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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Maintenance therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bipolar_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Bipolar disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dementia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dementia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Dementia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dementia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_depressive_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_depressive_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Major depressive disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_depressive_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typicals_vs_atypicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typicals_vs_atypicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Typicals vs atypicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typicals_vs_atypicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 By rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Long-term effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Discontinuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of agents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of agents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-generation_(typical)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-generation_(typical)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First-generation (typical) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-generation_(typical)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Butyrophenones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butyrophenones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Butyrophenones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butyrophenones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphenylbutylpiperidines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphenylbutylpiperidines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Diphenylbutylpiperidines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphenylbutylpiperidines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenothiazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenothiazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Phenothiazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenothiazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thioxanthenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thioxanthenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Thioxanthenes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thioxanthenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed/unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed/unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Disputed/unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed/unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzamides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzamides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Benzamides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzamides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tricyclics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tricyclics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Tricyclics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tricyclics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-generation_(atypical)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-generation_(atypical)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Second-generation (atypical) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-generation_(atypical)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzamides_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzamides_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Benzamides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzamides_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butyrophenones_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butyrophenones_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Butyrophenones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butyrophenones_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tricyclics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tricyclics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Tricyclics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tricyclics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Third-generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscarinic_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscarinic_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Muscarinic agonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscarinic_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Comparison of medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overprescription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overprescription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Overprescription </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overprescription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Legal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Formulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Recreational use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Special populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antipsychotic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsigotikum" title="Antipsigotikum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antipsigotikum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مضاد الذهان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضاد الذهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C" title="آنتی‌سایکوتیک‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتی‌سایکوتیک‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%A8ptic" title="Neurolèptic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neurolèptic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotikum" title="Antipsychotikum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antipsychotikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykotikum" title="Antipsykotikum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antipsykotikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antips%C3%BChhootikumid" title="Antipsühhootikumid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antipsühhootikumid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αντιψυχωσικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιψυχωσικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurol%C3%A9ptico" title="Neuroléptico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neuroléptico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADrolepto" title="Neŭrolepto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭrolepto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptiko" title="Neuroleptiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neuroleptiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="داروهای ضدروان‌پریشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروهای ضدروان‌پریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptique" title="Neuroleptique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neuroleptique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%91%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="항정신병제제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항정신병제제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հոգեմետ դեղեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեմետ դեղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptiko" title="Neuroleptiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Neuroleptiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B0rofslyf" title="Geðrofslyf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geðrofslyf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolettico" title="Neurolettico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neurolettico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תרופות אנטי-פסיכוטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרופות אנטי-פסיכוטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нейролептик каражаттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нейролептик каражаттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychoticum" title="Antipsychoticum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antipsychoticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neiroleptiskie_l%C4%ABdzek%C4%BCi" title="Neiroleptiskie līdzekļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neiroleptiskie līdzekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikai" title="Neuroleptikai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neuroleptikai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipszichotikum" title="Antipszichotikum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antipszichotikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotica" title="Antipsychotica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antipsychotica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%96%AC" title="抗精神病薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抗精神病薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykotika" title="Antipsykotika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antipsykotika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95" title="ଆଣ୍ଟିସାଇକୋଟିକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଣ୍ଟିସାଇକୋଟିକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyroleptik_moddalar" title="Neyroleptik moddalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neyroleptik moddalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leki_przeciwpsychotyczne" title="Leki przeciwpsychotyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leki przeciwpsychotyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsic%C3%B3tico" title="Antipsicótico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antipsicótico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotic" title="Antipsihotic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antipsihotic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Антипсихотические препараты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антипсихотические препараты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik%C3%ABt" title="Antipsikotikët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antipsikotikët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antipsychotic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антипсихотик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антипсихотик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsihotik" title="Antipsihotik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antipsihotik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsykoottiset_l%C3%A4%C3%A4kkeet" title="Antipsykoottiset lääkkeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antipsykoottiset lääkkeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptikum" title="Neuroleptikum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neuroleptikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ยาระงับอาการทางจิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาระงับอาการทางจิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antipsikotik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Антипсихотичні препарати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антипсихотичні препарати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BB%91ng_lo%E1%BA%A1n_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thuốc chống loạn thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc chống loạn thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="抗精神病药 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗精神病药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of medications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Antipsychotic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zyprexa.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/280px-Zyprexa.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/420px-Zyprexa.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zyprexa.PNG/560px-Zyprexa.PNG 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="681" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a>, an example of a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Neuroleptics, major tranquilizers<a href="#cite_note-Fin2009-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data">Principally: <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a>, irritability in <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum disorder</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antipsychotics.html">Drug Classes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014150">D014150</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208144" class="extiw" title="d:Q208144">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics<a href="#cite_note-Fin2009-1">[1]</a> and major tranquilizers,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> are a class of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medication" title="Psychiatric medication">psychotropic medication</a> primarily used to manage <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disordered_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Disordered thought">disordered thought</a>), principally in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> They are also the mainstay, together with <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a>, in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grande-5">[5]</a> Moreover, they are also used as adjuncts in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Use of antipsychotics is associated with reductions in brain tissue volumes,<a href="#cite_note-Ho-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff-7">[7]</a> including <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> reduction,<a href="#cite_note-Chopra-8">[8]</a> an effect which is dose-dependent and time-dependent.<a href="#cite_note-Ho-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moncrieff-7">[7]</a> A recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> combined with intensive psychosocial therapy<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> may potentially prevent <a href="/wiki/Pallidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallidal">pallidal</a> brain volume loss in first episode psychosis.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chopra-8">[8]</a> The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">involuntary movement disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>. Long-term use can produce <a href="/wiki/List_of_long_term_side_effects_of_antipsychotics" title="List of long term side effects of antipsychotics">adverse effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">tardive dyskinesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dystonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardive dystonia">tardive dystonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">tardive akathisia.</a> First-generation antipsychotics (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, etc.), known as <a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Typical antipsychotics">typical antipsychotics</a>, were first introduced in the 1950s, and others were developed until the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Shen-12">[12]</a> Second-generation antipsychotics, known as <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotics</a>, arrived with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a> in the early 1970s followed by others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Aringhieri-13">[13]</a> Both generations of medication <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine receptor antagonist">block receptors in the brain for dopamine</a>, but atypicals block <a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT receptors">serotonin receptors</a> as well. Third-generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 2000s and offer partial agonism, rather than blockade, of dopamine receptors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> Neuroleptic, originating from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεῦρον">νεῦρον</a> (neuron) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαμβάνω">λαμβάνω</a> (take hold of)—thus meaning "which takes the nerve"—refers to both common <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> effects and side effects.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotics are most frequently used for the following conditions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a><a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a> most commonly in conjunction with either an <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> (in the case of the depressive subtype) or a <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizer</a> (in the case of the bipolar subtype). Antipsychotics possess mood stabilizing properties and thus they may be used as standalone medication to treat mood dysregulation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a> (acute mania and mixed episodes) may be treated with either typical or atypical antipsychotics, although atypical antipsychotics are usually preferred because they tend to have more favourable adverse effect profiles<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-16">[16]</a> and, according to a recent meta-analysis, they tend to have a lower liability for causing conversion from mania to depression.<a href="#cite_note-Haldep-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">Psychotic depression</a>. In this indication it is a common practice for the psychiatrist to prescribe a combination of an atypical antipsychotic and an antidepressant as this practice is best supported by the evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment-resistant_depression#Other_medications" title="Treatment-resistant depression">Treatment-resistant depression</a> as an adjunct to standard antidepressant therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a></li></ul> Given the limited options available to treat the behavioral problems associated with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are usually attempted before using antipsychotics. A risk-to-benefit analysis is performed to weigh the risk of the adverse effects of antipsychotics versus: the potential benefit, the adverse effects of alternative interventions, and the risk of failing to intervene when a patient's behavior becomes unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-Choose2013-19">[19]</a> The same can be said for <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, in which they are not recommended as first-line therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Choose2013-19">[19]</a> There are evidence-based indications for using antipsychotics in children (e.g., tic disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis), but the use of antipsychotics outside of those contexts (e.g., to treat behavioral problems) warrants significant caution.<a href="#cite_note-Choose2013-19">[19]</a> Antipsychotics are used to treat tics associated with <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical antipsychotic</a>, is used as add-on medication to ameliorate sexual dysfunction as a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI) antidepressants in women.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>: 10  <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a> is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Medication" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia § Medication</a></div> Antipsychotic drug treatment is a key component of <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Medication" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia treatment recommendations</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Health_and_Care_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Health and Care Excellence">National Institute of Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE),<a href="#cite_note-NICE-23">[23]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-APA-24">[24]</a> and the British Society for Psychopharmacology.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> The main aim of treatment with antipsychotics is to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Positive_symptoms" title="Schizophrenia">positive symptoms</a> of psychosis, that include delusions and hallucinations.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a> There is mixed evidence to support a significant impact of antipsychotic use on primary <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Negative_symptoms" title="Schizophrenia">negative symptoms</a> (such as apathy, lack of emotional affect, and lack of interest in social interactions) or on <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia#Cognitive_symptoms" title="Schizophrenia">cognitive symptoms</a> (memory impairments, reduced ability to plan and execute tasks).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a> In general, the efficacy of antipsychotic treatment in reducing positive symptoms appears to increase with the severity of baseline symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> All antipsychotic medications work relatively the same way: by antagonizing D2 dopamine receptors. However, there are some differences when it comes to typical and atypical antipsychotics. For example, atypical antipsychotic medications have been seen to lower the neurocognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia more than conventional antipsychotics, although the reasoning and mechanics of this are still unclear to researchers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Applications of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia include prophylaxis for those showing symptoms that suggest that they are at high risk of developing psychosis; treatment of first-episode psychosis; maintenance therapy (a form of prophylaxis, maintenance therapy aims to maintain therapeutic benefit and prevent symptom relapse); and treatment of recurrent episodes of acute psychosis.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> A recent 2024 study found that using high doses of antipsychotics for <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> was linked to a higher risk of mortality.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Researchers analyzed data from 32,240 individuals aged 17 to 64 diagnosed with schizophrenia between 2002 and 2012 to arrive at this conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevention_of_psychosis_and_symptom_improvement">Prevention of psychosis and symptom improvement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevention of psychosis and symptom improvement">edit</a>]</div> Test batteries such as the PACE (Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic) and COPS (Criteria of Prodromal Syndromes), which measure low-level psychotic symptoms and cognitive disturbances, are used to evaluate people with early, low-level symptoms of psychosis. Test results are combined with family history information to identify patients in the "high-risk" group; they are considered to have a 20–40% risk of progression to frank psychosis within two years.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> These patients are often treated with low doses of antipsychotic drugs with the goal of reducing their symptoms and preventing progression to frank psychosis. While generally useful for reducing symptoms, clinical trials to date show little evidence that early use of antipsychotics improves long-term outcomes in those with prodromal symptoms, either alone or in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-episode_psychosis">First-episode psychosis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First-episode psychosis">edit</a>]</div> First-episode psychosis (FEP) is the first time that psychotic symptoms are presented. NICE recommends that all people presenting with first-episode psychosis be treated with both an antipsychotic drug and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT). NICE further recommends that those expressing a preference for CBT alone be informed that combination treatment is more effective.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-23">[23]</a> A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not made at this time as it takes longer to be determined by both <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>, and only around 60% of those presenting with a first episode of psychosis will later be diagnosed with schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-McGorry-33">[33]</a> The conversion rate for a first episode of <a href="/wiki/Drug_induced_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug induced psychosis">drug induced psychosis</a> to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia is lower, with 30% of people converting to either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-drug-34">[34]</a> NICE makes no distinction between substance-induced psychosis and any other form of psychosis. The rate of conversion differs for different classes of drugs.<a href="#cite_note-drug-34">[34]</a> Pharmacological options for the specific treatment of FEP have been discussed in recent reviews.