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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>On the internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Revenge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انتقام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Помста – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Помста" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagbalos" title="Pagbalos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagbalos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Отмъщение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отмъщение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial" title="Dial – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dial" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venjan%C3%A7a" title="Venjança – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venjança" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6vn" title="Hævn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hævn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rache" title="Rache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ttemaks" title="Kättemaks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kättemaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εκδίκηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκδίκηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venganza" title="Venganza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venganza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%9Do" title="Venĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeku" title="Mendeku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendeku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انتقام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance" title="Vengeance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vengeance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraak" title="Wraak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wraak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinganza" title="Vinganza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vinganza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%98" title="복수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AA" title="Վրեժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրեժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="प्रतिशोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिशोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osveta" title="Osveta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osveta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendam" title="Dendam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dendam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendetta" title="Vendetta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vendetta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%94" title="נקמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ಸೇಡು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಡು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1manablas" title="Pámanablas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pámanablas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisasi" title="Kisasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C5%A1tas" title="Kerštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kerštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossz%C3%BA_(indulat)" title="Bosszú (indulat) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bosszú (indulat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Одмазда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одмазда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendam" title="Dendam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dendam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraak" title="Wraak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wraak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E5%BE%A9" title="報復 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="報復" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevn" title="Hevn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hevn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemn" title="Hemn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hemn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendetta" title="Vendetta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vendetta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemsta_(etyka)" title="Zemsta (etyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zemsta (etyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingan%C3%A7a" title="Vingança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vingança" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zbunare" title="Răzbunare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Răzbunare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Месть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Месть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Иэстэбил – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иэстэбил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakmarrja" title="Hakmarrja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hakmarrja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Revenge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95" title="تۆڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Освета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Освета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosto" title="Kosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4mnd" title="Hämnd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hämnd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghihiganti" title="Paghihiganti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paghihiganti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பழிவாங்குதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழிவாங்குதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntikam" title="İntikam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İntikam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Помста – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Помста" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Retaliate" and "Retaliation" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Revenge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Revenge (disambiguation)">Revenge (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retaliation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Retaliation (disambiguation)">Retaliation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg/220px-Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg/330px-Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg/440px-Peinture_Palais_de_Justice_de_Toulouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><i>Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1805</span>–1808</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Revenge</b> is defined as committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a <a href="/wiki/Grievance" title="Grievance">grievance</a>, be it real<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vengeful forms of justice, such as primitive <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retributive justice</a>, are often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as <a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">distributive justice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">restorative justice</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_in_society">Function in society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function in society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg/160px-DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg/240px-DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg/320px-DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto_m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2458" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> deities of vengeance and death</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius,_in_Shakespeare%27s_Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius%2C_in_Shakespeare%27s_Hamlet.jpg/250px-Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius%2C_in_Shakespeare%27s_Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius%2C_in_Shakespeare%27s_Hamlet.jpg/330px-Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius%2C_in_Shakespeare%27s_Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-killingscene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killingscene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist: <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychologist</a> Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power, by