Two+Versions%3A+Genesis%2C+Reception%2C+Edition%2C+and+Form&rft.inst=University+of+the+Arts+Helsinki%2C+Sibelius+Academy&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wicklund&rft.aufirst=Tuija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethesis.siba.fi%2Ffiles%2Fwicklund_vaitoskirja_vari.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodstra2005" class="citation book cs1">Woodstra, Chris (2005). All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music. <a href="/wiki/Backbeat_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat Books">Backbeat Books</a>. pp. 1279–1282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-865-0"><bdi>978-0-87930-865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Classical+Music%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1279-%3C%2Fspan%3E1282&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-865-0&rft.aulast=Woodstra&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">de Gorog, Lisa (1989). From Sibelius to Sallinen: Finnish Nationalism and the Music of Finland. With the collaboration of Ralph de Gorog. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26740-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26740-5"><bdi>0-313-26740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sibelius+to+Sallinen%3A+Finnish+Nationalism+and+the+Music+of+Finland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-26740-5&rft.aulast=de+Gorog&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Goss" title="Glenda Goss">Goss, Glenda</a> (1998). Jean Sibelius: Guide to Research. New York: Garland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1171-0"><bdi>0-8153-1171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius%3A+Guide+to+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8153-1171-0&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grimley, Daniel M. (2021). Jean Sibelius: Life, Music, Silence. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789144659" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789144659"><bdi>978-1789144659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius%3A+Life%2C+Music%2C+Silence&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1789144659&rft.aulast=Grimley&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Harold E. (1959). Jean Sibelius. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/603128">603128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F603128&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Layton, Robert</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sibelius0000layt">Sibelius</a>. Master Musicians Series. New York: Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-871322-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-871322-2"><bdi>0-02-871322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Master+Musicians+Series&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-02-871322-2&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsibelius0000layt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Santeri_Levas" title="Santeri Levas">Levas, Santeri</a> (1972). Sibelius: A Personal Portrait. London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-03978-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-03978-4"><bdi>0-460-03978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+A+Personal+Portrait&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-460-03978-4&rft.aulast=Levas&rft.aufirst=Santeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rickards, Guy (1997). Jean Sibelius. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3581-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3581-1"><bdi>0-7148-3581-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7148-3581-1&rft.aulast=Rickards&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Vernon, David (2024). Sun Forest Lake: The Symphonies & Tone Poems of Jean Sibelius. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1739659943" title="Special:BookSources/978-1739659943"><bdi>978-1739659943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Forest+Lake%3A+The+Symphonies+%26+Tone+Poems+of+Jean+Sibelius&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Candle+Row+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1739659943&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sibelius,_Jean_Julius_Christian" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sibelius, Jean Julius Christian">Sibelius, Jean Julius Christian</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Sibelius,_Jean" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Sibelius, Jean">Free scores by Jean Sibelius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibelius.fi/english/index.htm">Jean Sibelius – the website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130092748/http://www.sibelius.fi/english/index.htm">Archived</a> 30 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.siba.fi/sibeliussociety/">The Sibelius Society of Finland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106015611/http://www2.siba.fi/sibeliussociety/">Archived</a> 6 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allegrofilms.com/">Films on Jean Sibelius by director Christopher Nupen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060805145419/http://www.abo.fi/fak/hf/musik/index.php">Jean Sibelius Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429133739/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160075&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">Finlandia by Jean Sibelius, thisisFINLAND</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/sibelius">"Discovering Sibelius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Sibelius&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fsibelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720181514/http://dickens.fi/sibelius.html">Jean Sibelius link collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jean-sibelius-mn0000690353/compositions">List of compositions</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016468">Newspaper clippings about Jean Sibelius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visithame.fi/en/the-musical-heritage-of-sibelius-lives-on-in-the-landscape-and-in-todays-concerts/">The musical heritage of Sibelius on in the landscapes and in the concerts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blf.fi/artikel.php?id=3630">"Jean Sibelius"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biografiskt_lexikon_f%C3%B6r_Finland" title="Biografiskt lexikon för Finland">Biografiskt lexikon för Finland</a> (in Swedish). Helsingfors: <a