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The goals of treatment for FEP include reducing symptoms and potentially improving long-term treatment outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have provided evidence for the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in achieving the former goal, with first-generation and second generation antipsychotics showing about equal efficacy. The evidence that early treatment has a favorable effect on long-term outcomes is equivocal.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recurrent_psychotic_episodes">Recurrent psychotic episodes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recurrent psychotic episodes">edit</a>]</div> Placebo-controlled trials of both first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs consistently demonstrate the superiority of active drugs over placebos in suppressing psychotic symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> A large meta-analysis of 38 trials of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia with acute psychotic episodes showed an effect size of about 0.5.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is little or no difference in efficacy among approved antipsychotic drugs, including both first- and second-generation agents.<a href="#cite_note-NICE-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a> The efficacy of such drugs is suboptimal. Few patients achieve complete resolution of symptoms. Response rates, calculated using various cutoff values for symptom reduction, are low, and their interpretation is complicated by high placebo response rates and selective publication of clinical trial results.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maintenance_therapy">Maintenance therapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maintenance therapy">edit</a>]</div> The majority of patients treated with an antipsychotic drug will experience a response within four weeks. The goals of continuing treatment are to maintain suppression of symptoms, prevent relapse, improve quality of life, and support engagement in psychosocial therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> Maintenance therapy with antipsychotic drugs is clearly superior to placebo in preventing relapse but is associated with weight gain, movement disorders, and high dropout rates.<a href="#cite_note-Ceraso_2020-40">[40]</a> A 3-year trial following persons receiving maintenance therapy after an acute psychotic episode found that 33% obtained long-lasting symptom reduction, 13% achieved remission, and only 27% experienced satisfactory quality of life. The effect of relapse prevention on long term outcomes is uncertain, as historical studies show little difference in long term outcomes before and after the introduction of antipsychotic drugs.<a href="#cite_note-BAP-25">[25]</a> While maintenance therapy clearly reduces the rate of relapses requiring hospitalization, a large observational study in Finland found that, in people that eventually discontinued antipsychotics, the risk of being hospitalized again for a mental health problem or dying increased the longer they were dispensed (and presumably took) antipsychotics prior to stopping therapy. If people did not stop taking antipsychotics, they remained at low risk for relapse and hospitalization compared to those that did.<a href="#cite_note-Tiihonen_Tanskanen_Taipale_2018_pp._765–773-41">[41]</a> The authors speculated that the difference may be because the people that discontinued treatment after a longer time had more severe mental illness than those that discontinued antipsychotic therapy sooner.<a href="#cite_note-Tiihonen_Tanskanen_Taipale_2018_pp._765–773-41">[41]</a> A significant challenge in the use of antipsychotic drugs for the prevention of relapse is the poor rate of adherence.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a> In spite of the relatively high rates of adverse effects associated with these drugs, some evidence, including higher dropout rates in placebo arms compared to treatment arms in randomized clinical trials, suggests that most patients who discontinue treatment do so because of suboptimal efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-Ceraso_2020-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> If someone experiences psychotic symptoms due to nonadherence, they may be compelled to receive treatment through a process called <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a>, in which they can be forced to accept treatment (including antipsychotics). A person can also be committed to treatment outside of a hospital, called <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_commitment" title="Outpatient commitment">outpatient commitment</a>. Antipsychotics in <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">long-acting injectable</a> (LAI), or "depot", form have been suggested as a method of decreasing medication nonadherence (sometimes also called non-compliance).<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-lai-43">[43]</a> NICE advises LAIs be offered to patients when preventing covert, intentional nonadherence is a clinical priority.<a href="#cite_note-nice-full-guidelines-44">[44]</a> LAIs are used to ensure adherence in outpatient commitment.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-cto-45">[45]</a> A meta-analysis found that LAIs resulted in lower rates of rehospitalization with a hazard ratio of 0.83; however, these results were not statistically significant (the 95% confidence interval was 0.62 to 1.11).<a href="#cite_note-lai-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_disorder">Bipolar disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bipolar disorder">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></div> Antipsychotics are routinely used, often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">lithium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">valproate</a>, as a first-line treatment for manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young-46">[46]</a> The reason for this combination is the therapeutic delay of the aforementioned mood stabilizers (for valproate therapeutic effects are usually seen around five days after treatment is commenced whereas lithium usually takes at least a week<a href="#cite_note-Young-46">[46]</a> before the full therapeutic effects are seen) and the comparatively rapid antimanic effects of antipsychotic drugs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20402706-47">[47]</a> The antipsychotics have a documented efficacy when used alone in acute mania/mixed episodes.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-16">[16]</a> At least five atypical antipsychotics (<a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">lumateperone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">cariprazine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lur-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OLD-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a><a href="#cite_note-QuetD-52">[52]</a>) have also been found to possess efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression as a monotherapy, whereas only olanzapine<a href="#cite_note-OlanM-53">[53]</a> and quetiapine<a href="#cite_note-QuetM1-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-QuetM2-55">[55]</a> have been proven to be effective broad-spectrum (i.e., against all three types of relapse—manic, mixed and depressive) prophylactic (or maintenance) treatments in patients with bipolar disorder. A recent Cochrane review also found that olanzapine had a less favourable risk/benefit ratio than <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">lithium</a> as a maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> and the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> recommend antipsychotics for managing acute psychotic episodes in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and as a longer-term maintenance treatment for reducing the likelihood of further episodes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15000267-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Centre-58">[58]</a> They state that response to any given antipsychotic can be variable so that trials may be necessary, and that lower doses are to be preferred where possible. A number of studies have looked at levels of "compliance" or "adherence" with antipsychotic regimes and found that discontinuation (stopping taking them) by patients is associated with higher rates of relapse, including hospitalization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dementia">Dementia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dementia">edit</a>]</div> Psychosis and agitation develop in as many as 80 percent of people living in nursing homes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21191528-59">[59]</a> Despite a lack of <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> approval and <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">black-box warnings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Atypical antipsychotics">atypical antipsychotics</a> are very often prescribed to people with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21191528-59">[59]</a> An assessment for an underlying cause of behavior is needed before prescribing antipsychotic medication for symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Antipsychotics in old age dementia showed a modest benefit compared to placebo in managing aggression or psychosis, but this is combined with a fairly large increase in serious adverse events. Thus, antipsychotics should not be used routinely to treat dementia with aggression or psychosis, but may be an option in a few cases where there is severe distress or risk of physical harm to others.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Psychosocial interventions may reduce the need for antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2005, the FDA issued an advisory warning of an increased risk of death when atypical antipsychotics are used in dementia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21191528-59">[59]</a> In the subsequent 5 years, the use of atypical antipsychotics to treat dementia decreased by nearly 50%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21191528-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_depressive_disorder">Major depressive disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Major depressive disorder">edit</a>]</div> A number of atypical antipsychotics have some benefits when used in addition to other treatments in <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Dep-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plos-64">[64]</a> Aripiprazole, quetiapine extended-release, and olanzapine (when used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a>) have received the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) labelling for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-DrugPoint-65">[65]</a> There is, however, a greater risk of side effects with their use compared to using traditional antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_Dep-63">[63]</a> The greater risk of serious side effects with antipsychotics is why, e.g., quetiapine was denied approval as monotherapy for major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder, and instead was only approved as an adjunctive treatment in combination with traditional antidepressants.<a href="#cite_note-AACAP_FDA_Psychopharm_QTP_Recap-66">[66]</a> A recent study on the use of antipychotics in <a href="/wiki/Unipolar_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipolar depression">unipolar depression</a> concluded that the use of those drugs in addition to <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a> alone leads to a worse disease outcome. This effect is especially pronounced in younger patients with psychotic unipolar depression. Considering the wide use of such combination therapies, further studies on the side effects of antipychotics as an add-on therapy are warranted.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Global antipsychotic utilization has seen a steady growth since the introduction of atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics and this is ascribed to off-label use for many other unapproved disorders.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Besides the above uses antipsychotics may be used for <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality disorders">personality disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> and agitation in those with dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Rand2012-71">[71]</a> Evidence however does not support the use of atypical antipsychotics in <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a> or personality disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Off-Label_Use-72">[72]</a> The atypical antipsychotic <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> may be useful for <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rand2012-71">[71]</a> The use of low doses of antipsychotics for <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, while common, is not recommended as there is little evidence of benefit as well as concern regarding adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-Off-Label_Use-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Some of the more serious adverse effects may also occur at the low doses used, such as <a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">dyslipidemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and a recent network meta-analysis of 154 double-blind, randomized controlled trials of drug therapies vs. placebo for insomnia in adults found that quetiapine did not demonstrated any short-term benefits in sleep quality.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Low dose antipsychotics may also be used in treatment of impulse-behavioural and cognitive-perceptual symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Despite the lack of evidence supporting the benefit of antipsychotics in people with personality disorders, 1 in 4 who do not have a <a href="/wiki/Serious_mental_illness" title="Serious mental illness">serious mental illness</a> are prescribed them in UK <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>. Many people receive these medication for over a year, contrary to <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE</a> guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In children they may be used in those with <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_behavior_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive behavior disorder">disruptive behavior disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Antipsychotics are only weakly recommended for Tourette syndrome, because although they are effective, side effects are common.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The situation is similar for those on the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Much of the evidence for the off-label use of antipsychotics (for example, for dementia, OCD, PTSD, personality disorders, Tourette's) was of insufficient scientific quality to support such use, especially as there was strong evidence of increased risks of stroke, tremors, significant weight gain, sedation, and gastrointestinal problems.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A UK review of unlicensed usage in children and adolescents reported a similar mixture of findings and concerns.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> A survey of children with <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorder</a> found that 16.5% were taking an antipsychotic drug, most commonly for irritability, aggression, and agitation. Both <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a> have been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of irritability in autistic children and adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-DD-85">[85]</a> A review in the UK found that the use of antipsychotics in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> doubled between 2000 and 2019. Children were prescribed antipsychotics for conditions for which there is no approval, such as autism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Aggressive challenging behavior in adults with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> is often treated with antipsychotic drugs despite lack of an evidence base. A recent <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a>, however, found no benefit over <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> and recommended that the use of antipsychotics in this way should no longer be regarded as an acceptable routine treatment.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Antipsychotics may be an option, together with stimulants, in people with ADHD and aggressive behavior when other treatments have not worked.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> They have not been found to be useful for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> among those admitted to hospital.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typicals_vs_atypicals">Typicals vs atypicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typicals vs atypicals">edit</a>]</div> Aside from reduced extrapyramidal symptoms, and with the clear exception of clozapine, it is unclear whether the <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics</a> offer advantages over older, first generation antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-Comparing_1-year_effectiveness_and-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a> may be more effective but are associated with greater side effects.<a href="#cite_note-barry_2012-92">[92]</a> Typical antipsychotics have equal drop-out and symptom relapse rates to atypicals when used at low to moderate dosages.<a href="#cite_note-AFP07-93">[93]</a> Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia),<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> but it has the potentially serious side effect of <a href="/wiki/Agranulocytosis" title="Agranulocytosis">agranulocytosis</a> (lowered <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a> count) in less than 4% of people.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Due to bias in the research the accuracy of comparisons of atypical antipsychotics is a concern.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2005, a US government body, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> published the results of a major independent study (the CATIE project).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> No other atypical studied (<a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>) did better than the first-generation antipsychotic perphenazine on the measures used, nor did they produce fewer adverse effects than the typical antipsychotic perphenazine, although more patients discontinued perphenazine owing to <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">extrapyramidal effects</a> compared to the atypical agents (8% vs. 2% to 4%).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-16">[16]</a> This is significant because any patient with tardive dyskinesia was specifically excluded from randomization to perphenazine; i.e., in the CATIE study the patient cohort randomized to receive perphenazne was at lower risk of having extrapyramidal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Atypical antipsychotics do not appear to lead to improved rates of medication adherence compared to typical antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Many researchers question the first-line prescribing of atypicals over typicals, and some even question the distinction between the two classes.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In contrast, other researchers point to the significantly higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">tardive dyskinesia</a> and other extrapyramidal symptoms with the typicals and for this reason alone recommend first-line treatment with the atypicals, notwithstanding a greater propensity for metabolic adverse effects in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10190226-103">[103]</a> The UK government organization <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">NICE</a> recently revised its recommendation favoring atypicals, to advise that the choice should be an individual one based on the particular profiles of the individual drug and on the patient's preferences. The re-evaluation of the evidence has not necessarily slowed the bias toward prescribing the atypicals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20098227-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotics, such as <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, have been used as <a href="/wiki/Trip_killer" title="Trip killer">hallucinogen antidotes or "trip killers"</a> to block the effects of <a href="/wiki/Serotonergic_psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonergic psychedelic">serotonergic psychedelics</a> like <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD).<a href="#cite_note-HalmanKongSarris2024-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-YatesMelon2024-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suran2024-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-VollenweiderVollenweider-ScherpenhuyzenBäbler1998-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more detailed comparison of atypical antipsychotics, see <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic#Adverse_effects" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotic § Adverse effects</a>.</div> Generally, more than one antipsychotic drug should not be used at a time because of increased adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-109">[109]</a> Some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and the risk of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barry2012-110">[110]</a> Unwanted side effects cause people to stop treatment, resulting in relapses.<a href="#cite_note-Nakata2-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a> (atypical) has a similar rate of <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">extrapyramidal symptoms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> (typical).<a href="#cite_note-Barry2012-110">[110]</a> A rare but potentially lethal condition of <a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a> (NMS) has been associated with the use of antipsychotics. Through its early recognition, and timely intervention rates have declined. However, an awareness of the syndrome is advised to enable intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Ware-112">[112]</a> Another less rare condition of <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">tardive dyskinesia</a> can occur due to long-term use of antipsychotics, developing after months or years of use. It is more often reported with use of typical antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon-113">[113]</a> Very rarely antipsychotics may cause <a href="/wiki/Tardive_psychosis" title="Tardive psychosis">tardive psychosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Clozapine is associated with side effects that include weight gain, tiredness, and hypersalivation. More serious adverse effects include <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, NMS, <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agranulocytosis" title="Agranulocytosis">agranulocytosis</a> (lowered <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a> count) and its use needs careful monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-De_Berardis-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Legge-116">[116]</a> Clozapine is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">thromboembolism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kritharides-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarvaiya-118">[118]</a> A systematic review of clozapine-associated pulmonary embolism indicates that this adverse effect can often be fatal, and that it has an early onset, and is dose-dependent. The findings advised the consideration of using a <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention" title="Thrombosis prevention">prevention therapy for venous thromboembolism</a> after starting treatment with clozapine, and continuing this for six months.<a href="#cite_note-Sarvaiya-118">[118]</a> Constipation is three times more likely to occur with the use of clozapine, and severe cases can lead to <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowel_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel ischemia">bowel ischemia</a> resulting in many fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-De_Berardis-115">[115]</a> Very rare clozapine adverse effects include periorbital edema due to several possible mechanisms (e.g., inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptors leading to increased vascular permeability, antagonism of renal dopamine receptors with electrolyte and fluid imbalance and immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, the risk of serious adverse effects from clozapine is low, and there are the beneficial effects to be gained of a reduced risk of suicide, and aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Citrome-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sriretnakumar-121">[121]</a> Typical antipsychotics and atypical risperidone can have a side effect of sexual dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ07-122">[122]</a> Clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine are associated with beneficial effects on sexual functioning helped by various psychotherapies.