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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94"><span>ดิสคอร์ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 1.6875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="สารานุกรมเสรี" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-th.svg" width="100" height="18" style="width: 6.25em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue 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placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ประชากร" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ประชากร"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ประชากร</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ประชากร-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-รายพระนาม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#รายพระนาม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>รายพระนาม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-รายพระนาม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-บรรณานุกรม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#บรรณานุกรม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>บรรณานุกรม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-บรรณานุกรม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 70 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_de_Cordoba" title="Califato de Cordoba – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Califato de Cordoba" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="خلافة قرطبة – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلافة قرطبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatu_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Califatu de Córdoba – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Califatu de Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordova_xilaf%C9%99ti" title="Kordova xilafəti – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kordova xilafəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قرطبه خیلافتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرطبه خیلافتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Кордова хәлифәлеге – บัชคีร์" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кордова хәлифәлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="บัชคีร์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордаўскі халіфат – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кордаўскі халіфат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордовски халифат – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кордовски халифат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4" title="কর্দোবা খিলাফত – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্দোবা খিলাফত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifiezh_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kalifiezh Córdoba – เบรตัน" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalifiezh Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="เบรตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_de_C%C3%B2rdova" title="Califat de Còrdova – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Califat de Còrdova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="خەلافەتی ئەمەوی لە ئەندەلوس – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەلافەتی ئەمەوی لە ئەندەلوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdobsk%C3%BD_chal%C3%ADf%C3%A1t" title="Córdobský chalífát – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Córdobský chalífát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba-kalifatet" title="Córdoba-kalifatet – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Córdoba-kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_von_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kalifat von Córdoba – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalifat von Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χαλιφάτο της Κόρδοβας – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλιφάτο της Κόρδοβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate of Córdoba – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Caliphate of Córdoba" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliflando_de_Kordovo" title="Kaliflando de Kordovo – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaliflando de Kordovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Califato de Córdoba – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Califato de Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_kalifaat" title="Córdoba kalifaat – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Córdoba kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordobako_Kalifa-herria" title="Kordobako Kalifa-herria – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kordobako Kalifa-herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="خلافت قرطبه – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلافت قرطبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoban_kalifaatti" title="Córdoban kalifaatti – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Córdoban kalifaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Califat de Cordoue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Califato de Córdoba – กาลิเซีย" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Califato de Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="กาลิเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="ח'ליפות קורדובה – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'ליפות קורדובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A4" title="कोर्डोबा खिलाफत – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोर्डोबा खिलाफत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdobai_Kalif%C3%A1tus" title="Córdobai Kalifátus – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Córdobai Kalifátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կորդովայի խալիֆայություն – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորդովայի խալիֆայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Kordoba" title="Kekhalifahan Kordoba – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhalifahan Kordoba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califfato_di_Cordova" title="Califfato di Cordova – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Califfato di Cordova" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E6%9C%9D" title="後ウマイヤ朝 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="後ウマイヤ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="კორდოვის სახალიფო – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორდოვის სახალიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кордоба халифаты – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кордоба халифаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%94_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="코르도바 칼리파국 