href="/wiki/Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:sls-4820-1416928957426">NBN:fi:sls-4820-1416928957426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Sibelius&rft.btitle=Biografiskt+lexikon+f%C3%B6r+Finland&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblf.fi%2Fartikel.php%3Fid%3D3630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Sibelius" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jean_Sibelius" title="Template:Jean Sibelius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jean_Sibelius" title="Template talk:Jean Sibelius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jean_Sibelius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jean Sibelius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jean_Sibelius619" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Sibelius</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jean_Sibelius" title="List of compositions by Jean Sibelius">List of compositions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Discography_of_Sibelius_symphony_cycles" title="Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles">Discography of symphony cycles</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 1</a> (1899, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 2</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 3</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 4</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 5</a> (1915, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1916, 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 6</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 7</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Sibelius)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)">Symphony No. 8</a> (mid 1920s–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1938, abandoned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertante</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Sibelius)" title="Violin Concerto (Sibelius)">Violin Concerto</a> (1904, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Serenades" title="Two Serenades">Two Serenades</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Serious_Melodies" title="Two Serious Melodies">Two Serious Melodies</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Humoresques" title="Six Humoresques">Six Humoresques</a> (1917–1918, No. 1 <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_for_Violin_and_String_Orchestra" title="Suite for Violin and String Orchestra">Suite for Violin and String Orchestra</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tone poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_saga" title="En saga">En saga</a> (1892, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Song_(Sibelius)" title="Spring Song (Sibelius)">Spring Song</a> (1894, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_Nymph" title="The Wood Nymph">The Wood Nymph</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen_Suite" title="Lemminkäinen Suite">Lemminkäinen Suite</a> <ul><li>1895, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1897, 1900, 1939; includes <a href="/wiki/The_Swan_of_Tuonela" title="The Swan of Tuonela">The Swan of Tuonela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohjola%27s_Daughter" title="Pohjola's Daughter">Pohjola's Daughter</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightride_and_Sunrise" title="Nightride and Sunrise">Nightride and Sunrise</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dryad_(Sibelius)" title="The Dryad (Sibelius)">The Dryad</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bard_(Sibelius)" title="The Bard (Sibelius)">The Bard</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luonnotar_(Sibelius)" title="Luonnotar (Sibelius)">Luonnotar</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oceanides" title="The Oceanides">The Oceanides</a> (1914, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapiola_(Sibelius)" title="Tapiola (Sibelius)">Tapiola</a> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera & theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Building_of_the_Boat" title="The Building of the Boat">The Building of the Boat</a> (1893–1894, abandoned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maiden_in_the_Tower" title="The Maiden in the Tower">The Maiden in the Tower</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Christian_II_(Sibelius)" title="King Christian II (Sibelius)">King Christian II</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuolema_(Sibelius)" title="Kuolema (Sibelius)">Kuolema</a> <ul><li>1903; includes <a href="/wiki/Valse_triste" title="Valse triste">Valse triste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(Sibelius)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (Sibelius)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Sibelius)" title="Belshazzar's Feast (Sibelius)">Belshazzar's Feast</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanwhite_(Sibelius)" title="Swanwhite (Sibelius)">Swanwhite</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lizard_(Sibelius)" title="The Lizard (Sibelius)">The Lizard</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_the_Birds_(Sibelius)" title="The Language of the Birds (Sibelius)">The Language of the Birds</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche_(Sibelius)" title="Scaramouche (Sibelius)">Scaramouche</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman_(Sibelius)" title="Everyman (Sibelius)">Everyman</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(Sibelius)" title="The Tempest (Sibelius)">The Tempest</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cantatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_for_the_University_Graduation_Ceremonies_of_1894" title="Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1894">Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_for_the_Coronation_of_Nicholas_II" title="Cantata for the Coronation of Nicholas II">Cantata for the Coronation of Nicholas II</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_Mixed_Chorus_from_the_1897_Promotional_Cantata" title="Songs for Mixed Chorus from the 1897 Promotional Cantata">Cantata for the University Graduation Ceremonies of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Fire" title="The Origin of Fire">The Origin of Fire</a> (1902, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_Queen" title="The Captive Queen">The Captive Queen</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Own_Land" title="My Own Land">My Own Land</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Earth_(Sibelius)" title="Song of the Earth (Sibelius)">Song of the