<a href="#cite_note-Adam-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_rate">By rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By rate">edit</a>]</div> Common (≥ 1% and up to 50% incidence for most antipsychotic drugs) adverse effects of antipsychotics include:<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <ul><li>Dysphoria and apathy (due to dopamine receptor blockade)</li> <li>Sedation (particularly common with asenapine, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, chlorpromazine and zotepine<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a>)</li> <li>Headaches</li> <li>Dizziness</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> <li>Anxiety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrapyramidal side effects">Extrapyramidal side effects</a> (particularly common with first-generation antipsychotics), which include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a>, an often distressing sense of inner restlessness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a>, an abnormal muscle contraction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoparkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoparkinsonism">Pseudoparkinsonism</a>, symptoms that are similar to what people with Parkinson's disease experience, including tremulousness and drooling</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">Hyperprolactinaemia</a> (rare for those treated with clozapine, quetiapine and aripiprazole<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a>), which can cause: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactorrhoea">Galactorrhoea</a>, the unusual secretion of breast milk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecomastia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecomastia">Gynaecomastia</a>, abnormal growth of breast tissue</li> <li>Sexual dysfunction (in both sexes)</li> <li>Osteoporosis</li></ul></li> <li>Orthostatic hypotension</li> <li>Weight gain (particularly prominent with clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and zotepine,<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a> can be counteracted by starting the drug with <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">metformin</a><a href="#cite_note-PraharajJana2011-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>)</li> <li>Anticholinergic side-effects (common for olanzapine, clozapine; less likely on risperidone<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman,_2004-127">[127]</a>) such as: <ul><li>Blurred vision</li> <li>Constipation</li> <li>Dry mouth (although hypersalivation may also occur)</li> <li>Reduced perspiration</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">Tardive dyskinesia</a> appears to be more frequent with high-potency first-generation antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, and tends to appear after chronic and not acute treatment. It is characterized by slow (hence the tardive) repetitive, involuntary and purposeless movements, most often of the face, lips, legs, or torso, which tend to resist treatment and are frequently irreversible. The rate of appearance of TD is about 5% per year of use of antipsychotic drug (whatever the drug used)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a>: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with over 2 million individuals estimated an association between antipsychotic use and breast cancer by over 30%.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li></ul> Rare/Uncommon (<1% incidence for most antipsychotic drugs) adverse effects of antipsychotics include: <ul><li>Blood dyscrasias (e.g., agranulocytosis, leukopenia, and neutropaenia), which is more common in patients on clozapine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a> and other metabolic problems such as <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes mellitus">type II diabetes mellitus</a> — particularly common with clozapine, olanzapine and zotepine. In American studies <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> appeared to be at a heightened risk for developing type II diabetes mellitus.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Evidence suggests that females are more sensitive to the metabolic side effects of first-generation antipsychotic drugs than males.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Metabolic adverse effects appear to be mediated by antagonizing the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">histamine H1</a> and serotonin <a href="/wiki/5-HT2C" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT2C">5-HT2C</a> receptors<a href="#cite_note-GG-131">[131]</a> and perhaps by interacting with other neurochemical pathways in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a>, a potentially fatal condition characterized by: <ul><li>Autonomic instability, which can manifest with tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, etc.</li> <li>Hyperthermia — elevated body temperature.</li> <li>Mental status change (confusion, hallucinations, coma, etc.)</li> <li>Muscle rigidity</li> <li>Laboratory abnormalities (e.g., elevated <a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">creatine kinase</a>, reduced iron plasma levels, electrolyte abnormalities, etc.)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14524644-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a> prolongation — more prominent in those treated with amisulpride, pimozide, sertindole, thioridazine and ziprasidone.<a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">Torsades de pointes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">Seizures</a>, particularly in people treated with chlorpromazine and clozapine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">Thromboembolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisa syndrome">Pisa syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Long-term effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_long_term_side_effects_of_antipsychotics" title="List of long term side effects of antipsychotics">List of long term side effects of antipsychotics</a></div> Antipsychotic use has been linked to a 21x higher incidence of dementia in the United States by age 65<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>. Both atypical and typical antipsychotics have a higher <a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">hazard ratio</a> for dementia risk<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>. In 2024 testable hypotheses were proposed for the mechanism<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> responsible for cortical thinning till dementia. Some studies have found decreased life expectancy associated with the use of antipsychotics, and argued that more studies are needed.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Antipsychotics may also increase the risk of early <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Antipsychotics typically worsen symptoms in people with depersonalisation disorder.<a href="#cite_note-utdp-140">[140]</a> Antipsychotic <a href="/wiki/Polypharmacy" title="Polypharmacy">polypharmacy</a> (prescribing two or more antipsychotics at the same time for an individual) is a common practice but not evidence-based or recommended, and there are initiatives to curtail it.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Similarly, the use of excessively high doses (often the result of polypharmacy) continues despite clinical guidelines and evidence indicating that it is usually no more effective but is usually more harmful.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_polypharmacy-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A meta-analysis of observational studies with over two million individuals has suggested a moderate association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Loss of <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">grey matter</a> and other brain structural changes over time are observed amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Meta-analyses of the effects of antipsychotic treatment on grey matter volume and the brain's structure have reached conflicting conclusions. A 2020 study concluded that atypical antipsychotics are linked to cortical thinning and cognitive decline<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> in the mid (20 months) to long-term. A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that grey matter loss is greater in patients treated with first generation antipsychotics relative to those treated with atypicals, and hypothesized a protective effect of atypicals as one possible explanation.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A second 2012 meta-analysis suggested that treatment with antipsychotics was associated with increased grey matter loss.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Animal studies found that monkeys exposed to both first- and second-generation antipsychotics experience significant reduction in brain volume, resulting in an 8-11% reduction in brain volume with preserved neuron count and decreased glial cell count over a 17–27 month period.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_2005-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors said that antipsychotics are not interchangeable, and it recommends including trying at least one weight-neutral treatment for those patients with potential metabolic issues.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Subtle, long-lasting forms of <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a> are often overlooked or confused with post-psychotic depression, in particular when they lack the extrapyramidal aspect that psychiatrists have been taught to expect when looking for signs of akathisia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14609248-150">[150]</a> Adverse effect on <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive dysfunction">cognitive function</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and increased risk of death in people with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> along with worsening of symptoms has been described in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Antipsychotics, due to acting as dopamine D2 receptor antagonists and thereby stimulating <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotroph">lactotrophs</a>, may have a risk of <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinoma</a> with long-term use.<a href="#cite_note-DurraniVasireddyArshad2023-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-EdinoffSilverblattVervaeke2021-157">[157]</a> This is also responsible for their induction of <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a> (high prolactin levels).<a href="#cite_note-DurraniVasireddyArshad2023-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-EdinoffSilverblattVervaeke2021-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinuation">Discontinuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Discontinuation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal#Prescription_medicine" title="Drug withdrawal">Drug withdrawal § Prescription medicine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary" title="British National Formulary">British National Formulary</a> recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.<a href="#cite_note-Group_2009_192-158">[158]</a> Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-159">[159]</a> Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">restlessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">increased sweating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">trouble sleeping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-159">[159]</a> Less commonly there may be a <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">feeling of the world spinning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Muscle_pains" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pains">muscle pains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-159">[159]</a> Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-159">[159]</a> A randomised controlled trial compared maintenance therapy with gradual dose reduction or discontinuation among people with long-term psychosis. At 2 years, people in the reduction group were twice as likely to relapse (25%) as those in the maintenance group (13%). Moreover, those in the reduction group had no improvement in social functioning (a measure combining people’s ability to look after themselves, work, study and take part in family and social activities), side effects, quality of life, symptoms, or bodyweight.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-162">[162]</a> It may also result in recurrence of the condition that is being treated.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Rarely, <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">tardive dyskinesia</a> can occur when the medication is stopped.<a href="#cite_note-Had2004-159">[159]</a> Unexpected psychotic episodes have been observed in patients withdrawing from clozapine. This is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_supersensitivity_psychosis" title="Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis">supersensitivity psychosis</a>, not to be equated with tardive dyskinesia.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nakata-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">Tardive dyskinesia</a> may abate during withdrawal from the antipsychotic agent, or it may persist.<a href="#cite_note-Glazer-2000-165">[165]</a> Withdrawal effects may also occur when switching a person from one antipsychotic to another, (it is presumed due to variations of potency and receptor activity). Such withdrawal effects can include <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">cholinergic</a> rebound, an activation syndrome, and motor syndromes including <a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">dyskinesias</a>. These adverse effects are more likely during rapid changes between antipsychotic agents, so making a gradual change between antipsychotics minimises these withdrawal effects.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-2007-166">[166]</a> The British National Formulary recommends a gradual dose reduction when discontinuing antipsychotic treatment to avoid acute withdrawal symptoms or rapid relapse.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The process of cross-titration involves gradually increasing the dose of the new medication while gradually decreasing the dose of the old medication. City and Hackney <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Commissioning_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Commissioning Group">Clinical Commissioning Group</a> found more than 1,000 patients in their area in July 2019 who had not had regular medication reviews or health checks because they were not registered as having serious mental illness. On average they had been taking these drugs for six years. If this is typical of practice in England more than 100,000 patients are probably in the same position.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_agents">List of agents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of agents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorpromazine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/220px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/330px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chlorpromazine.svg/440px-Chlorpromazine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Chlorpromazine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haloperidol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/220px-Haloperidol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/330px-Haloperidol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Haloperidol.svg/440px-Haloperidol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Haloperidol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quetiapine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/220px-Quetiapine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/330px-Quetiapine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Quetiapine.svg/440px-Quetiapine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Quetiapine</figcaption></figure> Clinically used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in parentheses. A 2013 review has stated that the division of antipsychotics into first and second generation is perhaps not accurate.<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a> Notes: † indicates drugs that are no longer (or were never) marketed in English-speaking countries. ‡ denotes drugs that are no longer (or were never to begin with) marketed in the United States. Some antipsychotics are not firmly placed in either first-generation or second-generation classes. # denotes drugs that have been withdrawn worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-generation_(typical)">First-generation (typical)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First-generation (typical)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butyrophenones">Butyrophenones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Butyrophenones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Butyrophenones" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrophenones">Butyrophenones</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a> (Haldol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a> (discontinued)†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a> (discontinued)†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a> †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphenylbutylpiperidines">Diphenylbutylpiperidines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diphenylbutylpiperidines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phenothiazines">Phenothiazines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phenothiazines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phenothiazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenothiazines">Phenothiazines</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a> † — although it is mostly used in veterinary medicine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a> (Thorazine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a> (discontinued)†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericyazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericyazine">Pericyazine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a> (discontinued)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothipendyl" title="Prothipendyl">Prothipendyl</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a>‡ (only English-speaking country it is available in is Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a> (discontinued)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a> (discontinued)†</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thioxanthenes">Thioxanthenes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thioxanthenes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thioxanthenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioxanthenes">Thioxanthenes</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a> ‡</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed/unknown">Disputed/unknown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Disputed/unknown">edit</a>]</div> This category is for drugs that have been called both first and second-generation, depending on the literature being used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzamides">Benzamides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Benzamides">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a> †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tricyclics">Tricyclics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tricyclics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a> †</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a> #</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-generation_(atypical)">Second-generation (atypical)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Second-generation (atypical)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzamides_2">Benzamides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Benzamides">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a> (Socian) ‡ – Selective dopamine antagonist. Higher doses (greater than 400 mg) act upon post-synaptic dopamine receptors resulting in a reduction in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as psychosis. Lower doses, however, act upon dopamine autoreceptors, resulting in increased dopamine transmission, improving the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Lower doses of amisulpride have also been shown to have <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects in non-schizophrenic patients, leading to its use in <a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">dysthymia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social phobias</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a> † – Used in Japan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a> # – Has a risk of causing <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplastic anaemia">aplastic anaemia</a> and, hence, has been withdrawn from the market worldwide. It has also been found to possess relatively low (virtually absent) potential to induce <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinaemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">extrapyramidal symptoms</a>, likely attributable to its comparatively weak binding to (and, hence, rapid dissociation from) the D2 receptor.<a href="#cite_note-atyp-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a> – An atypical antipsychotic of the benzamide chemical class used in Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong for the treatment of schizophrenia. It was launched by Sanofi-Aventis in 1976. Sultopride acts as a selective D2 and D3 receptor antagonist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles">Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a> (Fanapt) – Approved by the US FDA in 2009, it is fairly well tolerated, although <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a> were very common side effects. Has not received regulatory approval in other countries, however.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a> (Invega) – Primary, active metabolite of risperidone that was approved in 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a> † – Has a higher incidence of extrapyramidal side effects than other atypical antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-CNS_Drugs-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a> (Risperdal) – Divided dosing is recommended until initial titration is completed, at which time the drug can be administered once daily. Used off-label to treat <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a> (Geodon) – Approved in 2004<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> to treat bipolar disorder. Side-effects include a prolonged <a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a> in the heart, which can be dangerous for patients with <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> or those taking other drugs that prolong the QT interval.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a> (Latuda) – Approved by the US FDA for schizophrenia and bipolar depression, and for use as schizophrenia treatment in Canada.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butyrophenones_2">Butyrophenones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Butyrophenones">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a> † – Only used in a few European countries. No English-speaking country has licensed it to date.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a> (Caplyta)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tricyclics_2">Tricyclics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tricyclics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a> (Saphris) – Of the dibenzo-oxepino pyrrole class of atypical antipsychotics. Used for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a> (Clozaril) – Of the dibenzodiazepine class of atypical antipsychotics. Requires routine laboratory monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood counts</a> every one to four weeks due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Agranulocytosis" title="Agranulocytosis">agranulocytosis</a>. It has unparalleled efficacy in the treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (Zyprexa) – Of the <a href="/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine" title="Thienobenzodiazepine">theienobenzodiazepine</a> class of atypical antipsychotics. Used to treat psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, acute <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> episodes, and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>. Used as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy, either alone or in combination with <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> as <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">Symbyax</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a> (Seroquel) – Of the <a href="/wiki/Dibenzothiazepine" title="Dibenzothiazepine">dibenzothiazepine</a> class of atypical antipsychotics. Used primarily to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Also used and licensed in a few countries (including Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States) as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in patients with <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>. It's the only antipsychotic that's demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> and bipolar disorder (it treats mixed mood swings alone). It indirectly serves as a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> by means of its active metabolite, norquetiapine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a> – Of the <a href="/wiki/Dibenzothiepin" title="Dibenzothiepin">dibenzothiepin</a> class of atypical antipsychotic indicated for acute and chronic schizophrenia. It is still used in Japan and was once used in Germany but it was discontinued.