authority and by the desire for status. They don't want to <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">lose face</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is then called a <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These societies usually regard the <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honor</a> of individuals and groups as of central importance. Thus, while protecting their reputation, an avenger feels as if they restore the previous state of <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, "Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, honor may become a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">heritage</a> that passes from <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> to generation. Whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial "balance of honor" that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand-new, endless cycle of revenge that may pervade generations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg/220px-Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg/330px-Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg/440px-Notification_on_21_October_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>German announcement of killing 2300 civilians in <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac_massacre" title="Kragujevac massacre">Kragujevac massacre</a> as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers. Nazi-occupied <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a>, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> described revenge as a kind of "wild justice" that "does [..]. offend the law [and] putteth the law out of office."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">Feuds</a> are cycles of <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a> and retaliation, fueled by a desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups. They were an important part of many <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial societies</a>, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> with its tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">gjakmarrja</a></i> or "blood feuds", revenge that is carried out not only by the individual, but by their extended relations for generations to come.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood feuds are still practised in many parts of the world, including Kurdish regions of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, honouring one's family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called "katakiuchi" (敵討ち). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means, but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_psychology">Social psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic in <a href="/wiki/Organizational_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational psychology">Organizational psychology</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">Workplace revenge</a>.</div> <p>Philosophers tend to believe that to punish and to take revenge are vastly different activities:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "One who undertakes to punish rationally does not do so for the sake of the wrongdoing, which is now in the past - but for the sake of the future, that the wrongdoing shall not be repeated, either by him, or by others who see him, or by others who see him punished".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, seeking revenge is motivated by a yearning to see a transgressor suffer; revenge is necessarily preceded by anger, whereas punishment does not have to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, Kaiser, Vick, and Major point out the following: "An important psychological implication of the various efforts to define revenge is that there is no objective standard for declaring an act to be motivated by revenge or not. Revenge is a label that is ascribed based on perceivers’ attributions for the act. Revenge is an inference, regardless of whether the individuals making the inference are the harmdoers themselves, the injured parties, or outsiders. Because revenge is an inference, various individuals can disagree on whether the same action is revenge or not."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">just-world fallacy</a> is also associated with revenge: in particular, having strong experiences or challenges against, can increase distress and motivate individuals to seek revenge, as a means of justice restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing body of research reveals that a vengeful <i>disposition</i> is correlated to adverse health outcomes: strong desires for revenge and greater willingness to act on these desires have been correlated with <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> symptoms and psychiatric morbidity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popular expression "revenge is a dish best served cold" suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long-feared, inverting traditional civilized<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revulsion toward "cold-blooded" violence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea's origin is obscure. The French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> (1754–1838) has been credited with the saying, "La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid" ["Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold"], albeit without supporting detail.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel <i>Mathilde</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Joseph Marie Eugène Sue</a>: "<i>la vengeance se mange très bien froide</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-EugeneSue1845_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EugeneSue1845-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying, and translated "revenge is very good eaten cold".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase has been wrongly credited<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Liaisons_Dangereuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Liaisons Dangereuses">Les Liaisons Dangereuses</a></i> (1782). </p><p>The phrase has also been credited to the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fergusson2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fergusson2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier speakers of English might use the set phrase "with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wanion" class="extiw" title="wikt:wanion">wanion</a>" rather than the more modern standard "with a vengeance" to express intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Japanese proverb states, "If you want revenge, then dig two graves". While this reference is frequently misunderstood by Western audiences, the Japanese reader understands that this proverb means that enactors of revenge must be more dedicated to killing their enemy than to surviving the ordeal themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg/240px-Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg/360px-Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg/480px-Konishi_Hirosada_-_Igagoe_buyuden_-_Walters_95712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Igagoe_vendetta" title="Igagoe vendetta">Igagoe buyuden</a></i>. This is an episode from a popular story of revenge – how the son of a murdered <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> tracked the killer over all Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art. Some examples include the painting <i>Herodias' Revenge</i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Flandes" title="Juan de Flandes">Juan de Flandes</a> and the operas <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>, both by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>. In Japanese art, revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the <a href="/wiki/Forty-seven_r%C5%8Dnin" title="Forty-seven rōnin">forty-seven rōnin</a> by many well-known and influential artists, including <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a>. The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it depicts more specifically familial revenge, which is placed in the context of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian morality</a> and social hierarchical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in contemporary works.