Earth</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Earth" title="Hymn of the Earth">Hymn of the Earth</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%27s_Song" title="Väinämöinen's Song">Väinämöinen's Song</a> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other voice(s) & orchestra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rapids-Rider%27s_Brides" title="The Rapids-Rider's Brides">The Rapids-Rider's Brides</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Breaking_of_the_Ice_on_the_Oulu_River" title="The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River">The Breaking of the Ice on the Oulu River</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%B6frid" title="Snöfrid">Snöfrid</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjatta_(Sibelius)" title="Marjatta (Sibelius)">Marjatta</a> (1905, abandoned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impromptu_(Sibelius)" title="Impromptu (Sibelius)">Impromptu</a> (1902, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raven_(Sibelius)" title="The Raven (Sibelius)">The Raven</a> (1910, abandoned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overture_in_E_major_and_Ballet_Scene" title="Overture in E major and Ballet Scene">Overture in E major</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture_in_E_major_and_Ballet_Scene" title="Overture in E major and Ballet Scene">Ballet Scene</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia_Suite" title="Karelia Suite">Karelia Suite</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakastava" title="Rakastava">Rakastava</a> (1894, <abbr title="arranged">arr.</abbr> 1912)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sc%C3%A8nes_historiques_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scènes historiques I (page does not exist)">Scènes historiques I</a> (1899, <abbr title="arranged">arr.</abbr> 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture_in_A_minor" title="Overture in A minor">Overture in A minor</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_in_C_major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance in C major (page does not exist)">Romance in C major</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassazione_(Sibelius)" title="Cassazione (Sibelius)">Cassazione</a> (1904, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_and_Echo" title="Pan and Echo">Pan and Echo</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_memoriam_(Sibelius)" title="In memoriam (Sibelius)">In memoriam</a> (1909, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sc%C3%A8nes_historiques_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scènes historiques II (page does not exist)">Scènes historiques II</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_mignonne" title="Suite mignonne">Suite mignonne</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_champ%C3%AAtre" title="Suite champêtre">Suite champêtre</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_caract%C3%A9ristique" title="Suite caractéristique">Suite caractéristique</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String quartets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_E-flat_major_(Sibelius)" title="String Quartet in E-flat major (Sibelius)">String Quartet in E-flat major</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_A_minor_(Sibelius)" title="String Quartet in A minor (Sibelius)">String Quartet in A minor</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_B-flat_major_(Sibelius)" title="String Quartet in B-flat major (Sibelius)">String Quartet in B-flat major</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_D_minor_(Sibelius)" title="String Quartet in D minor (Sibelius)">String Quartet in D minor, Voces intimae</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andante_Festivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andante Festivo">Andante festivo</a> (1922, <abbr title="orchestrated">orch.</abbr> 1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano trios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_A_minor_(Sibelius)" title="Piano Trio in A minor (Sibelius)">Piano Trio in A minor, Hafträsk</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_D_major_(Sibelius)" title="Piano Trio in D major (Sibelius)">Piano Trio in D major, Korpo</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_C_major_(Sibelius)" title="Piano Trio in C major (Sibelius)">Piano Trio in C major, Lovisa</a> (1888)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_Droplets_(Sibelius)" title="Water Droplets (Sibelius)">Water Droplets</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1875–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositions_for_brass_septet_by_Jean_Sibelius" title="Compositions for brass septet by Jean Sibelius">Pieces for brass septet</a> (1889–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Quintet_in_G_minor_(Sibelius)" title="Piano Quintet in G minor (Sibelius)">Piano Quintet</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinconia_(Sibelius)" title="Malinconia (Sibelius)">Malinconia</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonatina_(Sibelius)" title="Violin Sonatina (Sibelius)">Violin Sonatina</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Impromptus" title="Six Impromptus">Six Impromptus</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_F_major_(Sibelius)" title="Piano Sonata in F major (Sibelius)">Piano Sonata</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Pieces,_Op._24_(Sibelius)" title="Ten Pieces, Op. 24 (Sibelius)">Ten Pieces, Op. 24</a> (1895–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyllikki_(Sibelius)" title="Kyllikki (Sibelius)">Kyllikki</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sonatinas" title="Three Sonatinas">Three Sonatinas</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_Kallio_Church" title="The Bells of Kallio Church">The Bells of Kallio Church</a> (1912, <abbr title="arranged">arr.