†</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others_2">Others</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a> – Approved by the PMDA in 2008. Used in Japan and South Korea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a> – A selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> psychosis in 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a> ‡ – Developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/H._Lundbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Lundbeck">H. Lundbeck</a>. Like the other atypical antipsychotics, it is believed to have <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-generation">Third-generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Third-generation">edit</a>]</div> Third generation antipsychotics are recognized as demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">partial agonism</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">D2 and 5HT-2A receptor</a> antagonism of second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and D2 antagonism of first-generation (typical) antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles_2">Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Benzisoxazoles/benzisothiazoles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a> (Caplyta) – In December 2019, lumateperone, a presynaptic D2 receptor partial agonist and postsynaptic D2 receptor antagonist, received its first global approval in the US for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In 2020 and 2021 FDA approved for depressive episodes associated with bipolar I or II disorder in adults, as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones">Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Phenylpiperazines/quinolinones/benzoxazinones">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> (Abilify) - Partial agonist at the D2 receptor. Considered the prototypical third-generation antipsychotic.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a> (Abilify Maintena) – Long-acting version of aripiprazole for injection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a> (Rexulti) – Partial agonist of the D2 receptor. Successor of aripiprazole.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a> – A D2/3/4 and 5-HT1A partial agonist and 5-HT2A/2B/7 antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a> (Vraylar, Reagila) – A D3-preferring D2/3 partial agonist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muscarinic_agonists">Muscarinic agonists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Muscarinic agonists">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline/trospium_chloride" title="Xanomeline/trospium chloride">Xanomeline/trospium chloride</a> (Cobenfy)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotic drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a> tend to block <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">D2 receptors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">dopaminergic pathways</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. This means that dopamine released in these pathways has less effect. Excess release of dopamine in the <a href="/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" title="Mesolimbic pathway">mesolimbic pathway</a> has been linked to psychotic experiences. Decreased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, and excess dopamine release in other pathways, are associated with psychotic episodes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In addition to the antagonistic effects of dopamine, antipsychotics (in particular atypical antipsychotics) also antagonize <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT2A">5-HT2A receptors</a>. Different <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> of the 5-HT2A receptor have been associated with schizophrenia and other psychoses, including depression.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald_41–63-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Higher concentrations of 5-HT2A receptors in cortical and subcortical areas, in particular in the right <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nucleus</a> have been historically recorded.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald_41–63-177">[177]</a> Typical antipsychotics are not particularly selective and also block dopamine receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Mesocortical_pathway" title="Mesocortical pathway">mesocortical pathway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway" title="Tuberoinfundibular pathway">tuberoinfundibular pathway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>. Blocking D2 receptors in these other pathways is thought to produce some unwanted <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side effects</a> that the typical antipsychotics can produce (see above). They were commonly classified on a spectrum of low potency to high potency, where potency referred to the ability of the drug to bind to dopamine receptors, and not to the effectiveness of the drug. High-potency antipsychotics such as <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, in general, have doses of a few milligrams and cause less sleepiness and calming effects than low-potency antipsychotics such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>, which have dosages of several hundred milligrams. The latter have a greater degree of anticholinergic and antihistaminergic activity, which can counteract dopamine-related side-effects.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotic</a> drugs have a similar blocking effect on D2 receptors; however, most also act on serotonin receptors, especially <a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT2A</a> and <a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT2C</a> receptors. Both clozapine and quetiapine appear to bind just long enough to elicit antipsychotic effects but not long enough to induce extrapyramidal side effects and prolactin hypersecretion.<a href="#cite_note-Atypicality-180">[180]</a> 5-HT2A antagonism increases dopaminergic activity in the <a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>, leading to a lowered extrapyramidal side effect liability among the atypical antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-Atypicality-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Through the ability of most antipsychotics to antagonize 5-HT2A serotonin pathways enabling a sensitisation of postsynaptic serotonin receptors, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> exposure can be more intense because it has more excitatory receptors to activate. The same effect can be observed with the D2 antagonizing with normal amphetamine (with this just being hypothetical as there is the fact that antipsychotics sensitize receptors,<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> with exact these postsynaptic receptors (5-HT2A, D2) being flooded by the respective neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine) from amphetamine exposure).<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_medications">Comparison of medications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Comparison of medications">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Overview </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Generic name</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Brand name(s)</th> <th>Launch</th> <th>Developer/Originator(s)</th> <th>Refs </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Solian</td> <td>1986</td> <td>Sanofi-Synthélabo</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUPACFischer2006-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidow2000-187">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></td> <td>Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Abilify</td> <td>2002</td> <td>Otsuka/Bristol-Myers Squibb</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></td> <td>Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Aristada</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Alkermes</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Aripiprazole-Lauroxil-189">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzoxapinopyrrole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Saphris/Sycrest</td> <td>2009</td> <td>Organon/Merck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Asenapine-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Anquil</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></td> <td>Pyridinylpiperazine</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Lonasen</td> <td>2008</td> <td>Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Blonanserin-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></td> <td>Phenylpiperazine/Quinolinone</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Rexulti</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Otsuka/Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Brexpiprazole-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Impromem</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></td> <td>Phenylpiperazine</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Vraylar/Reagila</td> <td>2015</td> <td>Gedeon Richter/Actavis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Cariprazine-193">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Defecton/Prazinil</td> <td>1977</td> <td>Pierre Fabre</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Thorazine</td> <td>1952</td> <td>Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thioxanthene</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Truxal</td> <td>1959</td> <td>Roche</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Csernansky2012-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Clofekton/Padrasen</td> <td>1974</td> <td>Yoshitomi</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-195">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thioxanthene</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Sordinol/Ciatyl</td> <td>1961</td> <td>Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-Clopenthixol-196">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Clotepin</td> <td>1971</td> <td>Spofa</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Protiva2010-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid5576292-198">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Etumine</td> <td>1966</td> <td>Sandoz/Wander</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GaleResearch1991-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16126373-200">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzodiazepine</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Clozaril</td> <td>1972</td> <td>Sandoz-Novartis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Tercian</td> <td>1972</td> <td>Aventis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15492772-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Dridol/Droleptan/Inapsine</td> <td>1963</td> <td>Janssen-Cilag</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-LamberthDinges2012-202">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thioxanthene</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Fluanxol</td> <td>1965</td> <td>Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen1996-203">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Prolixin</td> <td>1959</td> <td>Bristol-Myers Squibb</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></td> <td>Diphenylbutylpiperidine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Imap</td> <td>1970</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Haldol</td> <td>1959</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></td> <td>Benzisoxazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Fanapt</td> <td>2010</td> <td>Novartis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Iloperidone-204">[204]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Nozinan/Levoprome</td> <td>1957</td> <td>Rhône-Poulenc</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Csernansky2012-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shorter2009-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Levopraid</td> <td>1987</td> <td>Abbott</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzoxazepine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Loxitane/Loxapac</td> <td>1975</td> <td>Wyeth</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10340686-206">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></td> <td>Benzisothiazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Latuda</td> <td>2010</td> <td>Sumitomo Dainippon/Sunovion</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Lurasidone-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Buronil</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Serentil</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Novartis-Boehringer</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></td> <td>Dihydroindolone</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Moban</td> <td>1975</td> <td>Abbott</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzazepine</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Cremin</td> <td>1991</td> <td>Mitsubishi Pharma</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Emilace/Emirace</td> <td>1991</td> <td>Yamanouchi</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Nemonapride-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thienobenzodiazepine</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Zyprexa</td> <td>1996</td> <td>Lilly</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></td> <td>Benzisoxazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Invega</td> <td>2007</td> <td>Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Paliperidone-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliperidone palmitate">Paliperidone palmitate</a></td> <td>Benzisoxazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Invega Sustenna/Xeplion</td> <td>2009</td> <td>Janssen-Cilag/Johnson & Johnson</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Paliperidone-Palmitate-210">[210]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></td> <td>Diphenylbutylpiperidine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Semap</td> <td>1973</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Vardanyan2017-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4604881-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Taxilan</td> <td>1958</td> <td>Promonta</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid24425538-213">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Periciazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Neuleptil/Neulactil</td> <td>1964</td> <td>Rhône-Poulenc</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24825770-214">[214]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></td> <td>Benzisothiazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Lullan</td> <td>2001</td> <td>Sumitomo Dainippon/Mitsubishi Tanabe</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Perospirone-215">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Trilafon</td> <td>1957</td> <td>Schering-Plough</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a></td> <td>Dibenzylpiperidinylurea</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Nuplazid</td> <td>2016</td> <td>ACADIA Pharmaceuticals</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Pimavanserin-216">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></td> <td>Diphenylbutylpiperidine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Orap</td> <td>1969</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Dipiperon</td> <td>1961</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-GaleResearch1991-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vardanyan2017-211">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Piportil</td> <td>1973</td> <td>Rhône-Poulenc/Aventis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-Pipotiazine-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Compazine</td> <td>1956</td> <td>Rhône-Poulenc/GlaxoSmithKline</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shorter2009-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Sparine</td> <td>1956</td> <td>Wyeth</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzothiazepine</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Seroquel</td> <td>1997</td> <td>AstraZeneca</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Roxiam</td> <td>1990</td> <td>AstraZeneca</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidow2000-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></td> <td>Benzisoxazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Risperdal</td> <td>1993</td> <td>Janssen</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></td> <td>Imidazolidinone</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Serdolect</td> <td>1996</td> <td>Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></td> <td>Butyrophenone</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Spiropitan</td> <td>1969</td> <td>Eisai</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2007-Spiperone-218">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Dogmatil</td> <td>1968</td> <td>Delagrange/Fujisawa</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidow2000-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Barnetil</td> <td>1976</td> <td>Delagrange/Sanofi-Synthélabo</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-Sultopride-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Melleril</td> <td>1958</td> <td>Novartis</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Tiapridal</td> <td>1975</td> <td>Sanofi-Synthélabo</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">Tiotixene</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thioxanthene</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Navane</td> <td>1967</td> <td>Pfizer</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-Tiotixene-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Stelazine</td> <td>1958</td> <td>GlaxoSmithKline</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Phenothiazine</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Vesprin</td> <td>1957</td> <td>Bristol-Myers Squibb</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a></td> <td>Benzamide</td> <td>Disputed</td> <td>Agreal</td> <td>1980</td> <td>Sanofi-Synthélabo</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></td> <td>Benzisothiazole</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Geodon</td> <td>2000</td> <td>Pfizer</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Dibenzothiepin</td> <td>Atypical</td> <td>Zoleptil</td> <td>1982</td> <td>Fujisawa</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16082416-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></td> <td>Tricyclic/Thioxanthene</td> <td>Typical</td> <td>Clopixol/Cisordinol</td> <td>1978</td> <td>Lundbeck</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez2012-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-Clopenthixol-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen1996-203">[203]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11">Tolerability (as propensity for adverse effects) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Generic name <a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maudsley-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-BNF-222">[222]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Medication_discontinuation" title="Medication discontinuation">Discontinuation</a> rate<a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a> (OR with 95% CI) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergic</a> effects</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">Sedation</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">EPSE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Weight_Gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight Gain">Weight Gain</a></th> <th>Metabolic <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">AEs</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_QT_prolongation" title="Drug-induced QT prolongation">QTc prolongation</a> (ORs & 95% CIs) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">PE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></th> <th>Notes (e.g., notable AEs*) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#C6F3C8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.43 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>0.32–0.57)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC9C9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++ 0.66 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.39–0.91)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD6D7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_Pointes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsades de Pointes">Torsades de Pointes</a> common on overdose.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Has a comparatively low penetrability of the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td>Amoxapine is also an antidepressant. Very toxic in overdose due to the potential for renal failure and seizures. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D8F5D9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.61 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.51–0.72)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/- (<a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a> mostly)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">- 0.01 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">−0.13 to 0.15)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">- (can reduce prolactin levels)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td>Only clinically utilised antipsychotic that does not act by antagonising the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> and rather partially agonises this receptor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DFF6E0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.69 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.54–0.86)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+ 0.30 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">−0.04 to 0.65)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>Oral hypoesthesia. Has a complex pharmacologic profile. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a><a href="#cite_note-Deeks,_ED;_Keating,_GM_65–84-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tenjin,_T;_Miyamoto,_S;_Ninomiya,_Y;_Kitajima,_R;_Ogino,_S;_Miyake,_N;_Yamaguchi,_N_2013_587–594-225">[225]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E0F6E1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">~0.7</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td>Only used in a few East Asian countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DBF5DD;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.65 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.5–0.84)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td>First marketed antipsychotic, sort of the prototypical low-potency first-generation (typical) antipsychotic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#C9F3CB;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.46 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.32–0.65)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td>Notable AEs: <a href="/wiki/Agranulocytosis" title="Agranulocytosis">Agranulocytosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutropaenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutropaenia">neutropaenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopaenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>. Dose-dependent seizure risk.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Overall the most effective antipsychotic, on average. Usually reserved for treatment-resistant cases or highly suicidal patients. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Mostly used for postoperative nausea and vomiting. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flupenthixol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flupenthixol">Flupenthixol</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>Also used in lower doses for depression. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DFF6E0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.69 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.24–1.97)<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>High-potency first-generation (typical) antipsychotic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E8F7EA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.8 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.71–0.90)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+ 0.11 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.03–0.19)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>Prototypical high-potency first-generation (typical) antipsychotic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DFF6E0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.69 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.56–0.84)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE2E3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ 0.34 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.22–0.46)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td>Also used as an analgesic, agitation, anxiety and emesis. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#CFF4D1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.52 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.28–0.98)<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E6F7E7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.77 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.61–0.96)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">- −0.10 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">−0.21 to 0.01)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td>May be particularly helpful in ameloriating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, likely due to its <a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">5-HT7 receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td>Several smaller low-quality clinical studies have reported its efficacy in the treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Only approved for use in a few European countries. It is known that off-licence prescribing of melperone is occurring in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Is a butyrophenone, low-potency atypical antipsychotic that has been tried as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> psychosis, although with negative results. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a><a href="#cite_note-MD-231">[231]</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td>Withdrawn from the market. Seems to promote weight loss (which is rather unusual for an antipsychotic seeing how they tend to promote weight gain).<a href="#cite_note-MD-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#C9F3CB;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.46 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.41–0.52)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAEAEB;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+ 0.22 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.11–0.31)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#CBF3CD;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.48 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.39–0.58)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+ (dose dependent)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">– 0.05 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">−0.18 to 0.26)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>Active metabolite of risperidone. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.62 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.4–1.10)<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Limited data available on adverse effects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Periciazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>Also used to treat severe anxiety. Not licensed for use in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+<a href="#cite_note-Mart-234">[234]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td>Usually grouped with the atypical antipsychotics despite its relatively high propensity for causing extrapyramidal side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Mart-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B9F1B9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.30 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.04–2.33)<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>Has additional antiemetic effects. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F7F9F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">1.01 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.30–3.39)<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>High potency first-generation (typical) antipsychotic. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>Only available in the UK. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Primarily used in medicine as an <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetic</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D8F5D9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.61 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.52–0.71)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EEEF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+ 0.17 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.06–0.29)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>Binds to the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> in a hit and run fashion. That is it rapidly dissociates from said receptor and hence produces antipsychotic effects but does not bind to the receptor long enough to produce extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinaemia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td>Removed from the market amidst concerns about an alarmingly high rate of <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplastic anaemia">aplastic anaemia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D0F4D2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.53 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.46–0.60)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+ (dose-dependent)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ 0.25 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.15–0.36)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E7F7E8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.78 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.61–0.98)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FEB3B3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++ 0.90 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.76–1.02)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td>Not licensed for use in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">1.00 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.25–4.00)<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD6D7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td>Not licensed for use in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DDF5DF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.67 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.32–1.40)<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td>Dose-dependent risk for degenerative retinopathies.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Found utility in reducing the resistance of multidrug and even extensively resistant strains of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> to antibiotics. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">Tiotixene</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F3F8F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.94 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.59–1.48)<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+/-</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E1F6E3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.72 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.59–0.86)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDDDD;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ 0.41 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.31–0.51)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE8E9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#DFF6E0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.69 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">0.41–1.07)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD6D7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD6D7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td>Dose-dependent risk of seizures.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Not licensed for use in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFE0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC1C2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td>Not licensed for use in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="font-size:88%;"> Note: "Notable" is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Acronyms used: <dl><dd>AE – <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></dd> <dd>OR – <a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">Odds ratio</a></dd> <dd>CI – <a href="/wiki/Confidence_Interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence Interval">Confidence Interval</a></dd> <dd>EPSE – <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">Extrapyramidal Side Effect</a></dd> <dd>QTc – Corrected <a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></dd> <dd>PE – Prolactin elevation</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 5em;"> Legend: <dl><dd>- very low propensity for this AE</dd> <dd>+ low propensity/severity for this AE</dd> <dd>++ moderate propensity/severity for this AE</dd> <dd>+++ high propensity/severity for this AE</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Efficacy </th></tr> <tr> <th>Generic drug name</th> <th>Schizophrenia<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2009-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leucht_2013-38">[38]</a></th> <th>Mania<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_11-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></th> <th>Bipolar depression<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></th> <th>Bipolar maintenance<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></th> <th>Adjunct in major depression<a href="#cite_note-MDD-247">[247]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amisulpride</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? (+++ in dysthymia) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aripiprazole</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F4F8F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ (prevents manic and mixed but not depressive episodes)</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asenapine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E4F6E6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorpromazine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clozapine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haloperidol</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iloperidone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#EAF7EC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loxapine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#CDF4CF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++ (only in the treatment of agitation)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lurasidone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#EAF7EC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melperone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olanzapine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#CDF4CF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paliperidone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#CDF4CF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++/++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perospirone<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#EAF7EC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quetiapine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Risperidone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F4F8F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">-</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#B3F1B4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+++ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sertindole</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ziprasidone</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#E4F6E6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++/+</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#EAF7EC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#EAF7EC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">+</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zotepine</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#D9F5DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">++</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:80%; text-align:center; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="19" style="font-size:120%;">Binding affinity </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="19">Ki [nM] toward cloned human receptors (unless otherwise specified)<a href="#cite_note-252">[Note 1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Drug name<a href="#cite_note-GG-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></th> <th>SERT</th> <th>5-HT1A</th> <th>5-HT2A</th> <th>5-HT2C</th> <th>5-HT6</th> <th>5-HT7</th> <th>α1A</th> <th>α2A</th> <th>α2C</th> <th>NET</th> <th>D1</th> <th>D2</th> <th>D3</th> <th>D4</th> <th>5-HT2A/D2</th> <th>H1</th> <th>M1</th> <th>M3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amisulpride</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>8,304</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>4,154</td> <td>73.5</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>1,114</td> <td>1,540</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2.4</td> <td>2,370</td> <td>3774.5</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aripiprazole</td> <td>1,081</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>22.4</td> <td>642.4</td> <td>9.97</td> <td>25.85</td> <td>74.1</td> <td>37.63</td> <td>2091.5</td> <td>1,173.5</td> <td>1.64</td> <td>5.35</td> <td>514</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>27.93</td> <td>6,778</td> <td>4,678 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asenapine<a href="#cite_note-pmid18308814-254">[253]</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>0.42</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>0.0462</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>8,128</td> <td>8,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blonanserin<a href="#cite_note-Ishiyama_2007-255">[254]</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>804</td> <td>0.812</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>41.9</td> <td>183</td> <td>26.7 (RB)</td> <td>530 (RC)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1,070</td> <td>0.142</td> <td>0.494</td> <td>150</td> <td>5.72</td> <td>765</td> <td>100</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brexpiprazole</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.47</td> <td>ND</td> <td>58</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>15</td> <td>0.59</td> <td>ND</td> <td>160</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>1.567</td> <td>19</td> <td>ND</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N-DEBN<a href="#cite_note-Deeks,_ED;_Keating,_GM_65–84-224">[224]</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>4.50</td> <td>5.03</td> <td>206 (RC)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1,020</td> <td>1.38</td> <td>0.23</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.93</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorpromazine</td> <td>1,296</td> <td>2,115.5</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>17.0</td> <td>28.4</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>184</td> <td>46</td> <td>2,443</td> <td>76.3</td> <td>1.40</td> <td>4.65</td> <td>5.33</td> <td>3.21</td> <td>3.09</td> <td>32.3</td> <td>57.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clozapine</td> <td>1,624</td> <td>123.7</td> <td>5.35</td> <td>9.44</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>17.95</td> <td>1.62</td> <td>37</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>3,168</td> <td>266.3</td> <td>157</td> <td>269.1</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>0.0341</td> <td>1.13</td> <td>6.17</td> <td>19.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norclozapine</td> <td>316.6</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>10.9</td> <td>11.9 (RC)</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>60.1</td> <td>104.8</td> <td>137.6</td> <td>117.7</td> <td>493.9</td> <td>14.3</td> <td>94.5</td> <td>153</td> <td>63.94</td> <td>0.115</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>67.6</td> <td>95.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>cis-Flupenthixol</td> <td>ND</td> <td>8,028</td> <td>87.5 (HFC)</td> <td>102.2 (RC)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>0.35</td> <td>1.75</td> <td>66.3</td> <td>250</td> <td>0.86</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fluphenazine</td> <td>5,950</td> <td>1,039.9</td> <td>37.93</td> <td>982.5</td> <td>34.67</td> <td>8.00</td> <td>6.45</td> <td>314.1</td> <td>28.9</td> <td>3,076</td> <td>17.33</td> <td>0.30</td> <td>1.75</td> <td>40.0</td> <td>126.4</td> <td>14.15</td> <td>1,095</td> <td>1,441 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haloperidol</td> <td>3,256</td> <td>2,066.83</td> <td>56.81</td> <td>4,801</td> <td>5,133</td> <td>377.6</td> <td>12.0</td> <td>801.5</td> <td>403</td> <td>2,112</td> <td>121.8</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>3.96</td> <td>2.71</td> <td>81.2</td> <td>1698</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iloperidone</td> <td>ND</td> <td>93.21</td> <td>1.94</td> <td>147</td> <td>63.09</td> <td>112</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>160</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>1479</td> <td>129.32</td> <td>10.86</td> <td>10.55</td> <td>13.75</td> <td>0.179</td> <td>12</td> <td>4,898</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loxapine</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>2,456</td> <td>6.63</td> <td>13.25</td> <td>31.0</td> <td>87.6</td> <td>31.0</td> <td>150.9</td> <td>80.0</td> <td>5,698</td> <td>54</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>19.33</td> <td>7.80</td> <td>0.236</td> <td>4.90</td> <td>119.45</td> <td>211.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amoxapine</td> <td>58</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>2.0 (RC)</td> <td>50</td> <td>40.21</td> <td>50</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>16</td> <td>ND</td> <td>20.8</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>0.0240</td> <td>25</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lurasidone<a href="#cite_note-Ishiyama_2007-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20404009-256">[255]</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>415</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>48</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>ND</td> <td>262</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1.18</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melperone</td> <td>ND</td> <td>2,200 (HB)</td> <td>230</td> <td>2,100 (HB)</td> <td>1,254 (RC)</td> <td>578 (HB)</td> <td>180 (HB)</td> <td>150 (HB)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>194</td> <td>8.95</td> <td>555</td> <td>1.186</td> <td>580</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molindone</td> <td>ND</td> <td>3,797</td> <td>3773</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>1,008</td> <td>3,053</td> <td>2,612</td> <td>1,097</td> <td>172.6</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>72.5</td> <td>2,950</td> <td>628.83</td> <td>2,130</td> <td>ND</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olanzapine</td> <td>3,676</td> <td>2282</td> <td>3.73</td> <td>10.2</td> <td>8.07</td> <td>105.2</td> <td>112</td> <td>314</td> <td>28.9</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>70.33</td> <td>34.23</td> <td>47.0</td> <td>14.33</td> <td>0.109</td> <td>2.19</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>56.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paliperidone</td> <td>3,717</td> <td>616.6</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>48</td> <td>2,414</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>17.35</td> <td>7.35</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>41.04</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>54.3</td> <td>1.104</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perphenazine</td> <td>ND</td> <td>421</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>132</td> <td>17</td> <td>23</td> <td>10</td> <td>810.5</td> <td>85.2</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.13</td> <td>17</td> <td>40</td> <td>8</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>1,848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pimozide</td> <td>ND</td> <td>650</td> <td>48.35</td> <td>2,112</td> <td>71</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>197.7</td> <td>1,593</td> <td>376.5</td> <td>ND</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>1.45</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>33.34</td> <td>692.2</td> <td>800 (HB)</td> <td>1,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prochlorperazine</td> <td>ND</td> <td>5,900 (HC)</td> <td>15 (HC)</td> <td>122</td> <td>148 (RC)</td> <td>196 (RC)</td> <td>23.8 (HB)</td> <td>1,694.91 (HB)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>2.90</td> <td>5.40</td> <td>23.1</td> <td>18.86 (HB)</td> <td>555.55 (HB)</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quetiapine</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>394.2</td> <td>912</td> <td>1,843</td> <td>948.75</td> <td>307.6</td> <td>22</td> <td>3,630</td> <td>28.85</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>994.5</td> <td>379</td> <td>340</td> <td>2,019</td> <td>2.41</td> <td>6.90</td> <td>489</td> <td>1631.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norquetiapine<a href="#cite_note-pmid24062697-257">[256]</a></td> <td>ND</td> <td>45</td> <td>48</td> <td>107</td> <td>ND</td> <td>76</td> <td>144</td> <td>237</td> <td>ND</td> <td>12</td> <td>99.8 (RC)</td> <td>196</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>0.245</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>38.3 (RC)</td> <td>ND </td></tr> <tr> <td>Risperidone</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>422.88</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>12</td> <td>2057.17</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>5</td> <td>16.5</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>243.53</td> <td>3.57</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>4.66</td> <td>0.0476</td> <td>20.05</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sertindole</td> <td>ND</td> <td>280</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>28</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>640</td> <td>450</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>2.35</td> <td>2.30</td> <td>4.92</td> <td>0.166</td> <td>130</td> <td>>5,000</td> <td>2,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulpiride</td> <td>ND</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 (RC)</td> <td>>10,000 (RC)</td> <td>5,000 (RC)</td> <td>4,000 (RC)</td> <td>>10,000 (RB)</td> <td>4,893 (RB)</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>9.80</td> <td>8.05</td> <td>54</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>>10,000 (RB)</td> <td>>10,000 (RB)</td> <td>>10,000 (RB) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thioridazine</td> <td>1,259</td> <td>144.35</td> <td>27.67</td> <td>53</td> <td>57.05</td> <td>99</td> <td>3.15</td> <td>134.15</td> <td>74.9</td> <td>842</td> <td>94.5</td> <td>2.20</td> <td>1.50</td> <td>6.00</td> <td>12.58</td> <td>16.5</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiotixene</td> <td>3,878</td> <td>410.2</td> <td>50</td> <td>1355.5</td> <td>245.47</td> <td>15.25</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>79.95</td> <td>51.95</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>51</td> <td>0.12</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>203</td> <td>416.7</td> <td>8</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trifluoperazine</td> <td>ND</td> <td>950</td> <td>74</td> <td>378</td> <td>144</td> <td>290.8</td> <td>24</td> <td>653.7</td> <td>391.5</td> <td>ND</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1.12</td> <td>ND</td> <td>38.1</td> <td>66.07</td> <td>63</td> <td>ND</td> <td>1,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ziprasidone</td> <td>112</td> <td>54.67</td> <td>0.73</td> <td>13</td> <td>60.95</td> <td>6.31</td> <td>18</td> <td>160</td> <td>68</td> <td>44</td> <td>30</td> <td>4.35</td> <td>7.85</td> <td>52.9</td> <td>0.1678</td> <td>62.67</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zotepine</td> <td>151</td> <td>470.5</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>6</td> <td>12</td> <td>7</td> <td>208</td> <td>106</td> <td>530</td> <td>71</td> <td>25</td> <td>6.4</td> <td>18</td> <td>0.108</td> <td>3.21</td> <td>18</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" style="font-size:88%;"> Acronyms used: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd>HFC – Human frontal cortex receptor</dd> <dd>RB – Rat brain receptor</dd> <dd>RC – Cloned rat receptor</dd> <dd>ND – No data</dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <dl><dd>HB – Human brain receptor</dd> <dd>HC – Human cortex receptor</dd> <dd>N-DEBN – N-desethylblonanserin</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11" style="font-size:small;">Pharmacokinetics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-DM-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">t1/2</a> parent drug (active metabolite)</th> <th>Protein