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코르도바 칼리파국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кордова халифаты – คีร์กีซ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кордова халифаты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="คีร์กีซ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphatus_Cordubae" title="Caliphatus Cordubae – ละติน" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caliphatus Cordubae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ละติน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordobos_kalifatas" title="Kordobos kalifatas – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kordobos kalifatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordovas_kalif%C4%81ts" title="Kordovas kalifāts – ลัตเวีย" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kordovas kalifāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ลัตเวีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордопски Калифат – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кордопски Калифат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="കൊർദോവ ഖിലാഫത്ത് – มาลายาลัม" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊർദോവ ഖിലാഫത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="มาลายาลัม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A4" title="कोर्दोबाची खिलाफत – มราฐี" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोर्दोबाची खिलाफत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="มราฐี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Cordoba" title="Kekhalifahan Cordoba – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekhalifahan Cordoba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kalifaat Córdoba – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalifaat Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba-kalifatet" title="Córdoba-kalifatet – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Córdoba-kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_de_C%C3%B2rdoa" title="Califat de Còrdoa – อ็อกซิตัน" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Califat de Còrdoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="อ็อกซิตัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_Kordoby" title="Kalifat Kordoby – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalifat Kordoby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%81" title="خلافت قرطبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلافت قرطبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%90_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="د قرطبې خلافت – พัชโต" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د قرطبې خلافت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="พัชโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califado_de_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Califado de Córdova – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califado de Córdova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatul_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Califatul Córdoba – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Califatul Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордовский халифат – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кордовский халифат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordopski_Kalifat" title="Kordopski Kalifat – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kordopski Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdobsk%C3%BD_kalif%C3%A1t" title="Córdobský kalifát – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Córdobský kalifát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DA%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="امارت بنی امیہ اندلس دی خلافت اچ تبدیلی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="امارت بنی امیہ اندلس دی خلافت اچ تبدیلی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordovski_kalifat" title="Kordovski kalifat – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kordovski kalifat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilafeti_i_Kordob%C3%ABs" title="Hilafeti i Kordobës – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hilafeti i Kordobës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордопски калифат – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кордопски калифат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifatet_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Kalifatet Córdoba – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalifatet Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhalifa_wa_Cordoba" title="Ukhalifa wa Cordoba – สวาฮีลี" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukhalifa wa Cordoba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="สวาฮีลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குர்துபா கலீபகம் – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குர்துபா கலீபகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordowa_halifaty" title="Kordowa halifaty – เติร์กเมน" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kordowa halifaty" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="เติร์กเมน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%C3%BCl%C3%BCs_Emev%C3%AE_Devleti" title="Endülüs Emevî Devleti – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endülüs Emevî Devleti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кордовський халіфат – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кордовський халіфат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%81" title="خلافت قرطبہ – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلافت قرطبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurtuba_xalifaligi" title="Qurtuba xalifaligi – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qurtuba xalifaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Caliphate Córdoba – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caliphate Córdoba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="后倭马亚王朝 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="后倭马亚王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦哈里发国 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科尔多瓦哈里发国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="科爾多巴哈里發國 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科爾多巴哈里發國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="ดูหน้าเนื้อหา [c]" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&oldid=11874509" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&id=11874509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25AE%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B0"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2590%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25AE%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B0"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171740" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พิกัดภูมิศาสตร์">พิกัด</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11440494">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&params=37_53_N_4_46_W_source:eswiki_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้"><span