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, and the short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Cask_of_Amontillado" title="The Cask of Amontillado">The Cask of Amontillado</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. More modern examples include the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Carrie_(novel)" title="Carrie (novel)">Carrie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_Girl_(novel)" title="Gone Girl (novel)">Gone Girl</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Flynn" title="Gillian Flynn">Gillian Flynn</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(novel)" title="The Princess Bride (novel)">The Princess Bride</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Goldman" title="William Goldman">William Goldman</a>. Although revenge is a theme in itself, it is also considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries. Such themes include but are not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Disguise" title="Disguise">disguise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masking_(behavior)" title="Masking (behavior)">masking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">grotesque</a>, bodily fluids, power, violent murders, and secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each theme is usually coupled with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Irony#Dramatic_irony" title="Irony">dramatic irony</a>. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel, play, or film.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text, especially in the final act or scene. The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters' childhood development.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with each other. A character may employ disguise literally or <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a>. A mask is the literal example of this theme; while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example. Additional themes that may cause the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a> to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex, power, and even <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_Girl_(novel)" title="Gone Girl (novel)">Gone Girl</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Flynn" title="Gillian Flynn">Gillian Flynn</a>, as well as the aforementioned drama, <i>Titus Andronicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_internet">On the internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On the internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> has provided new ways of exacting revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customer revenge targets businesses and corporations with the intent to cause damage or harm.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, people tend to place more credence in <a href="/wiki/Customer_review" title="Customer review">online reviews</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Corporate_communication" title="Corporate communication">corporate communications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With technology becoming more readily available, corporations and firms are more likely to experience damage caused by negative reviews posted online going <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral</a>. Recent studies indicate this type of consumer rage aimed at corporations is becoming more common, especially in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> act as public platforms for exacting new forms of revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a> involves the vengeful public <a href="/wiki/Dissemination" title="Dissemination">dissemination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">intimate</a> pictures and videos of another person's <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a> with the intent of creating widespread <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participation in online revenge porn activities incites a sense of pleasure through the harm, embarrassment, and humiliation being inflicted on the victim. The allowance of <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a> on revenge porn sites encourages further incivility by empowering and encouraging this type of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many instances, the original poster provides the victim's personal information, including links to social media accounts, furthering the harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online revenge porn's origins can be traced to 2010 when <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Moore" title="Hunter Moore">Hunter Moore</a> created the first site, <i><a href="/wiki/Is_Anyone_Up%3F" title="Is Anyone Up?">IsAnyoneUp</a></i>, to share nude photos of his girlfriend.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_animals">In animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans are not the only species known to take revenge. There are several species such as <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions">lions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coots" class="mw-redirect" title="Coots">coots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Horsfall_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horsfall-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corvus" title="Corvus">crows</a>, and many species of primates (<a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baboon" title="Baboon">baboons</a>, etc.) that have been recognized to seek revenge. <a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a> and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates. They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge. For example, if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent, chimpanzee C, then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A's opponent in a later squabble. Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance. Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of crows by Professor John Marzluff have also shown that some animals can carry "blood feuds" in similar ways to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a "dangerous" mask to cover their face and trap, band, and then release crows, Marzluff observed that within two weeks, a significant percentage of crows encountered - 26%, to be exact - would "scold" the people wearing the dangerous mask, proving that crows pass information pertaining to feuds within their family units to spread awareness about dangers they may face.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included crows not initially trapped by the mask-wearing researchers, seeing as some of the crows were un-banded. This was further proven three years after the initial study, as the percentage of "scolding" crows increased to 66% from the initial 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Revenge%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"Revenge"">All pages with titles containing <i>Revenge</i></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">Cycle of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Work_(1998_film)" title="Dirty Work (1998 film)"><i>Dirty Work</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Divine retribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_justice" title="Frontier justice">Frontier justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt%E2%80%93shame%E2%80%93fear_spectrum_of_cultures" title="Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures">Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">Just-world fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">Reprisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">Retributive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_dress" title="Revenge dress">Revenge dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_wrongs_make_a_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Two wrongs make a right">Two wrongs make a right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daladier, Edouard. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/research/research-catalog/bib/b12053853"><i>Prison Journal, 1940-1945</i></a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813319056" title="Special:BookSources/0813319056">0813319056</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223649/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/revenge">"revenge | Definition of revenge in English by Lexico Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/revenge">the original</a> on 2020-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=revenge+%7C+Definition+of+revenge+in+English+by+Lexico+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Frevenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-killingscene-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-killingscene_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Killing Scene</i>: <i>Hamlet</i> 5.2.303–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Price2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Price (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/revenge.aspx"><i>Revenge and the people who seek it</i></a>. Vol. 40. apa.org. p. Print version: page 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120000956/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/revenge.