binding</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics#Metrics" title="Pharmacokinetics">tmax</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics#Metrics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Cmax</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">Vd</a></th> <th>Excretion</th> <th>Routes</th> <th>Metabolism enzymes<a href="#cite_note-GG-131">[131]</a></th> <th>Active metabolites </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></td> <td>48%</td> <td>12 h</td> <td>16%</td> <td>3–4 h</td> <td>54 ± 4 ng/mL</td> <td>5.8 L/kg</td> <td>Faeces (20%), urine (50%, when given IV)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></td> <td>87% (Oral), 100% (IM)</td> <td>75 h (94 h)</td> <td>99%</td> <td>3–5 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>4.9 L/kg</td> <td>Faeces (55%), urine (25%)</td> <td>Oral, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">IM</a> (including depot)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>Dehydroaripiprazole </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></td> <td>35% (sublingual)</td> <td>24 h</td> <td>95%</td> <td>0.5–1.5 h</td> <td>4 ng/mL</td> <td>20–25 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (50%), faeces (40%)</td> <td>Sublingual</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/UGT1A4" title="UGT1A4">UGT1A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a><a href="#cite_note-Deeks,_ED;_Keating,_GM_65–84-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tenjin,_T;_Miyamoto,_S;_Ninomiya,_Y;_Kitajima,_R;_Ogino,_S;_Miyake,_N;_Yamaguchi,_N_2013_587–594-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a></td> <td>55%</td> <td>10.7–16.2 h (single dosing), 67.9 h (repeated dosing)</td> <td>≥ 99.7%</td> <td>1.5–2 h</td> <td>0.14–0.76 ng/mL (0.57 ng/mL for repeated dosing)</td> <td>8560–9500 L</td> <td>Urine (59%), faeces (30%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>N-desethylblonanserin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></td> <td>20%</td> <td>30 h</td> <td>92–97%</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>20 L/kg</td> <td>Urine</td> <td>Oral, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">IM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">IV</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>Several active metabolites </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></td> <td>50–60%</td> <td>12 h</td> <td>97%</td> <td>1.5–2.5 h</td> <td>102–771 ng/mL</td> <td>4.67 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (50%), faeces (30%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2 h (8–12 h)</td> <td>Extensive</td> <td>60 min (IM)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2 L/kg (adults), 0.58 L/kg (children)</td> <td>Urine (75%), faeces (22%)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">IM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">IV</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></td> <td>40–55% (Oral)</td> <td>35 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>7 days (depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>12–14 L/kg</td> <td>Urine</td> <td>Oral, IM (including depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></td> <td>2.7% (Oral)</td> <td>14–16 h, 14 days (depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2 h (Oral), 8–10 h (depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine, faeces</td> <td>Oral, IM (including depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></td> <td>60–70% (Oral)</td> <td>10–20 h (short-acting IM), 3 weeks (depot)</td> <td>92%</td> <td>2–6 h (Oral), 10–20 min (short-acting IM), 6–7 days (depot)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>8–18 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (30%), faeces (15%)</td> <td>Oral, IM, IV</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></td> <td>96%</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>95%</td> <td>2–4 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1340–2800 L</td> <td>Urine (45–58%), faeces (20–22%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None notable. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>30 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2–3 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine, faeces</td> <td>IM, IV</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Methotrimeprazine sulfoxide </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></td> <td>High</td> <td>6–8 h (Inhaled), 4–12 h (Oral)</td> <td>96.6%</td> <td>2 min (inhaled), 2 h (oral), 5 h (IM)</td> <td>257 ng/mL (inhaled), 6–13 ng/mL (Oral)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine (56–70%), faeces [Only oral data available]</td> <td>Oral, IM, Inhalation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a> (a tricyclic antidepressant), 7-OH loxapine, 8-OH loxapine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></td> <td>9–19%</td> <td>18 h</td> <td>99%</td> <td>1–3 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>6173 L</td> <td>Urine (9%), faeces (80%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>2 active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a></td> <td>54% (Oral via syrup), 65% (Oral via tablets), 87% (IM)</td> <td>2.1–6.4 h (Oral), 6.6 ± 3.7 h (IM)</td> <td>50%</td> <td>1.6–2.4 h (Oral, tablets), 1 h (Oral, syrup)</td> <td>1132 ± 814 ng/mL (25 mg, orally), 2228–3416 ng/mL (50 mg, orally), 89539 ± 37001 ng/mL (100 mg, orally)</td> <td>9.9 ± 3.7 L/kg (10 mg), 7 ± 1.61 L/kg (20 mg)</td> <td>Urine (70% as metabolites, 5.5–10.4% as parent drug)</td> <td>Oral, IM</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></td> <td>87% (Oral)</td> <td>30 h</td> <td>93%</td> <td>6 h (Oral), 15–45 min (short-acting IM), 7 days (depot)</td> <td>4–20.4 mg/mL<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a></td> <td>1000 L</td> <td>Urine (57%), faeces (30%)</td> <td>Oral, IM (including depot)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></td> <td>28% (Oral)</td> <td>23 h (Oral), 25–49 days (IM)</td> <td>74%</td> <td>24 h (Oral), 13 days (IM)</td> <td>8.85–11.7 ng/mL<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a></td> <td>390–487 L</td> <td>Urine (80%), faeces (11%)</td> <td>Oral, IM (depot)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Periciazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>12 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2 h</td> <td>150 ng/mL</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine</td> <td>Oral</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a><a href="#cite_note-CNS_Drugs-170">[170]</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1.9–2.5 h</td> <td>92%</td> <td>1.5 h</td> <td>5.7 ng/mL</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine (0.4% as unchanged drug)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>9–12 h (10–19 h)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1–3 h; 2–4 h (metabolite)</td> <td>0.984 ng/mL; 0.509 ng/mL</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine, faeces</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>7-OH perphenazine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></td> <td>40–50%</td> <td>55 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>6–8 h</td> <td>4–19 ng/mL (dose-dependent)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Urine</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></td> <td>12.5%</td> <td>6.8–9 h</td> <td>High</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>12.9–17.7 L/h</td> <td>Urine, bile</td> <td>Oral, IM, IV</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>N-desmethylprochlorperazine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></td> <td>100%</td> <td>6 h (IR), 7 h (XR); active metabolite: 12 h</td> <td>83%</td> <td>1.5 h (IR), 6 h (XR)</td> <td>@ 250 mg q8hr 778 ng/mL (male), 879 ng/mL (female)<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a></td> <td>6–14 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (73%), faeces (20%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>Norquetiapine (a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT1A receptor</a> partial agonist) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></td> <td>70%</td> <td>3–17 h (24 h)</td> <td>90% (active metabolite: 77%)</td> <td>3–17 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1–2 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (70%), faeces (14%)</td> <td>Oral, IM (including depot)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>3 days</td> <td>99.5%</td> <td>10 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>20 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (4%), faeces (46–56%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a></td> <td>27 ± 9%</td> <td>8 h</td> <td>40%</td> <td>3-6 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2.72 ± 0.66 L/kg</td> <td>Urine, faeces</td> <td>Oral</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>24 h</td> <td>95%</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">Tiotixene</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>24 h</td> <td>90%</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>24 h</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>Oral</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></td> <td>60% (Oral), 100% (IM)</td> <td>7 h (Oral), 2–5 h (IM)</td> <td>99%</td> <td>6–8 h (Oral), ≤ 60 min (IM)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1.5 L/kg</td> <td>Faeces (66%), urine (20%)</td> <td>Oral, IM</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a></td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a></td> <td>7–13%</td> <td>13.7–15.9 h (12 h)</td> <td>97%</td> <td>1-4 h</td> <td>31–240</td> <td>10 L/kg</td> <td>Urine (17%)</td> <td>Oral</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td> <td>Norzotepine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></td> <td>49%</td> <td>20 h</td> <td>98%</td> <td>2–12 h (mean: 4 h)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>20 L/kg</td> <td>Faeces, urine (10%)</td> <td>Oral, IM (including depot)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a></td> <td>None </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:small; margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacokinetics_of_long-acting_injectable_antipsychotics" title="Template:Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacokinetics_of_long-acting_injectable_antipsychotics" title="Template talk:Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacokinetics_of_long-acting_injectable_antipsychotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication</th> <th>Brand name</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Vehicle</th> <th>Dosage</th> <th>Tmax</th> <th>t1/2 single</th> <th>t1/2 multiple</th> <th>logPc</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></td> <td>Aristada</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>a</td> <td>441–1064 mg/4–8 weeks</td> <td>24–35 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>54–57 days</td> <td>7.9–10.0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_monohydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aripiprazole monohydrate">Aripiprazole monohydrate</a></td> <td>Abilify Maintena</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>a</td> <td>300–400 mg/4 weeks</td> <td>7 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>30–47 days</td> <td>4.9–5.2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol_decanoate" title="Bromperidol decanoate">Bromperidol decanoate</a></td> <td>Impromen Decanoas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>40–300 mg/4 weeks</td> <td>3–9 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>21–25 days</td> <td>7.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ParentToussaint1983-270">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clopentixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clopentixol decanoate">Clopentixol decanoate</a></td> <td>Sordinol Depot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscoleo" title="Viscoleo">Viscoleo</a>b</td> <td>50–600 mg/1–4 weeks</td> <td>4–7 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>19 days</td> <td>9.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid6931472-271">[270]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flupentixol decanoate">Flupentixol decanoate</a></td> <td>Depixol</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscoleo" title="Viscoleo">Viscoleo</a>b</td> <td>10–200 mg/2–4 weeks</td> <td>4–10 days</td> <td>8 days</td> <td>17 days</td> <td>7.2–9.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid6931472-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds1993-272">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine decanoate">Fluphenazine decanoate</a></td> <td>Prolixin Decanoate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>12.5–100 mg/2–5 weeks</td> <td>1–2 days</td> <td>1–10 days</td> <td>14–100 days</td> <td>7.2–9.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid6143748-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid444352-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-YoungEreshefsky1984-275">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine enanthate">Fluphenazine enanthate</a></td> <td>Prolixin Enanthate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>12.5–100 mg/1–4 weeks</td> <td>2–3 days</td> <td>4 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>6.4–7.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid444352-274">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></td> <td>Imap, Redeptin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>a</td> <td>2–12 mg/1 week</td> <td>1–8 days</td> <td>7 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>5.2–5.8</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid4992598-276">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol_decanoate" title="Haloperidol decanoate">Haloperidol decanoate</a></td> <td>Haldol Decanoate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>20–400 mg/2–4 weeks</td> <td>3–9 days</td> <td colspan="2">18–21 days</td> <td>7.2–7.9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid3545764-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7185768-278">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine_pamoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Olanzapine pamoate">Olanzapine pamoate</a></td> <td>Zyprexa Relprevv</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>a</td> <td>150–405 mg/2–4 weeks</td> <td>7 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>30 days</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxyprothepin_decanoate" title="Oxyprothepin decanoate">Oxyprothepin decanoate</a></td> <td>Meclopin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>8.5–8.7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliperidone palmitate">Paliperidone palmitate</a></td> <td>Invega Sustenna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>a</td> <td>39–819 mg/4–12 weeks</td> <td>13–33 days</td> <td>25–139 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>8.1–10.1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perphenazine decanoate">Perphenazine decanoate</a></td> <td>Trilafon Dekanoat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>50–200 mg/2–4 weeks</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>27 days</td> <td>8.9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_enanthate" title="Perphenazine enanthate">Perphenazine enanthate</a></td> <td>Trilafon Enanthate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>25–200 mg/2 weeks</td> <td>2–3 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>4–7 days</td> <td>6.4–7.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-LarssonAxelsson1984-279">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine palmitate">Pipotiazine palmitate</a></td> <td>Piportil Longum</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscoleo" title="Viscoleo">Viscoleo</a>b</td> <td>25–400 mg/4 weeks</td> <td>9–10 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>14–21 days</td> <td>8.5–11.6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds1993-272">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_undecylenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine undecylenate">Pipotiazine undecylenate</a></td> <td>Piportil Medium</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></td> <td>100–200 mg/2 weeks</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>8.4</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></td> <td>Risperdal Consta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphere">Microspheres</a></td> <td>12.5–75 mg/2 weeks</td> <td>21 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>3–6 days</td> <td>–</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuclopentixol_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopentixol acetate">Zuclopentixol acetate</a></td> <td>Clopixol Acuphase</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscoleo" title="Viscoleo">Viscoleo</a>b</td> <td>50–200 mg/1–3 days</td> <td>1–2 days</td> <td colspan="2">1–2 days</td> <td>4.7–4.9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuclopentixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopentixol decanoate">Zuclopentixol decanoate</a></td> <td>Clopixol Depot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscoleo" title="Viscoleo">Viscoleo</a>b</td> <td>50–800 mg/2–4 weeks</td> <td>4–9 days</td> <td>?</td> <td>11–21 days</td> <td>7.5–9.0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Note: All by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>. Footnotes: a = <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">Microcrystalline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanocrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanocrystalline">nanocrystalline</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous suspension">aqueous suspension</a>. b = Low-<a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Fractionated_coconut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractionated coconut oil">fractionated coconut oil</a> with <a href="/wiki/Medium-chain_triglyceride" title="Medium-chain triglyceride">medium-chain triglycerides</a>). c = Predicted, from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> and <a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>. Sources: Main: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs,_OWID.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png/220px-Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png/330px-Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png/440px-Timeline_of_the_development_of_antipsychotic_drugs%2C_OWID.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the development of antipsychotic drugs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorazine_advert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/220px-Thorazine_advert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/330px-Thorazine_advert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thorazine_advert.jpg/440px-Thorazine_advert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for Thorazine (<a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>) from the 1950s, reflecting the perceptions of psychosis, including the now-discredited perception of a tendency towards violence, from the time when antipsychotics were discovered<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a></figcaption></figure> The original antipsychotic drugs were happened upon largely by chance and then tested for their effectiveness. The first, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, was developed as a surgical <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a>. It was first used on psychiatric patients because of its powerful calming effect; at the time it was regarded as a non-permanent "pharmacological <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-pieters-281">[280]</a> Lobotomy at the time was used to treat many behavioral disorders, including psychosis, although its effect was to markedly reduce behavior and mental functioning of all types. However, chlorpromazine proved to reduce the effects of psychosis in a more effective and specific manner than lobotomy, even though it was known to be capable of causing severe sedation. The underlying <a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">neurochemistry</a> involved has since been studied in detail, and subsequent antipsychotic drugs have been developed by <a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">rational drug design</a>. The discovery of chlorpromazine's psychoactive effects in 1952 led to further research that resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytics</a>, and the majority of other drugs now used in the management of psychiatric conditions. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Laborit" title="Henri Laborit">Henri Laborit</a> described chlorpromazine only as inducing indifference towards what was happening around them in nonpsychotic, nonmanic patients, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Delay" title="Jean Delay">Jean Delay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Deniker" title="Pierre Deniker">Pierre Deniker</a> described it as controlling manic or psychotic agitation. The former claimed to have discovered a treatment for agitation in anyone, and the latter team claimed to have discovered a treatment for psychotic illness.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Until the 1970s there was considerable debate within psychiatry on the most appropriate term to use to describe the new drugs.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> In the late 1950s the most widely used term was "neuroleptic", followed by "major <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizer</a>" and then "ataraxic".<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> The first recorded use of the term tranquilizer dates from the early nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> In 1953 Frederik F. Yonkman, a chemist at the Swiss-based <a href="/wiki/Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals" title="Ciba Specialty Chemicals">Cibapharmaceutical</a> company, first used the term tranquilizer to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a> from the older <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> The word neuroleptic was coined in 1955 by Delay and Deniker after their discovery (1952) of the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεῦρον">νεῦρον</a>" (neuron, originally meaning "<a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinew</a>" but today referring to the <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>) and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:λαμβάνω">λαμβάνω</a>" (lambanō, meaning "take hold of"). Thus, the word means taking hold of one's nerves. It was often taken to refer also to common side effects such as reduced activity in general, as well as lethargy and impaired motor control. Although these effects are unpleasant and in some cases harmful, they were at one time, along with akathisia, considered a reliable sign that the drug was working.<a href="#cite_note-pieters-281">[280]</a> The term "ataraxy" was coined by the neurologist Howard Fabing and the classicist Alister Cameron to describe the observed effect of psychic indifference and detachment in patients treated with chlorpromazine.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> This term derived from the Greek adjective "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀτάρακτος">ἀτάρακτος</a>" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ataractic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ataractic">ataraktos</a>), which means "not disturbed, not excited, without confusion, steady, calm".<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> In the use of the terms "tranquilizer" and "ataractic", medical practitioners distinguished between the "major tranquilizers" or "major ataractics", which referred to drugs used to treat psychoses, and the "minor tranquilizers" or "minor ataractics", which referred to drugs used to treat <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neuroses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> While popular during the 1950s, these terms are infrequently used today. They are being abandoned in favor of "antipsychotic", which refers to the drug's desired effects.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> Today, "minor tranquilizer" can refer to <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a> drugs such as the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbenzodiazepines">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, which are useful as generally short-term management for insomnia together with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> for insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> They are potentially addictive sedatives. Antipsychotics are broadly divided into two groups, the <a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">typical or first-generation antipsychotics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">atypical or second-generation antipsychotics</a>. The difference between first- and second-generation antipsychotics is a subject of debate. The second-generation antipsychotics are generally distinguishable by the presence of <a href="/wiki/5HT2A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="5HT2A receptor">5HT2A receptor</a> antagonism and a corresponding lower propensity for extrapyramidal side effects compared to first-generation antipsychotics.