class="latitude">37°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°46′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="แผนที่ ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศ และข้อมูลอื่นเกี่ยวกับสถานที่นี้">37.883°N 4.767°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.883; -4.767</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะ</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><span title="ข้อความภาษาอาหรับ"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خلافة قرطبة</span></span><br /><i>Khilāfat Qurṭubah</i> <span class="languageicon">(ในภาษาอาหรับ)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">929–1031</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะราว ค.ศ. 1000"><img alt="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะราว ค.ศ. 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/250px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/375px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/500px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="594" /></a></span><div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะราว ค.ศ. 1000</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="เมืองหลวง">เมืองหลวง</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99)" title="กอร์โดบา (ประเทศสเปน)">กอร์โดบา</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ภาษาทั่วไป</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10552737">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภาษาอาหรับอันดาลูซีอา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อาหรับอันดาลูซีอา</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภาษาโมซาราบิก (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โมซาราบิก</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="กลุ่มภาษาเบอร์เบอร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กลุ่มภาษาเบอร์เบอร์</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="ภาษาฮีบรู">ฮีบรู</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ภาษาฮีบรูสมัยกลาง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮีบรูสมัยกลาง</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ศาสนา <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><div class="hlist">ส่วนใหญ่:<br /><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ซุนนี">อิสลามนิกายซุนนี</a> <p>ส่วนน้อย:<br /><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="คริสต์">คริสต์</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ยูดาห์">ยูดาห์</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">การปกครอง</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชาธิปไตย">ราชาธิปไตย</a>แบบ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="เทวาธิปไตย">เทวาธิปไตย</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ประวัติศาสตร์</th><td> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3</a> ประกาศเป็น <i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="เคาะลีฟะฮ์">เคาะลีฟะฮ์</a></i>แห่งกอร์โดบา<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td>929</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• สลายตัวไปเป็นหลายอาณาจักร<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไตฟา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไตฟา</a>อิสระ </div></th><td>1031</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">พื้นที่</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row">ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1000<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera495_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera495-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td>600,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (230,000 ตารางไมล์)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">ประชากร</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1000 </div></th><td>10,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>ก่อนหน้า</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>ถัดไป</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เอมิเรตแห่งกอร์โดบา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เอมิเรตแห่งกอร์โดบา</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์อิดรีซิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ราชวงศ์อิดรีซิด</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไตฟาแห่งกอร์โดบา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไตฟาแห่งกอร์โดบา</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไตฟาแห่งเดนิอา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไตฟาแห่งเดนิอา</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไตฟาแห่งบาดาโฆซ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไตฟาแห่งบาดาโฆซ</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ไตฟาแห่งโตเลโด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ไตฟาแห่งโตเลโด</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์อัลโมราวิด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ราชวงศ์อัลโมราวิด</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">ปัจจุบันเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ</th><td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยิบรอลตาร์">ยิบรอลตาร์</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สหราชอาณาจักร">สหราชอาณาจักร</a>)<br 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AD-thai.svg/75px-AD-thai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/AD-thai.svg/100px-AD-thai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="29" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">บทความนี้อ้างอิง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="วิกิพีเดีย:โครงการวันเดือนปี/การใช้ปีคริสต์ศักราชอ้างอิง">คริสต์ศักราช/คริสต์ทศวรรษ/คริสต์ศตวรรษ</a> ซึ่งเป็นสาระสำคัญของเนื้อหา</div></div> </div> <p><b>รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์กุรฏุบะ</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ภาษาอาหรับ">อาหรับ</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خلافة قرطبة</span>) ปกครอง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย">คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย</a>และ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="แอฟริกาเหนือ">แอฟริกาเหนือ</a>จากเมือง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99)" title="กอร์โดบา (ประเทศสเปน)">กุรฏุบะ</a>ตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 929 จนถึง ค.ศ. 1031 สมัยนี้เป็นสมัยของความรุ่งเรืองทางการค้าขายและทางวัฒนธรรม สถาปัตยกรรมอิสลามชิ้นเอกหลายชิ้นของไอบีเรียสร้างขึ้นในสมัยนี้ รวมทั้ง<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="มัสยิด-อาสนวิหารกอร์โดบา">มัสยิดใหญ่แห่งกอร์โดบา</a> (Great Mosque of Córdoba) ในเดือนมกราคม ค.