</abbr> 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Rondinos" title="Two Rondinos">Two Rondinos</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces,_Op._75_(Sibelius)" title="Five Pieces, Op. 75 (Sibelius)">Five Pieces, The Trees, Op. 75</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Pieces,_Op._85_(Sibelius)" title="Five Pieces, Op. 85 (Sibelius)">Five Pieces, The Flowers, Op. 85</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Esquisses" title="Five Esquisses">Five Esquisses</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Runeberg_Songs" title="Seven Runeberg Songs">Seven Runeberg Songs, Op. 13</a> (1891–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenad" title="Serenad">"Serenad", JS 168</a> (1894–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Songs,_Op._36_(Sibelius)" title="Six Songs, Op. 36 (Sibelius)">Six Songs, Op. 36</a> (1899–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Songs,_Op._37_(Sibelius)" title="Five Songs, Op. 37 (Sibelius)">Five Songs, Op. 37</a> (1900–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Songs,_Op._17_(Sibelius)" title="Seven Songs, Op. 17 (Sibelius)">Seven Songs, Op. 17</a> (1891–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Songs,_Op._38_(Sibelius)" title="Five Songs, Op. 38 (Sibelius)">Five Songs, Op. 38</a> (1903–1904; includes "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6stkv%C3%A4ll" title="Höstkväll">Höstkväll</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Songs,_Op._50_(Sibelius)" title="Six Songs, Op. 50 (Sibelius)">Six Songs, Op. 50</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Songs,_Op._35_(Sibelius)" title="Two Songs, Op. 35 (Sibelius)">Two Songs, Op. 35</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kom_nu_hit,_d%C3%B6d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kom nu hit, död (page does not exist)">"Kom nu hit, död", Op. 60/1</a> (1909, <abbr title="orchestrated">orch.</abbr> 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso_(Sibelius)" title="Arioso (Sibelius)">"Arioso", Op. 3</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Christmas_Songs" title="Five Christmas Songs">Five Christmas Songs, Op. 1</a> (1897–1913; includes "<a href="/wiki/Giv_mig_ej_glans,_ej_guld,_ej_prakt" title="Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt">Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Runeberg_Songs" title="Six Runeberg Songs">Six Runeberg Songs, Op. 90</a>  (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_(Sibelius)" title="Hymn (Sibelius)">Hymn, Op. 21</a> (1896, <abbr title="revised">rev.</abbr> 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_Mixed_Chorus_from_the_1897_Promotional_Cantata" title="Songs for Mixed Chorus from the 1897 Promotional Cantata">Songs for Mixed Chorus from the 1897 Promotional Cantata</a> (<abbr title="arranged">arr.</abbr> 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlandia Hymn">Finlandia Hymn</a> (1899, <abbr title="arranged">arr.</abbr> 1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Partsongs" title="Six Partsongs">Six Partsongs, Op. 18</a> (1893–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_March" title="Jäger March">Jäger March</a> (1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainola" title="Ainola">Ainola</a> (home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aino_Sibelius" title="Aino Sibelius">Aino Sibelius</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Snellman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Snellman (page does not exist)">Ruth Snellman</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Snellman" class="extiw" title="fi:Ruth Snellman">fi</a>] (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Blomstedt" title="Heidi Blomstedt">Heidi Blomstedt</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sibelius" title="Christian Sibelius">Christian Sibelius</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulis_Blomstedt" title="Aulis Blomstedt">Aulis Blomstedt</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Jalas" title="Jussi Jalas">Jussi Jalas</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jussi_Snellman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jussi Snellman (page does not exist)">Jussi Snellman</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Snellman" class="extiw" title="fi:Jussi Snellman">fi</a>] (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Alexander Järnefelt">Alexander Järnefelt</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Elisabeth Järnefelt">Elisabeth Järnefelt</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armas_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Armas Järnefelt">Armas Järnefelt</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Arvid Järnefelt">Arvid Järnefelt</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_J%C3%A4rnefelt" title="Eero Järnefelt">Eero Järnefelt</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasper_J%C3%A4rnefelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasper Järnefelt (page does not exist)">Kasper Järnefelt</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_J%C3%A4rnefelt" class="extiw" title="fi:Kasper Järnefelt">fi</a>] (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Helsinki Music Institute: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wegelius" title="Martin Wegelius">Martin Wegelius</a> (theory, composition)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitrofan_Vasiliev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitrofan Vasiliev (page does not exist)">Mitrofan Vasiliev</a> (violin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Csillag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Csillag (page does not exist)">Hermann Csillag</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Csillag" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Csillag">de</a>] (violin)</li> <li>Post-graduate studies: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Becker_(composer)" title="Albert Becker (composer)">Albert Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fuchs_(composer)" title="Robert Fuchs (composer)">Robert Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Karl Goldmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pupils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Toivo Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengt_de_T%C3%B6rne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengt de Törne (page does not exist)">Bengt de Törne</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_von_T%C3%B6rne" class="extiw" title="fi:Bengt von Törne">fi</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleagues & friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aho" title="Juhani Aho">Juhani Aho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aino_Ackt%C3%A9" title="Aino Ackté">Aino Ackté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Bantock" title="Granville Bantock">Granville Bantock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axel_Carpelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axel Carpelan (page does not exist)">Axel Carpelan</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Carpelan" class="extiw" title="fi:Axel Carpelan">fi</a>] (patron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_Downes" title="Olin Downes">Olin