<a href="#cite_note-king-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The term major tranquilizer was used for older antipsychotic drugs. The term neuroleptic is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for antipsychotic, even though – strictly speaking – the two terms are not interchangeable. Antipsychotic drugs are a subgroup of neuroleptic drugs, because the latter have a wider range of effects.<a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Antipsychotics are a type of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> or psychotropic medication.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales">Sales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sales">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotics were once among the biggest selling and most profitable of all drugs, generating $22 billion in global sales in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-healthcarefinancenews.com-292">[291]</a> By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3.21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an estimated $2.82 billion. Over 2/3 of prescriptions were for the newer, more expensive atypicals, each costing on average $164 per year, compared to $40 for the older types.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17158480-293">[292]</a> By 2008, sales in the US reached $14.6 billion, the biggest selling drugs in the US by therapeutic class.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> In the five years since July 2017 the number of antipsychotic medicines dispensed in the community in the United Kingdom has increased by 11.2%. There have also been substantial price rises. Risperidone 6 mg tablets, the largest, increased from £3.09 in July 2017 to £41.16 in June 2022. The <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a> is spending an additional £33 million annually on antipsychotics. Haloperidol 500 microgram tablets constituted £14.3 million of this.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overprescription">Overprescription</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Overprescription">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotics in the nursing home population are often overprescribed, often for the purposes of making it easier to handle dementia patients. Federal efforts to reduce the use of antipsychotics in US nursing homes has led to a nationwide decrease in their usage in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Legal">edit</a>]</div> Antipsychotics are sometimes administered as part of compulsory psychiatric treatment via <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">inpatient (hospital) commitment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outpatient_commitment" title="Outpatient commitment">outpatient commitment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulations">Formulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Formulations">edit</a>]</div> They may be administered orally or, in some cases, through long-acting (depot) injections administered in the <a href="/wiki/Dorsogluteal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsogluteal muscle">dorsgluteal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventrogluteal_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventrogluteal area">ventrogluteal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a>. Short-acting parenteral formulations also exist, which are generally reserved for emergencies or when oral administration is otherwise impossible. The oral formulations include immediate release, extended release, and orally disintegrating products (which are not sublingual, and can help ensure that medications are swallowed instead of "cheeked"). Sublingual products (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>) also exist, which must be held under the tongue for absorption. The first <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal</a> formulation of an antipsychotic (transdermal asenapine, marketed as Secuado), was FDA-approved in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Carrithers_2020-299">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Recreational use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotics_abuse" title="Antipsychotics abuse">Antipsychotics abuse</a></div> Certain second-generation antipsychotics are <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse#Drug_misuse" title="Substance abuse">misused</a> or <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">abused</a> for their sedative, tranquilizing, and (<a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" title="Paradoxical reaction">paradoxically</a>) "hallucinogenic" effects.<a href="#cite_note-Bogart_2011-300">[299]</a> The most commonly implicated second-generation antipsychotic is <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bogart_2011-300">[299]</a> In case reports, quetiapine has been abused in doses taken by mouth (which is how the drug is available from the manufacturer), but also crushed and insufflated or mixed with water for injection into a vein.<a href="#cite_note-Bogart_2011-300">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a>, another sedating second-generation antipsychotic, has also been misused for similar reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Bogart_2011-300">[299]</a> There is no standard treatment for antipsychotic abuse, though switching to a second-generation antipsychotic with less abuse potential (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>) has been used.<a href="#cite_note-Bogart_2011-300">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Moncrieff" title="Joanna Moncrieff">Joanna Moncrieff</a> has argued that antipsychotic drug treatment is often undertaken as a means of control rather than to treat specific symptoms experienced by the patient.<a href="#cite_note-guard_1-301">[300]</a> Use of this class of drugs has a history of criticism in residential care. As the drugs used can make patients calmer and more compliant, critics claim that the drugs can be overused. Outside doctors can feel under pressure from care home staff.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> In an official review commissioned by UK government ministers it was reported that the needless use of antipsychotic medication in dementia care was widespread and was linked to 1800 deaths per year.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> In the US, the government has initiated legal action against the pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> for allegedly paying <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickbacks</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omnicare" title="Omnicare">Omnicare</a> to promote its antipsychotic <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> (Risperdal) in nursing homes.<a href="#cite_note-Hilzenrath-305">[304]</a> There has also been controversy about the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">role of pharmaceutical companies in marketing</a> and promoting antipsychotics, including allegations of downplaying or covering up adverse effects, expanding the number of conditions or illegally promoting off-label usage; influencing drug trials (or their publication) to try to show that the expensive and profitable newer atypicals were superior to the older cheaper typicals that were out of patent. Following charges of illegal marketing, settlements by two large pharmaceutical companies in the US set records for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-306">[305]</a> One case involved <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly and Company</a>'s antipsychotic <a href="/wiki/Zyprexa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zyprexa">Zyprexa</a>, and the other involved <a href="/wiki/Bextra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bextra">Bextra</a>. In the Bextra case, the government also charged <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, <a href="/wiki/Geodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodon">Geodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-306">[305]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> faces numerous personal-injury lawsuits from former users of <a href="/wiki/Seroquel" class="mw-redirect" title="Seroquel">Seroquel</a> (quetiapine), amidst federal[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] investigations of its marketing practices.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> By expanding the conditions for which they were indicated, Astrazeneca's Seroquel and Eli Lilly's Zyprexa had become the biggest selling antipsychotics in 2008 with global sales of $5.5 billion and $5.4 billion respectively.<a href="#cite_note-healthcarefinancenews.com-292">[291]</a> Harvard University medical professor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Biederman" title="Joseph Biederman">Joseph Biederman</a> conducted research on bipolar disorder in children that led to an increase in such diagnoses. A 2008 Senate[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] investigation found that Biederman also received $1.6 million in speaking and consulting fees between 2000 and 2007, some of them undisclosed to Harvard, from companies including makers of antipsychotic drugs prescribed for children with bipolar disorder. <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> gave more than $700,000 to a research center that was headed by Biederman from 2002 to 2005, where research was conducted, in part, on <a href="/wiki/Risperdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Risperdal">Risperdal</a>, the company's antipsychotic drug. Biederman has responded saying that the money did not influence him and that he did not promote a specific diagnosis or treatment.<a href="#cite_note-bied2010-306">[305]</a> Pharmaceutical companies have also been accused of attempting to set the mental health agenda through activities such as funding <a href="/wiki/Consumer_advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer advocacy groups">consumer advocacy groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15278977-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_populations">Special populations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Special populations">edit</a>]</div> It is recommended that persons with dementia who exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms should not be given antipsychotics before trying other treatments.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-309">[308]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] When taking antipsychotics this population has increased risk of cerebrovascular effects, <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">parkinsonism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">extrapyramidal symptoms</a>, sedation, confusion and other cognitive adverse effects, weight gain, and increased mortality.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-309">[308]</a> Physicians and caretakers of persons with dementia should try to address symptoms including agitation, aggression, apathy, anxiety, depression, irritability, and psychosis with alternative treatments whenever antipsychotic use can be replaced or reduced.<a href="#cite_note-APAfive_dementia-309">[308]</a> Elderly persons often have their dementia treated first with antipsychotics and this is not the best management strategy.<a href="#cite_note-AGSfive-310">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_antipsychotics" title="List of investigational antipsychotics">List of investigational antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic_switching" title="Antipsychotic switching">Antipsychotic switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditioned_avoidance_response_test" title="Conditioned avoidance response test">Conditioned avoidance response test</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Bolded drug names indicate drugs that are metabolites of clinically-marketed antipsychotics. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fin2009-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fin2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fin2009_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (2): 128–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2010.199">10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.199</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3476840">3476840</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21300943">21300943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Long-term+antipsychotic+treatment+and+brain+volumes%3A+a+longitudinal+study+of+first-episode+schizophrenia&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3476840%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21300943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2010.199&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=BC&rft.au=Andreasen%2C+NC&rft.au=Ziebell%2C+S&rft.au=Pierson%2C+R&rft.au=Magnotta%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3476840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moncrieff-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moncrieff_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moncrieff_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieffLeo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moncrieff J, Leo J (September 2010). "A systematic review of the effects of antipsychotic drugs on brain volume". Psychological Medicine. 40 (9): 1409–1422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291709992297">10.1017/S0033291709992297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20085668">20085668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23522488">23522488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+effects+of+antipsychotic+drugs+on+brain+volume&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1409-%3C%2Fspan%3E1422&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23522488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20085668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291709992297&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Leo%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopraFornitoFranceyO'Donoghue2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chopra S, Fornito A, Francey SM, O'Donoghue B, Cropley V, Nelson B, et al. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209146">"Differentiating the effect of antipsychotic medication and illness on brain volume reductions in first-episode psychosis: A Longitudinal, Randomised, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled MRI Study"</a>. Neuropsychopharmacology. 46 (8): 1494–1501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41386-021-00980-0">10.1038/s41386-021-00980-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8209146">8209146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33637835">33637835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Differentiating+the+effect+of+antipsychotic+medication+and+illness+on+brain+volume+reductions+in+first-episode+psychosis%3A+A+Longitudinal%2C+Randomised%2C+Triple-blind%2C+Placebo-controlled+MRI+Study&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1494-%3C%2Fspan%3E1501&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8209146%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33637835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41386-021-00980-0&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Fornito%2C+A&rft.au=Francey%2C+SM&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+B&rft.au=Cropley%2C+V&rft.au=Nelson%2C+B&rft.au=Graham%2C+J&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+L&rft.au=Tahtalian%2C+S&rft.au=Yuen%2C+HP&rft.au=Allott%2C+K&rft.au=Alvarez-Jimenez%2C+M&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+S&rft.au=Sabaroedin%2C+K&rft.au=Pantelis%2C+C&rft.au=Wood%2C+SJ&rft.au=McGorry%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8209146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> please see Chopra et al 2021: Strengths and limitations "only examined <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> please see Chopra et al 2021: Method Study design </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> please see Chopra et al 2021: Introduction, 3rd paragraph, Lieberman JA, et al. 2005 & Shao Y et al 2015, and Chopra et al: Are antipsychotics neuroprotective? 1st paragraph last sentence </li> <li id="cite_note-Shen-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Shen_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Shen WW (December 1999). 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The evolution of the nomenclature of antipsychotic drugs"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.date=2013-09&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-psychiatric-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988">, which cites <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. Vol. 1 (Second ed.). 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Retrieved 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Cariprazine+%E2%80%93+Gedeon+Richter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800021768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Csernansky2012-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Csernansky2012_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csernansky2012_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsernansky2012" class="citation book cs1">Csernansky JG (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiz6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360">Antipsychotics</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 360–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-61007-3"><bdi>978-3-642-61007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antipsychotics&rft.pages=360-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-61007-3&rft.aulast=Csernansky&rft.aufirst=JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhiz6CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing2013-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2013_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Andrew_Publishing2013" class="citation book cs1">William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA1077">Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia</a>. 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Elsevier. pp. 2935–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1856-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-1856-3"><bdi>978-0-8155-1856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmaceutical+Manufacturing+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2935-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-1856-3&rft.au=William+Andrew+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_J2ti4EkYpkC%26pg%3DPA2935-IA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing2007-Spiperone-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2007-Spiperone_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Andrew_Publishing2007" class="citation book cs1">William Andrew Publishing (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXpUAAAAMAAJ">Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia</a>. 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"On the pharmacokinetics of perphenazine: a clinical study of perphenazine enanthate and decanoate". Current Therapeutic Research. 36 (6): 1071–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Therapeutic+Research&rft.atitle=On+the+pharmacokinetics+of+perphenazine%3A+a+clinical+study+of+perphenazine+enanthate+and+decanoate.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1071-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+R&rft.au=Forsman%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> The text reads: "When the patient lashes out against 'them' – THORAZINE (brand of chlorpromazine) quickly puts an end to his violent outburst. 'Thorazine' is especially effective when the psychotic episode is triggered by delusions or hallucinations. At the outset of treatment, Thorazine's combination of antipsychotic and sedative effects provides both emotional and physical calming. Assaultive or destructive behavior is rapidly controlled. As therapy continues, the initial sedative effect gradually disappears. But the antipsychotic effect continues, helping to dispel or modify delusions, hallucinations and confusion, while keeping the patient calm and approachable. SMITH KLINE AND FRENCH LABORATORIES leaders in psychopharmaceutical research." </li> <li id="cite_note-pieters-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pieters_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pieters_281-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietersMajerus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pieters T, Majerus B (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709194021/http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/2251">"The introduction of chlorpromazine in Belgium and the Netherlands (1951–1968); tango between old and new treatment features"</a>. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 42 (4): 443–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2011.05.003">10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.05.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22035718">22035718</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/2251">the original</a> on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Biological+and+Biomedical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+introduction+of+chlorpromazine+in+Belgium+and+the+Netherlands+%281951%E2%80%931968%29%3B+tango+between+old+and+new+treatment+features&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2011.05.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22035718&rft.aulast=Pieters&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Majerus%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fhandle%2F10993%2F2251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2005" class="citation book cs1">Healy D (2005). Psychiatric Drugs Explained (4th ed.). Britain: Elsevier Limited. pp. 8, 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatric+Drugs+Explained.&rft.place=Britain&rft.pages=8%2C+17&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/204569">"tranquillizer, n"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63353-6"><bdi>978-0-521-63353-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318004651/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwRSahg71GkC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+the+extrapyramidal+side-effects+of+antipsychotic+drugs&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63353-6&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwRSahg71GkC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonAndersonBaldwinDijk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson S, Anderson K, Baldwin D, Dijk DJ, Espie A, Espie C, et al. (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/433092/1/BAP_sleep_consensus_update_DSB_19032019.docx">"British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders: An update"</a>. 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Psychiatry Volume 2. Saunders. p. 956. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-5257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-5257-3"><bdi>978-0-7216-5257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatry+Volume+2&rft.pages=956&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-5257-3&rft.aulast=Tasman&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-288"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyd2000" class="citation book cs1">Ayd FJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ea_QVG2BFy8C&pg=PA675">"neuroleptic"</a>. Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology, and the Neurosciences. 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Retrieved 1 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%3A+an+initiative+of+the+ABIM+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ten+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.au=American+Geriatrics+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-geriatrics-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988">, which cites <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Geriatrics_Society_2012_Beers_Criteria_Update_Expert_Panel2012" class="citation journal cs1">American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571677">"American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults"</a>. 