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+the+people+who+seek+it&rft.pages=Print+version%3A+page+34&rft.pub=apa.org&rft.date=2009-06&rft.au=Michael+Price&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2F2009%2F06%2Frevenge.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian McKee, PhD. 2008. <i>Social Justice Research</i> (Vol. 138, No. 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricksenHorton1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ericksen, Karen Paige; Horton, Heather (1992). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance". <i>Behavior Science Research</i>. <b>26</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106939719202600103">10.1177/106939719202600103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144360011">144360011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Science+Research&rft.atitle=%22Blood+Feuds%22%3A+Cross-Cultural+Variations+in+Kin+Group+Vengeance&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106939719202600103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144360011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ericksen&rft.aufirst=Karen+Paige&rft.au=Horton%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Richard, McClelland (Summer 2010). "The Pleasures of Revenge". <i>The Journal of Mind and Behavior</i>. <b>31</b> (3/4): 196. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43854277">43854277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Mind+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+Pleasures+of+Revenge&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=196&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43854277%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=McClelland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandon Hamber and Richard A. Wilson, Symbolic Closure through Memory, Reparation and Revenge in Post-conflict Societies (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Yakovlev-Golani2012" class="citation book cs1">Helena Yakovlev-Golani (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/ebooks/hostility-and-violence/exploring-the-facets-of-revenge">"Revenge - the Volcano of Despair: The Story of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"</a>. <i>Exploring the Facets of Revenge</i>. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052617/https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/ebooks/hostility-and-violence/exploring-the-facets-of-revenge">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revenge+-+the+Volcano+of+Despair%3A+The+Story+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Facets+of+Revenge&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Helena+Yakovlev-Golani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interdisciplinarypress.net%2Fonline-store%2Febooks%2Fhostility-and-violence%2Fexploring-the-facets-of-revenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/revenge/revenge.html">"Sir Francis Bacon "On Revenge"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>rjgeib.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008033020/http://rjgeib.com/thoughts/revenge/revenge.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rjgeib.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Bacon+%22On+Revenge%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjgeib.com%2Fthoughts%2Frevenge%2Frevenge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0625/p01s02-woeu.html">Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123013609/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0625/p01s02-woeu.html">Archived</a> 2016-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> June 24, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-attack-feuds-analysis-idUKTRE5443HC20090505">Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey's southeast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129053621/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-attack-feuds-analysis-idUKTRE5443HC20090505">Archived</a> 2019-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Reuters. May 5, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4181042.stm">Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218141806/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4181042.stm">Archived</a> 2008-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. August 25, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills1976" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, D. E. (1976). "Kataki-Uchi: The Practice of Blood-Revenge in Pre-Modern Japan". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">525–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00014943">10.1017/S0026749X00014943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145215338">145215338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Kataki-Uchi%3A+The+Practice+of+Blood-Revenge+in+Pre-Modern+Japan&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00014943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145215338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlew1954" class="citation journal cs1">Flew, Antony (1954). "The Justification of Punishment". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>29</b> (111): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100067152">10.1017/S0031819100067152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3748210">3748210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144047901">144047901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Justification+of+Punishment&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144047901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3748210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100067152&rft.aulast=Flew&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlato" class="citation book cs1">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1591"><i>Protagoras</i></a>. p. 324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095858/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1591">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protagoras&rft.pages=324&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F1591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchumann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schumann, Karina (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=A+Prospective+Investigation+of+the+Relationship+Between+Just-World+Beliefs+and+the+Desire+for+Revenge+After+September+11%2C+2001&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34309813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15200637&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0956-7976.2004.00709.x&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilab%2FDocuments%2FKaiser%2C%2520Vick%2C%2520%26%2520Major%2520%282004%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCardozo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cardozo, Barbara (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~omidf/KarinaSchumann/KarinaSchumann_Home/Publications_files/Schumann.SPPC.2010.pdf">"Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar ns following the war in Kosovo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>16</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">569–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.284.5.569">10.1001/jama.284.5.569</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10918702">10918702</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930171639/https://web.stanford.edu/~omidf/KarinaSchumann/KarinaSchumann_Home/Publications_files/Schumann.SPPC.2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Mental+health%2C+social+functioning%2C+and+attitudes+of+Kosovar+ns+following+the+war+in+Kosovo&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.284.5.569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10918702&rft.aulast=Cardozo&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~omidf%2FKarinaSchumann%2FKarinaSchumann_Home%2FPublications_files%2FSchumann.SPPC.2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Bloom, Paul</a>. (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/27/the-root-of-all-cruelty"><i>The Root of All Cruelty?