Downes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ekman" title="Ida Ekman">Ida Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Faltin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Faltin (page does not exist)">Richard Faltin</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Faltin_vanhempi" class="extiw" title="fi:Richard Faltin vanhempi">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ida_Flodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ida Flodin (page does not exist)">Ida Flodin</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Flodin" class="extiw" title="fi:Ida Flodin">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Flodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Flodin (page does not exist)">Karl Flodin</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Flodin" class="extiw" title="fi:Karl Flodin">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heikki_Klemetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heikki Klemetti (page does not exist)">Heikki Klemetti</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikki_Klemetti" class="extiw" title="fi:Heikki Klemetti">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santeri_Levas" title="Santeri Levas">Santeri Levas</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkki_Melartin" title="Erkki Melartin">Erkki Melartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Merikanto" title="Oskar Merikanto">Oskar Merikanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Newmarch" title="Rosa Newmarch">Rosa Newmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ojanper%C3%A4" title="Abraham Ojanperä">Abraham Ojanperä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_Palmgren" title="Selim Palmgren">Selim Palmgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Paul" title="Adolf Paul">Adolf Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stenhammar" title="Wilhelm Stenhammar">Wilhelm Stenhammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Fredrik_Wasenius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Fredrik Wasenius (page does not exist)">Karl Wasenius</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fredrik_Wasenius" class="extiw" title="fi:Karl Fredrik Wasenius">fi</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Select interpreters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Berglund" title="Paavo Berglund">Paavo Berglund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Sir Colin Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neeme_J%C3%A4rvi" title="Neeme Järvi">Neeme Järvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_J%C3%A4rvi" title="Paavo Järvi">Paavo Järvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajanus" title="Robert Kajanus">Robert Kajanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannu_Lintu" title="Hannu Lintu">Hannu Lintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakari_Oramo" title="Sakari Oramo">Sakari Oramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Sir Simon Rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukka-Pekka_Saraste" title="Jukka-Pekka Saraste">Jukka-Pekka Saraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Schn%C3%A9evoigt" title="Georg Schnéevoigt">Georg Schnéevoigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Segerstam" title="Leif Segerstam">Leif Segerstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmo_V%C3%A4nsk%C3%A4" title="Osmo Vänskä">Osmo Vänskä</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Select biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabian Dahlström (page does not exist)">Fabian Dahlström</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Dahlstr%C3%B6m" class="extiw" title="fi:Fabian Dahlström">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ekman_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ekman (writer) (page does not exist)">Karl Ekman</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ekman_(tietokirjailija)" class="extiw" title="fi:Karl Ekman (tietokirjailija)">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Furuhjelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Furuhjelm (page does not exist)">Erik Furuhjelm</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Furuhjelm" class="extiw" title="fi:Erik Furuhjelm">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Goss" title="Glenda Goss">Glenda Dawn Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Gray_(composer)" title="Cecil Gray (composer)">Cecil Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(musicologist)" title="Robert Layton (musicologist)">Robert Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils-Eric_Ringbom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils-Eric Ringbom (page does not exist)">Nils-Eric Ringbom</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils-Eric_Ringbom" class="extiw" title="fi:Nils-Eric Ringbom">fi</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_W._Tawaststjerna" title="Erik W. Tawaststjerna">Erik W. Tawaststjerna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Jean_Sibelius_Violin_Competition" title="International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition">International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Sibelius_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Sibelius Quartet (page does not exist)">Jean Sibelius Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(film)" title="Sibelius (film)">Sibelius (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_(scorewriter)" title="Sibelius (scorewriter)">Sibelius (scorewriter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Academy" title="Sibelius Academy">Sibelius Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibelius_Academy_Quartet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibelius Academy Quartet (page does not exist)">Sibelius Academy Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Glacier" title="Sibelius Glacier">Sibelius Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Hall" title="Sibelius Hall">Sibelius Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Medal" title="Sibelius Medal">Sibelius Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Monument" title="Sibelius Monument">Sibelius Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Museum" title="Sibelius Museum">Sibelius Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibelius_Piano_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibelius Piano Trio (page does not exist)">Sibelius Piano Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibelius_Society_of_Finland" title="Sibelius Society of Finland">Sibelius Society of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1405_Sibelius" title="1405 