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JAMA. 306 (12): 1359–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1360">10.1001/jama.2011.1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21954480">21954480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+comparative+effectiveness+of+atypical+antipsychotic+medications+for+off-label+uses+in+adults%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1359-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21954480&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Maglione%2C+M&rft.au=Bagley%2C+S&rft.au=Suttorp%2C+M&rft.au=Hu%2C+JH&rft.au=Ewing%2C+B&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Timmer%2C+M&rft.au=Sultzer%2C+D&rft.au=Shekelle%2C+PG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.2011.1360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderTariotDagermanDavis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, Lebowitz BD, Lyketsos CG, Ryan JM, Stroup TS, Sultzer DL, Weintraub D, Lieberman JA (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/h989rc48f">"Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (15): 1525–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmoa061240">10.1056/nejmoa061240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17035647">17035647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5861676">5861676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+of+atypical+antipsychotic+drugs+in+patients+with+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1525-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5861676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17035647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmoa061240&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Tariot%2C+PN&rft.au=Dagerman%2C+KS&rft.au=Davis%2C+SM&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+JK&rft.au=Ismail%2C+MS&rft.au=Lebowitz%2C+BD&rft.au=Lyketsos%2C+CG&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JM&rft.au=Stroup%2C+TS&rft.au=Sultzer%2C+DL&rft.au=Weintraub%2C+D&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fdownloads%2Fh989rc48f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallonDursunDeakin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fallon P, Dursun S, Deakin B (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736929">"Drug-induced supersensitivity psychosis revisited: characteristics of relapse in treatment-compliant patients"</a>. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2 (1): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2045125311431105">10.1177/2045125311431105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3736929">3736929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983951">23983951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Advances+in+Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Drug-induced+supersensitivity+psychosis+revisited%3A+characteristics+of+relapse+in+treatment-compliant+patients&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3736929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23983951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2045125311431105&rft.aulast=Fallon&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Dursun%2C+S&rft.au=Deakin%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3736929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntipsychotic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipsychotic&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antipsychotic_drugs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antipsychotic drugs">Antipsychotic drugs</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140613015650/http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/evidence/psychosis/q1/en/">Recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for treating psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091216100740/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/27/6/146/9">Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous? – the case for</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Australian Prescriber 2005 (note: pharmaceutical company conflict of interest statement at the end)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527054436/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/27/6/149/51/">Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous? – the case against</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Australian Prescriber 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/antipsychotics/first-generation-antipsychotics/">First Generation Antipsychotics: An Introduction</a>, Psychopharmacology Institute, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218075500/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2005/ANS01350.html">FDA Public Health Advisory</a> – Public Health Advisory for Antipsychotic Drugs used for Treatment of Behavioral Disorders in Elderly Patients, fda.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/treatments/antipsychoticmedication.aspx">Antipsychotic Medication</a> – information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists</li> <li>(in Portuguese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215858/http://www.medicina.ufrj.br/cursos/FROTA%20LIVRO%20I%20%26%20II.pdf">FROTA LH. Fifty Years of Antipsychotic Drugs in Psychiatry. "Cinqüenta Anos de Medicamentos Antipsicóticos em Psiquiatria."</a> 1st ed; Ebook: CD-Rom/On-Line Portuguese, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-903827-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/85-903827-1-0">85-903827-1-0</a>, File .pdf (Adobe Acrobat) 6Mb, Informática, Rio de Janeiro, August 2003, 486pp., medicina.ufrj.br</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antipsychotics_(N05A)453" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Template:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antipsychotics" title="Template talk:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antipsychotics_(N05A)453" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05A" title="ATC code N05">N05A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol_decanoate" title="Bromperidol decanoate">Bromperidol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol_decanoate" title="Haloperidol decanoate">Haloperidol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylbutylpiperidine" title="Diphenylbutylpiperidine">Diphenylbutylpiperidines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenothiazine" title="Phenothiazine">Phenothiazines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">Acetophenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaperazine" title="Butaperazine">Butaperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfenazine" title="Carfenazine">Carphenazine (carfenazine)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine decanoate">Fluphenazine decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine enanthate">Fluphenazine enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Periciazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perphenazine decanoate">Perphenazine decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_enanthate" title="Perphenazine enanthate">Perphenazine enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacetazine" title="Piperacetazine">Piperacetazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine palmitate">Pipotiazine palmitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_undecylenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine undecylenate">Pipotiazine undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulforidazine" title="Sulforidazine">Sulforidazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropazate" title="Thiopropazate">Thiopropazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thioxanthene" title="Thioxanthene">Thioxanthenes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clopenthixol decanoate">Clopenthixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flupentixol decanoate">Flupentixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">Tiotixene (thiothixene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopenthixol acetate">Zuclopenthixol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopenthixol decanoate">Zuclopenthixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzamide" title="Benzamide">Benzamides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a>‡</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyprothepin_decanoate" title="Oxyprothepin decanoate">Oxyprothepin decanoate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzisoxazole" title="Benzisoxazole">Benzisoxazole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benzisothiazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzisothiazole">benzisothiazoles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliperidone palmitate">Paliperidone palmitate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quinolinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinolinone">quinolinones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/samidorphan" title="Olanzapine/samidorphan">+samidorphan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine-depleting_agent" title="Monoamine-depleting agent">Monoamine-depleting agents</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxypertine" title="Oxypertine">Oxypertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Muscarinic agonists</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xanomeline/trospium_chloride" title="Xanomeline/trospium chloride">Xanomeline/trospium chloride</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unknown: <a href="/wiki/Azacyclonol" title="Azacyclonol">Azacyclonol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System1398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System1398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>stomach acid <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H2 antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H1 antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dopamine_receptor_modulators745" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dopamine_receptor_modulators745" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D1-like_receptor" title="D1-like receptor">D1-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Benzazepines: <a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoldopam" title="Fenoldopam">Fenoldopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-38,393" title="SKF-38,393">SKF-38,393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77,434" title="SKF-77,434">SKF-77,434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81,297" title="SKF-81,297">SKF-81,297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepipam" title="Trepipam">Trepipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelandopam" title="Zelandopam">Zelandopam</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ergolines: <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY-208,243" title="CY-208,243">CY-208,243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dihydrexidine derivatives: <a href="/wiki/A-77636" title="A-77636">A-77636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-86929" title="A-86929">A-86929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrogolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrogolide">Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapsoline" title="Dinapsoline">Dinapsoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxanthrine" title="Doxanthrine">Doxanthrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BCO-001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCO-001 (page does not exist)">BCO-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/A-68930" title="A-68930">A-68930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-6649751" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6649751">PF-6649751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF_6669571&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF 6669571 (page does not exist)">PF 6669571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89,145" title="SKF-89,145">SKF-89,145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKF-89,626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKF-89,626 (page does not exist)">SKF-89,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavapadon" title="Tavapadon">Tavapadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tetrahydroisoquinolines: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DETQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DETQ (page does not exist)">DETQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DPTQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPTQ (page does not exist)">DPTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevidalen" title="Mevidalen">Mevidalen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Typical antipsychotics: <a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pifluthixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pifluthixol (page does not exist)">Pifluthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Atypical antipsychotics: <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norquetiapine (page does not exist)">Norquetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Berupipam" title="Berupipam">Berupipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopipam" title="Ecopipam">Ecopipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odapipam" title="Odapipam">Odapipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-23390" title="SCH-23390">SCH-23390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D2-like_receptor" title="D2-like receptor">D2-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adamantanes: <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Aminotetralins: <a href="/wiki/5-OH-DPAT" title="5-OH-DPAT">5-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-OH-DPAT" title="7-OH-DPAT">7-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-OH-PBZI" title="8-OH-PBZI">8-OH-PBZI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ergolines: <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanoclavine" title="Chanoclavine">Chanoclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicriptine" title="Epicriptine">Epicriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocornine" title="Ergocornine">Ergocornine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">Lergotrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Dihydrexidine derivatives: <a href="/wiki/2-OH-NPA" title="2-OH-NPA">2-OH-NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Propyldihydrexidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Propyldihydrexidine (page does not exist)">N,N-Propyldihydrexidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Phenethylamines: <a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Atypical antipsychotics: <a href="/wiki/Alentemol" title="Alentemol">Alentemol (U-66444B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole/sertraline" title="Aripiprazole/sertraline">+sertraline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifeprunox" title="Bifeprunox">Bifeprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-412997" title="A-412997">A-412997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-670" title="ABT-670">ABT-670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-724" title="ABT-724">ABT-724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplindore" title="Aplindore">Aplindore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP-897" title="BP-897">BP-897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-226,269" title="CP-226,269">CP-226,269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">Mesulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxagolide" title="Naxagolide">Naxagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSU-6162" title="OSU-6162">OSU-6162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-168,077" title="PD-168,077">PD-168,077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-219,061" title="PF-219,061">PF-219,061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-592,379" title="PF-592,379">PF-592,379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukateine" title="Pukateine">Pukateine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">Quinagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinelorane" title="Quinelorane">Quinelorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinpirole" title="Quinpirole">Quinpirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-127" title="RDS-127">RDS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro10-5824" title="Ro10-5824">Ro10-5824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumanirole" title="Sumanirole">Sumanirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umespirone" title="Umespirone">Umespirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100,635" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-100,635">WAY-100,635</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Typical antipsychotics: <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">Acetophenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaperone" title="Azaperone">Azaperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaperazine" title="Butaperazine">Butaperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloracizine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloracizine">Chloracizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorproethazine" title="Chlorproethazine">Chlorproethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclindole" title="Ciclindole">Ciclindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clothixamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clothixamide (page does not exist)">Clothixamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopimozide" title="Clopimozide">Clopimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluacizine" title="Fluacizine">Fluacizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluanisone" title="Fluanisone">Fluanisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucindole" title="Flucindole">Flucindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluotracen" title="Fluotracen">Fluotracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluprothixene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluprothixene (page does not exist)">Fluprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homopipramol" title="Homopipramol">Homopipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenperone" title="Lenperone">Lenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranol" title="Naranol">Naranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perathiepin" title="Perathiepin">Perathiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Pericyazine (periciazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piflutixol (page does not exist)">Piflutixol (pifluthixol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothipendyl" title="Prothipendyl">Prothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone (spiroperidol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulforidazine" title="Sulforidazine">Sulforidazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teflutixol (page does not exist)">Teflutixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropazate" title="Thiopropazate">Thiopropazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zetidoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zetidoline (page does not exist)">Zetidoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Atypical antipsychotics: <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine (clothiapine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopiprazole" title="Elopiprazole">Elopiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumezapine" title="Flumezapine">Flumezapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazapertine" title="Mazapertine">Mazapertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaperidone" title="Ocaperidone">Ocaperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacetazine" title="Piperacetazine">Piperacetazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquindone" title="Piquindone">Piquindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenilapine" title="Tenilapine">Tenilapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: <a href="/wiki/Aceprometazine" title="Aceprometazine">Aceprometazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-8112" title="AS-8112">AS-8112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alizapride" title="Alizapride">Alizapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzquinamide" title="Benzquinamide">Benzquinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromopride" title="Bromopride">Bromopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clebopride" title="Clebopride">Clebopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deudomperidone" title="Deudomperidone">Deudomperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticlopride" title="Eticlopride">Eticlopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopimazine" title="Metopimazine">Metopimazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiethylperazine" title="Thiethylperazine">Thiethylperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazpiroben" title="Trazpiroben">Trazpiroben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethobenzamide" title="Trimethobenzamide">Trimethobenzamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpiropride" title="Alpiropride">Alpiropride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapride" title="Azapride">Azapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromerguride" title="Bromerguride">Bromerguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride" title="Desmethoxyfallypride">Desmethoxyfallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallypride" title="Fallypride">Fallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fananserin" title="Fananserin">Fananserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodobenzamide" title="Iodobenzamide">Iodobenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-741,626" title="L-741,626">L-741,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-745,870" title="L-745,870">L-745,870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">Metergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylspiperone" title="N-Methylspiperone">N-Methylspiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafadotride" title="Nafadotride">Nafadotride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raclopride" title="Raclopride">Raclopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-277,011-A" title="SB-277,011-A">SB-277,011-A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seridopidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seridopidine (page does not exist)">Seridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonepiprazole" title="Sonepiprazole">Sonepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SV-293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SV-293 (page does not exist)">SV-293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators">Adrenergics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mood_disorder226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mood_disorders" title="Template talk:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mood_disorder226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">Spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_in_children" title="Bipolar disorder in children">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">Hypomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_affective_state" title="Mixed affective state">Mixed affective state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid cycling">Rapid cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_episode" title="Major depressive episode">Major depressive episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression in childhood and adolescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comorbidities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(differential_diagnoses)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (differential diagnoses)">Depression (differential diagnoses)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">Mood swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">Psychotic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_thoughts" title="Racing thoughts">Racing thoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_affect_display" title="Reduced affect display">Reduced affect display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" title="List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">Diagnosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Spectrum_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale">Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Child Mania Rating Scale">Child Mania Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Behavior_Inventory" title="General Behavior Inventory">General Behavior Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania_Checklist" title="Hypomania Checklist">Hypomania Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_Disorder_Questionnaire" title="Mood Disorder Questionnaire">Mood Disorder Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rating_scales_for_depression" title="Rating scales for depression">Rating scales for depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Young Mania Rating Scale">Young Mania Rating Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder" title="Treatment of bipolar disorder">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a> and similar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">Lithium citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfate" title="Lithium sulfate">Lithium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium toxicity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Light therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bipolar_disorder" title="History of bipolar disorder">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_K._Goodwin" title="Frederick K. Goodwin">Frederick K. Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cade" title="John Cade">John Cade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard" title="Karl Leonhard">Karl Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Redfield_Jamison" title="Kay Redfield Jamison">Kay Redfield Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Schou" title="Mogens Schou">Mogens Schou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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