ศ. 929 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3</a>ประกาศตนเป็น “เคาะลีฟะฮ์” แห่งกอร์โดบา<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200438_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200438-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> แทนตำแหน่ง “เอมีร์แห่งกอร์โดบา” (Emir of Córdoba) เดิม อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3 มาจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์อุมัยยะฮ์">ราชวงศ์อุมัยยะฮ์</a>ราชวงศ์ที่มีตำแหน่งเป็น<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="เอมีร์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เอมีร์</a>แห่งกอร์โดบามาตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 756 การปกครองในฐานะกาหลิบถือกันว่าเป็นสมัยที่รุ่งเรืองที่สุดของมุสลิมใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย">คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย</a> </p><p>อาณาจักรสลายตัวไปแทบทั้งหมดในสงครามกลางเมืองระหว่างผู้สืบเชื้อสายจากกาหลิบ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ฮิชามที่ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮิชามที่ 2</a> และผู้สืบการปกครองจากนายกรัฐมนตรี (hayib) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อัลมันศูร อิบน์ อะบี อามิร (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัลมันศูร อิบน์ อะบี อามิร</a> ส่วนที่เหลืออยู่บ้างก็อยู่มาจนถึง ค.ศ. 1031 เมื่อหลังจากการต่อสู้กันภายในต่อเนื่องกันอยู่หลายปีก็แตกแยกออกไปเป็นไตฟา (Taifa) หรือรัฐย่อย ๆ<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChejne197443–49_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChejne197443–49-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ประชากร"><span id=".E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.8A.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3"></span>ประชากร</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: ประชากร"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Glick รายงานว่า "แม้จะมีการอพยพออกไปเป็นจำนวนมากในช่วงภัยแล้งและความอดอยากในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 750 การอพยพเข้าของชาวเบอร์เบอร์ที่มาใหม่จากแอฟริกาเหนือเป็นคุณลักษณะที่คงที่ของประวัติศาสตร์อันดาลูซี ซึ่งทำให้มีประชากรเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างรวดเร็วในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10 ชาวฮิสแปนิก-โรมันที่หันมาเข้ารับอิสลามจำนวน 6 หรือ 7 ล้านคน เป็นประชากรส่วนใหญ่และยังครอบครองลำดับสังคมขั้นต่ำสุด"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlick2005202_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick2005202-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> มีการประมาณว่าเมืองหลวงมีประชากรประมาณ 450,000 คน ทำให้เป็นเมืองที่มีประชากรมากเป็นอันดับ 2 ของยุโรปในขณะนั้น<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="รายพระนาม"><span id=".E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.A1"></span>รายพระนาม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: รายพระนาม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์แห่งกอร์โดบา</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์อุมัยยะฮ์">อุมัยยะฮ์</a>แห่งกอร์โดบา</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>เคาะลีฟะฮ์ </th> <th>ครองราชย์ </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 3 อันนาศิร ลิดีนิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>16 มกราคม 929 – 15 ตุลาคม 961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อัลฮะกัมที่ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัลฮะกัมที่ 2 อัลมุสตันศิร บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>15 ตุลาคม 961 – 16 ตุลาคม 976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ฮิชามที่ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮิชามที่ 2 อัลมุอัยยัด บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>16 ตุลาคม 976 – 1009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="มุฮัมมัดที่ 2 แห่งกอร์โดบา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มุฮัมมัดที่ 2 อัลมะฮ์ดี บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สุลัยมาน อิบน์ อัลฮะกัม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สุลัยมาน อัลมุสตะอีน บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1009 – 1010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ฮิชามที่ 2 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮิชามที่ 2 อัลมุอัยยัด บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1010 – 19 เมษายน 1013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สุลัยมาน อิบน์ อัลฮะกัม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สุลัยมาน อัลมุสตะอีน บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1013 – 1016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 4 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 4 อัลมุรตะฎอ บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1017 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์ฮัมมูด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮัมมูด</a>แห่งกอร์โดบา</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อันนาศิร (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อันนาศิร ลิดีนัลลอฮ์</a> </td> <td>1016–1018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อัลกอซิม อัลมะอ์มูน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัลมะอ์มูน อัลกอซิม อิบน์ ฮัมมูด</a> </td> <td>1018–1021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ยะห์ยา อิบน์ อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อัลมัวะอ์ตะลี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยะห์ยา อิบน์ อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อัลมัวะอ์ตะลี บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1021–1023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อัลกอซิม อัลมะอ์มูน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อัลมะอ์มูน อัลกอซิม อิบน์ ฮัมมูด</a> </td> <td>1023 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์อุมัยยะฮ์">อุมัยยะฮ์</a>แห่งกอร์โดบา (ฟื้นฟู)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 5 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">อับดุรเราะห์มานที่ 5 อัลมุสตัซฮิร บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1023 – 1024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="มุฮัมมัดที่ 3 แห่งกอร์โดบา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">มุฮัมมัดที่ 3 อัลมุสตักฟี บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1024 – 1025 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ราชวงศ์ฮัมมูด (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮัมมูด</a>แห่งกอร์โดบา (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ช่วงว่างระหว่างรัชกาล (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ช่วงว่างระหว่างรัชกาล</a>)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ยะห์ยา อิบน์ อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อัลมัวะอ์ตะลี (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ยะห์ยา อิบน์ อะลี อิบน์ ฮัมมูด อัลมัวะอ์ตะลี บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1025–1026 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>เคาะลีฟะฮ์<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์อุมัยยะฮ์">อุมัยยะฮ์</a>แห่งกอร์โดบา (ฟื้นฟู)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ฮิชามที่ 3 แห่งกอร์โดบา (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ฮิชามที่ 3 อัลมัวะอ์ตัด บิลลาฮ์</a> </td> <td>1026–1031 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์สิ้นสุด</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAzizur_Rahman2001" class="citation book cs1">Azizur Rahman, Syed (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRAsAQAAIAAJ&q=oath+of+allegiance"><i>The Story of Islamic Spain</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(snippet view)</span>. New Delhi: Goodword Books. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-81-87570-57-8" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-81-87570-57-8"><bdi>978-81-87570-57-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>[Emir Abdullah died on] 16 Oct., 912 after 26 years of inglorious rule leaving his fragmented and bankrupt kingdom to his grandson ‘Abd ar-Rahman. The following day, the new sultan received the oath of allegiance at a ceremony held in the "Perfect salon" (al-majils al-kamil) of the Alcazar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Goodword+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87570-57-8&rft.aulast=Azizur+Rahman&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRAsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Doath%2Bof%2Ballegiance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera495-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera495_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rein_Taagepera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rein Taagepera (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Taagepera, Rein</a> (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Studies_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Studies Quarterly (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">International Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. สืบค้นเมื่อ <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarton200438-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarton200438_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarton2004">Barton 2004</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChejne197443–49-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChejne197443–49_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChejne1974">Chejne 1974</a>, pp. 43–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlick2005202-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlick2005202_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlick2005">Glick 2005</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The rate of conversion is slow until the tenth century (less than one-quarter of the eventual total number of converts had been converted); the explosive period coincides closely with the reign of 'Abd al-Rahman III (912–961); the process is completed (eighty percent converted) by around 1100. The curve, moreover, makes possible a reasonable estimate of the religious distribution of the population. Assuming that there were seven million Hispano-Romans in the peninsula in 711 and that the numbers of this segment of the population remained level through the eleventh century (with population growth balancing out Christian migration to the north), then by 912 there would have been approximately 2.8 million indigenous Muslims (muwalladûn) plus Arabs and Berbers. At this point Christians still vastly outnumbered Muslims. By 1100, however, the number of indigenous Muslims would have risen to a majority of 5.6 million." <a href="#CITEREFGlick2005">Glick 2005</a>, pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertius Chandler, <i>Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewiston,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewiston, New York (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Mellen_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Mellen Press (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-88946-207-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-88946-207-0">0-88946-207-0</a>. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/citemtoc.htm">The Institute for Research on World-Systems</a>; <i>Largest Cities Through History</i> by Matt T. Rosenberg; or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD">The Etext Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211233018/http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD">เก็บถาวร</a> 2008-02-11 ที่ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน">เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน</a>. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="บรรณานุกรม"><span id=".E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.93.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B8.E0.B8.81.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.A1"></span>บรรณานุกรม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="แก้ไขส่วน: บรรณานุกรม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8938631">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2004" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Simon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeAcBQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Spain</i></a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0333632575" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0333632575"><bdi>0333632575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0333632575&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeAcBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" เมื่อ มีนาคม 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:ลิงก์เสีย">ลิงก์เสีย</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFChejne1974" class="citation book cs1">Chejne, Anwar G. (1974). <i>Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture</i>. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0816606889" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0816606889"><bdi>0816606889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain%3A+Its+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0816606889&rft.aulast=Chejne&rft.aufirst=Anwar+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFGlick2005" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Thomas F. (2005) [1999]. <i>Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages</i>. The Netherlands: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+and+Christian+Spain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10791470">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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