Sibelius">1405 Sibelius</a> (asteroid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize" title="Wihuri Sibelius Prize">Wihuri Sibelius Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jean_Sibelius" title="Category:Jean Sibelius">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize" title="Template:Wihuri Sibelius Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize" title="Template talk:Wihuri Sibelius Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wihuri Sibelius Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wihuri_Sibelius_Prize" title="Wihuri Sibelius Prize">Wihuri Sibelius Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Sibelius</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Erik Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usko_Meril%C3%A4inen" title="Usko Meriläinen">Usko Meriläinen</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutoslawski</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joonas_Kokkonen" title="Joonas Kokkonen">Joonas Kokkonen</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Lindberg" title="Magnus Lindberg">Magnus Lindberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd" title="Per Nørgård">Per Nørgård</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaija_Saariaho" title="Kaija Saariaho">Kaija Saariaho</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuk_Chin" title="Unsuk Chin">Unsuk Chin</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukka_Tiensuu" title="Jukka Tiensuu">Jukka Tiensuu</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Murail" title="Tristan Murail">Tristan Murail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_nationalism37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_nationalism" title="Template:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_nationalism" title="Template talk:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_nationalism37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Sibelius</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Bussine" title="Romain Bussine">Romain Bussine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Zweers" title="Bernard Zweers">Bernard Zweers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Henryk Wieniawski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky" title="Alexander Dargomyzhsky">Alexander Dargomyzhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Cikker" title="Ján Cikker">Ján Cikker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moyzes" title="Alexander Moyzes">Alexander Moyzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sucho%C5%88" title="Eugen Suchoň">Eugen Suchoň</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo" title="Joaquín Rodrigo">Joaquín Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Turina" title="Joaquín Turina">Joaquín Turina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hugo Alfvén">Hugo Alfvén</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry" title="Joseph Parry">Joseph Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(composer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (composer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mignone" title="Francisco Mignone">Francisco Mignone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ponce" title="Manuel Ponce">Manuel Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Revueltas" title="Silvestre Revueltas">Silvestre Revueltas</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Parker" title="Horatio Parker">Horatio Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" 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title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4954" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4954" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121351334">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59270886">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37935/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrQp8Yv9xhhRJTbMWFKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118642405">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068399">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79068126">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98094574">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138997587">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138997587">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526175">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V133238">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36093819">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007924&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1121485">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/669785">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070048525">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90081314">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036746&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000062725&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=233712">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000033890">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199625258">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl025jz63l0tq4m">Sweden</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwsdt157ttzsd">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810703174005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/201788">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268235505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000058877">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514869706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/19839968">Belgium</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019222">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05213199?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/691b0e9d-9e57-41cf-932d-a3d21b068e75">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=52826">ADK</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102395">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118642405">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1211215">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118642405.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118642405">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027272672">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580600">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh3jq4">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/147161">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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