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408003201/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/27/the-root-of-all-cruelty">Archived</a> 2024-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Speake2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Speake" title="Jennifer Speake">Jennifer Speake</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogm0c8mYtQUC&pg=PT576"><i>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th Ed</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191580017" title="Special:BookSources/9780191580017"><bdi>9780191580017</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101080808/http://books.google.com/books?id=ogm0c8mYtQUC&pg=PT576">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Proverbs%2C+5th+Ed.&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780191580017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dogm0c8mYtQUC%26pg%3DPT576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensées des auteurs du monde entier</i>. 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Welter. p. 148. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231233835/http://books.google.com/books?id=2SQ6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathilde%3A+m%C3%A9moires+d%27une+jeune+femme&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Welter&rft.date=1845&rft.au=Eug%C3%A8ne+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SQ6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Joseph_Eugène_Sue1846" class="citation book cs1">Marie Joseph Eugène Sue (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orphan00suegoog"><i>The orphan; or, Memoirs of Matilda, tr. [from Mathilde] by the hon. D.G. Osborne</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orphan00suegoog/page/n328">303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+orphan%3B+or%2C+Memoirs+of+Matilda%2C+tr.+%26%2391%3Bfrom+Mathilde%26%2393%3B+by+the+hon.+D.G.+Osborne&rft.pages=303&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Marie+Joseph+Eug%C3%A8ne+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forphan00suegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/revenge-is-a-dish-best-served-cold.html">"The meaning and origin of the expression: Revenge is a dish best served cold"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023103028/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/revenge-is-a-dish-best-served-cold.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+meaning+and+origin+of+the+expression%3A+Revenge+is+a+dish+best+served+cold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phrases.org.uk%2Fmeanings%2Frevenge-is-a-dish-best-served-cold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fergusson2011-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson2011_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFergusson2011" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talibanunknownen00ferg"><i>Taliban: The Unknown Enemy</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talibanunknownen00ferg/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82034-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82034-2"><bdi>978-0-306-82034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+The+Unknown+Enemy&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82034-2&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalibanunknownen00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_wanion" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=wanion">"wanion"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wanion&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dwanion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMieder1992" class="citation book cs1">Mieder, Wolfgang (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbJ1tVGmiTgC&q=dig+two+graves+dictionary&pg=PA430"><i>A Dictionary of American Proverbs</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195053999" title="Special:BookSources/9780195053999"><bdi>9780195053999</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125075043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbJ1tVGmiTgC&q=dig+two+graves+dictionary&pg=PA430">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v34i1.417">"Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa"</a>. <i>Koedoe</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v34i1.417">10.4102/koedoe.v34i1.417</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koedoe&rft.atitle=Conservation+management+of+large+carnivores+in+Africa&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v34i1.417&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fkoedoe.v34i1.417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horsfall-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horsfall_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorsfall1984" class="citation journal cs1">Horsfall, J.A. (1984). "Brood reduction and brood division in coots". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">216–</span>225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2884%2980340-1">10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80340-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53152664">53152664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Brood+reduction+and+brood+division+in+coots&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2884%2980340-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53152664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horsfall&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2008" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, Michael (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu"><i>Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct</i></a></span>. Jossey-Bass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu/page/79">79</a>–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787977566" title="Special:BookSources/9780787977566"><bdi>9780787977566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Revenge+%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Forgiveness+Instinct&rft.pages=79-85&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780787977566&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondrevengeevo0000mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915">"Crows Share Intelligence About Enemies"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425211218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Crows+Share+Intelligence+About+Enemies&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fcrows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornellMarzluffPecoraro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cornell, Heather N.; Marzluff, John M.; Pecoraro, Shannon (2012-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234554">"Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>279</b> (1728): <span class="nowrap">499–</span>508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0957">10.1098/rspb.2011.0957</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234554">3234554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21715408">21715408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Social+learning+spreads+knowledge+about+dangerous+humans+among+American+crows&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1728&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E508&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21715408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0957&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Heather+N.&rft.au=Marzluff%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Pecoraro%2C+Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3234554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevenge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rachel Stein. 2019. <i><a href="//doi.org/10.1017/9781108686266" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/9781108686266">Vengeful Citizens, Violent States: A Theory of War and Revenge</a></i>. Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Revenge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Revenge">Revenge</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style 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Britannica/Avenger of Blood">Avenger of Blood</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">Antipathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort" title="Comfort">Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hatred</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance" title="Insignificance">Insignificance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(positive_psychology)" title="Zest (positive psychology)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmojiGrid" title="EmojiGrid">EmojiGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6vheim_Cube_of_Emotions" title="Lövheim Cube of Emotions">Lövheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">Plutchik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a 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